Using conventional signs, showing objects located on it or processes and phenomena related to it.

Methods for depicting objects on a map

To depict objects on a map, they are used, which show how geographical location object, so its some characteristics. An explanation of how to read the legend is usually included in the map legend.

The method of a high-quality background involves painting an area with a certain characteristic in a certain color. Thus, we compose climate maps, cards natural areas etc.
The range method also involves painting the territory in a certain color, but in this case the territories can overlap, in which case they are painted with stripes different colors. This is how maps of the settlement of certain peoples, animal habitats, etc. are depicted.

Cartograms- another way of depicting objects, in which certain territories (most often countries) are painted in different colors depending on the degree of manifestation of a particular feature. At the same time, the map legend contains a diagram indicating which color corresponds to which indicator. This is how sufficiency maps are drawn up natural resources, energy, land use maps and all similar maps.

The isoline method involves reflecting information using lines connecting points on the map with the same indicators. The most commonly used isolines are: isotherms (same temperature), isobars (same pressure), horizontals (same height/depth). This method is used on physical and climate maps.

The movement sign method involves reflecting the direction of movement using arrows - for example, movement, currents, etc.

Several methods of displaying information can be used on one map. For example, on a physical map, the method of movement signs is used to show sea currents, the method of isolines and cartograms is used to display absolute heights.

Scale and its types

Any map is drawn using a scale. Scale is the ratio of the length of a segment on a map to its length in reality. Most often, the scale is specified as a fraction, for example, 1/20,000, which means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 20,000 cm, i.e. 200 m on the map. The smaller the denominator of the fraction, the larger the scale. In general, scale is usually divided into large, medium and small. Large scale -1/200000 and larger, it is used in the preparation of topographic maps and. Medium scale (1/200000 - 1/1000000) is used to create survey topographic maps. Small scale (1/1,000,000 and smaller) is used to create general geographic maps.

Measuring distances on a map

Distances on the map can be measured using degree grid and using scale. If the points are on the same meridian or parallel, it is convenient to use. The length of an arc of 1° at any meridian and at the equator is known - 111 km. The length of parallels decreases as you move from the equator to the poles; there are tables with which you can find out the length of an arc of 1° on any parallel. Thus, if two points are at the same latitude or longitude, it is convenient to measure the distance between them using a degree grid.

The distance between any two points can be calculated using a scale by measuring the distance on the map with a ruler and multiplying it by the scale value. If you need to measure the length of a curve (for example, the length of a river or road), you can use a measuring compass or wet thread. The thread is laid out on the map along the entire course of the river, repeating all the bends. The thread is then straightened and measured. The compasses are set at a short distance, and then they “walk” along all the bends of the river, counting the steps. After this, the distance measured with a compass on the map is calculated, and using a scale, the actual distance between two points is found.

Lesson outline

Lesson topic: Geographic map - a special source of information lesson

Full name (full name)

Khabarova Nadezhda Vasilievna

Place of work

MBOU Secondary School “3”, Biysk

Job title

geography teacher

Item

Geography

Class

Topic and lesson number in the topic: Geographic map - a special source of information lesson No. 12 in topic 3. Plan and map

Basic tutorial.

Geography: grades 5-6: textbook for students of general education institutions / ed. A.I. Alekseeva M.: Education “Polar Star”, 2014.- 208 p.

The purpose of the lesson: Formation of ideas about images earth's surface through joint activities, ability to independently find necessary information.

Lesson Objectives

(planned results)

developing the ability to identify cause-and-effect relationships, work in a team, develop the ability to analyze facts when working with a textbook, additional material(metasubject result);

develop logical thinking; developing the ability to manage your educational activities, select required material on the topic of the lesson, construct a message in oral and written form (personal result).

Teaching methods Problem-based learning technology, ICT, collaborative learning.

Forms of organization cognitive activity students Collective, individual, group.

Means of education Globes. Physical map of the World. Physical map of the hemispheres. Textbook, reflection cards, didactic material, computer, projector

Lesson type: A lesson in discovering new knowledge

Lesson structure and flow

Lesson steps

Teacher activities

Student activities

1 Self-determination for activity. Organizing time

Checks readiness for the lesson and organizes students’ attention

Creates a favorable emotional mood

Getting ready for the lesson

Greetings from teachers

Personal: Full readiness for the lesson

Regulatory: Inclusion in the rhythm of work

Communicative:

Control, correction.

Cognitive: Reflection on methods and conditions of action.

2. Updating knowledge

Creates for students problematic situation aimed at formulating the topic of the lesson.

We carefully watch the video fragment. (Appendix 1)

Determine what it is about? The answer to this question will be the topic of our lesson today.

Watch a video clip, determine what it is about, and formulate the topic of the lesson

Communicative:

The ability to express one’s thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy, listen and engage in dialogue.

3.Goal setting

Provides a controversial statement, creates readiness for upcoming activities.

I assert that when going on a journey, every person should take a globe with him.

Do you agree with this statement? Justify your opinion.

Name positive features images of the Earth's surface on a globe.

Where else can we see the full image of the Earth?

Are there such maps in your textbook?

What do you think is the purpose of our lesson?

Open the textbook on p.40 p.12.

What questions will we have to answer in class?

What sources of information will we need?

Show cognitive initiative.

The main thing is awareness of the intellectual difficulty, contradiction, lack of knowledge, formulation of heuristic questions and tasks.

They comprehend the questions and formulate answers to them.

Awareness of the formulation of the purpose of the upcoming activity.

Generalization of the results of the analysis of textbook materials, selection of sources of information necessary for the discovery of “new” knowledge.

Cognitive.

Search for information

Regulatory:

Communicative:

Regulatory: General educational

4.Procedural-substantive

Stimulates Active participation all children in search activities.

Offers to answer the questions of the assignment, thereby students formulate

concept of “Geographical map”. (Appendix No. 2)

Is our formulation different from the formulation presented in the textbook?

When did the first globes and maps appear?

Draws attention to the “mobile” (Appendix No. 3)

Is the picture different

Is this map from a modern one?

Offers a choice of project topics (Appendix No. 4)

There is a huge variety of maps in the world. These are mostly maps on paper, but Lately a lot appeared electronic cards.

(disc demo)

The whole variety of cards can be divided into several groups

(Appendix No. 5)

Electronic textbook (Types of geographical maps), presentation (Slides 1,2,3)

They work on the diagram, fill it out, comment on it, give a definition of “Geographical map”

Working with textbook text

They look, switching near vision to the far

Watching the presentation electronic textbook fill out the table “Differences in geographical maps”

Cognitive.

Search for information

Regulatory:

Monitoring the completion of tasks

Communicative:

Ability to express thoughts and construct statements

Cognitive: The ability to consciously and voluntarily construct a statement.

Regulatory: General educational

Dynamic pause

Turn North, turn South

Suddenly you see a winter day

Lean to the West and East

Turn around like a globe

You're on your own axis, my friend!

4. Primary consolidation.

Offers tasks for “new” knowledge, maintains the interest and cognitive activity of students. Creates conditions for cooperation - working in groups. in pairs. Creating a situation of success for everyone. Encourages for Good work.

1 task . Using the completed table (Appendix No. 5), give an oral description of the textbook map. (Task by rows)

2 task . Fill in the missing words in the text (Appendix No. 6)

Mutual verification by key (presentation slide 6)

Reads an excerpt from Stevenson's novel "Treasure Island"

Will we be able to read the map of the hemispheres on Chinese?

Will a German be able to find the most interesting ones on the map? high mountains or the shallowest ocean?

Can we do it?

Complete the proposed task, work with textbook maps

Fill in the missing words in the text, check by key

Answer questions, work with atlas maps and wall maps

Regulatory: Awareness of the level and quality of knowledge acquisition

Reflection of activity (result)

Invites you to remember the topic and purpose of the lesson, and evaluate the extent of your personal progress towards the goal and the success of the class as a whole.

What is the topic of our lesson?

What goals did we set at the beginning of the lesson?

Were you able to complete them?

What answer to the main question of the lesson can we give?

Draw a smiling emoticon or a sad emoticon.

Smiley smiley:

Today in class I understood everything, I worked actively

Today I learned

Sad emoticon:

Today in class

it was difficult for me, I didn’t work much

They determine the degree of compliance with the set goal and the results of the activity: they name the topic and goals of the lesson, note the most difficult and most liked episodes of the lesson, and express value judgments. Determine the degree of progress towards the goal.

The successful answers of classmates and group members are noted. The most active group is noted.

Personal.

Assessing the material being learned

Regulatory: Awareness of the level and quality of knowledge acquisition Cognitive: Universal logical actions

Homework:

§12, answer the questions after § 12, projects

A geographic map is a reduced generalized image of the earth's surface, showing the location, state and connections of various natural and social phenomena, their changes over time, development and movement in accordance with the purpose of this map.

Geographic maps can naturally be considered as visual figurative and symbolic models. They have the main features of models in general: abstraction from the whole to study a part - a specific territory, specific phenomena and processes; simplification, which consists in refusing to take into account many characteristics and connections and preserving some of the most significant ones; generalization meaning highlighting common features and properties, etc. These abstractions contribute to more deep knowledge phenomena depicted on maps.

The first feature of geographic maps is their construction using map projections, making it possible to obtain correct data from maps about the position, planned dimensions and shape of depicted earthly objects.

The second feature of geographic maps - the use of cartographic symbols as a special map language - makes it possible to:

a) depict the earth’s surface with the desired reduction (i.e., on the desired scale) in order to cover at a single glance the necessary part or even the entire earth’s surface, while reproducing on the map those objects that, due to reduction, are not expressed on the scale of the map, but in their own way the value must be shown;

b) show the relief of the earth’s surface on the map (for example, using contour lines), i.e., convey the unevenness of the terrain in a flat image;

c) not be limited to displaying the surface of objects on a geographical map, but indicate their internal properties (for example, on a sea map you can show physicochemical characteristics waters, currents, topography and soils of the seabed, and much more);

d) show the distribution of phenomena that are not directly perceived by our senses (for example, magnetic declination, gravity anomalies, etc.), and make visible connections and relationships that are inaccessible to direct perception (for example, between sources of raw materials and enterprises for their processing);

e) exclude less significant aspects, particulars and details characteristic of individual objects, and highlight their common and essential features(for example, to characterize settlements by population and administrative significance, refusing to convey their layout), i.e., resort to abstraction.

The third feature of geographic maps is especially important - the selection and generalization of the phenomena depicted, i.e. cartographic generalization.

Geographic maps have been and remain the main source of geographic information. Maps allow a simultaneous overview of space within any limits - from a small area of ​​terrain to the surface of the Earth as a whole. They create a visual overview of the shape, size and relative position of objects, and allow you to find their spatial dimensions: coordinates, lengths, areas, heights and volumes. Maps contain the necessary quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these objects and, finally, show the connections that exist between them: spatial and some others. These properties explain the meaning and value of cards for practice.

Geographic maps, recording the position, condition and spatial connections of specific objects (phenomena), allow not only to economically and expressively present knowledge about the distribution of phenomena, but also to find patterns in this distribution. In some branches of knowledge, maps are used as the main means of research.

Maps serve as a reliable guide on land and in the ocean, during the movement of troops and on tourist trips, for airship flights and for walking routes.

In military affairs, they are the main source of information about the terrain and a mandatory aid for command and control of troops and the organization of their interaction.

In industrial, energy and transport construction, maps are used as the basis for surveys, design and transfer of engineering projects to nature. Now the best routes railways, highways and pipelines are not found in the field, but are planned according to topographic maps in the offices of design organizations.

Cards are widely used in agriculture in land management, reclamation, measures to increase soil fertility, to combat erosion and in general to take into account the most correct, effective use all land funds.

Maps constitute an indispensable aid for school and out-of-school learning. They are not only a repository of accumulated geographical knowledge, but also an effective means for their dissemination and the rise of general culture. Without exaggeration, it is fashionable to say that maps are used to one degree or another in all spheres of human activity.

Maps have acquired great importance as a means of scientific research, especially geographical research. Every geographical study, in one way or another, comes from existing maps, provides materials for their implementation and improvement. Scope of use of cards as a means scientific research is rapidly expanding with the general increase in the pace of scientific progress. In particular, this expansion is facilitated by advances in the development of computer science and in the development of modeling theory.

Computer Science Research common problems collection, storage and transfer of knowledge allows us to more fully appreciate the merits of geographic maps as a special form of processing, presentation and analysis of spatial information. As noted, these advantages lie in the possibility of a one-time, holistic perception of cartographic images, the visibility of territorial differences and the convenience of analyzing spatial combinations, relationships and patterns.

The modeling method in geography, geographic information and remote sensing methods are based on the cartographic method. Vigorous implementation in modern science modeling methods discovered, when applied to cartography, the real power of maps as generalized and simplified spatial images real world, that is, its models reflecting those aspects, properties and processes of reality that are important for the purposes of specific research. Maps allow us to gain new knowledge, study development processes and predict many phenomena. Developing methods for using maps as a research tool is one of the main tasks of modern cartography.

Despite the introduction of new methods into geography, the cartographic method is one of the main ones when conducting research. And although now maps are often stored in computer memory and are parts of geographic information systems that receive information from satellites and from numerous weather stations, including data banks containing reports on the results of the work of many research teams, the map remains the most advanced way of transmitting spatial information.

Geographic map is a special source of information

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also mineral maps, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industrial maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, political map First of all, it will give an idea of ​​the location of countries and their borders.

General geographical maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport network, etc. For example, physical map Russia.

Based on the coverage of territory, maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions) are distinguished.

A political map of the World

The political map of the world is one of the most important cartographic sources in the world geography course, since this map shows different countries, their capitals, communication routes and other useful information.

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states on the political map you see Largest cities and capitals of countries, communication routes and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as terrain, may also be shown.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state take quite a long time to form. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

In order to know the political map of the world or individual continents and their parts, it is necessary to constantly refer to it, train in determining the geographical location of certain countries or regions, and monitor the changes taking place in the world.

The most complex is the political map Western Europe. Let's determine together geographical position countries of this region (Table 1).

Table 1. Western European countries

		Population (2007)	Capital(s)
	84 thousand km2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
Great Britain	244 thousand km2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 thousand people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
		397 thousand people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km2	10.7 million people	Lisbon

The time zone map is interesting, and most importantly, useful map(Fig. I).

For the convenience of counting time, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. Each time zone differs by one hour from the next. The belts are numbered from 0 to 23 from west to east from the Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same zone, the same thing is considered standard time. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to standard time, but according to maternity time (from the Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands are moved forward ( summer time) or back (winter time) by one hour in order to maximize rational use daylight hours and saving energy. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris it is 11 o'clock (Central European Time), and in London it is 10 o'clock (Greenwich Time).

Rice. 1. Map of world time zones

Look at the hag of time zones. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn exactly along the meridians. For convenience, the boundaries of states, regions, states and other administrative-territorial entities within one country are taken into account. In Russia, for example, the 11th and 12th time zones are combined into one.

Railroad and air transport, telephone and telegraph communications throughout the country usually operate on the same time. In Russia, for example, it is Moscow time.

If you look closely at a map of time zones, you will notice what is remarkable about the 180th meridian. The conventional date line runs along it. Her zigzag in the area Chukotka Peninsula not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line the hours and minutes coincide, and calendar dates differ by one day. If the international date line crossed Chukotka, its residents would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national calendar.

If you ever decide to commit trip around the world and go east from Cape Dezhnev, crossing the international date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. And vice versa, moving from east to west, you miss one day.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

Statistics is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. Population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values have informative value and show the extent of geographical phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, the USA or Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the total population was 142 million people. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population largest countries world (million people)

The relative value expresses the result of comparing (comparing) statistical indicators with each other. They make it possible to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena and their trends.

Coefficients are indicators that reflect characteristics individual phenomena, for example, the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, you must first of all imagine how they are organized and constructed (ordered).

A statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal graphs (columns and rows), equipped with headings and filled in in a certain order digital data. It contains statistical data necessary to characterize the geographical phenomenon being studied and its components. The headings of the horizontal rows of a statistical table correspond to the statistical “subject”, and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical “predicate”.

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 “Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to census data of 1926-2002.”

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the Russian population according to census data for 1926-2002, %

Russian Federation, including regions:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volgo-Vyatsky
Central Black Earth
Povolzhsky
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

The statistical subject contains a list of those parts and groups of the phenomenon being studied that are quantitatively characterized in the predicate. In this case, these are the economic regions of Russia. The predicate of the table shows the values ​​of the phenomenon being studied - the proportion of the population living in the economic regions of the Russian Federation over a number of years.

Thus, any statistical table includes three required elements:

general table title;

statistical subject;

statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, charts.

Statistical maps are primarily cartograms and map diagrams. Let us together, using the table. 4, let's make up contour map cartogram showing the population density of economic regions of Russia:

write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of economic regions of Russia”);

we will write down the name of the source on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table “Population density of economic regions of Russia”);

Let's write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having first rounded their values ​​to whole numbers;

Let's divide the indicators into groups based on the principle of equal intervals. The simplest way of breaking down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 « 60: 5 = 12) the interval will be equal to 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people/km2;

Let's make a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or sparse shading) - less. To depict colors, it is better to take shades of the same paint: from lighter to darker;

we will show on a contour map the boundaries of economic regions of Russia;

transfer the cartogram legend to the contour map in “ Legend»;

Let's make a cartogram.

Constructing graphs and diagrams based on statistical indicators has mathematical basis, which is well known to you.

Based on their graphs, we can conclude that up to the 90s. XX century In the settlement of the population of Russia, the historical trend of developing new lands and Russian outskirts continued.

Since the 1990s There is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far Eastern and Northern regions.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, area, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts The initial radius is considered to be directed upward on a sheet of paper, i.e. “northern”. It is from this that the indicators (at the rate of I% = 3.6 degrees) characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the seas, are plotted clockwise by eye.

Rice. 2. Distribution of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coasts of seas and oceans

The scale of the diagram depends on: a) the size of the sheet; b) the values ​​of the initial indicators; c) the difference between the largest and lowest values indicators; d) the number of diagram signs.

To determine the scale of a bar chart, for example, you first need to establish what the largest and smallest bars can be. The base of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the base of the diagram; A is the statistical indicator we use; M is the base of scale, which shows how many units of this indicator are per 1 square. mm area diagram. It is compiled like this. First, the center line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored taking into account the scale.

Drawing up a map diagram on a contour map comes down to constructing diagrams within the boundaries certain territory, for example within the boundaries large regions Russia, economic regions, constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The age-sex pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age group of the population. It is constructed as follows. Along the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and along the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (on the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from the bottom up - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). Based on the shape of such a pyramid, one can determine the features of the age structure of the population and identify the features of the sex ratio in different age groups Oh. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population, read from sex-age pyramids, can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, dependency ratios), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Sex and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they soon become outdated. For this purpose, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, and Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic information systems (GIS) are a computer database that stores geoinformation in the form of maps of various contents, digital and text information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

Based on spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. According to their purpose, they are divided into resource cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems, capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data at a new technical level and obtaining new information on this basis geographic information. It is very effective, for example, to use educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different contents for the same territory, be it a country or a region; when establishing various geographical connections.

We will return your Special attention on the opportunities and resources of the Internet that can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);

E-mail (electronic mail);

teleconferences.

Educational Resources The World Wide Web may be useful:

to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons during the preparation process;

to search for information during the preparation process various kinds creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

for exchange of educational creative works with their peers from other schools and regions of our country;

for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems distance learning and telecommunications projects.

Teleconferences may be useful:

when participating in various kinds of educational and cognitive telecommunications projects.

A geographical map is a reduced image of the Earth's surface on which conventional signs and a coordinate grid.

Geographic map concept

Geographic maps display the connections, status and location of public and natural phenomena, their movements and development. Maps that display the same characteristics can be combined into atlases.

Types of geographical maps

General geographical maps, which depict such geographical phenomena as hydrography, relief, settlements, industrial centers, borders and communications.

Thematic maps depicting the dynamics and interrelation of such phenomena as the economy, social sphere, society, politics.

According to their purpose, geographical maps come in the following types: species:

Scientific reference

Cultural and educational

Educational

Technical

Tourist

Navigational

Based on territorial coverage, there are three types of geographic maps:

Geographic maps of the world

Geographic maps of continents

Geographic maps of regions and states.

The first geographical maps

The history of the creation of the first geographical maps goes back to the period of early Antiquity. In order to facilitate orientation at sea, the first navigators began to depict the surface and location of the shores relative to the water.

The most ancient geographic map was found during excavations in Turkey, its age is about 8 thousand years. The foundations of modern cartography were laid by the ancient Greeks.

The first image of the earth's surface, which was made by Greek navigators, was called a map by the Greek philosopher Anaximander. Unfortunately, the first geographical maps that were produced during the period of antiquity were very often not reliable.

Scientists drew them based on the records and stories of sailors. Those areas about which there was no information were completed by the authors using their imagination. Sometimes uncharted lands were depicted as white spots.

The meaning of geographical maps

Geographic maps are of great importance for the study of geography, as well as for human life. Thanks to maps, travelers navigate in space, because maps are a unique tool for finding the shortest route to a populated area.

In order to fully use geographic maps in tourist travel, you need to know the language of the map: understand the meaning of the symbols and inscriptions printed on it. Despite advances in science and technology, many people still use geographic maps, which are a more reliable source of geographic information.

Geographic maps are not replaceable during educational process. Using a map, we can accurately determine the location of a continent, island, river, or even a city. Students will be able to easily find out all the features of industrial regions, the social and religious structure of states.