The concept and functions of professional ethics. Professional ethics

Ethics – philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality, is the doctrine of morality. The worldview side of ethics is that the goals of human practical activity are formulated in it in the form of ideas about what is proper and moral in the form of ideals, moral principles and norms of behavior, in the doctrine of the purpose of man and the meaning of his life.

Ethics, in addition to those mass actions that become customs, covers individually exceptional actions and their motives, which in their essence go beyond the framework of a given social system, acquire historical or moral significance for subsequent eras as a manifestation of asceticism and heroism, as the highest achievements and examples of human morality. Such actions are no longer regulated by generally accepted norms, but by ideals, concepts of goodness, justice, conscience, and provide an example of a way of life that is different from that common in a given society; they are harbingers of a new, increasingly human reality.

The most important categories of universal ethics are justice, duty, conscience, responsibility, dignity, honor, humanism. Universal ethics refers to norms of behavior that are binding on all people, regardless of their social class, nationality, profession, etc. At the same time, professional activity leads to various kinds specific ethical problems that are difficult or impossible to resolve within the framework of universal ethics. Thus, as the social division of labor deepens, the need arises for the development of professional ethics, which reflects professional morality as a specification of general moral principles and norms in relation to the specific types of professional activity.

As the source, the ancestor of all ethical principles, adherents of various scientific directions, religions and esoteric teachings are distinguished unconditional love. This is also indicated by some sources on professional ethics.

Under professional ethics usually understood as a certain moral code of people of a certain profession. This is a set of rules of conduct for such people, the observance of which ensures the moral nature of relationships associated with professional activities. Thus, the ethics of a doctor are reflected in the “Hippocratic Oath”; There are various business moral codes, rules of professional ethics and integrity, there are administrative ethics, legal ethics, ethics of organizational leadership, ethics of management consulting, etc.

Specific objects of labor, tools, work methods used and tasks to be solved determine the occurrence of recurring situations unique to a given profession, possibly difficulties and, in some cases, risks, threats and dangers. Situations of this kind, risks and threats require a person to have a certain, optimal from the point of view of the possibility of harmonizing situations, neutralizing risks and threats, avoiding the dangers of human behavior, his actions and even psychological reactions. In these recurring situations, certain moral temptations, conflicts of interest, and ethical dilemmas periodically arise. Practice develops adequate ways and methods for resolving emerging conflicts and harmonizing difficult situations that arise. Gradually, specific connections and relationships of people characteristic of a specific professional group develop.

Thus, professional ethics refers to an implied or specified set of norms or code of conduct that guide decision makers in their professional roles. These kinds of norms have beneficial influence to resolve ethically controversial issues that arise in the course of professional activities.

Compliance with the requirements of professional ethics, on the one hand, provides some guarantees of the effectiveness of professional activities, and on the other hand, protects the client, social groups and society as a whole from unfair professional actions. Strict adherence to these requirements means a high professional reputation for a specialist.

Professional ethics has special meaning for professions that have the highest moral requirements, the object of which is a person. Among them are the professions of a doctor, teacher, judge, lawyer, law enforcement officer, and especially a leader or manager at any level.

For example, in a number of cases, the ethics of a doctor is possible if there is a corresponding ethics of the patient, and the ethics of a teacher is possible with the ethics of students. Necessary professional and human qualities Ethics is a philosophical science whose object of study is morality. Professional ethics emerged as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness then it developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. Professionalism as a moral personality trait Professional ethics3 is a set of...

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Introduction

In modern conditions information society The most important component of the education of any specialist, determining the “philosophy” of the profession, creating the prerequisites for its popularity and determining the prestige of any organization, enterprise, firm, is professionalism, which is inconceivable without professional ethics.

Currently, partnerships are being actively organized in the field of implementation of professional ethics, since the actions of specialists increasingly affect the interests of specific people. So, for example, in a number of cases, the ethics of a doctor is possible if there is a corresponding ethics of the patient, and the ethics of a teacher is possible with the ethics of students. The culture of behavior of a modern person in various situations also presupposes the ethics of a client, viewer, reader, pedestrian, visitor, etc.

The purpose of this work is to study the concept of ethics and types of professional ethics, to consider professionalism as a moral trait of an individual.

The set goal is specified by solving the following tasks:

The concept of etiquette
Types of professional ethics.

Ethics is a philosophical science whose object is

the study of which is morality.

The concept of etiquette

The established moral norms are the result of a long-term process of establishing relationships between people. Without observing these norms, political, economic, and cultural relations are impossible, because one cannot exist without respecting each other and without imposing certain restrictions on oneself.

Etiquette 1 - a word of French origin meaning manner of behavior. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness accepted in society.

Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all peoples, from antiquity to the present day. At their core, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed not only by representatives of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems existing in the modern world. The people of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, determined by the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.

As the living conditions of mankind change, education and culture grow, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What was previously considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: compliance with them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under some circumstances may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.

Etiquette norms, unlike moral norms, are conditional; they have the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people's behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. Manners largely reflect a person’s internal culture, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave correctly in society is very great value: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, promotes mutual understanding, creates good, stable relationships.

It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette, not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine politeness, which is based on goodwill, is determined by tact, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not insult his dignity.

So, etiquette 2 - a very large and important part of universal human culture, morality, morality, developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas about goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture; about beauty, order, improvement, everyday expediency - in the field of material culture.

Origins of professional ethics

To find out the origin of professional ethics is to trace the relationship of moral requirements with the division of social labor and the emergence of the profession. Aristotle, then Comte, and Durkheim paid attention to these questions many years ago. They talked about the relationship between the division of social labor and the moral principles of society. For the first time, a materialist justification for these problems was given by K. Marx and F. Engels.

The emergence of the first professional and ethical codes dates back to the period of the craft division of labor in the conditions of the formation of medieval guilds in the 11th-12th centuries. It was then that for the first time they noted the presence in shop regulations of a number of moral requirements in relation to the profession, the nature of work, and partners in labor.

However, a number of professions that are of vital importance for all members of society arose in ancient times, and therefore such professional and ethical codes as the “Hippocratic Oath” and the moral principles of priests who performed judicial functions are known much earlier.

Professional ethics, having emerged as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained in both written and unwritten codes of conduct, and in the form of theoretical conclusions. Thus, this indicates a transition from ordinary consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality. Plays a major role in the formation and assimilation of professional ethics standards public opinion. Norms of professional morality do not immediately become generally accepted; this may be due to a struggle of opinions. The relationship between professional ethics and social consciousness also exists in the form of tradition. Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions, which indicates the existence of continuity of basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries.

Professionalism as a moral personality trait

Professional ethics 3 - this is a set of moral norms that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty.

The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function normally and develop only as a result of the continuous process of production of material and valuables.

Professional ethics studies:

Relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

Moral qualities and personality of a specialist that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral standards, typical for this profession;

Features of professional education.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in personal characteristics individual, but at different stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In a class society, they were determined by the social inequality of types of labor, the opposition of mental and physical labor, and the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions. The class nature of morality in the world of work is evidenced by writings written in the first third of the 2nd century BC. Christian biblical book “The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach”, in which there is a teaching on how to treat a slave: “feed, stick and burden are for the donkey; bread, punishment and work are for the slave. Keep the slave busy with work and you will have peace loosen his hands - and he will seek freedom." IN Ancient Greece physical labor was at the lowest level in terms of value and significance. And in feudal society, religion viewed labor as a punishment for original sin, and paradise was imagined as eternal life without difficulty. Under capitalism, the alienation of workers from the means of production and the results of labor gave rise to two types of morality: predatory-predatory capitalist and collectivist-liberating of the working class, which extended to the sphere of labor. F. Engels writes about this: “...every class and even profession has its own morality.”

The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have a strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of work, certain moral relationships develop between people. They contain a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.

Firstly, this is the attitude towards social labor, towards participants in the labor process.

Secondly, these are the moral relations that arise in the area of direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities. Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in that field, which are associated with the right to manage people’s lives. Here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of one’s professional duties (these are professions in the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education). The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative. The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations, and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society is considering moral qualities employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession.

Thus, professional morality must be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of work ethics is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. An employee’s irresponsible attitude towards professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.

IN modern society The personal qualities of an individual begin with his business characteristics, attitude to work, and level of professional suitability. All this determines the exceptional relevance of the issues that make up the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one's colleagues, and responsibility for the results of one's work.

Types of professional ethics.

Types of professional ethics. Each type of human professional activity corresponds to certain types of professional ethics with their own specific characteristics. Ethics considers the moral qualities of a person without regard to the mental mechanisms that stimulate the appearance of these qualities. The study of ethics shows the diversity and versatility of professional moral relations and moral standards.

Professional moral standards 4 - these are rules, patterns, the order of internal regulation of the individual based on ethical ideals.

Medical ethics is set out in the “Ethical Code of the Russian Doctor”, adopted in 1994 by the Association of Russian Doctors. Previously, in 1971, the physician's oath was created Soviet Union. The idea of high moral character and the model of ethical behavior of a doctor is associated with the name of Hippocrates. Traditional medical ethics resolves the issue of personal contact and personal qualities of the relationship between the doctor and the patient, as well as the doctor’s guarantees not to harm a specific individual.

Biomedical ethics (bioethics) is a specific form of modern professional ethics of a doctor; it is a system of knowledge about the permissible limits of manipulating the life and death of a person. Manipulation must be regulated morally. Bioethics is a form of advocacy biological life person.

The main problem of bioethics: suicide, euthanasia, definition of death, transplantology, experimentation on animals and humans, the relationship between doctor and patient, attitude towards mentally disabled people, organization of hospices, childbirth ( genetic engineering, artificial insemination, “surrogate” motherhood, abortion, contraception). The goal of bioethics is to develop appropriate regulations for modern biomedical activities. In 1998, under the Moscow Patriarchate, with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, the Council on Biomedical Ethics was created. It included famous theologians, clergy, doctors, scientists, and lawyers.

The professional ethics of a journalist, like other types of professional ethics, began to take shape directly in their work activities. It manifested itself in the course of codifying those professional and moral ideas that spontaneously developed within the framework of the method of journalistic activity and were, in one way or another, recorded by the professional consciousness of the journalistic community. The appearance of the first codes meant the completion of a long process of formation of professional journalistic morality and at the same time opened a new stage in its development. This new stage was based on purposeful self-knowledge of journalistic activity and practical application its results.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics (“business ethics”, “business ethics”). Economic ethics is an ancient science. It began with Aristotle in his works “Ethics”, “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics”. Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advises his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. Its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time pondered intensely on the problems of business ethics. One of the first ethical and economic concepts was that of Henry Ford, one of the founders of the US automobile industry. He believed that happiness and prosperity can only be achieved by honest work and that this is ethical common sense, the essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the product produced is not just a realized “business theory”, but “something more” - a theory, a goal which to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and property are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. These economic installations of G. Ford have practical significance and currently.

Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance. Economic ethics includes business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. The main postulates of the entrepreneur's ethical code are the following: he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole; proceeds from the fact that the people around him want and know how to work; believes in business and regards it as attractive creativity; recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation; respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws; values education, science and technology. These basic principles of business ethics can be specified in relation to various areas his professional activity. For Russia, problems of economic ethics are becoming of great importance. This is explained by the rapid formation of market relations in our country.

In legal activities main problem- this is the relationship between legality and justice. The conservatism of legislation and the complexity of the relations it regulates can create situations in which some versions of the verdict, formally corresponding to the letter of the law, will contradict it in spirit and will be unfair. For the legal profession, justice is the main postulate, the goal of activity.

Business ethics is already formed within the framework of the “economic cell” - the labor collective. Service relationships should be built on partnership, based on mutual requests and needs, and on the interests of the business. Such cooperation undoubtedly increases labor and creative activity and is important factor technological process production, business.

Etiquette is one of the main “tools” for creating an image. IN modern business The face of the company plays a significant role. Those companies in which etiquette is not observed lose a lot. Where it exists, productivity is higher and results are better. It is more convenient to work with such a company, i.e. etiquette creates a comfortable psychological climate conducive to business contacts.

Social work ethics 5 - this is a manifestation general norms morality in social services. In the professional activities of such specialists, which consist in providing assistance to individuals, families, social groups or communities, moral and ethical standards play a special role. They are reflected in the professional and ethical code of social workers in Russia, adopted by the Interregional Association of Social Workers in 1994.

Management ethics is a science that examines the actions and behavior of a person acting in the field of management, and the functioning of an organization as a “total manager” in relation to its internal and external environment in the aspect in which the actions of the manager and the organization relate to universal ethical requirements.

The emergence of professional ethics led to the emergence of professional codes. The emergence of the first professional and ethical codes dates back to the period of the craft division of labor in the conditions of the formation of medieval guilds in the 11th-12th centuries. It was then that for the first time they noted the presence in shop regulations of a number of moral requirements in relation to the profession, the nature of work, and partners in labor.

Codes of ethics exist as part of professional standards, developed for various activities in the system public administration. They are a collection moral principles and specific ethical standards and rules for business relationships and communications. Codes of ethics are a set of standards of correct, appropriate behavior considered appropriate for a person in the profession to which the code is related.

Required professional and human qualities

Compliance with the rules of etiquette - good manners - should be the norm of behavior, both in society and in the performance of one’s professional duties. Compliance with these unspoken rules gives every person the key to success at work, understanding in society and simply human peace of mind, success in life and happiness. One of the basic principles of modern life is maintaining normal relationships between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can only be earned by maintaining politeness and restraint. Therefore, nothing is valued as dearly by the people around us as politeness and delicacy.

In society, modesty and restraint of a person are considered good manners 6 , the ability to control one’s actions, to communicate carefully and tactfully with other people. Bad manners are considered to be the habit of speaking loudly, without hesitation in expressions, swagger in gestures and behavior, sloppiness in clothing, rudeness, manifested in outright hostility towards others, in disregard for other people's interests and requests, in the shameless imposition of one's will and desires on other people, in the inability to restrain one’s irritation, in deliberately insulting the dignity of people around him, in tactlessness, foul language, and the use of humiliating nicknames. Such behavior is unacceptable for a cultured and educated person both in society and at work.

Delicacy is a prerequisite for communication. Delicacy should not be excessive, turn into flattery, or lead to unjustified praise of what is seen or heard.

Tactfulness and sensitivity are also a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in personal and work relationships, the ability to sense the boundary beyond which, as a result of our words and actions, a person experiences undeserved offense, grief, and sometimes pain.

Respect for others is a prerequisite for tact, even between good comrades. A culture of behavior is equally obligatory on the part of the subordinate in relation to the superior. It is expressed primarily in honest attitude to their duties, in strict discipline, as well as in respect, politeness, and tact towards the leader. The same applies to colleagues. When demanding respectful treatment of yourself, ask yourself more often: are you responding to them in the same way?

A modest person never strives to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, his qualities, does not demand any privileges, special amenities, or services for himself. At the same time, modesty should not be associated with timidity or shyness. These are completely different categories. Very often modest people They turn out to be much firmer and more active in critical circumstances, but at the same time it is known that it is impossible to convince people that they are right through an argument.

D. Carnegie considers one of the golden rules to be the following: “People should be taught as if you had not taught them. And unfamiliar things should be presented as if they were forgotten.” Calmness, diplomacy, deep understanding of the interlocutor’s argumentation, well-thought-out counterargumentation based on exact facts- this is the solution to this contradiction between the requirements of “good manners” in discussions and firmness in defending one’s opinion.

Conclusion

Professional ethics is a set of moral requirements, principles and norms of activity of specialists, which is responsible, mandatory, but at the same time voluntary, i.e., the free activity of free people who obey the rules, but are personally independent, comply with the law, but fulfill their duty .

Professional ethics specifies the requirements of society for the moral aspects of the activities of specialists who (on the basis of a diploma, license) are delegated (allowed) certain (of social value) types of work that provide them with income. These requirements ensure the maintenance of tradition and the creation of precedents for the maximum satisfaction by professionals of the needs of society and each citizen in the quality of work, goods and services that meet specific socially significant values. The most important of them are related to ensuring the safety of life and health, civil rights and freedoms, and equality of all before the law and people.

The goal and objectives set in this work were fulfilled. In particular, the concept of what ethics is and the origin of professional ethics was explored, professionalism was studied as a moral personality trait, the types of professional ethics were considered, as well as the necessary professional and human qualities.

List of used literature

Braim M.N. Ethics of business communication. - Minsk, 2006.
Ionova, A.I. Ethics and culture of public administration. Textbook / A.I. Ionova. - M.: Publishing house RAGS, 2012. - 176 p.
Protanskaya, E.S. Professional ethics. Moral propaedeutics of business behavior: Textbook / E.S. Protanskaya. - M.: Aletheya, 2007. - 288 p.
Solonitsyna, A.A. Professional ethics and etiquette / A.A. Solonitsyn. - Vladivostok. - Publishing house Dalnevost. University, 2010.- 200 p.
Ethics of professional activity: educational and methodological manual / author.-comp. T.A. Prokofiev. - Samara: Samar. humanist acad., 2009. - 56 p.

1 Skvortsov, A.A. Ethics: textbook for bachelors / A.A. Skvortsov; under general ed. A.A. Guseinova. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2012. - 310 p.

2 Skvortsov, A.A. Ethics: textbook for bachelors / A.A. Skvortsov; under general ed. A.A. Guseinova. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2012. - 310 p.

3 Skvortsova, V.N. Professional ethics: textbook / V.N. Skvortsova. - Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2006. - 180 p.

4 Koshevaya I.P., Kanke A.A. Professional ethics and psychology of business communication. M., 2009.

5 Koshevaya I.P., Kanke A.A. Professional ethics and psychology of business communication. M., 2009.

6 Shrader Yu.A. Ethics: an introduction to the subject. M., 2008.

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St. Petersburg State University
economics and finance

CORRESPONDENCE FACULTY Department of Sociology and Personnel Management

Test
in the course “Culture of Business Communication”

Students 1st year speciality FC group no. 137

Bazhanova Natalia Viktorovna

on topic number 2.

Address:________________________ ____________
Grade book no.:_______________________ __
Job registration date: ___________________

St. Petersburg
2009-2010
Task No. 1.

The concept of professional ethics and the influence of professional ethical codes on the communication process.

Introduction

Concept of professional ethics

Types of professional ethics

Required professional and human qualities

Economic ethics

Management ethics

Conclusion

List of used literature
Introduction

Business communication is a necessary part of human life, the most important type of relationship with other people. Eternal and one of the main regulators of these relations are ethical norms, which express our ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, the correctness and incorrectness of people’s actions. And when communicating in business cooperation with their subordinates, boss or colleagues, everyone in one way or another, consciously or spontaneously, relies on these ideas. But depending on how a person understands moral norms, what content he puts into them, and to what extent he generally takes them into account in communication, he can make business communication easier for himself, make it more effective, help in solving assigned tasks and achieving goals, and make this communication difficult or even impossible.
The ability to behave with people during a conversation is one of the most important factors determining your chances of achieving success in business, official or entrepreneurial activity. A person’s success in his business, even in the technical or scientific field, depends only fifteen percent on his professional knowledge and eighty-five percent on his ability to communicate with the people with whom he works.
The culture of business communication is based on such rules and norms of behavior of partners, which ultimately contribute to the development of cooperation, i.e. strengthen the essential basis of business relationships. The meaning of these rules and norms is to strengthen mutual trust, constantly inform the partner about one’s intentions and actions, to exclude deception and disorientation of the partner. The practice of business communication has developed many codes of honor for entrepreneurs, professional codes for bankers, etc. But there are no special manuals to help improve the culture of business communication, its character and speech, although they are, as shown business life, are very necessary. The purpose of this test work- to some extent eliminate this gap in the circle of communication of business people.
When writing this work, I used the latest works of Western psychologists and management consultants, as well as the works of famous domestic linguists, logicians and specialists in management psychology.

1. The concept of professional ethics

The ability to communicate with people is the same
a commodity purchased with money, such as coffee or
sugar. And I'm ready to pay for this skill
more than for any other product in
this world.
J. Rockefeller

Etiquette is a word of French origin meaning manner of behavior. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness accepted in society.
Etiquette- a very large and important part of universal human culture, morality, morality, developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas about goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture and about beauty, order, improvement, everyday expediency - in the field material culture.
Professional ethics- this is a set of moral norms that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty.
The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function normally and develop only as a result of the continuous process of production of material values.
The content of professional ethics is codes of conduct that prescribe a certain type of moral relationships between people and ways to justify these codes.
Professional ethics studies:

relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

moral qualities of a specialist’s personality that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;

features of professional education. 1

Professionalism and work ethic are important characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal characteristics of an individual, but at different stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In a class society, they were determined by the social inequality of types of labor, the opposition of mental and physical labor, and the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions. The class nature of morality in the world of work is evidenced by writings written in the first third of the 2nd century BC. Christian biblical book “The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach”, in which there is a teaching on how to treat a slave: “feed, stick and burden are for the donkey; bread, punishment and work are for the slave. Keep the slave busy with work and you will have peace loosen his hands - and he will seek freedom." In Ancient Greece, physical labor was at the lowest level in terms of value and significance. And in feudal society, religion viewed labor as a punishment for original sin, and paradise was imagined as eternal life without labor. Under capitalism, the alienation of workers from the means of production and the results of labor gave rise to two types of morality: predatory-predatory capitalist and collectivist-liberation of the working class, which extended to the sphere of labor. F. Engels writes about this: “...every class and even profession has its own morality.” 2
The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have a strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of labor, certain moral relations. They contain a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.
Firstly, this is an attitude towards social labor, towards participants in the labor process.
Secondly, these are those moral relations that arise in the area of direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.
Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities. Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in that sphere that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives; here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of their professional duties (these are professions from the service sectors, transport, management, healthcare, education). The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative . The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession.
Thus, professional morality must be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of work ethics is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. An employee’s irresponsible attitude towards professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.
At the moment, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, there is a need to develop a new type of professional morality, which reflects the ideology of labor activity based on the development of market relations. We are talking primarily about the moral ideology of the new middle class, which makes up the overwhelming majority of the labor force in an economically developed society.
In modern society, an individual’s personal qualities begin with his business characteristics, attitude to work, and level of professional suitability. All this determines the exceptional relevance of the issues that make up the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one's colleagues, and responsibility for the results of one's work.

2. Types of professional ethics.

Each type human activity(scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc.) correspond to certain types of professional ethics.
Professional ethics– these are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society. The study of types of professional ethics shows the diversity and versatility of moral relations. For each profession, certain professional moral standards acquire some special significance. Professional moral standards are rules, patterns, and procedures for internal self-regulation of an individual based on ethical ideals.
The main types of professional ethics are: medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, actor, artist, entrepreneur, engineer, etc.. Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity and has its own specific requirements in the field of morality. So, for example, ethics of scientist presupposes, first of all, such moral qualities as scientific integrity, personal honesty, and of course patriotism. Judicial ethics requires honesty, justice, frankness, humanism (even towards the defendant if he is guilty), and loyalty to the law. Professional ethics in conditions of military service requires strict performance of official duty, courage, discipline, and devotion to the Motherland.

3. Necessary professional and human qualities

Compliance with the rules of etiquette - good manners - should be the norm of behavior both in society and in the performance of one’s professional duties. Compliance with these unspoken rules gives every person the key to success at work, understanding in society and simply human peace of mind, success in life and happiness. One of the basic principles of modern life is maintaining normal relationships between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can only be earned if politeness and restraint. Therefore, nothing is valued as dearly by the people around us as politeness and delicacy.
In society, good manners are considered modesty and restraint a person, the ability to control one’s actions, to communicate carefully and tactfully with other people. Bad manners It is customary to consider habits of speaking loudly, without hesitation in expressions, swagger in gestures and behavior, sloppiness in clothing, rudeness, manifested in outright hostility towards others, in disregard for other people’s interests and requests, in shamelessly imposing one’s will and desires on other people, in inability restrain your irritation by deliberately insulting the dignity of people around you, by tactlessness, foul language, and the use of humiliating nicknames. Such behavior is unacceptable for a cultured and educated person both in society and at work.
A prerequisite for communication is delicacy. Delicacy should not be excessive, turn into flattery, or lead to unjustified praise of what is seen or heard.
One of the main elements politeness They consider the ability to remember names. F. Roosevelt knew that one of the simplest, most intelligible and most effective ways to win the favor of others is to remember their names and instill in them a sense of their own importance
Tactfulness, sensitivity - This is also a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in personal and work relationships, the ability to sense the boundary beyond which, as a result of our words and actions, a person experiences undeserved offense, grief, and sometimes pain. A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: differences in age, gender, social status, place of conversation, presence or absence of strangers.
Tactfulness and sensitivity also imply the ability to quickly and accurately determine the reaction of interlocutors to our statements, actions and, in necessary cases, self-critically, without a sense of false shame, apologize for the mistake made. This will not only not damage your dignity, but, on the contrary, will strengthen it in the opinion of thinking people, showing them your extremely valuable human trait - modesty
Respect for others- a prerequisite for tact even between good comrades. A culture of behavior is equally obligatory on the part of the subordinate in relation to the superior. It is expressed primarily in an honest attitude to one’s duties, in strict discipline, as well as respect, politeness, and tact towards the leader. The same applies to colleagues. When demanding respectful treatment of yourself, ask yourself more often: are you responding to them in the same way?
A modest person never strives to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, his qualities, does not demand any privileges, special amenities, or services for himself. 3 At the same time, modesty should not be associated with timidity or shyness. These are completely different categories. Very often, modest people turn out to be much firmer and more active in critical circumstances, but it is known that it is impossible to convince them that they are right by arguing.
D. Carnegie considers one of the golden rules to be the following: “People should be taught as if you had not taught them. And unfamiliar things should be presented as if they were forgotten.” 4 Calmness, diplomacy, a deep understanding of the interlocutor’s argumentation, well-thought-out counter-argumentation based on accurate facts - this is the solution to this contradiction between the requirements of “good form” in discussions and firmness in defending one’s opinion.
Nowadays, almost everywhere there is a desire to simplify many of the conventions prescribed by general civil etiquette. This is one of the signs of the times: the pace of life, social and living conditions that have changed and continue to change rapidly, have a strong influence on etiquette. Therefore, a lot of what was accepted at the beginning or middle of our century may now seem absurd. Nevertheless, the basic, best traditions of general civil etiquette, even modified in form, remain alive in their spirit. Ease, naturalness, a sense of proportion, politeness, tact, and most importantly, goodwill towards people - these are qualities that will reliably help in any life situations, even when you are not familiar with any of the small rules of general civil etiquette that exist in Russia. The earth has a great variety.

4. Economic ethics

In Russia, recently, problems of business ethics have also come to the fore. Training courses on this issue are an integral part of the curricula of universities and other educational institutions, since it has become obvious that our country cannot enter the civilized market without a serious ethical basis, first of all, in entrepreneurship.
G. Ford believed that happiness and prosperity can only be achieved by honest work. The essence of Ford's economic ethics is that the produced product is not just an implemented “business theory”, but “something more” - a theory whose goal is to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and property are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. 5
Ford's ethical and economic principles are still of practical importance today.
Economic ethics- this is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance. This is information about ethical concepts, moral requirements for the style of work and the appearance of a business person, adapted to the practical needs of a businessman.
These are the ethics of negotiating with partners, the ethics of drawing up documentation, and the use of ethical methods of competition.
Economic ethics includes business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country.
Business etiquette - these are norms regulating the style of work, the manner of communication between companies, the image of a businessman, etc. Business ethics cannot arise from subjective desire. Its formation is a complex and lengthy process. The conditions for its formation are: political and economic freedom, strong executive power, stability of legislation, propaganda, law.
In 1924, the Committee on Business Ethics of the US Chamber of Commerce developed the first national code of ethics in history. "Principles of Doing Business". It notes that business is based on trust, which comes from fair relationships, efficient service delivery and mutual benefit. Here, however, the views of the “primitive ethics” of the last century still dominate, according to which any business in which the transaction partners recognize their exchange as equivalent receives moral justification. 6
The next turning point was the crisis of 1929–1931. F. Roosevelt's “New Deal” served as a starting point in the search for new principles for organizing economic activity. By the 1950s, a number of socio-philosophical doctrines had formed in the United States, which can be given the general name “theories.” human relations" In the practice of corporations, the slogans of “social partnership”, “income participation”, etc. began to be implemented. The concept of “human relations” has received its concretization in a complex of specific professional codes of morality (management ethics, business ethics, business communication ethics, etc.)
The main tenets of the entrepreneur's code of ethics are the following principles:
- he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole;
- assumes that the people around him want and know how to work;
- believes in business, regards it as attractive creativity;
- recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation;
- respects any property, social movements;
- respects professionalism, competence and laws;
- values education, science and technology. 7
These basic principles of ethics for a business person can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity.
The development of ethical business standards in Russia has its own characteristics, which is explained by the specifics of the historical path traversed by our state.
Considering the history of European civilization, P.Ya. Chaadaev noted that “in addition to the appearance common to all, each of these peoples has its own special features, but all this is rooted in history and traditions and constitutes the hereditary state of these peoples.” The peculiarity of Russia was that the common path of development, which for other countries was facilitated by an intensive exchange of traditions, it often went through alone.
The foundations of Russian norms of economic behavior were formed during the formation of the Muscovite kingdom (XV - early XVI centuries), when Russian princes really realized the role of entrepreneurship for the development of the state.
The rise of Moscow was to a certain extent facilitated by the policy of attracting the working population: everyone was allowed to settle on the banks of the Moscow River, and artisans were exempt from paying all taxes for a long time. The development of crafts was the basis for the economic strengthening of the Muscovite kingdom, a prerequisite for the expansion of domestic and foreign trade, and the emergence of a new layer of entrepreneurial merchants. At the same time, the strong centralization of power and increasing alienation from the West contributed to the formation of suspicion of foreigners in the behavior of Muscovites, including Moscow merchants; the habit of acting “with the whole world”, the tendency to build trade relations with strangers on deception, weak respect for the “letter of the law”.
From the middle of the 17th century. The rapid expansion of Moscow's trade relations begins. As we are included in world trade, there is a gradual assimilation of common traditions relating to private property, contracts, exchange, trade, competition, and profit. The first impetus for the legalization of Western traditions was given by the reforms of Peter I, namely, attempts to implement state control over the quality of imported and exported goods, providing benefits and patronage to merchants. Increased mutual trust between entrepreneurs and the state contributed to the emergence and consolidation of new features of business relations.
The legal status of merchants changed significantly under Catherine II. They left the category of tax-paying classes with an exemption from paying taxes in the per capita salary, which was replaced by the taxation of their capital with a 1% tax, and the size of the capital was declared by the merchants themselves “in good faith,” which the latter were very proud of. Trade with other countries was greatly revived by the removal of various restrictions on it and industry, in connection with the opening of the first credit institutions by Catherine, the development of merchant shipping, the establishment of foreign consulates and the conclusion of trade conventions.
Russia XIX – early XX centuries. is already characterized by a set of traditions that allow it to stand on the same level as the leading nations of the world. The names of the Mamontovs, Morozovs, Tretyakovs, Putilov, Alekseev, Chizhov and others gained worldwide fame. At that time, in Russia there was a mechanism that made it possible to “cut off” from entrepreneurship those who did not strive to comply with moral and ethical standards accepted throughout the world. In each city there was a merchant society that had the right to recommend or not recommend an entrepreneur to the merchant guild. This right had to be earned through good faith and personal integrity. Everyone who joined the guild declared their capital, which greatly simplified the work of the tax government service. There was a Conscientious Court, which could forever deprive a merchant of the actual right to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Thanks to this, such concepts and rules as “the word is a bill of exchange”, “the hand of the giver will not fail”, “trade in truth, there will be more profit”, etc. were developed and firmly entered into everyday life. 8 “Faith partnerships” were created that united people without any founding agreements, just the merchant’s word.

6. Managerial ethics

A businessman, as you know, is first and foremost a leader. And business ethics has a special priority in management. The economic goal of entrepreneurship is the mediation of the personal interest of each employee of the enterprise, which ensures the integration of the team to achieve a common goal and creates the basis for moral management.
The fact that the results of entrepreneurial activity in market conditions are determined, first of all, by the quality of the businessman’s work with the human material at his disposal, determines the special significance of psychological factors. Business psychology is becoming the foundation on which the edifice of business success is now being built.
Business psychology- a field of science that deals with psychological problems and specific features of management. The objects of study here are the relationships of people among themselves, in a team. Basic psychological problems: structural and functional analysis of management activities; psychological analysis of the construction and use of automated workplaces for managers and specialists, automated control systems and many other problems. As you know, the essence of management activity is a chain of constantly made responsible decisions, which must be morally justified and exclude any moral losses. Awareness of the full meaning of the moral value of business becomes the property of everyone more managers and businessmen. Management ethics has recently begun to undergo significant metamorphoses. Currently, such generally accepted values as
etc.............

The emergence of professional ethics preceded the creation of scientific ethical teachings and theories about it. Everyday experience and the need to regulate relationships between people in a particular profession led to the awareness and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Professional ethics, having emerged as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained in both written and unwritten codes of conduct, and in the form of theoretical conclusions. Thus, this indicates a transition from everyday consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality. Public opinion plays a major role in the formation and assimilation of professional ethics standards. Norms of professional morality do not immediately become generally accepted; this may be due to a struggle of opinions. The relationship between professional ethics and social consciousness also exists in the form of tradition. Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions, which indicates the existence of continuity of basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries.

1.2 The concept of professional ethics

Professional ethics is a set of moral standards that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty. The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function normally and develop only as a result of the continuous process of production of material and valuables.

Professional ethics studies:

relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

moral qualities of a specialist’s personality that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;

features of professional education.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal characteristics of an individual, but at different stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In a class society, they were determined by the social inequality of types of labor, the opposition of mental and physical labor, and the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions. The class nature of morality in the world of work is evidenced by writings written in the first third of the 2nd century BC. Christian biblical book “The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach”, in which there is a teaching on how to treat a slave: “feed, stick and burden are for the donkey; bread, punishment and work are for the slave. Keep the slave busy with work and you will have peace loosen his hands - and he will seek freedom." In Ancient Greece, physical labor was at the lowest level in terms of value and significance. And in feudal society, religion viewed labor as a punishment for original sin, and paradise was imagined as eternal life without labor. Under capitalism, the alienation of workers from the means of production and the results of labor gave rise to two types of morality: predatory-predatory capitalist and collectivist-liberation of the working class, which extended to the sphere of labor. F. Engels writes about this “... every class and even profession has its own morality.”

The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have a strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of labor, certain moral relationships develop between people. They contain a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.

Firstly, this is the attitude towards social labor, towards participants in the labor process,

Secondly, these are the moral relations that arise in the area of direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities. Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in that sphere that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives; here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of their professional duties (these are professions from the service sectors, transport, management, healthcare, education). The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative. The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession. Thus, professional morality must be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of work ethics is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. An employee’s irresponsible attitude towards professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.

Now in Russia there is a need to develop a new type of professional morality, which reflects the ideology of labor activity based on the development of market relations. We are talking, first of all, about the moral ideology of the new middle class, which makes up the overwhelming majority of the labor force in an economically developed society.

In modern society, an individual’s personal qualities begin with his business characteristics, attitude to work, and level of professional suitability. All this determines the exceptional relevance of the issues that make up the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one's colleagues, and responsibility for the results of one's work.

2.3.1. Professional ethics as a type of applied ethics Professional ethics is a term used to refer to:

Systems of professional moral standards (for example, “professional ethics of a lawyer”)
Directions for ethical research regarding the grounds of professional activity

A profession is a certain type of work activity that requires the necessary knowledge and skills acquired as a result of training and long-term work practice. Professionalism is considered as a moral personality trait .

Professional ethics is understood as a set of norms, principles, ideals, as well as forms of practical behavior and mechanisms that facilitate their transmission (rituals, customs, ceremonies, traditions, etc.).

Professional ethics regulates the moral relations of people in the labor sphere and ensures the moral prestige of professional groups in society.

The tasks of professional ethics include identifying moral norms and assessments, judgments and concepts that characterize people in the role of representatives of a certain profession. Professional ethics develops norms, standards, and requirements specific to certain types of activities.

The term “ethics” is used here in the sense of “morality”; most likely, this usage is associated with the specifics of the formation of professional morality and the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were recorded in writing, introduced into law, and supported through various professional regulations. The norms within professional moral codes began to be divided into two distinct groups: - norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession; - norms that determine the relations of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. Moral norms, and subsequently codes of such social institutions like the army, church, medicine, etc. . These norms united people whose activities could no longer be defined only as a profession by common moral requirements. The ongoing differentiation of professional moral standards has led to the fact that there are practically no professions left that do not have special moral requirements within the framework of their activities. The process is based, first of all, on the deepening cooperation of labor in all spheres of human activity. Thus, everyone becomes increasingly dependent on the results of everyone’s work. The content of professional ethics are codes of conduct that prescribe certain type moral relationships between people and ways to justify these codes.

Professional ethics studies:

Relations between work collectives and each specialist individually;

Moral qualities and personality of a specialist that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;
- features of professional education.
Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities.

Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Particular attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in that field that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives; here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of their professional duties.

These are professions from the service sectors, transport, management, healthcare, and education. The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative.

The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people - the objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability.

General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession.
Each type of human activity - scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc. - corresponds to certain types of professional ethics.

Types of professional ethics

Professional types ethics are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society and relate only to those types of professional activity in which there is various kinds of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, that is, the consequences or processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity.

In this regard, traditional types of professional ethics are distinguished, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, scientist ethics, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with the increasing role of the “human factor” in this type of activity (engineering ethics) or the strengthening of its influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics).

a) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);
b) a special understanding of duty and honor;

c) a special form of responsibility determined by the subject and type of activity.

Particular principles arise from specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of an individual.

Special attention the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to control people’s lives, significant material assets, some professions in the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education, and so on. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about an obligation, which, if left unrealized, can in any way interfere with the performance of professional functions.

Medical ethics set out in the “Code of Ethics of the Russian Doctor”, adopted in 1994 by the Association of Russian Doctors. Earlier, in 1971, the oath of the doctor of the Soviet Union was created. The idea of a high moral character and example of ethical behavior of a doctor is associated with the name of Hippocrates. Traditional medical ethics resolves the issue of personal contact and personal qualities of the relationship between the doctor and the patient, as well as the doctor’s guarantees not to harm a specific individual.

Biomedical ethics(bioethics) is a specific form of modern professional ethics of a doctor, it is a system of knowledge about the permissible limits of manipulating the life and death of a person. Manipulation must be regulated morally. Bioethics is a form of protection of human biological life. The main problem of bioethics: suicide, euthanasia, definition of death, transplantology, experimentation on animals and humans, the relationship between doctor and patient, attitude towards mentally disabled people, hospice organization, childbirth (genetic engineering, artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood, abortion, contraception) . The goal of bioethics is to develop appropriate regulations for modern biomedical activities. In 1998, under the Moscow Patriarchate, with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, the Council on Biomedical Ethics was created. It included famous theologians, clergy, doctors, scientists, and lawyers.

Professional morality in journalism began to take shape along with journalistic activities. However, the process of its formation lasted for centuries and reached certainty only with the transformation of the journalistic profession into a mass profession. It ended only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the first codes were created and the professional and moral consciousness of the journalistic community acquired a documented form of existence. A journalist, mastering the postulates of professional morality during his professional development, enters into professional and moral relationships with colleagues, which, unlike moral ones as such, presuppose the possibility of institutionally organized and direct intervention of the corporation in his behavior. However, this intervention differs significantly from administrative influence, since its goal is not coercion, but motivation.

The professional ethics of a journalist, like other types of professional ethics, began to take shape directly in their work activities. It manifested itself in the course of codifying those professional and moral ideas that spontaneously developed within the framework of the method of journalistic activity and were, in one way or another, recorded by the professional consciousness of the journalistic community. The appearance of the first codes meant the completion of a long process of formation of professional journalistic morality and at the same time opened a new stage in its development. This new stage was based on targeted self-knowledge of journalistic activity and the practical application of its results.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics(“business ethics”, “business ethics”). Economic ethics is an ancient science. It began with Aristotle in his works “Ethics”, “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics”. Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advises his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. Its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time pondered intensely on the problems of business ethics. One of the first ethical and economic concepts was that of Henry Ford, one of the founders of the US automobile industry. He believed that happiness and prosperity can only be achieved by honest work and that this is ethical common sense, the essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the product produced is not just a realized “business theory”, but “something more” - a theory, a goal which to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and property are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. These economic principles of G. Ford are of practical importance even today.

Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance. Economic ethics includes business etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. The main postulates of the entrepreneur's ethical code are the following: he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole; proceeds from the fact that the people around him want and know how to work; believes in business and regards it as attractive creativity; recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation; respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws; values education, science and technology. These basic principles of ethics for a business person can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity. For Russia, problems of economic ethics are becoming of great importance. This is explained by the rapid formation of market relations in our country.

IN legal activity The main problem is the relationship between legality and justice. The conservatism of legislation and the complexity of the relations it regulates can create situations in which some versions of the verdict, formally corresponding to the letter of the law, will contradict it in spirit and will be unfair. For the legal profession, justice is the main postulate, the goal of activity.

The lawyer's strict obedience to the law promotes his independence. Both judges and prosecutors, within the limits of their competence, exercise their powers regardless of state authorities and administration, public and political organizations, and movements. A judge, prosecutor, investigator does not have the right to yield to local influences, or to be guided by the advice, instructions or requests of individuals or institutions. The principle of independence and subordination only to the law dictates important moral requirements. A lawyer (judge, prosecutor, lawyer, etc.) is a specialist who is driven solely by a sense of duty, should not allow compromises, deals with conscience, or succumb to any influence, he should serve only the law and justice.

The work of a lawyer is directly related to the protection of human dignity. Therefore, moral standards based on recognition of the value of a person as an individual are integral components of a lawyer’s professional ethics. It is important to resist deformation, spiritual callousness, and transformation into a kind of cog in legal proceedings. This approach requires high personal qualities from a legal worker, but it is precisely this approach that fills justice and legal activity with humanistic content.

The specifics of a lawyer’s work involve special moral situations that are not encountered among representatives of other professions. For example, in the operational work of the criminal police, secrecy (secrecy), disinformation (lies) or pretense (moral disguise) in relation to criminals is allowed. As for the legal process, a lawyer who has learned from the defendant that it was he who committed the crime, despite the fact that the defendant falsely insists on his innocence at trial, does not have the right to act as a witness against him. These examples are a typical conflict within the framework of the general and the specific in morality. Therefore, it should be noted once again that such moral specificity of the profession does not contradict the general principles of morality, but is their addition and specification in relation to the conditions of legal activity. This is also important to emphasize because legal professionals, who are constantly faced with negative manifestations of human nature, must have a moral justification for their professional choice, a kind of moral “immunity.”

Actual violations of moral standards in the legal environment, as a rule, cause a huge public outcry. And this is natural - the increased moral requirements for employees of the legal profession on and off duty (for example, the Code of Honor of Judges of the Russian Federation of 1993) are explained by the special trust in them from society and the responsible nature of the functions they perform. People who decide the destinies of others, demanding that they comply with the law, must have not only an official, but also a moral right to do so.

Entrepreneur Ethics in modern scientific literature coincides with the concepts of “business ethics”, “economic ethics”, “business ethics”, “market ethics”, etc. First of all, this is a set of norms of behavior of an entrepreneur in negotiations, during communication, drawing up documentation, etc., reflecting the specifics of its activities, as well as often determined by the historical conditions of a particular country.

To develop entrepreneurial ethics, certain conditions are needed: political and economic freedom, stability of legislation, the presence of traditions, etc.

Business ethics is already formed within the framework of the “economic cell” - the work collective. Service relationships should be built on partnership, based on mutual requests and needs, and on the interests of the business. Such cooperation undoubtedly increases labor and creative activity and is an important factor in the technological process of production and business.

When interacting with other “cells” these rules are preserved. Respect for a business partner does not allow you to manipulate him in your own interests or suppress him. Honesty increases the degree of trust and mutual understanding between partners. A conscientious attitude towards one's responsibilities contributes to the implementation of planned plans. This lays the foundations for long-term mutually beneficial cooperation.

Currently developed certain order behavior in business and during business contacts, the so-called business etiquette. It helps to avoid mistakes or smooth them out in accessible, generally accepted ways. Therefore, the main function or meaning of business person etiquette can be defined as the formation of such rules of conduct in the business community that promote mutual understanding between people in the process of communication.

Etiquette is one of the main “tools” for creating an image. In modern business, the face of the company plays a significant role. Those companies in which etiquette is not observed lose a lot. Where it exists, productivity is higher and results are better. It is more convenient to work with such a company, i.e. etiquette creates a comfortable psychological climate conducive to business contacts.

For Russia, problems of economic ethics are of particular importance. They are greatly influenced by the complex nature of the formation of market relations, ambiguous historical traditions and a wide range of manifestations of mass consciousness. Entrepreneurs in Russia should remember that personal enrichment is not a criterion of a person’s moral attitude towards work, and profit is not the goal of personal development.

Social work ethics- this is a manifestation of general moral standards in social services. In the professional activities of such specialists, which consist in providing assistance to individuals, families, social groups or communities, moral and ethical standards play a special role. They are reflected in the professional and ethical code of social workers in Russia.

The basic principles of professional ethics of a social worker include: responsibility to the client, responsibility to the profession and colleagues, responsibility to society.

The requirements for the personal and moral qualities of a social worker are also dictated by the specifics of his work. He must have developed feelings of duty, goodness and justice, self-dignity and respect for the dignity of another person; tolerance, politeness, decency, emotional stability; personal adequacy to self-esteem, level of aspirations and social adaptation. It is also important to have certain teaching skills. Compliance by specialists social work ethical standards prevents the negative consequences of social services.

You can also talk about the etiquette of a social worker. It includes: a) communication skills, international standards of behavior for social workers; b) the established procedure for the behavior of social service workers when meeting and introducing themselves, treating colleagues and clients; c) the art of conversation, telephone conversations, negotiations, business correspondence, etiquette for protocol events at national and international conferences, symposiums; d) norms of behavior on the street, in the community, in the client’s family, at the client’s work, in public transport, in public associations, churches, etc.

Management ethics- a science that examines the actions and behavior of a person acting in the field of management, and the functioning of an organization as a “total 18 manager” in relation to its internal and external environment in the aspect in which the actions of the manager and the organization correlate with universal ethical requirements.

Currently, the basic principles and rules of business conduct are formulated in ethical codes. These may be standards by which individual firms live (corporate codes), or rules governing relationships within an entire industry (professional codes). 2.3.3. Basic principles of professional ethics Professional ethics governs relationships between people business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain norms, requirements and principles.

Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior and actions in the business sphere. The principles provide a specific employee in any organization with a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc. The order of the ethical principles considered is not determined by their significance.

Essence first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow such actions towards your subordinates, management, colleagues, clients, etc., that you would not want to see towards yourself.”

Second principle: Fairness is needed when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.).

Third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.

Fourth principle– the principle of maximum progress: the official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.

Fifth principle– the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards.

Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards moral principles, traditions, etc., that take place in other organizations, regions, countries.

Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis when developing and making decisions in business relations.

Ninth principle: you shouldn't be afraid to have own opinion when resolving any service issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.

Tenth principle - no violence, i.e., “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.

Eleventh principle - constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of an organization not with a one-time order, but only with the help of continuous efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.

Twelfth principle - when influencing (on a team, an individual employee, on a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible resistance. The fact is that while recognizing the value and necessity of ethical standards in theory, many workers, when faced with them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to resist them.

Thirteenth principle consists in the advisability of making advances based on trust - the employee’s sense of responsibility, his competence, his sense of duty.

Fourteenth principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.

Fifteenth principle– freedom that does not limit the freedom of others; Usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is determined by job descriptions.

Sixteenth principle: The employee must not only act ethically himself, but also encourage his colleagues to do the same.

Seventeenth principle: Don't criticize your competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team from another department, a colleague in whom one can “see” a competitor. These principles should serve as the basis for each employee of any company to develop their own personal ethical system. The content of companies' ethical codes originates from the principles of ethics.

The requirements of professional ethics are becoming increasingly complex. Society cannot rely only on traditional mechanisms for assimilating them. Therefore, the practice of professional ethical education includes: - the creation of ethical associations; - the practice of various instructions and memos, which draw attention to possible deviations from ethical standards, is widespread. 2.3.4. Service ethics Office ethics is the broadest concept in the field of professional ethics. Office ethics is understood as a set of the most general norms, rules and principles of human behavior in the sphere of his professional, production and service activities. . Every person who starts working must comply with these standards. The number of these norms is small. The overwhelming majority of them are formulated in extremely general view, so as to be detailed in relation to specific activities. Requirements of professional ethics:1. Discipline; 2. Saving material resources provided to the employee to carry out production activities; 3. Correctness interpersonal relationships. A person in the sphere of his work activity must behave in such a way that interpersonal conflicts arise as little as possible, and so that other people feel comfortable working next to him in direct and indirect interpersonal contact. All these requirements are divided into two subgroups: The first group: includes requirements in interpersonal contacts along the vertical (subordinate - manager). Here the main requirement for a subordinate is recognition of the manager’s very right to give orders, which includes functional responsibilities assumed by a person employment contract. The subordinate must, based on these responsibilities, structure his behavior accordingly and not use various forms of evasion of orders. Evasion can be open, public, with certain conditions imposed on the leader. Can be hidden, take on the character of a secret (with the help of facial expressions, gestures, individual words) provoking a manager to take open action against a subordinate. In these situations, the subordinate may often appear to those around him as the suffering party, and the manager’s reaction to him may be inadequate. One of the reasons for such behavior of subordinates may be the desire to acquire certain social capital, to look persecuted, to acquire status informal leader, achieve any benefits for yourself, etc. 2.3.5. Management Ethics Management ethics is the second largest concept after service ethics. This is a set of norms, rules, principles, ideals that determine the behavior of people in the sphere of exercising power and administrative powers, i.e. in the field of management. All norms of management ethics can be divided into two groups: norms associated with the decision-making process and norms regulating the process of communication with subordinates and other managers (horizontally and vertically). The rules governing the decision-making process can be divided into three subgroups: A. Rules governing the process of raising a problem and preparing a solution. Responsibility must pervade all decisions of a leader. The peculiarity of moral consequences is that they can change their meaning from a positive initial result to a negative one later and vice versa. In a broad sense, a leader needs such qualities as professionalism, competence, confidence in his competence, will, organizational skills and a general set of leader qualities: self-confidence, the ability to captivate people, the ability to “ignite” interest in the business, etc. But any of these qualities, presented in excess, can turn into its opposite. Thus, the will to achieve a goal turns into the imposition of one’s desires, confidence in one’s competence turns into belief in one’s infallibility. Belief in infallibility, combined with excess will, gives rise to a specific type of leader who always feels he is right and strives under any conditions and, regardless of the possible consequences, to insist on his own at all costs. At the first stage of preparing management decisions, a contradiction often arises between knowledge about the need for specific changes and ignorance of specific ways, methods and means of these changes, ignorance of the functioning mechanism of the object that needs to be managed. There needs to be a clear awareness of the fact that any management problem that arises has at least two, and more often, many possible solutions. Solutions differ: · Duration of achieving the desired result; · Material costs; · Amount of funds and structures involved; · Features of satisfying the palette of interests of different people, social groups, organizations, political forces interested in this decision.B. Rules governing the process of discussion and decision making. At the stage of discussion and decision-making, the leader should strive to ensure that, if possible, representatives of all groups, segments of the population, all those whose interests may be affected by the decision taken, take part in the discussion. It is necessary that the most complete examination data and statistical data on possible solution options be presented for discussion. If during the discussion it becomes obvious that the leader's preferred solution option is less satisfying the interests of various groups than another, the leader leading the discussion must have the courage to give up his opinion in favor of the majority, and not insist on the wrong solution option that he chose exactly him. C. Execution and control over the execution of the decision. There is a point of view that the execution of a decision is a purely administrative process, which includes formalizing the decision, identifying executors, bringing the assigned tasks to their attention, drawing up a plan for implementing the decision, etc. In fact, the main thing in the execution of a decision is that at the moment of its execution, a decision made in relation to any organization (system) can introduce this system into a state of instability. The main responsibility of the manager in the process of monitoring the implementation of the decision is to monitor the state of the system to detect signs of instability. If such signs appear, it is necessary to either stop the process of executing the decision or take some corrective action.

2.3.6. Stages of formation and development of professional morality

The specificity of the formation of professional morality is characterized by the fact that from the early stages of its formation, many norms were recorded in writing, introduced into law, and supported through various professional regulations.

The formation of professional ethics standards dates back to the period of early slave-owning society, when the first relatively mass professions began to take shape.

In early written sources there is evidence that more than 4,000 years ago people realized the need for certain moral prohibitions in a number of professions, and that the professions themselves, or rather belonging to them, can form in people a number of both positive and negative moral qualities .

However, a long time passed before the first prototypes of future professional moral codes began to take shape in the slave society of Ancient Greece.

First stage. Perhaps the first oath of allegiance to the profession appeared among people called to serve man. The promise-oath that was given in Ancient Greece by doctors graduating from the so-called school of Asclepiads said: “I will, to the best of my ability and understanding, arrange the lifestyle of the sick for their benefit, and I will protect them from all harm and vice. Whatever happens to be seen and heard during my medical activity, I will remain silent, and consider as a secret that which is not subject to disclosure.”

The provisions developed by the Asclepiad school echoed the ideas of the famous Hippocratic Oath, which has not lost its significance to this day.

Professional morality initially develops among professions whose representatives directly interact with people in the performance of their professional duties: doctors, teachers, educators, politicians, scribes, priests, temple servants, etc. In these contacts, they could influence the physical and moral state of people, cause them harm, and destabilize the social situation.

The number of norms in the first professional codes was small. They touched upon the most general aspects of professional activity, many of them were descriptive in nature and did not reach the degree of general abstraction, as was the case in more later periods formalization of professional moral standards.

Second stage in the development of professional morality begins in the late Middle Ages, there were several reasons for this.

First of all, the strengthening of statehood and the formation of norms of absolutist power, which predetermined the formation and strengthening of such social institutions as the army, church, and civil service. Secondly, the rapid growth of cities in medieval Europe, which gave rise to the separation of professions serving the population and made people dependent on each other’s labor.

New stage in the development of professional morality was marked by the formation of several trends:

The range of professions for which moral requirements were formed has expanded significantly, mainly due to professions that came into contact with the population not directly, but through the result of their work. Vivid evidence of this process are the codes of craft workshops (statutes), which included requirements for the fulfillment of certain moral obligations.

Secondly, the norms within professional moral codes began to be divided into two distinct groups: norms and principles that determine communication and relationships within the profession and norms that determine the relations of representatives of the profession with the rest of the population. This division was caused by the fact that by this time people had appreciated the extent to which the assessment and recognition of their work depended on the characteristics of the work, behavior and attitude towards the profession of their colleagues in the craft.

This is due to the fact that in Western Europe At this time, cities and trade were rapidly developing, so when people bought goods, they least of all thought about the identity of the person who made this product.

First of all, new moral norms were aimed at ensuring the proper quality of work and manufactured products by all members of the professional fraternity, then a number of norms determined the specifics of communication between people of the same profession, to create a favorable professional community.