Children's public organizations and associations. Materials for the seminar “Children's public associations - a special social institution of education; Importance for society

Basic Concepts

A common cause begins with discussion and dialogue. In this case, most often misunderstanding of each other is due to the fact that the use of concepts by the parties is ambiguous.

Let the key concepts become a guide for the participants of the Shores of Childhood festival and, we hope, in the subsequent activities of the organizers of children's public associations.

CHILDREN'S SOCIAL MOVEMENT is a set of states of vital activity of social formations that ensure the entry, adaptation and integration of the individual into the social environment (I.A. Valgaeva, V.V. Kovrov, M.E. Kulpedinova, D.N. Lebedev, E.L. Rutkovskaya ).

CHILDREN'S PUBLIC ASSOCIATION - the formation of children united on the basis of a common interest to realize the goals of self-development on the initiative and under the pedagogical management of adults (A.V. Volokhov).

SPO-FDO - International Union of Children's Public Associations "Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations", established on October 1, 1990 by delegates of the X All-Union Congress of Pioneers, unites legal entities - children's public organizations, unions, associations and others public associations created with the participation of children or for their benefit.

SPO-FDO - the legal successor of the All-Union Pioneer Organization - is a non-profit, non-state public association, independent of any parties and political movements, and operates on the basis of legislation Russian Federation, as well as in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, norms international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, the legislation of foreign countries where there are members of the SPO-FDO, and the Charter of the SPO-FDO.

As part of the international children's movement, SPO-FDO participates in the work of various international and all-Russian public associations and non-profit organizations.

SPO-FDO strives to create favorable conditions to realize the interests, needs of children and children's projects, children's knowledge of the world around them, education of a citizen of their country and the world democratic community, protection of the rights and interests of children and children's organizations, strengthening interethnic and international ties.

SPO-FDO helps children navigate the conditions of economic reforms and live in society on a democratic basis; combine goodness and justice, mercy and humanity with respect for each member of the organization.

SPO-FDO motto: “For the Motherland, Goodness and Justice!” (V.N. Kochergin)

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CENTER SPO-FDO (SPC SPO-FDO) - structural unit The management apparatus of the International Union of Children's Public Associations "Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations" (SPO-FDO), designed to:

to form the basis of the content of the activities of SPO-FDO;
stimulate the creation of new children's and adolescent associations as a basis for the development of SVE-FDO;
initiate and develop elements of the mechanism of state youth policy;
determine the prospects for the development of SPO-FDO;
develop priority areas and new models of SPO-FDO activities;
conduct scientific research and events; carry out orders and create scientific and methodological support for the activities of organizations - subjects of SPO-FDO;
organize training and retraining of organizers of the children's movement; establish contacts with public associations and organizations, funds mass media, strengthen and expand these connections.

On the basis of the Concept of socialization of the child in the activities of children's organizations created at the SPC SPO-FDO, the programs “Children's Order of Mercy”, “School of Democratic Culture”, “I Want to Do My Business”, “Game is a Serious Matter”, “Tree of Life”, “ The world will be saved by beauty”, “From culture and sports to a healthy lifestyle”, “Cooperation”, “Scarlet Sails”, “Your own voice”, “Holidays”, “Leader”, “Know yourself”, “Me and us”, “Ecology and Children”, “Children are Children”, “Growth”, “Golden Needle”, “Alenka” and others.

THE SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF CHILDREN'S PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS represents objective reserves that can manifest themselves, providing a qualitatively new positive result both from the state point of view and from the position personal growth young citizen (T.A. Lubova).

CHILDREN'S NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION is a voluntary, amateur, self-governing, on the basis of the Charter (and other documents) equal association of children and adults, created for joint activities on the implementation and protection of the interests of the united (A.V. Volokhov).

FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN'S ORGANIZATIONS are those homogeneous tasks that determine the content of the activities of children's organizations, reveal and develop the goal realized by the participants of the association.

The social and pedagogical functions of children's organizations are functions that regulate the social relations of children and contribute to the creation of conditions for their social well-being.

Social and pedagogical functions include:

social protection function;
function of forming social literacy;
correction function social behavior and social connections;
function of preventing antisocial behavior;
function of social rehabilitation (E.E. Chepurnykh).

PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL SOCIALIZATION IN A CHILDREN'S PUBLIC ASSOCIATION

Principle (lat. principlepium basis, beginning) – 1) the basic, initial position of any theory, teaching, etc.; guiding idea, basic rule of activity; 2) internal conviction, a view of things that determine the norm of behavior; 3) the basis of the device, the operation of any mechanism, device, installation. (Dictionary of foreign words. - M., Russian language, 1985, p. 400).

Principles of individual socialization in a children's public association:

the inclusion of children in various types of social practice based on a conscious choice of means and methods of satisfying social, pre-professional, personal inclinations, introducing children and adolescents to the wealth of human experience with its use in specific social conditions;
realization of the interests of the individual and society, their combination, interconnection, interpenetration and mutual enrichment;
mastering democratic forms of personal civic participation in public affairs on the basis of constitutional norms and laws;
the formation of a system of social and cultural values open to young people, accompanied by the cultivation of the need to choose value priorities for themselves and their social group.

The core of the set of principles is ensuring the social protection of children and adolescents as citizens, subjects of social creativity, bearers and conductors of the diversity of human values (A.V. Volokhov).

SELF-GOVERNMENT is the independence of any organized social community in managing its own affairs (Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. Editor-in-Chief A.M. Prokhorov. - 4th ed., M., 1988).

Children's self-government is a democratic form of organization of a group of children, ensuring the development of their independence in making and implementing decisions to achieve goals. This definition consists of the following keywords:

development of independence - gradual transfer of rights and responsibilities to children as they develop children's group and developing the readiness of child leaders-organizers to organize group activities;
making and implementing management decisions is a sign of developing self-government and the involvement of children in managing the affairs of the team;
group goals fill self-government with real content and contribute to the unification of children on the basis of common interests (M.I. Rozhkov).

SYMBOLICS OF A CHILDREN'S ASSOCIATION - a set of signs, identification signs, images that express an idea that is significant for the team, indicating belonging to any association, organization, or significant event. (N.I.Volkova).

PROGRAMS OF CHILDREN'S PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS - Documents reflecting a consistent system of actions aimed at achieving social and pedagogical goals.

IN modern history children's movement of the USSR and Russia, a powerful program boom was associated with the decisions of the IX All-Union Rally of Pioneers (1987), which abolished the unified pioneer program - the All-Union March of Young Leninists.

In November 1988, a scientific and practical conference “Programs in a pioneer organization: purpose, scientific and methodological foundations for development and implementation” was held in Moscow, at which programs of practitioners from various regions of the country were presented - Chelyabinsk, Kharkov, Krasnoarmeysk, Donetsk region, etc. The magazine “Counselor” published a number of programs focused on the personal growth of a child in a pioneer organization: “Remember! Find out! Learn! Participate! "Action!" (author: doctor pedagogical sciences A.P.Shpon), “Are we a collective? We are a collective... We are a collective!” (author Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences M.G. Kazakina), “Compass” (team of authors - G. Ivashchenko, E. Titova, E. Boyko, etc.).

In 1991, the Scientific and Practical Center of SPO-FDO, based on a variable program approach to the activities of children's associations (author – A.V. Volokhov), created the first package of programs, such as “Children’s Order of Mercy”, “School of Young Parliamentarians” (School of Democratic culture), “Holidays”, “Your own voice”, “Children are children”, “Tree of Life”, “From culture and sports to a healthy lifestyle”, “Game is a serious matter”, “The world will be saved by beauty”, “Scarlet Sails” " 57 scientists and practitioners from 15 regions of the country took part in the development of this package of programs.

The strategy of a variable program approach oriented the leaders of children's public associations towards supporting various regional programs, flexibility in relation to the prospects for their development, taking into account socio-economic, political changes environment, to provide each child with a real opportunity to try themselves in various social roles (journalist, parliamentarian, foster nurse, leader) and make a choice of activity in accordance with their needs and experience.

Many of the programs became the basis either for the creation of specialized children's associations, or for the development of various territorial specialized programs of a wide variety of groups, associations, and organizations.

In the activities of many children's organizations (both domestic and foreign) there is a different approach to programs. Thus, among scouts they are pragmatic in nature and have the goal of obtaining a specific result - a skill, quality. In children's activities educational organization“4-H” (USA, Canada) programs are developed by university specialists at the state level, depending on the results of a sociological study of the interests and needs of children and adolescents, which is conducted every five years. Basic programs are provided with the most powerful methodological equipment. The child is considered a participant in the program (M.R. Miroshkina).

Frishman Irina Igorevna, doctor of pedagogy. Sciences, Deputy Director of IPPD RAO, Director of SPC SPO - FDO, professor.

The inherent variability of the programs of children's and youth public organizations predetermines the possibility and stimulates the development by each association of its own plans that meet the needs and abilities of specific children, the conditions of the association and the social environment in which these organizations operate.

Positive changes in the structure of the children's movement and the content of the activities of associations (organizations) have led to a significant expansion of the possibilities for choosing educational strategies, and this is an important condition for the formation of a democratic society that ensures its integrity through the diversity and variability of approaches, forms and methods of activity. However, the freedom that has arisen for a child or teenager to choose an organization suitable for themselves today manifests itself mainly as the freedom not to choose any of them. According to sociological research, only a little more than 17% of children of the corresponding age are members of children's and youth public associations (organizations). In fact, the coverage of children in various forms of self-organization has fallen to a critically low level, which significantly complicates the dialogue of state and public structures with young people.

At one time, the Komsomol and the Pioneer organization successfully carried out work related to the prevention of juvenile delinquency, organizing leisure activities at the place of residence, helping the fire service, border services, etc. As a result of perestroika, these areas almost disappeared from the sight of new associations and organizations, becoming the object of additional concerns government agencies and expenses from state budget funds. Note that modern teenagers still experience a natural craving for various types of extracurricular activities among their peers, and more than 60% of 11-15 year olds express a desire to be members of children's associations. There are many other facts testifying to the indispensability of the children's and youth movement as a special institution of socialization.

Analysis of modern practice allows us to classify children's associations according to the following criteria.

From the point of view of goals, objectives and content of activities, the following associations are distinguished:

1) oriented towards the socialization of the child’s personality, his civic development, harmonization of personal and social, individual and collective principles, are represented primarily by associations operating on the basis of the experience and traditions of the pioneer organization);

2) social-individual orientation (mainly scout organizations);

3) related to the initial professional training of children (“Business clubs”, “Schools of entrepreneurs”, “Leagues of young journalists”, etc.);

4) children's public structures that promote patriotic and civic education (clubs of Youth Army members, friends of the police, etc.);

5) cultural and practical nature (on the revival of traditions, the study of the history and culture of the peoples of Russia, folk crafts);

6) those fighting for the establishment of a healthy lifestyle (sports, tourism).

The decisive role in a youth and children's public association is played by the personality of the adult leader (organizer, leader, counselor). The fate of the children's association depends on his views, civic position, hobbies and professionalism (primarily this applies to those that arise outside of schools and institutions of additional education). Adults are actually given almost complete freedom in this regard. At the same time, the role of professional teachers, their competitors (or allies) are church ministers, representatives of financial monopoly and private structures.

Registered public associations of children and youth in the Russian Federation are distributed according to an extremely wide range of statutory goals and objectives, status (international, national, interregional, municipal, etc.), activity profile, and organizational and legal form. The variety of social initiatives of children and youth, their focus on specific practical problems people demonstrate the positive pragmatism and social optimism of the younger generations of modern Russia.

A significant place among youth and children's associations is occupied by small, temporary groups created on the initiative of children and their adult leaders for specific purpose and activities. These are self-governing, self-organizing structures with a high level of independence.

Some children's public associations develop into less democratic organizations, into structures with strictly defined rights and responsibilities of members, a strict management hierarchy, age restrictions, and imitation of adults. government agencies. The “golden mean” is represented by numerous leisure associations available to every child: amateur clubs, studios, unions, commonwealths, leagues, in which children act primarily as active participants. There is a spirit of cooperation between children and adults here, passion is evident common cause, everything is based on mutual understanding, respect, trust. These are genuine “oases” of children’s life activity, relatively independent mini educational systems.

They differ in the degree of independence, openness, and democracy:

a) relatively independent associations that have the status of a legally formalized structure and act on the basis of an agreement with other structures (state, public) as partners;

b) existing as a base for numerous adult public organizations (many of them are registered as “children’s”) or adult non-political movements (for example, environmental).

Historically, “there has been a relationship between the children’s movement and out-of-school institutions. In our country, these two unique education systems arose almost simultaneously. The first state out-of-school institutions were created on the basis of children's amateur associations (in 2003 they celebrated their 85th anniversary). In turn, out-of-school institutions are the center of the children's movement (palaces, houses of pioneers and schoolchildren), its scientific and methodological base, the “forge of personnel” for organizers and children’s leaders. movements. What unites these forms of state and public education? Firstly, the specific sphere of their activity is the “leisure space” of children, its pedagogically reasonable content in the interests of personal development. Secondly, the goals, content, and form of activity are offered to the child (and are not at all obligatory); he is given the opportunity to choose, “trial and error”, change occupations, express his “I” in various roles, conditions for creativity, amateur performances, and the establishment of broad social connections with peers and adults.

The emergence of informal, often protest, organizations is associated with youth’s rejection of social and spiritual values. In the 90s XX century peculiar associations of children and teenagers have appeared who prefer to escape from everyday life into a new reality created by the power of their imagination. An example of such a modern association is the “Tolkienist” movement, which has spread to many countries around the world. It is formed by fans of creativity English writer D. Tolkien, in whose works there is a specific fantasy world with its own ideology, philosophy, inhabited by hobbits, elves and other fairy-tale creatures. In large cities around the world and in Russia, groups of skinheads have appeared - fascist teenage gangs uniting on the basis of xenophobia, racism, nationalism and chauvinism. Among teenagers, skinheads are perceived as modern fighters for social justice and as ideological heroes, their number is growing. Relatively new ones include anti-globalist and virtual-computer youth associations.

It should be noted that in the modern children's movement, the basis for legal regulation of the sphere of activity of children's public associations has been strengthened, which for the first time in the history of Russia received legal status. Federal laws “On public associations” (1995), “On state support youth and children's public associations" (1995), "On the basic guarantees of children's rights in the Russian Federation" (1998) defined the basic concepts of youth and children's public associations and approximate directions of their activities. At the same time, a new protective function has been identified and legislated; guarantees have been established for the creation of children's associations on the basis of educational institutions; the main directions of state support for youth and children's public associations are provided; measures of responsibility of executive authorities and heads of associations for the implementation of adopted laws are determined.

At the regulatory level, the priority of youth and children's associations in state support for projects and programs aimed at the development and education of children and youth is fixed. As of the beginning of 2002, the state support system included 48 organizations, including 32 youth and 16 children's organizations; 20 organizations were all-Russian, 26 were interregional and 2 were international. The changes made in the procedure for conducting competitions for state grants have expanded the opportunities for youth and children's associations to present their projects and programs. In general, over the last 4 years of the competition, 350 projects and programs were reviewed, of which 120 were recommended for state support in the amount of about 4 billion rubles.

The principles of partnership, the contractual nature of relations, the active participation of youth and public associations in the implementation of government programs and events are included in the conceptual framework of the activities of government bodies. This position is presented at the regulatory level in a number of federal laws, but its implementation remains not always effective.

A children's and youth public association is a youth public formation for joint activities or a single social purpose. Over time, the appearance of the children's movement in Russia takes on dramatic changes, for example, compared to the all-Union period, when the public observed the famous pioneer organization. The modern way dictates other priorities and views that young people strive for.

This article will cover modern signs children's and youth public formations, features and directions, variations of state assistance to associations.

The concept and task of unification

A children's public association means a voluntary social movement formed by a group of adult and minor citizens for joint activities and a common goal.

Historical data mention student organizations that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. People heard about the “May Unions”, involved in the protection of animals and birds, “Artels of Working Women”, which organized friendly summer playgrounds, and many others. Even during the times of the USSR, such children's associations actively existed, but after the collapse of the union they lost their importance in society. However, now public youth organizations are quite successful in their activities and have many directions.

Their main goal is self-development, following their interests, and creating public projects. Tasks are determined depending on the goals, but, in a general sense, the organization of such a partnership helps to realize creative and organizational abilities, develop qualities aimed at improving the environment and helping people.

Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a special youth movement called “Amusing Troops” arose, created for war games. For this purpose, in 1682, a territory was laid out right next to the Kremlin Palace, where military games were regularly held. They soon grew into real military training, and in 1961 the Amusement Troops were divided into two organizations: the Preobrazhensky Regiment and the Semenovsky Regiment.
Tsar Nicholas II proposed that schools use a new educational method described in the book Scouting for boys. This idea greatly inspired the first captain of the Life Guards rifle regiment, which led him to the idea of forming the first detachment of Russian scouts in Russia. The first such detachment was created on April 30, 1909, called “Beaver” and consisted of only 7 boys.
During the war, the Moscow Pioneer Organization actively participated in hostilities. She was engaged in the construction of the Moscow Pioneer tank column, which was transferred to the Red Army for production. Later, the pioneers received the title of Heroes of the Soviet Union for their feat.
The youth association “Walking Together”, which is close to our days, arose in 2000 and existed until 2007 under the leadership of public and statesman, as well as the ideologist of youth movements, Yakemenko V.G. The organization “Going Together” was created for the purpose of carrying out mass actions, mainly of a state nature. Captured in the archives of history strange case, when in August 2004 this organization held an action against Philip Kirkorov, demanding that the famous singer be convicted of inappropriate behavior.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees state support for children's and youth public associations. Some provisions on this issue are also spelled out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Support for children's public associations is carried out on the basis of Federal Law dated August 22, 2004 N 122-FZ in accordance with the following principles:

Legality.
Tolerance.
Civic engagement.
Recognition of independence and equality of rights to state support.
The priority of common humanistic and patriotic values.

The law does not apply to youth and children's commercial student unions of a professional direction; associations created by political parties.

State support for children's public associations is provided under the following provisions:

The association has the status legal entity and exists for at least a year (from the date of official registration).
The association that announces a program that requires funding consists of at least 3,000 young citizens.

State rights of associations

Organization of activities of a children's public association has the right:

submit reports to the Government of the Russian Federation explaining the situation of children and youth;
make suggestions for implementation youth policy;
make proposals for amending laws relating to the interests of children and youth;
take an active part in discussions and preparation of federal projects of state youth policy.

Types of government support

Main types of support for the activities of a children's public association:

Providing benefits.
Information support.
Conclusion of contracts for the implementation of government orders.
Training of personnel for youth and children's public associations.
Conducting competitions for financing.

Financing

Programs of children's public associations and organizations are financed from the federal budget and funds of the Russian Federation. Material support is provided on a legislative basis and is provided for by various social programs. The law provides for the allocation cash in the form of subsidies.

Organizations such as student unions, religious organizations and similar associations, the support of which is not provided for by law.

Join Types

Children's public associations may differ in:

direction;
formation;
goals;
implementation time;
degree of interests;
composition of participants;
social status.

Associations aimed at the development and needs of children can be implemented in schools and groups. Initially, the organizations were only educational in nature, but over time, creative collective associations began to form, also aimed at creative actions and benefit to the surrounding world.

Directions of associations

The free regime of our time allows us to create a wide variety of children's public associations. At the moment, it is difficult to list them, since new ones are formed every day, carrying an individual idea of self-expression. Of these, the most common categories of associations can be identified.

environmental;
sports;
tourist;
creative;
scouts;
research;
professional;
cultural;
social and informational, etc.

According to formal criteria:

officially registered;
unregistered, but based under the influence of official structures (for example, schools);
Informal.

According to ideological principles:

political;
religious;
national;
secular.

Association classifications

There are a huge variety of organizations for the collective association of children and youth that currently exist. They have different names, program structures, social goals and play different social roles. The most famous of them:

Union Can be international, interregional, regional, regional, regional, city, district. Such organizations act within the framework of their own interests and unite into social groups of children and adults in different areas of focus: sports, music, education, etc.
Federal. They operate within the framework of various international and all-Russian public associations with pre-agreed goals and an existing representative body to represent interests at the state level.
Association of Children's Organizations. They are engaged in the implementation of a public program to meet their needs. They can be school, student, game, or perform at the Russian or international level.
The League is a broad-based community based on specialized and cultural interests.
A commune is a group of people united on the basis of common property and labor.

A squad is an association consisting of detachments. In the past, pioneering was classified as this type. Now this could be, for example, a camp detachment that has a counselor or other similar groups with the participation of a leader.
A squad is a team united in accordance with personal interests.
Social groups that promote the interests of society or any social category, social layer. They may differ in financial status, nationality, place of residence, labor criteria, and even level of health.

Examples of joins

"Take a step."

Scouts.

In Nizhny Novgorod school No. 91, a small association of adults was recorded on the initiative of the director. There was only one goal - to teach children what is not written in school textbooks. The idea was related to the development of certain skills in difficult living conditions. Thus, survival classes were formed extreme conditions. This later developed into a mandatory state subject for tourism training, mountaineering, the study of martial arts and methods of defense, and first aid.

"Maritime League".

Youth association of lovers of shipping, yacht sports and ship modeling. The league included 137 organizations, which included young sailors and rivermen, which at one time gave rise to the popularity of this area and reached the international level. The association led training sailing events and carried out long sea voyages.

"Green Planet".

Children's environmental movement. You could become a member of this association from just 8 years old. The key objective of the project was to unite as many young citizens as possible to solve environmental problems, call for a healthy lifestyle and observe the standards of cleanliness and order.

Conclusion

From the point of view educational process, the goals of the activities of any children's public association effectively influence the aspect of personal growth of each member of the association. In the process of activity, he encounters many social problems and begins to better understand the principles of management, self-organization, respect, etc., which has a positive effect on his future. Associations increase the social significance and readiness of a person to fulfill social public needs.

Along with informal youth movements, today in the country there are a number of children's and youth organizations and movements, led, as a rule, by adults. Among the institutions of socialization, children's organizations, whose work is built primarily taking into account the interests of children and presupposes their initiative and social activity, occupy a special place.

The children's movement is an objective phenomenon, a creation public life. At a certain age, from approximately 9 to 15 years, adolescents develop a need for a significant expansion of contacts and joint activities. Children strive for social activities alongside and with adults. A kind of legislative confirmation of the presence of this phenomenon was the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), which proclaimed freedom of association and peaceful assembly as the norm of life for children (Article 15.1).

Scientists note that the social activity of children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years, and the forms of its manifestation are becoming more diverse. Children and teenagers need associations where everyone will be helped to satisfy their interests and develop their abilities, where an atmosphere of trust and respect for the child’s personality is created. All researchers note that the majority of adolescents express a desire to be a member of a children's organization, while almost 70% of them prefer to be members of an organization based on their interests; 47% claim that organization is needed to have fun in their free time; more than 30% - to better prepare for adult life.

In Russia, due to the collapse of mass pioneer and Komsomol organizations, children found themselves in a social vacuum. Meanwhile, children's organizations form an integral part of society in all modern countries; they are a real type of social movement. In addition to meeting the needs of children and adolescents for communication and joint activities based on interests, these organizations also perform other social functions. They include teenagers in the life of society, serve as a means of developing social skills, protecting the interests and rights of children. Participation in children's organizations allows you to gain social experience and contributes to the formation of civic qualities necessary for life in democratic society. It is difficult to overestimate the role of children's and adolescent public organizations in the socialization of a child's personality.

Legislative framework development of children's public associations are the Laws of the Russian Federation “On Public Associations” and “On State Support of Youth and Children's Public Organizations” (1995). The Law of the Russian Federation “On Public Associations” (Article 7) determines that the forms of children’s public associations can be children's organization, children's movement, children's fund, children's public institution*.

The most common form today is a children's public organization is an amateur, self-governing association created to implement any social idea (goal), which has norms and rules governing its activities, fixed in its charter or other constituent document, a clear structure and fixed membership.

There are more than 200 youth public organizations and associations in Russia (sports, scouting, creative, etc.). Some of them are called associations, leagues, unions 2. Modern stage The development of the children's movement is characterized by a transition from one children's organization in the past to a diversity (in terms of goals, content, forms and methods of activity, the degree of inclusion in social practice) of social formations, characterized by dynamism, a certain independence from state and public structures and personal orientation. They reflect all those innovative processes and phenomena

1 Law of the Russian Federation “On Public Associations”, 1995 // Leader of the century. 2001. No. 1.

2 Children's and youth public associations of Russia: Directory. M.,
1995; Theory, history, methods of children's movement. Vol. 4. M., 1998.

that occur in spheres of life of our society. But, being a social phenomenon, children's movement acts as a factor in personal development, as a pedagogical tool.

In the children's movement, based on experience, certain principles have emerged that determine its influence on young people. Among them it is worth highlighting principle of self-organization, which determines the peculiarity of children's formations - their creation and formation on the initiative “from below”, their activities are based on the will of the members, the programs are exploratory in nature, reflecting the results of amateur performances and collective creativity.

The leading direction and goal of a children's public association is the development of the individual through inclusion in activities that promote the entry, adaptation, and integration of the individual into the social environment. This defines the main functions, tasks children's organization:

Wide, diverse inclusion of the individual in the system of social relations, in social life;

Organization of life activities that meet developmental needs, meet the emotional and moral state and age characteristics;

Protection of individual rights and freedoms from negative influences social environment;

Adjustment various influences on the personality, its consciousness and behavior (formation of social and moral ideals, values, needs).

The special social and pedagogical opportunities of a children's public association are determined by the openness and voluntary nature of membership, the emotional and moral atmosphere, the presence of broader social rights (compared to the role of a student or child in the family), and the opportunity to choose different types and forms of activity. The specifics of educational potential are determined by the essence and structure of the children's association. It is open, democratic, not a government agency, created voluntarily, and can benefit from financial, personnel, and technical support from various government agencies.

There are no strict frameworks in the management of an amateur children's association; the governing bodies are determined by the members themselves, they are flexible, adults and children work closely together, and, if possible, all members of the association are periodically included in the management.

At the same time, children's organizations can be created that have a more rigid structure: governing bodies, subordination, primary teams, sources of funding - everything that is determined by the law on public organizations.

A relatively new phenomenon in the modern children's movement is the membership of adults in public associations of children. The status of an adult presupposes its pedagogical, educational, protective function (creating conditions for the development of personality and association, protection of rights and interests, health and safety) and an organizational function. The adult leading the organization acts as a source of children’s social experience, their knowledge and subject-practical, communicative, co-

social skills, he is a model person, citizen, helper and friend.

In essence, the union of adults and children, their joint and free activity is a powerful social and pedagogical means of education and has a long history. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. S. T. Shatsky and his friends organized a children's colony, a semi-formal association of elders and younger ones for the education and development of the latter. At the same time, in England there arises scout movement, which has spread throughout the world. It existed in Russia too, but after 1917 it ceased to exist, and the pioneer movement arose in its place.

Here's what experts write about it. In 1906, Colonel R. Badey Paul, the founder of the scout movement in England, published the book “Young Scout,” which was translated into Russian. Society decided that such forms of education are acceptable for Russian youth.

Before the appearance of this book, similar children’s associations existed in our country. As one of the first scouts, A.M. Vyazmitinov, recalls, teenagers in cities united in groups, went out of town to the most remote places, built huts, sang songs, discussed mysterious stories, looked for treasures, helped those in need. This was the desire of youth for a pure, truthful life in the lap of nature, the desire for the noble. “We have been walking along the same path before,” writes Vyazmitinov, “though gropingly and uncertainly.”

In 1909, staff captain Oleg Ivanovich Pantyukhov organized the first scout unit in the Tsarskoe Selo area, which soon grew into a detachment. On the emblem of the detachment were written the words that became the motto of the entire movement: “Faith in God, Loyalty to the Tsar, Help Neighbors” and further - “Be prepared.”

Saint George the Victorious, depicted on the banner, was chosen as the patron saint of Russian scouts. Trips outside the city were called “reconnaissance”; so as not to waste a minute, even on the march “conversations” were held about the lives of great people, about events from Russian history.

The leader of the troop - the “scoutmaster” - could be a person well prepared enough to have the right to tell the children: “Look at me. Do as I do. Follow me." During the hike, scouts who were the first to see some inconspicuous objects, plants or birds, or a person in need of help were encouraged. Every day the scout had to help someone. The detachment also organized New Year's parties for children from poor families.

The scouts called themselves “scouts”, wore khaki sports uniforms, a “Boer” type hat, and had a staff. Newcomers who joined the detachment, younger in age, were called “wolf cubs.” The form of leadership in the detachments was “orders”. For example, “Order No. 150. Conversation about Suvorov”, “Order No. 149. Conversation about courage and truthfulness.” The leaders of the detachments were called counselors.

From the first years of the emergence of scout troops, their poems and songs appeared. One of the songs, and my favorite one, was “Potato”. In 1910, the Latin teacher of the 1st St. Petersburg gymnasium Vasily Grigorievich Yanchevsky organized large squad scouts About Petrograd-

senior scoutmaster K. A. Pertsov recalled the scout squad in 1915. The detachment under the command of an ensign consisted of young men 16-18 years old and was divided into 10 people. Everyone wore a different color tie.

During the Christmas holidays of 1915 and 1916. congresses (in 1917 a “summer camp”) of scouts from all over Russia were held. Scouts went out for summer agricultural work. They were given loans to purchase equipment for this work. A detachment of up to 200 people left. Petrograd detachments traveled to the south of Russia, to the Kherson province.

Scout troops appeared in Moscow in 1911 - 1912. In 1915 they were under the patronage Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Admiral I. I. Tchaikovsky (composer’s brother). The Society for Assistance to the Organization of Young Scouts of the City of Moscow was organized. In 1917, several units united into a squad. In August 1921, the Moscow scout squads were defeated by the Komsomol. Scouts were beaten, their apartments and camps were destroyed, they were arrested, and scoutmasters were expelled 1 .

There were scout squads in many cities of Russia: Kyiv, Anapa, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Voronezh, Gomel, Yevpatoria, Yerevan, Kerch, Kislovodsk, etc.

N.K. Krupskaya, when creating a pioneer organization, had a precedent, a standard - the scouting movement, the educational value of which she valued very highly.

Typology of children's associations currently possible by the direction and content of activity, by forms of organization, by duration of existence. Thus, there are associations of educational, labor, socio-political, aesthetic and other orientations: clubs of interests, military-patriotic, military-sports, tourism, local history, youth, economic, associations for helping the elderly and working with children, peacekeeping and others specialized children's associations.

There are also organizations and associations operating on the basis of various values: religious children's associations, national children's organizations, scout organizations and associations, communal groups ( pioneer organizations and associations).

The largest children's association is Union of Pioneer Organizations- Federation of Children's Organizations (SPO - FDO). It is an independent international voluntary formation, which includes amateur public associations, associations, organizations with the participation of children or in their interests.

The SPO-FDO includes regional, territorial organizations with the status of republican, regional, regional, children's interest groups, specialized organizations and associations. Among them are the Federation of Children's Organizations "Young Russia", children's organizations of the CIS countries, regional children's organizations and associations - the Moscow children's organization "Rainbow", the Voronezh regional organization, the children's and youth organization "Iskra", etc.; organizations of the republics of Russia - children's

1 Vasilkova Yu. V., Vasilkova T. A. Social pedagogy. M., 1999. pp. 194-195.

the public organization “Pioneers of Bashkiria”, the children’s public organization of Udmurtia “Springs”, etc.; specialized organizations at various levels - Youth Maritime League, Union of Young Aviators, League of Small Press, Children's Order of Mercy, Association of Children's Creative Associations "Golden Needle", etc. 1

The goals of SPO - FDO are quite pedagogical in nature:

Help your child learn and improve the world around us, develop your abilities, become a worthy citizen of your country and the world democratic community;

To provide comprehensive assistance and support to organizations - members of the Federation, to develop a children's movement of a humanistic orientation in the interests of children and society, to strengthen interethnic and international ties.

The main principles of SPO - FDO are:

Priority of the interests of the child, care for his development and respect for his rights;

Respect for children's religious beliefs and national identity;

The combination of activities to implement common goals and recognition of the rights of member organizations to carry out independent activities based on their own positions;

Openness to cooperation for the sake of children.

The highest body of the SPO - FDO is the Assembly. SPO - FDO is the prototype of a single humanitarian space, which is so difficult to create by adults in the vastness of the CIS. The nature of the activities of SPO-FDO is evidenced by its programs. Let’s name just a few of them: “Children’s Order of Mercy”, “Golden Needle”, “I Want to Do My Business” (aspiring manager), “Tree of Life”, “Your Own Voice”, “Game is a Serious Business”, “The World is Saved by Beauty” , “Scarlet Sails”, “From Culture and Sports to a Healthy Lifestyle”, “School of Democratic Culture” (movement of young parliamentarians), “Holidays”, “Ecology and Children”, “Leader”, etc. In total there are more than 20 programs 2. Scout organizations operate in a number of regions of the country.

Children's associations by duration of existence can be permanent or temporary. Typical temporary associations of children are children's summer centers, tourist groups, expedition teams, associations for carrying out some kind of action, etc. Temporary associations have special restorative capabilities: real conditions are created for dynamic and intensive communication of the child with peers, various opportunities are provided for creative activity. The intensity of communication and specially assigned activities allow the child to change his ideas, stereotypes, views of himself, peers, and adults. In temporary children's

1 Children's public organizations, associations, movements. Vol. 1. M., 1991;
Vol. 2. M., 1993.

2 Let's work together!: Activities programs for children and teenagers
organizations. M., 1996.

association, teenagers try to independently organize their lives and activities, taking a position from a timid observer to an active organizer of the association’s life. If the communication process and activities in the association take place in a friendly environment, attention is paid to each child, then this helps him create a positive model of behavior and promotes emotional and psychological rehabilitation.

Schools and children's public associations can and should act in concert. In life, there have been various options for interaction between schools and children's public associations. First option: school and children's association interact as two independent subjects, finding common interests and opportunities to satisfy them. Option two assumes that the children's organization is part of the educational system of the school, having a certain amount of autonomy.

Taking into account the special importance of children's and youth associations for raising children, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has developed methodological recommendations addressed to the heads of educational institutions and institutions of additional education on the need for broad interaction with them (children's youth associations)." It is recommended to create coordinated joint programs, projects, and create positive public opinion on the activities of children's and youth associations, and to involve the teaching and parent community in this. In the state educational institution or additional education institutions should provide for the position of a curator of children's organizations (teacher-organizer, senior counselor, etc.); allocate premises for the work of these associations outside of school hours; create conditions for conducting classes and various events (trainings, meetings, etc.); provide for joint actions, projects, events in terms of educational work of the educational institution. All this gives the child the opportunity to choose associations based on interests, move from one association to another, participate in educational programs and projects that are consonant with him, which contributes to the competitiveness of the programs of children's and youth associations and improves their quality.

It is advisable to annually discuss the results of the activities of public associations at the school’s pedagogical councils with the participation of interested parties. Such work requires appropriate qualifications, teaching staff, methodological services working in children's associations and in the education system, teacher-organizers, class teachers, educators, etc.

4. Institutions of additional education for youth

IN The country, in addition to compulsory education for all, has a system of out-of-school institutions, which, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation,

"About children's and youth associations: Methodical recommendations Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation // Public education. 2000. No. 4-5.

deration “On Education” is called the system of additional education. There is also a draft separate law on additional education. The system of additional education consists of a variety of children's and youth educational institutions and public organizations:

Homes, centers for children's and youth creativity;

Specialized schools and studios (music, art, sports and tourism, etc.);

Multidisciplinary clubs at the place of residence;

Creative associations of children and youth at museums and theaters;

Scientific societies of schoolchildren;

Tourist, local history, environmental, cultural and other expeditions;

Leisure non-core associations.

Additional education institutions also include summer and vacation camps different types: work and rest, health, young mathematicians, geologists, sports, etc.

An institution of additional education is a type of educational institution, the main purpose of which is to develop the individual’s motivation for knowledge and creativity, to implement additional educational programs and services in the interests of the individual, society, and the state.

According to the Model Regulations on Additional Educational Institutions, children's and youth public associations and organizations can be created in them, operating in accordance with their charters and regulations. The administration of the institution assists in the work of such associations and organizations.

The activities of out-of-school institutions are primarily related to leisure and free time schoolchildren, this mainly determines their goal and objectives. Purpose institutions of additional education is to create conditions for self-realization, development of the creative individuality of young people in their chosen field of activity based on their interests and needs. Main tasks are the following:

Identification of interests, inclinations, and abilities of young people for various types of activities;

Formation of a system of knowledge, skills and abilities in the chosen area of activity and creation of conditions for their implementation (report concerts, shows, competitions, exhibitions, conferences, etc.);

Help in general social development, solving communication and other problems in a child’s life, providing psychological support, psychotherapeutic assistance;

Solving issues of professional self-determination of schoolchildren, assistance in choosing a profession and obtaining initial knowledge by profession;

Development of creative abilities, scientific interests of children, adaptation to life in society, formation of a general culture, organization of meaningful leisure.

The work of additional education institutions has in some aspects advantageous differences from training under the compulsory state program. It is distinguished by:

Voluntariness in the choice of activities, content and forms of organization;

Free, creative nature of the activities of teachers and children;

Multidisciplinary (in one institution, work that differs in form and content allows a teenager to choose classes based on his interests, move on to other classes, communicate with different people);

Lack of mandatory monitoring and evaluation;

Experience of informal communication, interaction, collaboration with creative personalities, peers,

Experience of the commonwealth of generations.

In the practice of additional education, there are a variety of goals and contents. training programs and forms of organizing training and communication with children. Here is an example of one of the educational programs of an additional education institution Children's park "Trubetskoy Estate in Khamovniki"- Program “The World of the Russian Estate”, course on additional education. This program is propaedeutic to the courses developed in the children's park: “History of Russia and the Russian estate”, “Famous Trubetskoys”, “Great estate literature”, “Musical culture of the Russian estate”, “The estate is the cradle of Russian art”, “Architecture of the Russian estate”, “ Capital and estate", "Gardening", "Menagerie in a Russian estate", "World of flowers", "Greenhouse in a Russian estate", "Organization of holidays and fun", "Practical environmental education", "Ecology of the city", "Ballroom dancing and Russian estate”, “Horse riding”, “Russian culture and the French language”, etc. The list shows that children can receive not just information on issues that interest them, but have the opportunity to engage in historical, cultural, environmental activities, in the process of which they get a chance for a harmonious perception and building their own life in harmony with nature and culture 1.

Institutions of additional education and secondary schools can interact in different ways. Additional education can be an integral part of the school's educational system. More often, their relationships are built as partnerships between two subjects of educational activity: joint actions, projects, and events are held. There may be an option when secondary school operates as part of an additional education institution. An example of this high school"Anichkov Lyceum", teaching children inclined towards scientific, creative activity, located as part of the St. Petersburg Palace of Youth Creativity. We can say that the emergence of such a school within the structure of the House of Children's Creativity is, to a certain extent, a natural phenomenon: in order not to go to two different institutions that they equally need, children began to study and study in depth according to their interests in one house. This required the development of substantive and organizational issues. Today the lyceum has educational programs that meet the most serious requirements 2.

1 Additional education for children / Ed. O. E. Lebedeva. M., 2000. P. 104.

2 Ibid. pp. 78-83.

So, we see that the upbringing of young people is carried out under the influence of many factors that affect children differently, sometimes inconsistently and contradictorily, which complicates and at the same time enriches the capabilities of the educational system of society. This circumstance places responsibility on professional teachers in the first place. However, responsibility for the growing generations lies with all social institutions, with every citizen of the country.

Questions for self-control

1. Describe the youth environment and its influence on the formation of a teenager.

2. Describe the nature of deviant behavior of adolescents and methods of working with them.

3. What is the problem of interethnic communication among young people and what are the ways to solve it?

4. What is the role of children's public associations in the education of schoolchildren?

5. Expand the role of additional education institutions in the formation of youth.

Basic literature

1. Hasanov 3. T. Pedagogy of interethnic communication. M., 1999.

2. Rozhkov M. I., Volokhov A. B. Children's organizations: the opportunity to choose. M., 1996.

3. Tolstykh A.V. Teenager in informal group. M., 1991.

Further reading

1. Volokhov A.V., Rozhkov M.I. The concept of socialization of a child’s personality in the context of the activities of a children’s organization. M., 1991.

2. The colorful world of childhood: Children's public organizations: Proc. allowance. M., 1999.

3. Schneckendorf 3. K. Education of students in the spirit of a culture of peace, mutual understanding, human rights // Pedagogy. 1997. No. 2.

4. Zapesotsky A., Fain A. This incomprehensible youth. Problems of informal youth associations. M., 1990.

5. Additional education for children: Proc. allowance / Ed. O. E. Lebedeva. M., 2000.

Chapter 12. Family education

People raised without parental affection are often crippled people. A. S. Makarenko

1. Influence of the atmosphere family life on the process and result of personality education.