Invitations (engagement): types and examples of writing. Speech etiquette: greeting, introduction, expressing a request, apology, disapproval, invitation Business speech etiquette apology formulas greetings requests

A person perceives congratulations and wishes in the appropriate situation as the norm, as something natural, but, on the other hand, in the absence of the expected congratulations or wishes, the automatism of normal communication is disrupted, the absence of a conventional act refreshes its direct, non-conventional meaning, and the person who was not congratulated it becomes uncomfortable. The significance in culture and in the life of society in general of such phenomena as greeting, farewell, congratulations and wishes, gratitude and many others. etc., is undeniable, therefore the analysis of concepts and units of RE, as well as the speech actions behind them, seems appropriate.

The concept of “congratulations” includes the following concepts: greeting, wish,success, luck, holiday, gala lunch/dinner, pleasant/joyful event, congratulatory, greeting card,gift, presentation of a gift, gratitude, congratulatory word, expression of joy or sympathy etc.

However, we found the interpretation, recorded in explanatory dictionaries, of the word congratulation through lexemes welcome And greetings. In order to identify the extent to which Russian speakers’ ideas about the meaning of the word coincide congratulation with what is recorded in the dictionaries, 40 philology students (from 17 to 23 years old) and 30 representatives of various professions, representing different age groups (from 18 to 72 years old) were asked to explain how they understand the word congratulation, give examples of its use in speech and indicate in what situations the functioning of this word is possible, whether synonymous replacement is allowed. Analysis of the questionnaire results showed that the lexical meaning of the word congratulation, recorded in explanatory dictionaries, only partially coincides with the meaning attributed to this word by native speakers.

A wish is most often realized through congratulations and farewells, which are thus left horizontal cues for wishes. Into the conceptual field wishes includes the following series of concepts: good, pleasant, greeting, farewell, holiday, offer, demand, gratitude, expression of hope, desire, health, happiness, love etc.

Important semantic elements of congratulations are: “I am happy for you”, “I am friendly towards you”; wishes: “I want it to be like this with you.” Consequently, in the meaning of the units of the thematic group “congratulation” and “wish” there is an element of goodwill. The time parameter is not particularly important, since congratulations and wishes can be made both when contact is established, and when maintaining a favorable climate, and when contact is interrupted.

The content of the congratulation is chosen by the speaker based on the generally accepted system of values, the speaker’s ideas about the value system of the listener, and finally, his own ideas about what is and is not worth congratulating, whether this congratulation is pleasant or unpleasant for the addressee. Reliance on current knowledge of the needs and interests of the listener is clearly manifested in specific congratulations and wishes such as: I wish you happiness and a free, rich life [Averchenko. Lonely]. I would like to wish you only patience and more patience! [Review Book].

Since each generation contributes to the process of formation of a conceptual system, concepts are subject to constant “transformations”. An example of changes are the concepts of “congratulation” and “wish”. For example, the transition of words such as: congratulations, congratulations The appearance of expressions such as: SMS congratulations,e- mail-congratulation, Name book of complaints and wishes instead of which at the present stage the name takes place book of complaints and suggestions.

Etiquette generalized nominations contain the centuries-old communicative experience of the people associated with culture, its customs and traditions, a complex of associations and ideas. Congratulations and wishes as cultural concepts in the linguistic consciousness are represented by a multidimensional network of meanings expressed by lexical and phraseological units and etiquette formulas.

Within the framework of the conceptual analysis, a distinctive feature of the semantics of etiquette units is emphasized, which lies in the fact that they are not so much signs naming concepts, but rather performative signs, words and actions. In the Russian mentality, congratulations and wishes are an effective phenomenon addressed to a specific person or group of people. Since verbality is embodied in speech communication, the second chapter of this work conducts a communicative analysis of the etiquette phenomena “congratulations” and “wishes”, taking into account and using the classification features adopted in the theory of speech acts.

In Chapter two“Communicative embodiment of the concepts “congratulation”, “wish” in speech acts” a communicative-pragmatic analysis of the factual material is carried out, associated with the actions “congratulations” and “wishes”.

At the beginning of this chapter, the etiquette communication situation in which the communicative unit under study functions and is created is defined in detail. Etiquette situation communication we call the sum of conditions and circumstances that give rise to speech etiquette formulas (speech acts) in which a certain speech intention of the speaker is realized. This is a situation of direct communication between communicants, limited by the pragmatic coordinates “I – you – here – now”, which organize the core of the field of linguistic units of RE.

Let us present in the form of a diagram the model of the etiquette situation of verbal communication, developed by us on the basis of the scheme of the general model of the situation proposed by V. I. Karasik (Karasik 2002: 23).

In the further course of our work, we focused our analysis on the category of communication participants. Under participants in communication we mean addresser and addressee, sender and receiver of speech, speaker, listener and indirect addressee or silent participant and, finally, observers. The number of participants in the communication process and the varying degrees of their involvement in the conversation can influence not only the choice of formal means by speakers, but also the very communication strategy that they adhere to. In this regard, a consideration is given to the strategies and tactics of those communicating in etiquette situations “congratulations”, “wishes” (section 2.6.).

Our analysis showed that, being an active participant in the communication process, an involuntary co-author of the congratulatory text, destination has various incarnations: 1) predictable, generalized, with which the author hopes to enter into or enters into indirect distant communication; 2) non-dialogue (quasi-addressee), unable to respond or thank. A typical example is the ritual of farewell to the deceased in the intentions of farewell, wishes, promises; 3) the speaker and addresser are one person ( in conversation with oneself ); 4) the absence of a direct addressee, i.e. the category itself is present in the text, the author focuses on the addressee, but there is no direct communication between the communicants, there is no full-fledged etiquette situation, the moment of production of the statement by the author does not coincide with the moment of its perception by the addressee; 5) mass, public, specific addressee (certain audience of listeners: classroom, conference participants, etc.); 6) orientation towards a personal single specific addressee as the “sole hero of the occasion” in oral contact direct interpersonal communication or in distant indirect communication (in the genre of dedication, message, etc.).

In direct communication, addressee– a participant reacting to an event in the recipient’s life. The situation of congratulations assumes that the speaker correctly evaluates some events as positive and, according to the rules of RE, congratulates the addressee. To “protect” himself from a “wrong” assessment of an event, the speaker can use a technique such as indirect congratulations in the form of a question, for example: can I congratulate you? and under .

In fiction, as well as in the field of mass communications, a technique is often used when an inanimate object, endowed with the qualities of an animate one, or an animate one, but due to certain characteristics is not able to speak, act as group or generalized addressees. For example, Our baby and I congratulate dad; My dear fingers, sleep well The addressee can also be the addressee (retrotransmitter addressee) ( Congratulate me, Congratulate me on my behalf).

Media discourse is the area of implementation of collective congratulations and wishes on behalf of institutions and government organizations, in the person of one of its representatives or without highlighting the position of a representative.

Each thematic group of RE units has a set of stylistic options, providing the speaker with the choice of one or another means depending on the communication situation and the nature of the relationship between the participants. In this regard, the work introduces the concept csituational series, which implies a certain conditioned sequence of functional equivalents (synonyms) expressing one intentional meaning and associated with a specific communication situation. For example, this is what a series of birthday greetings might look like: Happy birthday!, Happy name day!, Happy twentieth anniversary!, Happy 16th birthday!, Happy anniversary!, Happy birth!, Happy angel’s day!, My (our) congratulations, Happy you day!, Happy summer (fun) day birth! or Happy birthday!(joking) Happy Valentine's Day!(joking) Happy jam day!(joking) etc.

The following options are possible for Happy New Year greetings: Happy New Year!, Happy New Year 2005!, Happy 2000th to you!, Happy Millennium!,Happy New Year!, Happy new year, happy new happiness!, Happy holiday! and many more etc.

The considered series of birthday and happy new year congratulations convince us that RE rules can reflect social relations that are unequal on some basis. At the same time, “the more signs by which the participants in communication “do not coincide,” the higher the degree of etiquette of the situation and the obligatory observance of the rules usually are” (Baiburin, Toporkov 1990: 7).

In this regard, a review of the concepts of social status, communicative, social and psychological role of the speaker is carried out.

The goal in communication is an objective factor of speech interaction, functioning after the subject understands the motives for generating speech activity and predicting movement towards a possible result.

The speech act of congratulation is, as a rule, a polite speech act that is carried out by the speaker in order to express his sympathy and joy about a real event that corresponds to the interests of the addressee.

The speech act of wishing is, as a rule, a polite speech act that is implemented by the speaker in order to express attention and sympathy towards the addressee and hope for well-being in the life of the addressee in the future and thereby comply with the norms of etiquette accepted in a given society. The higher the status and role of the addressee, the more formal the communication environment, the more polite the congratulations and wishes.

Speech acts of congratulations and wishes contain a colossal number of structures of communicative embodiment. Despite the fact that congratulations and wishes are stereotypes, they give models ( congratulate+ s... + noun in TV p., wish + R. p. / infinitive) according to which free congratulatory phrases are created. The situation itself is so transparent that the motivating verb is omitted and the valence continuation of the verb remains. For example, Happy A to you!, Happy New Year!, Good luck to you!, Good luck! A noun, standing in the instrumental case, and designed to indicate a reason for congratulations, a date, a specific festive event, itself turns out to be a formula for congratulations. Etiquette nominations can be both verbal nouns and verbs - infinitives, which constitute the nominative center of the functional-semantic and pragmatic field of units.

According to A. G. Balakay, the syntactic meanings of the person “I” the addressee and “You” (or the polite “You”) the addressee can be expressed explicitly, that is, lexically and morphologically: I Congratulations you. Implicitly, that is, not explicitly expressed. In this case, the “I” of the addressee is present in the very fact of materialization (pronunciation, writing) of the sign, and “You” is present in the direction of the sign directly to the addressee: Good evening(“I salute you”) Happy holiday!(“I congratulate you”) No fluff, no feather!(“I wish you success”)” (Balakay 2002: 33).

Apology

There are many different apology formulas: Sorry, please. Sorry.

I'm sorry, I heard that a holiday in Dzhanhot is the best holiday at sea. I apologize. Let me apologize. Don't be mad at me for what I did. Sorry (sorry), I'm to blame for you. I have caused you a lot of trouble, etc. The speaker chooses one of these expressions depending on the situation of communication, on the addressee. The interlocutor who accepted the apology must respond to it in order to smooth out the awkwardness of the situation: Please. Not worth it. Nothing.

Approval, compliment

A person always needs approval for his actions. This can be done using the following constructions: Good! Wonderful! Wonderful! Well done! Good girl! You did the right thing. If you value your interlocutor and are interested in contacts with him, give him the compliment he deserves: You are a good person! You draw well. You have good taste. It’s a pleasure to communicate with you, etc. He will certainly respond in kind and thank you: I can say the same about you. Thank you.

Gratitude

Gratitude is a response to an invitation, congratulation, or wish. The most common formula for gratitude is thank you. In addition to this method, you can use other expressions, for example: Thank you

thank you for..., Thank you for..., I am very grateful to you for..., I am very grateful to you for..., Please accept my gratitude but..., I owe you a lot for..., I owe you I would like to thank you for..., You are very kind (attentive). I am touched by your attention, etc. The response to gratitude should be: Please. My pleasure. Do not mention it. Always at your service. It was my pleasure to help you.

1.2 Functions of etiquette

1. establishing contact - to attract attention, to encourage contact

2. maintaining contact between people

Often, when interlocutors bring their greetings, they cannot find a topic for conversation.

The etiquette topic of a conversation is a topic that corresponds to the etiquette role and etiquette situation, a topic that is interesting for the interlocutor or cannot put him in an awkward position.

There are topics that a well-mannered person strives never to touch upon in conversation with unfamiliar people and only discusses with close friends when absolutely necessary. These are, first of all, the age, marital and financial status, nationality and religious beliefs of the interlocutor, his physical disabilities.

A person who talks only about himself makes a bad impression. It is undesirable to gossip, discuss the shortcomings of other people, and it is not recommended to express your political views too emotionally. Experts advise avoiding topics that may be unpleasant to the interlocutor, interest in which may seem “suspicious,” because an intelligent person always takes into account the interests of the interlocutor, finds topics that are attractive to him and does not talk about things that are indifferent to the interlocutor.

A well-mannered person not only chooses a topic of conversation that is etiquette and interesting for the interlocutor, but also provides a favorable atmosphere for the conversation: he listens carefully, asks stimulating questions, and demonstrates interest and respect for the interlocutor with his entire appearance.

Showing interest in the interlocutor.

Ability to ask questions. A talented person is able to conduct a dialogue in such a way that it is easy and pleasant for the interlocutor to carry on the conversation. In a conversation, the ability to ask questions correctly is especially valued.

Demonstration of interest in information. It is impolite to listen to your interlocutor in silence, as he begins to doubt your interest. Therefore, remarks that support verbal contact are required: “I see, what’s next?”, “Why?”, “Do you think?”, “Really?”, “That’s how it is!” Look your interlocutor in the eyes, show your interest with all your appearance,

By using opposite signals, polite people show that the topic is uninteresting or unpleasant to them. They don’t say: “I’m not interested,” but simply remain silent and do not maintain communication.

3. demonstration of a polite, respectful attitude towards the interlocutor An important function of etiquette is to create an atmosphere of mutual comfort. It is easy and pleasant to communicate with a polite person. The Gospel of Matthew says: “As you would have them do to you, do so to people.”

4. regulatory - regulation of people's behavior in society

Following etiquette makes people predictable. Etiquette signals a person’s belonging to a certain social and cultural environment. Etiquette is like a password: the place a person occupies in the social hierarchy is easily determined by the etiquette formulas he uses. Let's compare, for example, some apology formulas:

Sorry. Excuse me, please (the most neutral formulas of a modern cultured person)

I humbly apologize (an archaic formula used by older intelligent people)

Guilty! (traditional formula of law enforcement agencies: army, police)

Sorry! Excuse mi! (joking borrowings)

I'm sorry! (colloquial formula)

Just a few words can give an idea of a person’s social status and character.

5. conflict prevention

When a person acts in accordance with the rules in all cases of life, he reduces the likelihood of conflicts with others. For example, if you accidentally hurt someone, you should apologize. Otherwise, a conflict is possible; someone may think that you are deliberately trying to offend them. A well-mannered person, expressing his dissatisfaction, will do so within the bounds of decency.

1.3 Speech etiquette formulas

Any act of communication has a beginning, main and final parts. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Let me get to know you (you)

I would like to meet you (you)

Let me get to know you (you)

Let me introduce you

Let's get acquainted

When visiting a passport office, a dormitory, the admissions office of an educational institution, any institution, or an office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself to him using one of the formulas:

Let me introduce myself

My last name is Kolesnikov

My name is Yuri Vladimirovich

Nikolay Kolesnikov

Anastasia Igorevna

If the visitor does not identify himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What's your last name?

What is your first name and patronymic?

What's your name?

Official and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting.

In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb zdravstavat, which means “to be sound,” that is, healthy. In ancient times, the verb hello also meant “to greet.”

Along with this form, a common greeting indicating the time of the meeting is:

Good morning!

Good afternoon

Good evening!

In addition to commonly used greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, and the desire to communicate:

- (Very) glad to see (greet) you!

Let me (let me) welcome you.

Welcome!

My respects

Among military personnel it is customary to greet with the words:

I wish you good health!

Retired military personnel are recognized by this greeting.

When contacting an institution by phone or in person, it becomes necessary to introduce yourself:

Let me introduce myself

My last name is Sergeev

My name is Valery Pavlovich

Official and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting.

Official greeting formulas:

Hello!

Good afternoon

Unofficial greeting formulas:

Hello!

The initial formulas of communication are opposed to the formulas used at the end of communication; they express the wish: All the best (good)! or hope for a new meeting: See you tomorrow. Until evening. Goodbye.

During communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the celebration (anniversary, meeting)

We'll be glad to see you

Congratulation:

Let me congratulate you on...

Please accept my sincere (heartfelt, warm) congratulations...

The expression of the request should be polite, delicate, but without excessive ingratiation:

Do me a favor...

If it’s not difficult for you (if it’s not difficult for you)…

Please be kind...

May I ask you...

I beg you very much...

Advice and suggestions should not be expressed in a categorical manner. It is advisable to formulate advice in the form of a delicate recommendation, a message about some important circumstances for the interlocutor:

Let me draw your attention to...

I would suggest you...

The wording of refusal to fulfill a request may be as follows:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (allow, assist)

It is currently not possible to do this

Please understand that now is not the time to make such a request.

Sorry, but we (I) cannot fulfill your request. I have to refuse (prohibit, not allow)

Chapter 2. Etiquette and Ethics

2.1 Etiquette

Etiquette is closely related to ethics. The rules of etiquette, expressed in specific forms of behavior, indicate the unity of its two sides: moral, ethical and aesthetic.

The first side is an expression of a moral norm: precautionary care, respect, protection. The second side testifies to the beauty and grace of forms of behavior.

Etiquette is based on a moral norm, on good feelings, a reflection of the spiritual wealth of the individual. It presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external, expressed in specific speech acts, politeness formulas.

Politeness in speech activity is one of the fundamental elements. A lot of work has been devoted to the principle of politeness and its use.

R. Lakoff formulates the principle of politeness in the form of three rules:

1. don’t impose your opinion

2. give your interlocutor a choice

3. be friendly

According to N.I. Formanovskaya, the goal of the politeness principle is to maintain social balance and such social-speech relationships that allow effective communication.

About N.I.’s politeness itself Formanovskaya writes the following: “The phenomenon of politeness is a whole multidimensional category, consisting of the ideas about ethical standards of behavior, including speech, that have developed in the society of native speakers. It is believed that to be polite is to give the partner the social role for which he claims (or slightly higher); to be impolite is to give a partner a social role lower than the one for which he claims. Politeness is a manifestation of respect for a partner, expressed through linguistic/speech units."

According to I.A. Sharonov, the main role of the principle of politeness is “in various ways, depending on the types of interaction of communicants, to maintain social balance and good relations between them.”

According to J. Leach, the principle of politeness is a specific communication strategy aimed at cooperation and preventing possible conflict situations. The principle of politeness is reflected in six maxims (postulates): the maxim of tact (respect the interests of others), the maxim of generosity (reduce your own benefit and increase the benefit of others), the maxim of approval (scold less, praise more), the maxim of modesty (do not praise yourself), maxim of agreement (agree with your partner more often), maxim of sympathy (express sympathy for your partner).

The peculiarity of politeness maxims is that their overzealous observance (exaggerated politeness, flattery) causes discomfort.

G. G. Pocheptsov emphasizes that the main point in understanding politeness is that “the phenomenon of labeling lies in the desire of interlocutors to cause the least damage to each other.”

2. Do we know the formulas of speech etiquette?

40. Stable etiquette formulas are used to maintain communication in a friendly tone. In what speech situations are special etiquette expressions required? We list such situations, and your task is to write down as many etiquette words and expressions as possible. After completing this task, you will check how many etiquette formulas you know. Which ones do you use most often?

Greetings: …

Farewell: ...

Apology: ...

Gratitude: …

Congratulations: ...

Wish: ...

Address (to a friend, stranger): ...

Acquaintance (without an intermediary and through an intermediary): ...

Sympathy, consolation: ...

Condolences: ...

Request: …

Invitation: …

Compliment, approval: ...

41 . Explain why in these texts the speech etiquette formulas do not correspond to the speech situation.

I. – How are you? – I asked.

- As white as soot.

I wanted to turn around and leave, but Lenka, smiling guiltily, said:

– Don’t be offended, it just popped up. My affairs are normal.

(Yu. Dodolev)

II. - Well, Vanyusha, goodbye! “I extended my hand to the boy.

- Not goodbye, but goodbye! – he corrected sternly, thrusting his tiny narrow palm at me and giving me a glance from under his brows.

(V. Bogomolov)

III. Dear

Dear carriage!

Dear Carriage

Dear one!

Through thick and thin

I need to go out.

Is it possible by the tram

Stop the train station?

(S. Marshak)

42. There are dozens of greeting methods in Russian. Why do you think so many expressions are needed to convey the same meaning? To answer this question, analyze the examples using the scheme you already know:

Fiery hello! Good health! Let me welcome you! Hello)! Who do I see! My respect! Hello honest company! Ours for you with a brush! How many years, how many winters! Welcome! Lowest respect! General fireworks! Welcome! Greetings from old boots! Glad to see you. I cordially greet you. Good morning! Hello, brother! Easy to remember! Greetings! My respect! I wish you good health! Hello! Bread and salt! Good evening!

Good speeches are pleasant to listen to

Each language has its own set of generally accepted etiquette expressions: hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, great, fireworks, how are you?; the French say: bon jour (good afternoon), bon soir (good evening), comment ?a va (how are you?); Americans: good day (morning, evening), How do you do? (How are you? Hello!); Somalis: Ma nabad baa? – Waa nabad(literally: Is it peace? – Yes, peace), Is Ka warran(literally: Tell about yourself) etc.

Equally regular and stable are the speech forms of farewell, apology, invitation, request and some other frequently repeated communication situations. Compare the turns taken when saying goodbye. For Russians: goodbye, all the best, see you tomorrow, goodbye, bye; from the French: au revoir (goodbye), ? se soir (until the evening), ? demain (until tomorrow); among the British and Americans: good-bye (goodbye), so long (bye); among Somalis: Nabad yelyo, nabad(literally: May you have peace and quiet), Haa is arkeyno (goodbye) etc.

43. 1. Try to list the etiquette expressions that people use when saying goodbye. Write down these expressions and explain when they are used.

2. Check the completion of the first part of the task by reading this table.

3. Analyze the indicated etiquette formulas and indicate in what speech situation their use is appropriate.

I'm waiting for an answer. I shake hands. My respect! You can be free. I won't bother you. May I go? Don't forget us! Well, I have to go. I don't dare detain you. Pokedova! Goodbye neighbors, until a future conversation. Good way. Good riddance. Goodbye! Good morning! I wish you good luck! Let me say goodbye! See you soon! I have the honor to bow! Ciao-cocoa! Goodbye! Don't be rude! Be healthy! Total! See you tomorrow! No fluff or feather! See you!

44. Usually, before etiquette formulas of farewell, special expressions are used to indicate the end of communication: It's time for me to go. We have to go. It's a pity, but I have to hurry. It's very interesting to be with you, but I have to leave etc. Continue the list of similar expressions.

Mind doesn't expect a beard

Interjection Bye is included in the group of “farewell” words that are used in colloquial speech. It comes from the adverb Bye, which is a reduction of the old for now And this word, in turn, arose as a result of the fusion of parts of the phrase according to the place (by– pretext, ka– a short pronoun meaning “what”).

Word Goodbye– former form of the imperative mood of the verb forgive, having an "excusable" meaning. Initially Goodbye meant “sorry (if something is wrong).” This meaning is felt in the word in phraseology goodbye, don't remember it badly.

Roughly familiar adju(“goodbye, goodbye”) came to us in the 19th century from the French language, where it arose as a result of the merger of the preposition A and noun dieu“God” means literally “with God, farewell, goodbye.”

45. 1. Write down etiquette expressions, distributing them among the columns of the table. Complete each column with examples.

Take care of yourself. Bless the way. Don't think it's hard work. Be kind. Please. Welcome to us. May I bother you for a moment. Come visit us. Please do me the honor. I ask for your blessing. Please come to the table.

Please sit down. Please speak. I kindly ask you. Please respect my request. I hit you with my forehead. Make yourself at home. I ask God. You are asked to come to the phone. A huge request to you. Would you be so kind? If you don't mind. Would you please? Isn't it difficult for you? Put yourself in my position. You are welcome. We are always glad to see you. Don't think it's hard work. I humbly ask. I ask from the bottom of my heart. Have pity on me. All hope is on you. You are always a welcome guest. Welcome. You're welcome. Don't refuse the courtesy. Don't disdain our treat. I'm looking forward to your visit. Come visit us. Put in a good word. Spare me from... I have the honor to ask you. I bow at my feet. Eat for your health. Do me a favor. Be a friend. Make yourself at home. Can I...? Is it easy for you...? Allow me. Allow me. The food is served. Can I hope for your favor? Can I see you for a minute? Not into service, but into friendship.

2. Keep track of which of these etiquette words and expressions you never use in your speech. Why do you think? What etiquette words do you use when talking with friends?

3. Act out the scene “On the Bus.” Determine whether you and your classmates know how to use polite words to express a request.

46. 1. Explain in what speech situation (who – to whom- O what - where - when - why - why) the choice of one or another linguistic means of apology is appropriate.

Please excuse me. Sorry. Guilty. I'm sorry. Excuse me. Please accept my apologies. Don't be angry, please. Sorry. Sorry, buddy. Excuse me please.

Forgive me please. My apologies.

2. For each etiquette formula, make and write down sentences. Use appeals and introductory words.

47. 1. Compose and write down 11 incentive sentences using different verbs in the imperative form. Don't forget to soften your request by using polite words.

Say each sentence out loud, pay attention to the intonation, which should also correspond to the general friendly and polite tone of address to the interlocutor.

2. Which of the following etiquette expressions are used only in colloquial speech?

48. In Russian, there are several grammatical ways in which a request can be expressed. You used one of the methods when doing the previous exercise (etiquette expression + verb in the imperative form).

Here is another way to politely express a request using future tense verbs used in interrogative sentences.

Make up dialogues “At a physical education lesson”, “At a friend’s birthday party”, “At the theatre”, using the indicated interrogative constructions with future tense verbs to express a request.

49. 1. Get to know another way of expressing a request.

2. Practice using the indicated structures. In what speech situations are they appropriate?

50. Using this diagram, make up sentences containing a question or request to a stranger. Don't forget to use proper words.

What words should your interlocutor begin the phrase with?

51. Test yourself to see if you can ask questions in a polite and friendly manner. What etiquette expressions are appropriate to use in the following examples?

1) ...why didn’t you bring what you promised yesterday?

2) ... when does train number 34 leave?

3) ... will we go on an excursion on Sunday?

4) ... how many synonyms can you find for the word dry?

52. Based on the response, restore the previous one. Make sure that mini-dialogues comply with the requirements of Russian speech etiquette.

- Of course, ask. I'm listening to you!

– Unfortunately, our information desk does not provide such information.

– I’ll be happy to help you.

– I have no reason not to believe you.

– What’s strange about this?

- I'm sorry, but I don't know.

53 . Explain in what speech situations the following questions can be heard.

1)What issue are you talking about? 2) Any complaints? 3) What worries you? 4) Are you coming to me? 5) How can I help? 6) What brought you to me? 7) Will I disturb you? 8) Can I come to you? 9) How did you end up here? 10) What destinies? 11) How are you? 12) Why did you come? 13) Where have you been? 14) With whom do I have honor?

54. When acquaintances unexpectedly meet, the conversation begins not only with greetings, but also with questions like What destinies? How are you?

Come up with and act out small dialogues, the participants of which are: a) two seventh graders; b) two students; c) a boy and an elderly woman; d) two old women; d) two young men. From the list of words and expressions, select those that are most suitable for each speech situation.

1) How do you (you) live? 2) What destinies? 3) What are you (you) doing here? 4) Is it really you (you)? 5) Where did you fall from? 6) Where have you been? 7) Is that you? 8) How is life? 9) How are you? 10) What's new? 11) What do you hear? 12) What wind brought you here? 13) How is your health? 14) How are you? 15) Who do I see!

55. If the interlocutor is in a bad mood, then you can express sincere interest using a special question.

Analyze similar questions and explain in what speech situation each of them is appropriate and in what semantic shades it differs from the others.

1) Did something happen to you? 2) Any troubles? 3) Is everything okay with you? 4) Are you (are you) sad about something? 5) Are you (are you) annoyed? 6) What are you (you) outraged by? 7) What doesn’t suit you? 8) What do you (you) not like? 9) Are you unhappy with something? 10) Why are you (you) so angry? 11) Why are you angry? 12) Are you in a bad mood? 13) Did you get up on the wrong foot? 14) Who offended you? 15) Why are you crying? 16) So why are you being so naughty?

56. Consider the answers to these questions. Which of these answers correspond to the rules of speech etiquette, and which ones should you avoid in your speech and why?

57. Study the table. Prepare a story about verbal ways of expressing agreement with your interlocutor. Give examples illustrating the appropriate and correct use of these speech formulas.

58 . Answer every request with consent. What etiquette formulas are used in the resulting mini-dialogues?

1) - May I come in?

3) - I ask you, help me find the book.

4) – Is it possible to open the window?

5) – Do not refuse the courtesy, call Gennady Grigorievich to the phone.

6) – If you don’t mind, hold my purse.

7) – Can you watch the telephone in the evening?

59 . Compare the table with the one given in exercise. 57. What are the similarities and what are the differences in the use of formulas for expressing agreement and disagreement (objection)?

60. In Russian there are various ways of expressing refusal. Choose those that can be used in a conversation: a) with a stranger; b) brother (sister); c) teacher; d) friend. Briefly describe the speech situations in which these phrases can be used. Do all these expressions correspond to speech etiquette? Draw a conclusion.

1) I do not agree to carry out this order. 2) Under no circumstances! 3) Unfortunately, I won't be able to do this. 4) I would love to do this, but I have an important meeting today. 5) Now I have no time. 6) Some other time. 7) I'm sorry, but I'm very busy. 8) I have not yet completed the previous assignment. 9) Why should I do this? 10) Who needs it! 11) I won’t do this, and don’t ask me! 12) I don’t want something. 13) What else! 14) No, no, no and no again! 15) I resolutely refuse!

61. 1. A very difficult speech situation is denying what the interlocutor is talking about, or refusing him any request. Different peoples have special etiquette means with the help of which negative information is mitigated.

After reading these texts, tell us how the Japanese and the British behave in a similar situation.

I. In conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these were some kind of curses, something that cannot be expressed directly, but only allegorically, indirectly. Even when refusing a second cup of tea, instead of “no, thank you,” the guest uses an expression that literally means “I’m already fine.”

If a Tokyo acquaintance says: “Before responding to your proposal, I must consult with my wife,” then you don’t need to think that this is a champion of women’s equality. This is just one of many ways to avoid saying “no.” For example, you call a Japanese person and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at the press club. If he starts asking again: “Oh, at six? Oh, at the press club? - and makes some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say: “However, if this is inconvenient for you, you can talk at another time in another place.”

And here the interlocutor, instead of “no,” will happily say “yes” and grab the first offer that suits him.

(IN. Ovchinnikov)

II. The inability to fulfill the request of your interlocutor usually causes a feeling of awkwardness, so the refusal itself should combine politeness and persuasiveness. However, even in cases where the reason for the refusal is not given, it is completely unusual for an Englishman to extract it from his interlocutor. (Wed: Why? What is it?) In a situation of refusal, as well as in a positive reaction to a request, English etiquette does not recognize categorical forms, and it is often difficult to convey in the English language, for example, such negative exclamations: This is absolutely impossible! Even if I can’t kill you! No and no again! I flatly refuse! Not for any money! I won’t even think about it! etc. However, among the English familiar remarks one can find an equivalent to them.

(V. Goldin)

2. In Russian speech etiquette there are also special expressions with the help of which refusal and denial are softened. Use such expressions in the speech situations you have invented.

62. A request, invitation, proposal is not always answered with consent (okay, okay, of course, with pleasure, yes, I agree etc.) or refusal (not I can; unfortunately, I have to refuse; I'd love to, but I'm busy etc.). Sometimes you have to give a vague answer. In this case, special words are used to convey uncertainty, doubt, and polite “softened” refusal. From the list of such words, select only introductory words. Make up sentences with them, write them down and explain the punctuation marks. Read each sentence out loud, trying to convey in your voice the state of uncertainty, uncertainty, doubt, and thought.

May be; Maybe; likely; Maybe; Don't know; apparently; I don’t even know what to say; more likely; unlikely; I'm afraid not... I think not... ; I will think; need to look; I won’t be able to answer right away; no promises; I will try; I'm afraid that it won't...

63. Answer each request politely: a) with agreement; b) refusal; c) give a vague answer. What label formulas will you use?

1) Petya, please let me listen to this cassette! I will definitely return it to you tomorrow.

2) Let's go to the disco today!

3) Olga Nikolaevna, ask me in class. OK?

4) Give me this apple, please.

5) Mashenka, treat us to tea, otherwise we are so cold!

6) Ivan Matveevich, call me at home in the evening, we will discuss our problems in detail.

64. Tell us in what speech situation it is appropriate to use each stable form.

1) On behalf and on behalf of the teaching staff of our school, we congratulate you... 2) On the occasion of the successful completion of the school year, allow me to congratulate you... 3) Please accept our warm congratulations... 4) Accept my modest gift. 5) Hearty congratulations. 6) From the bottom of my heart I congratulate you all... 7) Here is my gift. 8) This is for you as a keepsake.

65 . Explain in what speech situation (who – to whom – about what – where – when – why – why) It is appropriate to choose one or another means of gratitude.

1) I humbly thank you. 2) Thank you. 3) Thank you. 4) Please accept my gratitude. 5) Thank you very much! 6) Let me thank you. 7) I am so grateful to you! 8) I offer my gratitude. 9) There are no words to express my gratitude!

66. 1. Here are the etiquette formulas for apology. Explain in what speech situation each of them is appropriate.

Forgive me... ; I beg your pardon; I apologize... ; For God's sake, forgive me... ; I'm very upset... ; I feel so bad... I'm embarrassed... ; please excuse me... ; Sorry, I didn't mean to... ; I'm afraid I've upset you... ; Sorry… ; guilty... ; I'm sorry…; I apologize...; let me ask for forgiveness...; I'm sorry...; I can't help but apologize... ; don't be angry...; I didn't mean to offend you... ; I am guilty before you... ; I caused you so much trouble... ; I'm afraid I've tired you...

2. Which of these forms of apology do you use? Which ones seem somewhat pompous and unnatural to you? In what communication situation are they appropriate?

67. Remind your request to: a) your teacher (you asked him for a book to prepare a report, and he promised to bring it today); b) to your parents (you asked to buy new jeans); c) your friend’s parents (you asked to allow their son to go out of town with you this coming Sunday).

68. Your interlocutor refuses to fulfill your request, persuade him if he: a) is your friend; b) your sister; c) your teacher; d) a stranger with whom you are traveling on a tram; e) your father; e) seller.

69. 1. What words can you use to express sympathy and consolation? Write down these formulas. Count how many etiquette expressions you know.

2. Read the list of formulas for expressing sympathy and consolation. Tell us in what speech situations each etiquette formula is appropriate.

I sympathize with you...; please accept my condolences... ; I feel sorry (sorry) for you... ; I'm sorry this happened... ; I understand you… ; calm down... ; Don't worry… ; don't worry... ; don't be upset... ; don't be upset... ; don't worry...; be patient...; forget about it... ; pull yourself together; brace yourself...; everything will pass... ; anything can happen... ; nothing can be done... ; It's not your fault... ; don't pay attention...; don't lose heart; Please accept my deepest condolences... ; It's OK… ; it's not your fault... ; allow me to express my sincere sympathy to you... ; I really sympathize with you...

70. In what speech situation is each of the listed phraseological units and proverbs used? Prove it.

1) Not into service, but into friendship. 2) How many years, how many winters! 3) You are welcome to our hut. 4) Enjoy your steam! 5) No fluff or feather! 6) Easy to remember. 7) The richer you are, the happier you are.

71. Is it possible to remain polite during an argument? Russian speech etiquette not only answers this question in the affirmative, but also gives specific recommendations on how to maintain a decent tone of conversation, how to behave, maintaining a friendly tone of communication.

From the list of phrases, select and write down only those with which you can argue within the framework of the requirements of speech etiquette, taking into account as much as possible the interest of the interlocutor, his position, without offending or insulting the dignity of a person, without turning the dispute into a quarrel.

1)You are completely wrong! 2) Our positions do not coincide, but perhaps I am wrong. 3) I am absolutely convinced that... 4) How stubborn you are! So you are saying that... 5) Did I understand you correctly? 6) I will never agree with you! 7) You are lying, I will prove it now! 8) It’s hard for me to agree with you. 9) Admit that I won our argument. 10) If you argue, don’t drag your feet! 11) I would like to better understand your position. 12) Don't mislead us. 13) I hope you and I are interested together in finding the right solution. 14) Only a narrow-minded person cannot perceive such simple evidence that I present. 15) Let’s try together to figure out why my arguments seem dubious to you. 16) I ask you to elaborate on the following..., since I don’t understand at all... 17) How you irritate me with your stubbornness! 18) You are deeply mistaken! 19) I will try one more piece of evidence to make my position clear to you. 20) I don’t care that my phrases seem dubious to you. 21) Who are you arguing with?! 22) I admit, it’s not easy for me to admit that you’re right. 23) I am convinced that I am right, but I admit that another point of view has a right to exist. 24) Only a stupid person does not understand this. 25) There is no point in arguing with you!

72. Establish what phrases it is advisable to use when communicating with loved ones. Write down these expressions. Do you often use them yourself? Explain why you did not write down the remaining expressions.

1) You are my smartest. 2) How many times do I tell you the same thing? 3) You always understand me correctly! 4) How nice it is for me to look at you! 5) I’m so tired of you! 6) What are you thinking about?! 7) You are my most beautiful! 8) I'm proud of you! 9) Why are you such a bungler! 10) I told you a thousand times that... 11) It’s so easy and good for me with you!

2. Prove that when at least one component of the speech situation changes (who – to whom– about what – where – when - why) The choice of speech etiquette formula also changes.

74 . Fill in the blanks in the columns of the table with synonymous expressions. Orally describe a speech situation in which the use of each phrase is appropriate.

75. You have been approached with a request, but for some reason you cannot fulfill it. Find the exact expression of refusal in a conversation: a) with a friend; b) teacher; c) brother; d) mother; e) a student at your school; e) a stranger.

For reference:

Sorry; I won’t and don’t ask; unfortunately, I don't have time; Most likely I won’t make it in time; I would love to do it, but...; I won’t be able to give you a promise; I don't want; I won't (and don't ask); some other time; I don’t see the need for that...; and who needs it?; I don’t want something; I can't; I have to refuse; What are you doing!

What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an ax

In Russia in the 19th century, private correspondence was extremely common. Russian speech etiquette required a mandatory beginning and ending in letters. The beginning of the letters contained addresses to the addressee by name and patronymic, expressing all respect and good feelings to him, and wishes for health. The endings of letters were usually made in the same style as the beginnings and were very diverse. These are, first of all, verbose greetings and respectfully kind assurances of love and memory, ending with the full or home name of the writer.

76. Here are typical beginnings and endings of letters, reflecting speech etiquette in private correspondence of the 19th century. Which of these formulas are outdated and not used in modern letters?

Complete the lists of etiquette formulas using the texts of works of art of the 19th century, as well as published letters of Russian writers, poets, artists, composers, scientists of the century before last.

Beginnings of letters

Most gracious prince... Most kind princess... Dear friend... Priceless mother... Sweet and incomparable... Incomparable gentleman... Sincerely respected and kind... Sweet, generous mother... My dear friend... My soul... Dear sir grandfather...

Letter endings

I hug you from the bottom of my heart. Your unchanging friend... Be healthy, happy and remember your soul devoted to you... Farewell, good friends, and believe that I am forever your sincere friend... I kiss your hands, ask for your parental blessing and remain your most humble son... Be healthy, I shake your hand... Farewell, be healthy, do not forget your faithful... I remain loving you... Bow to all good friends and be healthy and cheerful. I wish you all the best, thank you again. Sincerely respecting you... I firmly shake your hand and ask you not to forget me... I kiss both your hands. Yours... With the deepest respect and sincere filial devotion... Your most humble servant and grandson...

77. Imagine having to write recommendations using beginnings and endings in modern letters. Make a list of beginnings and endings of letters. What expressions can be borrowed from the list of etiquette formulas included in the previous exercise?

78. Explain what motives determine the choice of the following etiquette forms used in writing.

1) Appeal: respected, highly respected, deeply respected, dear, dear, dear, comrade, master.

2) Greetings: Hello)! Good afternoon Let me warmly welcome you! Let me welcome you. We send you warm greetings! Hello!

3) End of the letter: I hug and kiss. Goodbye. See you soon. Farewell). Best wishes! All the best! Stay healthy. Don't get sick. All the best to you. Happily! Total! Bye! Good luck in everything! Take care of yourself. With (deep, sincere) respect. Respecting you... Yours... Always yours... Loving you... Remembering you... With perfect respect.

79. Start the letter by addressing: a) a friend; b) parents; c) teacher; d) grandmother; e) to an unfamiliar teenager; f) a person living in another country; g) to an unfamiliar magazine editor.

What etiquette formulas do you use in each case?

80. Get acquainted with the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”. Its main character, Makar Devushkin, in his letters to Varvara Dobroselova, uses possible variants of the beginnings and endings of letters accepted in the 19th century. Write down these phrases. Tell us which of them are appropriate to use in personal correspondence in our time. Which etiquette formulas are outdated?

81. Answer in writing the question posed in the title of the 2nd section of the book. List the etiquette formulas that you know. Arrange these expressions into the groups highlighted in exercise. 40 (greeting, farewell, apology, congratulations, etc.).

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Section IV Ritual etiquette formulas