Basic rules of behavior in extreme situations. Extreme situations in natural conditions Extreme situations in nature and their causes

An emergency situation usually occurs unexpectedly. Therefore, when it occurs, you need to act quickly, in an organized manner, without panic. By delaying, you can lose your chances of salvation.

As a result of analyzing such situations, rescue specialists developed basic rules of conduct in them:

• be able to anticipate danger;
• be able to control your behavior;
• to be independent;
• be able to think, analyze, find a way out of the current situation;
• make decisions quickly;

• be persistent and stubborn when required;
• be able to obey if necessary;
• do not despair if you no longer have the strength to fight for life;
• look for other ways before giving up;
• ...and even then, don't give up.

If it happened plane (or car) accident, you must immediately leave it, take out the wounded and, if possible, equipment, and retreat to a safe distance. In the event of an accident, fuel may leak. All it takes is a small spark to create an explosion.

In case of a natural disaster(avalanche, flood, forest fire, etc.) every effort must be made to reach a safe area.

Once you are in a safe place, the first thing you need to do is calm down.

You cannot achieve success by starting to rush around feverishly, infecting your comrades with your nervousness. There will be general panic. And this cannot be allowed.

You need to calm down and immediately assess the situation (Diagram 1). Check to see if there are any wounded. If necessary, provide first aid to the victims.

See what food, equipment, and medical supplies are available. Everything that is found must be preserved and protected from rain and wind.

Then you need to decide whether to stay in place or go to a populated area, onto the road (Diagram 2). The plan for further action will depend on this decision.

If there are adults in the group, then they will lead all actions. If they are not there, you will have to act on your own. Let us agree that we will further consider situations when a group of children or one child is in an extreme situation without adults.

You need to go to a populated area if none of the adults knows your expected location, and you do not have radio communications or a cell phone, i.e. you are not sure that help will soon come to your location. At the same time, you need to assess your strength, the condition of the weakened, sick and their number.

If you are confident that help will come soon, or there is no way to move, then you need to stay in place and prepare to spend the night.

Even the first night cannot be spent without shelter. If there is little time to set up a real camp, make an emergency camp. It all depends on what time of day the incident happened and what is available to build a temporary home.

When setting up an emergency camp, the following conditions must be met:

• the opportunity to shelter from precipitation, wind and sun;
• the ability to concentrate all the necessary things and food in one place;
• the ability to set up security by assigning one or two guards.

Then you should determine a place for temporary housing, a place for cooking and storing food.

It is imperative to distribute responsibilities among group members. To do this, find out which of them is familiar with hunting and fishing, knows edible plants and how to prepare them, knows how to provide first aid, collect and prepare firewood, maintain a fire, build a home, repair and make equipment, conduct reconnaissance of the area and determine their location, prepare alarm means.

We need to make sure that every member of the group works. This, among other things, will help everyone take their minds off sad thoughts.

And lastly: any group works effectively if it has a leader, a commander. This should be the most experienced and balanced person. If you already have one, good. If not, agree together on who can be trusted to lead. After this, you must follow all his orders.

The commander must plan the actions of the group, distribute responsibilities among all its members, taking into account the abilities and capabilities of each, and monitor their implementation.

An equally important duty of the commander is to maintain normal relations between group members. An unexpected extreme situation, impending danger, hunger and cold, thirst and many other circumstances that arise cause great nervous tension and irritability. As a result, conflicts may arise between group members, often even over trifles.

Remember: in an extreme situation, you cannot conflict, because in a conflict there are no winners and losers - both those in conflict and the entire group as a whole lose.

You need to restrain yourself, even if you don’t like something. Speak in an even, calm voice, do not quibble over details. If a disagreement is brewing on a serious issue, then ask the commander to discuss this issue at a general meeting, objectively.

As a result of the conflict, the group may split into several parts, which is unacceptable. This will only make things worse. With this division, each part of the group will go to the populated area along its own route. This will significantly increase the search area and add more work to rescuers.

So, the successful completion of autonomous existence in nature primarily depends on the participants in the hike.

Scheme 1
What you need to know if you find yourself in an extreme situation

Scheme 2
What you need to know if you find yourself in an extreme situation in nature

We must learn a simple truth: in an autonomous existence, you will have to do everything yourself. No one will help or do anything for the group members. You can't give up!

Remember: endurance, self-control, discipline, physical training, and most importantly, the desire and ability to survive - these are the defining qualities that will help you win.

Questions and tasks

1. Tell us about the sequence of actions in the event of an extreme situation.
2. In what cases should you go out on your own to populated areas and roads, and in what cases should you wait on the spot?
3. What ways do you know to calm down?
4. Why do you think it is necessary to try to give instructions to each member of the group?
5. In the summer, at the dacha, together with your parents, plan a walk in the forest for the whole day. Invite your friends for a walk. Agree on what responsibilities each member of your group will perform. Choose a commander. Make appropriate preparations. After the walk, discuss how the group members completed the tasks they received, whether there were conflicts or prerequisites for them, and how you eliminated them.

Survival in extreme situations requires a person to have endurance and an unshakable belief that there are no hopeless situations. We have collected 5 stories whose heroes managed to survive in the most difficult conditions.

Long flight and 4 days of struggle

The record height from which a person managed to survive a fall is 10,160 meters. This record is listed in the Guinness Book and belongs to Vesna Vulović, the only survivor of the plane crash on January 26, 1972. She not only recovered, but also wanted to return to work again - she had no fear of flying, because she did not remember the moment of the disaster.

On August 24, 1981, 20-year-old Larisa Savitskaya and her husband were flying from their honeymoon on an An-24 plane from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Blagoveshchensk. In the sky at an altitude of 5220 meters, the plane in which the newlyweds were flying collided with a Tu-16.

Larisa Savitskaya was the only one of the 38 people who managed to survive. On a piece of aircraft measuring three by four meters, she fell in free fall for 8 minutes. She managed to reach the chair and squeeze into it.

Later, the woman claimed that at that moment she remembered an episode from the Italian film “Miracles Still Happen” where the heroine survives in similar conditions.

Rescue efforts were not very active. Graves have already been dug for all the victims of the plane crash. Larisa Savitskaya was eventually found last. She lived for three days among the wreckage of the plane and the bodies of the dead passengers. Despite numerous injuries - from a concussion to spinal injuries, with broken ribs and a broken arm - Larisa Savitskaya not only survived, but was also able to build herself something like a hut from the wreckage of the fuselage.
When the search plane flew over the crash site, Larisa even waved to the rescuers, but they mistook her for a geologist from a nearby expedition.

Larisa Savitskaya is twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as a person who survived a fall from a great height, the second time as a person who received the minimum amount of compensation for physical damage in a plane crash - 75 rubles (in 1981 money).

On a small raft

On November 23, 1942, a German submarine torpedoed the English ship Belomond. All members of his crew were killed. Almost everything. Sailor Lin Peng managed to survive. He was lucky - during his search on the surface of the water, he discovered a life raft with a supply of food.

Lin Peng, of course, understood that food and water would sooner or later run out, so from the first day of his “Robinsonade” he began preparing equipment for collecting rainwater and catching fish. He stretched out an awning over the raft and made a fishing line from threads of rope found on the raft; from a nail and wires from a flashlight - hooks; made of metal from a tin can - a knife that was used to cut up caught fish. Interesting fact: Lin Peng could not swim, so he was tied to the raft all the time.

Lin Peng caught very little fish, but took care of its safety - he dried it on ropes stretched above the deck of his “ship”. For a hundred days his diet consisted of only fish and water. Sometimes seaweed was found overboard, the consumption of which prevented Lin Peng from contracting scurvy.

The bitter irony of Lin Peng's record-breaking voyage is that he could have been rescued several times. One day they refused to take him on board a cargo ship just because he was Chinese. Then the American Navy noticed him and even threw him a rescue buoy, but a storm broke out and prevented the Americans from completing the rescue mission. In addition, Lin Peng saw several German submarines, but for obvious reasons he did not turn to them for help.

It was only in April 1943 that Lin Peng noticed that the color of the water had changed, and birds began to appear in the sky every now and then. He realized that he was in the coastal zone, which meant his chances of success increased many times over. On April 5, he was found by Brazilian fishermen, who immediately took him to the hospital. Surprisingly, Lin Peng was able to move independently after his journey. He lost only 9 kilograms during the forced “Robinsonade”.

Well-read cabin boy

"Robinsonade" is the survival of a person alone for a long time in the natural environment. The record holder in this “discipline” was Jeremy Beebs, who lived on the island for 74 years.

In 1911, the English schooner Beautiful Bliss sank during a hurricane in the South Pacific. Only 14-year-old cabin boy Jeremy Bibs managed to get to the shore and escape on an uninhabited island. The boy was helped by his erudition and love of reading - he knew Daniel Defoe's novel by heart.

Following the example of the hero of his favorite book, Biebs began to keep a wooden calendar, built a hut, learned to hunt, ate fruit and drank coconut milk. While Biebs lived on the island, two world wars occurred in the world, the atomic bomb and the personal computer were created. He didn't know anything about it. We found Biebs by accident. In 1985, the crew of a German ship unexpectedly discovered the record holder among Robinsons, who had already reached the age of 88, and brought him home.

Daddy's girl

In the story about Larisa Savitskaya, we recalled the film “Miracles Still Happen.” It is based on real events. On December 24, 1971, a Lockheed L-188 Electra of the Peruvian airline LANSA fell into a vast thunderstorm area, was struck by lightning, entered a turbulence zone and began to disintegrate in the air at an altitude of 3.2 kilometers. He fell into the jungle, 500 kilometers from Lima.

The only survivor was 17-year-old schoolgirl Juliana Margaret Kepke. At the time of the fall, the girl was fastened to a chair. Her collarbone was broken, her right arm was injured, and she was blind in one eye. What helped Juliana survive was that her father was a famous zoologist, who instilled in his daughter the skills to survive in extreme conditions from childhood. Immediately after the crash, having given up trying to find her mother among the bodies of the dead, the girl examined her luggage for food, but found only a few candies - the same result.

Juliana then found a stream not far from the crash site and followed its course. Only nine days later she was lucky enough to go to a boat on the river bank. The girl used gasoline from a canister to treat the wound on her right shoulder, in which at least 40 larvae had already bred.

The owners of the boat, who turned out to be local lumberjacks, appeared only the next day. Juliana was fed, her wounds were treated and she was taken to a hospital in a nearby village.

Alone with the snow

On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying players of the Uruguayan rugby team Old Christians from Montevideo, as well as their relatives and sponsors, crashed in the high Andes region. 27 people survived the fall. Later, another 8 people died due to an avalanche, and three more died from their wounds.

The Uruguayans realized that there was nowhere to wait for help 11 days after the accident, when they said on the radio that their search had been stopped and they were declared dead. The difficult situation in which the passengers found themselves was aggravated by the fact that supplies were running out very quickly. Having miraculously survived the crash, they made a difficult decision - to eat the meat of the dead.

The victims were rescued only 72 days after the disaster. Only thanks to the fact that the group equipped three people on the road who needed to cross the Andes and report what had happened. Two people overcame the most difficult transition. Z

and for 11 days, without equipment or warm clothes, they walked 55 kilometers through the snow-covered Andes and went to a mountain river, where they met a Chilean shepherd, who informed the authorities about the surviving passengers.

The main types of extreme situations in natural conditions. The concept of a dangerous and extreme situation. The main types of extreme situations in nature (changes in climatic and geographical conditions, sudden changes in natural conditions, diseases or injuries requiring emergency medical care, forced autonomous existence) and their causes. The most common cases of forced autonomous existence: loss of orientation, falling behind the group, vehicle accident in a sparsely populated area. Concept of survival.

Factors and stressors of survival in natural conditions. The reasons that influence human behavior are survival factors. Groups of survival factors: personal, natural, material, post-natural. Concept of survival stressors. Various stressors and ways to overcome them.

Psychological foundations of survival in natural conditions. Properties of the human psyche that help to survive. How to develop useful abilities and traits (attention and observation, sensation and perception, memory and thinking, survival mindset). How to use them in conditions of forced autonomous existence.

Fear is the main psychological enemy. Fear and its negative impact on a person in a dangerous situation. Panic and stupor as dangerous conditions. Ways to overcome fear. How working on yourself increases your chances of surviving in extreme situations. Systematic education of the will.

Preparing for a hike and behavior in natural conditions. Basic ways to avoid extreme situations in natural conditions. Preparing for a hike: ensuring safety, distributing responsibilities, food and equipment, choosing a route. Rules for safe behavior in nature: maintaining discipline, moving in a group, attentiveness, respect for nature, respecting the boundaries of the training ground, searching for and remembering landmarks.

Reliable clothing and shoes are an important condition for safety. Requirements for clothing and footwear. Rules for caring for clothes and shoes (ventilation and drying) while hiking. Features of preparing for a hike in winter.

Behavior in extreme situations in natural conditions. Basic rules of behavior in extreme situations. Rules of conduct in the event of an airplane or car accident or natural disaster. Making a decision to move towards a populated area or stay put. Rules of safe behavior: emergency camp equipment, appointment of a commander, distribution of responsibilities, conflict prevention.

Actions in case of loss of orientation. Basic rules of behavior when a person gets lost. How to remember the path traveled, estimate the distance to sources of sound and light, and use route markings. What not to do if you are lost. Determining the direction of the encountered roads and paths, streams and rivers. Access to the village in winter is via ski tracks. Determining the direction of exit when falling behind the group on a hike.

Methods of orientation and determination of direction of movement. Orientation by compass, by your own shadow, by the stars, by the clock. Orientation based on local characteristics: melting snow, density of grass, soil moisture, structure of the anthill, location of mosses, etc. Movement in azimuth using two landmarks,

Movement technique in natural conditions. Rules for safe movement on the slopes of hills and mountains, along the stream. Ways to cross the river. Features of movement in winter: on snow, frozen river beds, on ice. Crossing wetlands.

Construction of temporary housing, production and use of fire. Basic requirements for the site of construction of temporary housing. Types and methods of constructing temporary housing in summer and winter (hut, canopy, igloo). Features of shelters in the mountains. Choosing a place and rules for making a fire (including in inclement weather and winter). Compliance with fire safety measures. Types of fires and their purpose. Methods of starting and maintaining a fire.

Providing food and water. Feeling of hunger and provision of food from nature's reserves. Providing water from reservoirs, snow, ice. Methods for obtaining water, its purification and disinfection in conditions of forced autonomous existence.

Finding and preparing food. Boiling water and cooking plant foods in the absence of utensils. Methods for cooking roots and tubers, fish, and small animals over a fire. Basic rules of fishing.

Features of skiing, water and cycling trips. Preparing for ski trips: training, choosing clothes and shoes, group equipment. Rules for safe behavior on a boat trip. Preparing for a cycling trip, basic safety rules.

Safety on water bodies. Types of danger on the water. Rules for safe behavior on winter bodies of water (when moving on ice). Rules for safe behavior on reservoirs in summer (when swimming).

Distress signals. Methods of sending distress signals. Special characters of the international character code table. Design and production of simple signaling devices.

He may behave rashly, which will ultimately become a factor that will put his life in extreme danger.

Classification of extreme situations

Different emergency situations can be classified in several ways:

1. In terms of their significance.
2. From the point of view of the danger or safety of an event.
3. From the point of view of subjectivity and objectivity, and so on, emergency and extreme situations are most often distinguished.

What are the differences?

This is a certain situation that has arisen as a result of an accident in a certain area. It could be a catastrophe or a natural disaster. That is, phenomena that can lead to human casualties or severe damage to the health of one or another group of people.

An extreme situation is a situation that goes beyond the normal. This is a phenomenon that is associated with an unfavorable or threatening factor for human life. Despite their similarities, these two concepts are slightly different. An extreme situation is a direct interaction between a person and a situation that occurs over a short period of time. Ultimately, this leads him to the need to adapt in order to save his own life.

If we talk about what is worse for human life, undoubtedly, examples of extreme situations are not just extreme events, but particularly dangerous events or even a whole range of threats to life.

Earthquakes

These natural phenomena occur quite often in Russia. The greatest danger during an earthquake is building collapses. In such a situation, people find themselves under destroyed walls and concrete floors. It is almost impossible to get out on your own, and even if such a possibility exists, any unnecessary wrong movement can lead to additional collapses, so it is best to stay in place and wait for rescuers.

Being in such a confined space, most people begin to panic. You should try as much as possible to cope with this condition, since in such a situation there will be very little air in your location.

The more nervous you are, the more frequently you will breathe, and the faster your reserves of precious oxygen will be depleted. That is why you need to try to calmly assess the situation and determine what is best to do at the moment.

Fire

Natural extreme situations or events caused by human activity can lead to quite dangerous consequences. For example, during an earthquake, broken electrical wiring leads to fires. Of course, they can also be caused simply by inattention or drought.

During a fire, the main thing is to remember all the basics of safety. If you are in a room from which there is no way to leave, try to fill all the cracks and doorways with damp rags in order to block the way for fire and acrid smoke. Stay downstairs, as this is where the air remains cleanest and most breathable.

There are often examples of extreme situations when, in case of panic during a fire, people simply jumped out of the windows, and most often this ended in death, although in fact, after examining the premises, it turned out that if the victims had remained inside, the chance of survival would have been much higher.

Thus, starting to panic, you can not only make the wrong decision, but also lead yourself and others to the most tragic consequences. Survival in extreme situations requires utmost calm.

There is no doubt that any threat to a person’s life or health forces him to act impulsively and feel great stress. In fact, this is precisely the main danger.

During an extreme situation, victims spend a huge amount of their energy, and thus, all the resources in the body begin to quickly deplete. Life forces leave a person who succumbs to panic much faster, and his psychosis becomes contagious to others. Examples of extreme situations indicate that, first of all, it is very important to try to remain balanced and not give in to despair.

In such stressful situations it is divided into two categories.

1. Rational behavior. The most favorable adapted state, which allows a person to fully control not only himself, but also those around him. The faster the victim adapts to the current situation, the faster he will be able to find ways out of the problem.
2. Negative. The most common model. It manifests itself in irrational behavior, which becomes dangerous not only for the person himself, but also for those around him. Such an “alarmist” can set off the entire crowd, and even if the entire group was calm before, then under his influence everyone will become hysterical. If you find yourself next to a person who cannot control his emotions, try to calm him down.

Conclusion

As you know, this does not happen, and the faster you rationally assess your situation, the faster you will cope with your internal stress. Numerous examples of extreme situations clearly demonstrate that only calm can be a decisive factor.

Any type of danger to a person is created extreme situation. An extreme situation is one in which there is a threat to a person’s life, health or property and excludes the possibility of quick help from other people.

Extreme situations arising as a result of human interaction with the environment are very diverse. At the same time, they can be divided into two large groups: extreme situations in the natural environment and extreme situations in society.

Any extreme situation is characterized by:

Surprise;

Stressful state;

Causing damage to the human body or its property;

The need for active action.

By creating an artificial habitat, man changed the conditions of his life, moving further and further away from existence in the natural environment. Living conditions have changed, and the attitude towards preparing a person for life in natural conditions has also changed. However, nature exists and man is forced to interact with it. Due to ignorance or poor knowledge of this environment, such interaction can lead to an extreme situation.

Extreme situations in nature– these are situations that may arise as a result of human interaction with the natural environment and pose a threat to his life, health or property. For example, all kinds of injuries, poisoning by plant and animal poisons, lightning damage, infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness. Heat stroke and hypothermia, bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases, loss of property during the crossing or careless handling of the fire, etc.

The nature of the extremity of a particular situation is determined by various conditions.

The first condition is intention. A person who strives for risky work or types of recreation in natural conditions (geologists, surveyors, hunters, tourists, etc.) is more likely to find himself in an extreme situation, but has more opportunities to anticipate it and prepare for it. A person whose intention is not to find himself in a risky situation is more insured against this, but if such a situation arises, he will feel insecure and such a situation may turn out to be extreme for him.

Second condition - preparedness. Preparedness is knowledge and experience of action in a particular situation that has arisen. However, the degree of preparedness does not always coincide with professional training, even for people whose profession involves risk. Often, a person who believes that nothing will ever happen to him, in a difficult situation, is forced from his own experience, through trial and error, to come to what is known to trained people and specialists.

Third condition - degree of extremeness. This means that the same situation, depending on the material (equipment, equipment, presence of emergency stowage) or climatic and geographical conditions (availability of water sources, the ability to equip a shelter, obtain food, etc.) has different consequences. For example, a forced landing of a helicopter in the desert will be more extreme than a forced landing in the taiga. As a rule, the degree of extremeness affects the life-time factor that determines the possibility of survival. The extremeness of the situation is personal, individual in nature. People by their nature are divided into choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic. Cholerics and sanguine people are more emotional and excitable compared to melancholic and phlegmatic people. This means that the same situation will be perceived differently by them. For some, it is not extreme or affects them to a lesser extent; for others, it is a threat to health and even life.

From the above, we can conclude that the probability of an extreme in the same situation for people of different professions and lifestyles is significantly different. For people whose professions involve activities in nature (sailors, pilots, geologists, military personnel, etc.), extreme situations may occur more often and the risk is greater, but, as a rule, they are better prepared for external adverse influences of the natural environment, especially , if they work in the same climate zone.

The most typical causes of extreme situations during human interaction with nature are:

● professions related to activities in nature;

● change in climatic and geographical conditions;

● acclimatization and reacclimatization;

● transition “cold” – “warm” and vice versa;

● sudden change of time zones;

● the impact of external factors on the human body;

● selection of protective clothing and equipment;

● diet, drinking regimen;

● disruption of ecological balance in nature.

Along with negative factors, factors that reduce extremeness, provide protective functions that contribute to the normal functioning of people in extreme situations of the natural environment should also be noted. These include: protective clothing, water and food supplies, emergency equipment, signaling and communication devices, improvised means used for various purposes, emergency watercraft, etc.

Water safety. Statistics show that fewer people die in shipwrecks than while swimming. The ability to swim is not a guarantee of safety on the water. Open water always poses a risk. You can find yourself in the water without knowing how to swim; You can swim far from the shore and get tired. While swimming, you may be caught in a strong current or become entangled in seaweed. In winter, a frozen pond also poses a danger - you can fall through the ice. By following safety measures, you can avoid these unforeseen situations.

Some precautions will help prevent the overwhelming number of drownings:

Learn to swim from childhood;

If you are a bad swimmer, do not trust inflatable mattresses and circles;

Remember that panic is the main cause of tragedies on the water, so never give in to it; It is enough to lie on your back and take one breath, slightly moving your legs and arms, to make sure that a calm person is really not drowning;

Pay attention to the first signs of fatigue while in the water;

Do not swim, and especially do not dive in unfamiliar places, do not swim behind buoys;

Do not sail into the shipping lane or approach ships;

Do not swim or boat while drunk or in a storm.

In order to protect yourself before swimming, ask yourself the following questions:

What is the depth?

Are there dangerous objects underwater?

What is the water temperature?

Are there currents, ebbs and flows?

Are there dangerous fish and animals?

▪ Also, check that life-saving equipment is available and whether it will be easy to use if necessary. A boat, lifebuoy, rope or long pole can save the life of a drowning person and save an unprepared person from dangerous attempts to provide assistance in the water.

It is especially important to get answers to these questions if the upcoming swimming area is completely unfamiliar and is not patrolled by lifeguards.

Actions in extreme situations on the water. If you do not know how to swim and find yourself in the water, lie face up in the water, spread your arms wide and breathe as deeply and rarely as possible. While in an upright position, move your legs as if you were pedaling.

If you are tired, then rest on the water, lying on your back. To do this, straighten your arms and legs, lie with your head on the water and relax.

Another way is a float: inhale, immerse your face in the water, hug your knees with your hands and press them to your body, slowly exhale into the water, then take a quick breath over the water again and “float” again.

If you're cold, warm up by alternately stretching your arms and legs. After resting, swim to the shore again. If you are caught by the current of the river, move diagonally to the nearest bank. To overcome the sea surf, rest when the wave moves from the shore and actively swim when it moves towards the shore. If your leg is cramped, plunge headlong into the water and, straightening your leg, forcefully pull your foot towards you by the big toe with your hand.

Help for a drowning person. First of all, the rescuer himself must be able to swim well. Use a boat, rope, lifebuoy or available means to rescue. Calm and encourage the swimmer, convince or force him to hold on to the lifeguard's shoulders. If he does not control his actions, then, having swam up to the drowning man, dive under him and, taking him from behind with one of the grabbing techniques (the classic one - by the hair; or clasping his chest with your leading hand so that the drowning man’s hands are on top of your hand, and his head - above the surface of the water), transport it to the shore. If a drowning person manages to grab your arm, neck or legs, dive immediately - the instinct of self-preservation will force the victim to let you go. If the drowning person is unconscious, transport him to the shore, holding him under the chin with your hand so that his face is constantly above the surface of the water. If a person has already plunged into the water, do not give up trying to find him in the depths and then bring him back to life.

Having delivered the victim to the shore, free his lungs from silt and water; place it on your bent knee: your knee should rest against the victim’s solar plexus. This will induce vomiting. Then place the victim on his back, free his mouth and nasal cavities from vomit and, if necessary, begin resuscitation measures. After the measures have been taken, wrap the victim warmly and take him to a medical facility.

Actions to take if you fall through the ice. If you must cross a river or lake covered in ice, remember the following:

Ice may be weak near water drainage, such as from a farm or factory;

The ice is always thinner under a layer of snow, in places where there is a fast current, springs gush out, or a stream flows into the river;

Near the shore, the ice may not be tightly connected to the shore;

Never test the strength of the ice by kicking it.

If the ice falls beneath you, keep yourself from diving headfirst by spreading your arms wide. Get out onto the ice by crawling with your chest and pulling your legs to the surface one by one. Once out, roll away and then crawl to the side.

When helping a fallen person, approach the hole at a crawl, with your legs spread wide. Place skis, board, plywood under you. 3-4 m before the hole, throw a rescue device to the victim - a ladder, rope, rescue pole, tied belts or scarves, boards, etc. After pulling the victim out, crawl out of the danger zone.