Door And window openings buildings simultaneously perform two functions: utilitarian and aesthetic. From a practical point of view, they are the elements that provide access to the building for people, light and air. At the same time, door and window openings largely determine the architectural appearance of buildings.

According to GOST 21.201-2011 on construction drawings to indicate openings and openings, special markings must be used.

Usually, when drawing an opening that is supposed to be made in a ceiling or partition, a broken line is drawn inside, which otherwise may not be done if it is clearly clear what exactly is being displayed.

In cases where the hole or opening According to the designers, they should be sealed, then dotted lines are used to depict them, and when depicting these elements of buildings in sections, shading is used. The explanatory notes indicate the material of the bookmark.

Simplified image method window openings in prefabricated structures (for example, reinforced concrete slabs) they are used when the scale of the drawing is 1: 200 or smaller. In this case, the quarters are not depicted.

Openings and openings in rooms are mainly divided into window, door and ventilation.

Holes and openings are made in walls made from a wide variety of materials: stone, concrete, wood, brick, foam and aerated concrete, etc.

When placing all kinds of window and door openings, designers must take into account such a factor as the convenience of furniture placement for any type of planning solutions.

In order to correctly position the holes through which air is removed or supplied, it is necessary to take into account their spatial position relative to each other. It should be such that air flows freely through them, both into and outside the premises.

When constructing the walls of modern buildings, the manual masonry method with vertical and horizontal bandaging of seams is used. Door and window openings of the walls are made with quarters adjacent to the outside along the vertical as well as the upper edges.

The quarters enable reliable and tight installation in the openings of window frames. They allow the use of various modern sealing materials. In addition, the presence of quarters looks very good based on the results of the work.

The purpose of windows as elements of buildings is to ensure the penetration of natural light into the premises and their ventilation. Doors are necessary to provide access to the building and communication between rooms isolated from each other.

The windows of modern buildings are usually double glazed. They can be single, double or tricuspid. In addition to them, drains made of galvanized steel sheet, as well as window sill plates, are also installed in the openings. Cement-sand mortar is used to construct slopes.

Doors installed in modern buildings are glazed and solid. Door glazing is usually used to ensure uniform illumination of different rooms, as well as to decorate interiors.

IN lately Plastic is widely used for the manufacture of windows and doors. The windows are equipped with sealed double-glazed windows, which are installed between PVC profiles. Inside these profiles there are cavities, the number of which may vary. They provide good heat and sound insulation. To make it even better, the windows must be equipped with double-glazed windows.

Note doors And gate on drawings used in construction, must be carried out according to GOST 21.201-2011. In accordance with this document, it is necessary to use special graphics.

In those drawings that are made on a scale of 1:400 and smaller, the door leaves and the direction of their opening are not shown. If the scale of the images doors And gate is 1:50 or more, then when depicted on construction drawings it is necessary to indicate such elements as quarters, thresholds, etc.

Image	Name
	Door (gate) outside
	Door (gate) double-leaf
	Single-leaf double door
	Double door
	Single-leaf door with swinging leaf (right or left)
	Double door with swinging leaves
	Single-leaf external sliding door (gate)
	Single-leaf sliding door (gate) with opening into a niche
	Double-leaf sliding door (gate)
	Lifting door (gate)
	Door (gate) folded
	Door (gate) folding and sliding
	Revolving door
	Up and over gates

Doors

One of the most common elements of buildings and structures are doors. They can have the most different design, however the most common are:

• Single-sex
• Double-field
• Swing
• Recoil

Based on the material they are made of, they are classified into:

• Wooden
• Metal
• Glass

To install doors, frames are installed in doorways. If wood is used for this purpose, then such structures are made from bars and then attached to the wall. Wooden panels are usually made from a material such as laminated boards. Often used for this purpose Chipboard, which are finished with facing materials.

Metal door frames and their frames are made from galvanized cold-formed steel profiles, which are subsequently painted to give the structure an aesthetic appearance. appearance and corrosion protection. The door leaf of metal doors consists of one or two steel sheets, a frame and stiffeners.

The structural elements of glass door leaves are a frame made of aluminum or steel profile, and a leaf made of so-called “stalinite” (that is, tempered glass, characterized by increased strength).

According to current norms and standards, all entrance doors to buildings and apartments must open outward, that is, in the direction of movement to the street. This is necessary in order to facilitate the evacuation of people from buildings in the event of various emergencies (for example, fires).

Wooden plugs treated with antiseptics are used to secure door frames in openings. They are installed directly into reinforced concrete panels at the manufacturing stage of these structures. If the doors are external, then they are installed together with thresholds, and if internal, then without them.

To hang door panels on door frames, hinges are used. If the door is wide open, it is very easy and simple to remove it from its hinges. In order to avoid doors being open or slamming, special devices called “diplomat” are used. They serve to keep the door closed, and if they open, then return it smoothly, without blows. In addition, the doors are equipped with mortise locks, latches and handles. Entrance doors often equipped with combination locks.

Gates

Gates are functional building structures that are used to restrict access to a particular territory.

They can play both a strictly utilitarian and decorative role. In the latter case, they often do not have doors and are simply an arch. If the gate is intended for the passage of vehicles, then its dimensions are taken into account during their development and production.

According to their design, gates can be swing, rotary, sliding, sliding, up-and-over and lift-up. The simplest in design and most common are swing and sliding gates. There are also swinging gates, in which the leaves are made of sheets of rubber or elastic transparent plastic. They are most often installed in industrial buildings and can significantly reduce heat loss.

According to GOST 21.201–2011 to indicate on construction drawings such structural elements of buildings as window sashes facades, special symbols are used. However, the number of bindings themselves is not shown graphically.

To indicate those bindings that open outward, a thin solid line is used in the corresponding images, and those that open inward are used a thin dashed line.

If a binding is not hung on the binding shown on the construction drawing, then the top of the corresponding sign should be directed towards it. As for architectural drawings that depict window units, then they must be part of the design documentation or documentation of the order for the manufacture of a particular product.

On those construction drawings that are made on a scale of 1: 200 or less, quarters are not shown.

Image	Name
	Binding hung from the side and opened inward
	Side hanging and outward opening
	Binding suspended from below and opened inward
	Bottom hung and outward opening
	Top hanging and inward opening
	Top hanging and outward opening
	The suspension is located horizontally in the middle
	The suspension is located vertically in the middle
	Sliding window sash
	Window casement with riser
	Blind binding
	Side or bottom suspension and inward opening

Window sash

A window frame is a building structure necessary to strengthen and divide the glazing field and decorate it. It consists of several elements: transoms, windows, sashes. The window frame, in turn, together with the window frame, makes up the window block.

Window units are designed in such a way that during their operation it is possible to replace glass, double-glazed windows, sealing gaskets, window devices, while maintaining the integrity of these parts.

All opening elements of windows installed in residential buildings must open only to the inside of the premises. For individual structures (for example, windows that are installed in the premises of the first floors of buildings or overlook balconies), modern standards, building codes and regulations provide for the possibility of opening outward.

In order to ensure ventilation of the room, in the windows with which they are equipped, either transoms, or casement windows, or regular windows are installed, or special supply valves are installed in them. Transoms can be either openable or blind; they are usually mounted above the sashes, in upper parts window boxes. To secure an openable transom in the window frame, a horizontal impost is used.

If the box is wide enough, then a vertical impost is installed in it so that the edges of the vertical bars of the sashes adjoin it. Based on the number of sashes in one row, windows are divided into:

• Single leaf
• Bivalve
• Multi-leaf

As for the design of window frames, they are:

• Single
• Paired
• Separate
• Separately paired

In window blocks with paired sashes there are two of them: external and internal. They are connected to each other, and the inner one, in addition, is hung on the box using hinges. Thus, the sashes, connected to each other by fastening elements, form a binding with a fairly high rigidity.

The design of a separate window block includes a frame, vents, transoms and sashes that open either in one or in different sides. Separate-paired window units are a combination of windows with separate and paired sashes. In these windows, the outer sashes are single, and the inner sashes are double. In addition, a term such as “split-pair window sash” is often used to refer to a structure that divides a window into separate parts.

Windows are important elements of the interiors and exteriors of buildings. Often those of them that have an original, non-standard shape are their decorations, while simultaneously playing their utilitarian role. Windows are necessary in order to create comfort in the house; they must have a design that ensures savings in money spent on heating the interior.

Individual elements of buildings (window and door openings, staircases) and parts of internal equipment (sanitary and heating devices, etc.) are shown in the drawings using conventional graphic symbols.

Rice. 263. Conventional graphic images of window and door openings
Rice. 264. Graphic symbols of stairs

39.1. Window and door openings. Figure 263 shows conventional graphic symbols and visual images of window and door openings on sections and plans of buildings. As you can see, walls are depicted in sections with solid main lines, window openings - with solid thin lines. No lines are drawn in place of doorways in the plan, but they show the door leaf and the direction in which the door opens.
Thin lines are applied on vertical cuts at the door openings. Thin wavy lines show the break of the walls.

39.2. Stairwells. Figure 264 shows the designation of the stairs: flight of stairs in section (Fig. 264, a), lower flight in plan (Fig. 264, b), intermediate flight (Fig. 264, c), upper flight (Fig. 264, d) .
A line with an arrow at the end shows the direction in which the flight of stairs rises. It begins with a circle located on the image of the floor area.

39.3. Heating devices, sanitary equipment. Figure 265 contains explanatory inscriptions and corresponding symbols of heating devices and sanitary equipment.

Rice. 265. Heating and sanitary devices

Rice. 266. Graphic designations of materials in sections

Chimneys are depicted on the plan as rectangles, half of which are blackened diagonally. For ventilation ducts, this half is not blackened (only the diagonal is drawn).

A solid fuel stove is depicted as a rectangle. The dash shows the firebox. A gas stove is depicted as a rectangle with a diagonal. The slab is also depicted as a rectangle, but with two circles.

All conventional images are outlined with thin lines. They are carried out in the scale accepted for this drawing.

39.4. Designation of materials in sections. Figure 266 shows some graphical designations of materials in sections established by the standard.

In construction drawings, it is allowed to designate any material as metal on sections of a small area or not use the designation at all, giving an explanatory inscription in the drawing field.

In architectural and construction drawings, in order to make them more clear, visual and readable, conventional graphic symbols according to GOST 5401-50 are used for building materials, building elements, sanitary equipment, etc., which makes it possible to shorten the explanatory inscriptions on the drawings.

Legend building materials, most often
used in the construction of buildings.

The figure shows the symbols of some building materials most often used in the construction of buildings.

Brick or stone masonry is indicated in the section in the drawings by straight parallel strokes with a slope of 45° to the horizon. The distances between strokes depend on the scale of the drawing. In small drawings, gaps of about 1 mm are taken, in large ones they are increased to 2 - 2.5 mm. The refractory brickwork is hatched into a square check.

The cross-sectional metal parts of structures in large-scale drawings are shaded in the same way as brick, but a little thicker. On small-scale drawings and in general when the thickness of the cut part in the drawing is less than 2 mm, a solid black fill is made with ink.

Wooden parts in a cross section (from the end) are hatched with circular and radial lines, and in a longitudinal section they are hatched as the fibers go in the wood, and depict the actual arrangement of the layers of wood in nature. Wooden parts that do not fall into the cut are not hatched.

Thin layers of various insulating and cushioning materials (tar paper, cardboard, cork, asbestos, hemp, asphalt, etc.) are depicted as a solid black fill with an explanatory inscription.

Concrete is represented by dots and circles irregular shape between them. The circles are made by hand with a pen. If two layers of different composition come into contact, then they are separated by a horizontal line. The composition of concrete is indicated by inscriptions. Reinforced concrete, i.e. concrete reinforced with iron rods (reinforcement) embedded in it, is indicated by ordinary shading and circles.

Water is depicted with intermittent horizontal parallel strokes, with the spaces between them increasing as they move away from the surface.

Walls and partitions are depicted with two parallel lines, the space between which is shaded with thin oblique lines (at an angle of 45°), sometimes filled with ink, and sometimes left without shading or filling.

Windows and doors are depicted as wall openings of appropriate sizes, which are not shaded, but are depicted as parallel lines for frames and perpendicular for door leaves. The part of the door that opens is called the door leaf.

Doors can consist of one or two door leaves- single-field or double-field. If the canvases have different widths, then the door is one and a half floor.

a - external door;
b - internal door;
c and d - windows;
d - external door;
e - monocotyledon door;
g - double door;
z - window.

Stairs can be internal if they are located in a special enclosed space called staircase, external (entrance) and service (basement, attic, etc.). Each staircase consists of inclined parts, called marches, and horizontal platforms.

Marches consist of steps laid along stringers and railings fixed to the steps. The steps are distinguished by their width, called the tread, and their height, called the riser. The slope of the marches is determined by the ratio of the height of the march to its horizontal projection. The steeper the staircase, the more difficult it is to climb.

For residential buildings, slopes are accepted as 1:1.5 - 1:1.75, for attic stairs 1:1, for basement stairs 1:1.25. The staircase is more comfortable if the riser is 15 cm high and the tread is 30 cm.

Sanitary fixtures, i.e. baths, showers, sinks, washbasins, etc., are shown in the figure. 

Heating devices- stoves - shown in plan with the outline of their actual outlines (round, corner, rectangular, kitchen hearths, bathroom column). As a rule, a free space is left between the stove and the wall, called a retreat, measuring 8 - 10 cm, sealed on the sides with 1/4 or 1/2 brick.

Image heating devices on the drawing

Hide

The labeling of plastic windows contains comprehensive information about the products. If you know how to use it, no seller will be able to deceive you, you will be able to choose the product that best suits all your requirements, without overpaying for it and knowing exactly what features it has. This knowledge can be useful if you buy windows secondhand without any documentation.

What does the label include?

Correct labeling contains the following information:

• What kind of glass is used and how thick is it.
• What is the width of the air chamber (distance between the glasses).
• What type of gas is the glass unit filled with (argon, air, etc.).

Types and thickness are designated as follows:

• M - these are ordinary glasses that do not have any additional properties.
• K - this type of glass has a harder coating, is protected from minor damage, and its coating is low-emissivity.
• F – products are produced using a special float technology; they are considered more durable and hold heat better.
• I – marking of double-glazed plastic windows , the glass of which has a soft low-emission coating.
• PI – energy-saving film applied to the glass.
• S is body-dyed glass.

The distance from glass to glass can be up to 36 mm. The minimum value is 6 mm. In order to find out what gas is in the air chamber, markings of double-glazed plastic windows are applied to the frame. You can find out what gas is inside using the following values:

• If there is dry air inside the glass unit, a space is placed.
• Ar - occurs quite often and means that there is argon in the double-glazed window
• Less common are the designations Kr - this is krypton and SF6 - sulfur hexafluoride.

The marking may look, for example, like this - 4 M - 16 - 4 M: this means that in front of you, there are two ordinary glasses located at a distance of 16 mm from each other. The structure is filled with dry oxygen. If the glass unit is double-glazed, but with the same parameters, its marking will look like this: 4M -16-4M -16-4M. If the chamber is filled, for example, with argon, the markings of PVC windows will look like this: 4M - 16Ar - 4m.

Insulating glass markings inside

How is a double-glazed window marked according to GOST?

There are other types of designation besides the one above. The marking of double-glazed windows according to GOST has different meanings:

• Oud - designs.
• C – covered with sun protection film.
• Ш – designed for noise protection.
• M – frost-resistant, suitable for use in northern regions countries.
• E – marking of energy-saving double-glazed windows.

The number of chambers in a double-glazed window and its type are indicated by the following letters:

• SPO – double-glazed window with one chamber.
• SPD – two-chamber.

Each type of double-glazed window has its own special designations:

• M 0,1,2 indicates the brand of glass. The lower the number, the better the glass.
• U - if the glass has a pattern.
• A – reinforced glass.
• If it is polished, the letter p is added, for example, Ap is a reinforced polished structure.
• P1A-P5A means how strong the glass is in relation to impacts. The higher the number, the stronger the material.
• Р6В – shock resistance.
• Sm-6 – indicates the level of security than higher figure, the better.

The letter designation depends on whether you have GOST or an imported glass unit marking, the decoding of which is also logically simple. In addition, the designation is often written on the plans and may include which direction the doors open and other useful information.

What can the notation be used for?

The designation of window openings on the drawings is quite useful: it helps to calculate in which direction and how the structure will open, to think about where furniture can be placed and where it will get in the way. If the scale is small, then these values ​​are usually dispensed with; if the scale is less than 200 to 1, they can be used, being needed more often not by builders, but by designers.

Modern technologies make it possible to achieve four opening methods, these include the tilting, rotating and parallel-sliding method. Depending on which opening method is chosen for the structure, the designation will also be displayed on the plan. In addition, for certain type windows require certain fittings, since it determines how the sash will move and what additional features the structure as a whole.

Types of window openings

According to GOST, fittings may have the following designations

• UE – for rotary.
• UPO – tilt and turn.
• УО – folding.
• PS – parallel-sliding.

Tilt-and-turn fittings

Marking helps determine which fittings are suitable and what functions they have. U different manufacturers Labeling may vary, so you need to take the brand into account when selecting products. There are fittings designed to protect windows and plastic doors from burglary; they are distinguished by their design and strength, and have separate designations:

This is the European standard DIN V ENV 1627, you can read it in more detail separately. Depending on the numbering, the degree of reliability of the fittings varies.

WK1 does not allow you to press the sash by hand, but cannot resist a crowbar. WK2 has more advanced anti-burglary structures, which makes it impossible to press the sash using a crowbar or other metal tools. WK3 – the highest degree of protection. Windows with such fittings are almost impossible to open from the street side.

The fittings may differ in class depending on the weight it is designed for:

• Class I – can withstand a sash weight of up to 50 kg.
• Class II – up to 80 kg.
• Class III – can withstand loads of up to 130 kg. It is most often used for large massive structures.

Marking windows on the plan may include not only marking the windows themselves that need to be installed, but also what fittings should be on them, since they are installed separately and can be purchased in addition according to the requirements for a specific room.

Window opening symbol

GOST requires that windows that open in one way or another have strictly defined values. This helps not only to understand from the drawing what products are in front of you, but also to use symbols to compose technical documentation. The window opening symbol looks like this:

• The dashed line indicates that the sash opens inward.
• A solid line means that the sash opens outward.

Different designations for opening windows in the drawings

It is worth noting that for projects, marking windows on the drawings is very important, as it helps to navigate the layout, calculate what arrangement of furniture will be most convenient, and where it is better to direct the opening of doors. Typical projects usually involve opening window structures into the room. Only those windows that are located on the ground floor, facing the fire escape or overlooking the balcony can open to the outside. If the window is equipped with sashes, transoms, vents, this should also be displayed on the plan, including which side they will open to.

Knowing how the marking is read, you can easily navigate in any plan, except this, when purchasing plastic window you will always know exactly what kind of product is in front of you, what kind of glass unit it has and what technical characteristics possesses.

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(MGS)

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(ISC)

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"

Standard information

1 DESIGNED Open joint stock company"Center for methodology of regulation and standardization in construction" (JSC "CNS")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee TC 465 “Construction” Russian Federation

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS) (Minutes dated December 8, 2011 No. 39)

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the body public administration construction
Azerbaijan		Gosstroy
Armenia		Ministry of Urban Development
Kazakhstan		Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services
Kyrgyzstan		Gosstroy
Moldova		Ministry of Construction and regional development
Russian Federation		Department of Architecture, Construction and Urban Development Policy of the Ministry of Regional Development
Tajikistan		Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government
Uzbekistan		Gosarchitectstroy
Ukraine		Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services

4 By order Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology dated October 11, 2012 No. 481-st interstate standard GOST 21.201-2011 was put into effect as national standard Russian Federation since May 1, 2013

3.2 Types of lines used when making conventional images and symbols must comply with GOST 2.303.

3.3 It is allowed to use additional symbols and symbols not provided for in this standard, explaining them in the drawing or in general data on working drawings.

4 Conventional graphic images and symbols

4.1 Walls

Walls and partitions (without filling the openings) are shown in the drawings in accordance with the table.

Table 1

	Image
1 Wall with an opening without parapet and lintel
2 Wall with opening and lintel
3 Wall with opening, parapet and lintel
4 Wall with opening, vaulted lintel, quarter window and parapet of small wall thicknesses
5 Wall with openings located one above the other
6 Wall with an opening located below (parapet area)
7 Horizontally designed wall (with bend and rounding)
8 Wall with variable thickness in vertical section
9 Sloping wall with a section thicker at the bottom
10 Wall of variable thickness with opening and parapet *
11 Sloping wall with opening and parapet **
12 Vertical wall with decoration
13 Partition made of glass blocks (on plan and section)
* The plan does not show the opening. ** In the plan, the invisible face of the wall is not shown and the opening is depicted in a simplified form. Notes e - Thin walls (less than 2 mm on the appropriate scale) are depicted as blackened. In this case, the boundaries of the openings are depicted with short transverse strokes.

4.2 Supports and columns

Supports, columns and pylons are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 2

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Column (support)
2 Column with haunches and purlin (crossbar)
3 Column with a cross-section that increases or decreases upward
4 Composite column
5 Support (pylon) with a cross-section that increases or decreases upward
6 Metal column:
Solid wall
Two-branch
Notes e - Image a - for columns without a console, b and c - for columns with a console.
Notes 1 The horizontal sectional plane of columns, supports and pylons is located at a height of 1 m above the floor. If the column base is made according to a special design, then the horizontal section plane is located in the lower part of the column above the base. The design features of a column capital (for example, haunches) are depicted with a thin dashed line. 2 In the case of a variable section of columns, the horizontal section plane is made at the bottom of the support.

4.3 Trusses, slabs and connections

Trusses, slabs and connections are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 3

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Farm Notes e - Image a - for a reinforced concrete truss, b - for a metal truss.
2 Plate, ribbed panel
3 Metal connection: a) single-plane:
Vertical
Horizontal
b) two-plane
c) cords

4.4 Openings and openings

Openings and openings are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 4

	Image
1 An opening or hole in a wall, ceiling, partition, covering (designed without filling). Notes e - It is allowed not to draw a broken line inside the image if it is clearly clear that this is an opening or opening.
2 An opening or hole to be punched in an existing wall, partition, covering, ceiling
3 An opening or hole in an existing wall, partition, covering, or ceiling to be sealed. Notes e - In the explanatory text, instead of an ellipsis, the material of the bookmark is indicated.
4 Window opening (on plan and section): a) a quarter to
b) and a quarter. Notes e - For drawings on a scale of 1:200 and smaller, as well as for drawings of factory-made structures, openings are depicted in a simplified form (without quarters).

4.5 Niches, grooves and grooves

4.5.1 Niches, grooves and grooves of walls and ceilings are depicted in accordance with the table.

4.5.2 If the imaginary plane of the section passes outside the image of niches, grooves and grooves, then their contours on the plan and section are depicted with a thin dashed line.

Table 5

	Image
1 Niche, groove (in the plane of the cut) Notes e - It is allowed not to draw a diagonal inside the image if it is clearly clear that this is a groove or niche.
2 Groove in the ceiling (in the cutting plane) Notes e - The dimensions of the grooves and niches on the leader line shelf are indicated in the following sequence: width, height and depth. For niches and grooves of circular cross-section, the dimensions of diameter and depth are indicated.
3 Groove in the ceiling (above the cut plane)
4 Furrow Notes 1 Furrows are depicted on a scale of 1:100 and 1:50 and larger and are not depicted on a scale of 1:200 and smaller. 2 The dimensions of the grooves on the leader line shelf are indicated in the following sequence: width, depth, length.

4.6 Ramps, stairs and blind areas

Ramps, stairs and blind areas are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 6

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Ramp Notes 1 The slope of the ramp is indicated on the plan as a percentage (for example, 10.5%) or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7). 2 The arrow on the plan indicates the direction of the ramp rise.
2 Ladder: a) lower march		Scale 1:50 and larger
b) intermediate marches		On a scale of 1:100 and smaller, as well as for layout diagrams prefabricated elements
c) upper march
3 Metal ladder: a) vertical
b) inclined
4 Blind area
Notes e - On the staircase plans, the arrow indicates the direction of the rise of the flight.

4.7 Doors and gates

Doors and gates are shown on the plan in accordance with the table.

Table 7

	Image
1 Door (gate) single door
2 Door (gate) double-leaf
3 Single-leaf double door
4 Double door
5 Single-leaf door with swinging leaf (right or left)
6 Double-leaf door with swinging leaves
7 Sliding door (gate), single-leaf, external
8 Single-leaf sliding door (gate) with opening into a niche
9 Double-leaf sliding door (gate)
10 Lifting door (gate)
11 Door (gate) folded
12 Door (gate) folding and sliding
13 Revolving door
14 Up and over gates
Notes 1 In drawings of scales 1:50 and larger, doors (gates) are shown with thresholds, quarters, etc. 2 Variants of conventional images of doors, indicated by the letter “b”, are acceptable.

4.8 Window sashes

Window sashes on the facade are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 8

	Image
1 Binding with side hanging, opening inward
2 Binding with side hanging, opening outwards
3 Binding with bottom hanger, opening inwards
4 Binding with bottom hanger, opening outwards
5 Binding with top hanger, opening inwards
6 Outward-opening top-hung binding
7 Binding with a middle horizontal hanger
8 Binding with middle vertical hanger
9 Sliding binding
10 Binding with lift
11 Binding
12 Binding with side or bottom hanging, opening inward. Notes e - The top of the sign is directed to the harness, on which the binding is not hung.

4.9 Reinforcement products

Reinforcement products are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 9

	Image
1 Conventional fittings 1.1 Reinforcing bar:
A) main view
b) section
1.2 Reinforcement bundle with markings indicating the number of bars in the bundle:
a) main view
b) section
1.3 Straight bars placed one above the other in a plan or view, with the corresponding ends of the bars marked as a thin line
1.4 End of reinforcement bar with anchorage: a) with a hook (bend at an angle of 180°)
b) with a bend at an angle from 90° to 180°
c) with a bend at an angle of 90°
1.5 Anchor ring or plate: a) main view
b) end view
1.6 Reinforcing bar with a bend at a right angle, going away from the reader
1.7 Reinforcing bar with a right angle bend extending away from the reader in documentation intended for microfilming and where the bars are very close to each other
1.8 Reinforcing bar with a bend at a right angle, going towards the reader
2 Reinforcement connections
2.1 Connecting rods using a mechanical coupling: a) tension coupling
b) compression clutch
2.2 One flat frame or mesh: a) simplified (transverse rods are applied at the ends of the frame or in places where the pitch of the rods changes)
b) conditionally
2.3 Several identical flat frames or meshes
3 Prestressed reinforcement
3.1 Prestressed reinforcing bar or cable: a) main view
b) section
3.2 Cross-section of post-tensioned reinforcement located in a pipe or channel
3.3 Anchoring at prestressing ends
3.4 Embedded anchorage: a) main view
b) end view
3.5 Removable connection
3.6 Fixed connection
Notes e - Reinforcement and embedded products are depicted with a very thick solid line.

4.10 Connections and fasteners of wooden structural elements

2 Chimneys and chimneys

3 Gas outlet pipes

4 Curved chimneys (in the wall)

5 Chimneys with branch

6 Prefabricated part of the ventilation shaft with variable cross-section

7 Chimney connection hole (for example, to stoves).

Notes e - If necessary, the shapes and dimensions of the connection holes are shown in the images of the remote elements or the necessary explanations are given on the leader line shelf.

4.11.2 When depicting curved and variable cross-section pipes, chimneys, shafts and channels, if necessary, in addition to the plan, views (sections, sections) are provided.

4.11.3 Depending on the functional purpose, pipes, chimneys, shafts and channels are depicted on a scale of 1:50; 1:100. If necessary, regardless of the functional purpose, they can be depicted on a scale of 1:200. 3).

Keywords: conventional graphic image, wall, opening, hole, niche, furrow, column, truss, ramp, staircase, door, window frame, fittings, suspended ceiling, stone structure, reinforced concrete

34.1. Image of building elements. Any building consists of structural elements that have their own name, purpose, shape, size and other data. In the drawings they are indicated graphically conventionally. But before looking at these symbols, look at Figure 205, which identifies some of the parts and elements of the building. Once you understand their functions, it will be easier for you to read the images of these building elements on the drawings.

Rice. 205

Now here are some images of some elements of the building.

Window and door openings. Figure 206 shows conventional graphic symbols and visual images of window and door openings on sections and plans of buildings. As you can see, in the sections the walls are depicted with solid main lines, window openings with solid thin lines. On the plans, lines are not drawn in the places of doorways, but they show the door leaf and the direction in which the door opens. Thin lines are drawn on vertical cuts at the door openings.

Rice. 206

Wall breaks are shown with thin wavy lines.

Stairwells. Figure 207 shows a conventional image of a staircase: flight of stairs in section (Fig. 207, a), lower flight in plan (Fig. 207, b), intermediate flight (Fig. 207, c), upper flight (Fig. 207, d ).

Rice. 207

A line with an arrow at the end shows the direction in which the flight of stairs rises. It begins with a circle located on the image of the floor area.

34.2. Designations on architectural and construction drawings. When making architectural and construction drawings, graphic symbols are used for many other elements of buildings, smoke and ventilation ducts, sanitary, household and other equipment, furniture, etc.

All graphic symbols are simplified images of the appearance of the equipment. Let's look at some examples.

Heating devices, sanitary equipment. Figure 208 contains symbols and corresponding explanatory notes for heating devices and sanitary equipment.

Rice. 208

All conventional images are outlined with thin lines. They are carried out in the scale accepted for this drawing.

Designation of materials in sections. Figure 209 shows some graphical designations of materials in sections established by the standard (in addition to those shown in Figure 148).

Rice. 209

In construction drawings, on sections of a small area, it is allowed to designate any material as metal or not to use the designation at all, giving an explanatory inscription in the drawing field.

34.3. Communication drawings(from Latin kommunikatio - communication, communication route) are part of the documentation for the construction of each facility. They include drawings and diagrams of various plumbing fixtures and electrical equipment.

Drawings and communication diagrams are made on master plans, vertical sections, floor plans, etc. They can also exist as independent documents.

For sanitary and technical work, they carry out drawings and diagrams of heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage, gas supply, etc.; for electrical work - diagrams of electrical lighting, radio and telephone networks, placement of electrical equipment, etc. On diagrams of such communications, graphic designations of pipeline parts, sanitary fixtures, equipment, heating equipment, etc., established by the standard, are used.

Internal (i.e., those located in the building) water supply, sewerage, etc. networks are drawn up on separate drawings. Often a schematic representation of networks is accompanied by an axonometric projection.

Using conventional graphic symbols, the names of all depicted devices, their purpose and placement are determined.

Scheme, like assembly drawing, contains an image components of this or that product and the connections existing between them. But on the diagram, the parts included in the product are shown with abstract graphic symbols. A diagram is also a graphic design document. It is performed on sheets of a standard format with a frame and main inscription drawn, but without observing the scale.

Schemes allow you to determine the principles of operation of the product, its adjustment, monitoring of work, etc. Schemes are included in technical descriptions and in the operating instructions for devices and mechanisms, they are widely used to explain the design and operating principle of various household appliances.

Depending on the elements included in the products shown in the diagrams, the diagrams are divided into kinematic, electrical, hydraulic etc.

34.4. Reading blueprints. The order and sequence of reading certain construction drawings depends on the type of drawing. Reading the master plan begins with determining its scale, the boundaries of the site, and its orientation relative to the cardinal points. Based on the explication and drawing, the presence of the depicted buildings, entrances, etc. is revealed.

Drawings of buildings and structures are read in the following sequence.

1. The name of the building or structure and its purpose are determined by the main inscription.
2. Based on the drawings, the number of images (facades, plans, sections), their scale, and general design and architectural features of the building are determined.
3. Based on facades and sections, they determine the total height of the building, the structure of the roof, foundation, the height of floors, doors, windows, the thickness of walls, ceilings, and other information about relative position and designs of building parts.
4. According to the plan, the location of doors, windows, sanitary and other equipment in residential and non-residential premises, their area, etc.

Rice. 210

Let us consider, as an example, a drawing of a summer country house made of brick with an attic (Fig. 210).

The project contains the facade of the building, the ground floor plan, the attic plan, one of the sections (1-1). Having studied the drawings, we can conclude that the entrance to the house is carried out with open space(see image of the porch on the 1st floor plan). The attic can be accessed via a spiral staircase with a 90° turn.

On the ground floor there are two isolated living rooms with an area of ​​8.85 and 7.65 m2. The entrance to them is from the veranda, the area of ​​which is 8.82 m2. There is also a living room in the attic. Its area is 8.45 m2.

Heating is stove. Monolithic strip blocks were used for the foundation, the ceiling was made of wood, and the roof was made of soft tiles.

Consider for yourself the location of doors, windows from the facade, plans and sections, determine the overall dimensions of the building, its height, the height of the attic floor, etc. Please note that the figure shows the facade of the house that gives its rear view.

Task 46. According to the teacher’s instructions, draw up a plan of the classroom (workshop, living room, etc.) from life.

Determine the dimensions of the room by measuring. The plan should indicate required dimensions, as well as the area of ​​the premises, apply images of windows, doors, furniture. You can use illumination (coloring).

When performing work, use the conventions adopted on architectural and construction drawings.

Task 47. Using the sequence discussed earlier, read the architectural and construction drawing (Fig. 211), which shows the design of a one-story, one-apartment, three-room residential building.

The building plan shows: 1 - front room, 2 - living room, 3 - bedrooms, 4 - kitchen, 5 - bathroom, 6 - toilet, 7 - pantry, 8 - corridor, 9 - drying cabinet, 10 - furnace room, 11 - cold room pantry; and the area of ​​each room is indicated.

Rice. 211

Note doors And gate on drawings used in construction, must be carried out according to GOST 21.201-2011. In accordance with this document, it is necessary to use special graphics.

In those drawings that are made on a scale of 1:400 and smaller, the door leaves and the direction of their opening are not shown. If the scale of the images doors And gate is 1:50 or more, then when depicted on construction drawings it is necessary to indicate such elements as quarters, thresholds, etc.

Image	Name
	Door (gate) outside
	Door (gate) double-leaf
	Single-leaf double door
	Double door
	Single-leaf door with swinging leaf (right or left)
	Double door with swinging leaves
	Single-leaf external sliding door (gate)
	Single-leaf sliding door (gate) with opening into a niche
	Double-leaf sliding door (gate)
	Lifting door (gate)
	Door (gate) folded
	Door (gate) folding and sliding
	Revolving door
	Up and over gates

Doors

One of the most common elements of buildings and structures are doors. They can have a wide variety of designs, but the most common are:

• Single-sex
• Double-field
• Swing
• Recoil

Based on the material they are made of, they are classified into:

• Wooden
• Metal
• Glass

To install doors, frames are installed in doorways. If wood is used for this purpose, then such structures are made from bars and then attached to the wall. Wooden panels are usually made from a material such as laminated boards. Often used for this purpose Chipboard, which are finished with facing materials.

Metal door frames and their frames are made from galvanized cold-formed steel profiles, which are subsequently painted to give the structure an aesthetic appearance and protection against corrosion. The door leaf of metal doors consists of one or two steel sheets, a frame and stiffeners.

The structural elements of glass door leaves are a frame made of aluminum or steel profile, and a leaf made of so-called “stalinite” (that is, tempered glass, characterized by increased strength).

According to current norms and standards, all entrance doors to buildings and apartments must open outward, that is, in the direction of movement to the street. This is necessary in order to facilitate the evacuation of people from buildings in the event of various emergencies (for example, fires).

Wooden plugs treated with antiseptics are used to secure door frames in openings. They are installed directly into reinforced concrete panels at the manufacturing stage of these structures. If the doors are external, then they are installed together with thresholds, and if internal, then without them.

To hang door panels on door frames, hinges are used. If the door is wide open, it is very easy and simple to remove it from its hinges. In order to avoid doors being open or slamming, special devices called “diplomat” are used. They serve to keep the door closed, and if they open, then return it smoothly, without blows. In addition, the doors are equipped with mortise locks, latches and handles. Entrance doors are often equipped with combination locks.

Gates

Gates are functional building structures that are used to restrict access to a particular territory.

They can play both a strictly utilitarian and decorative role. In the latter case, they often do not have doors and are simply an arch. If the gate is intended for the passage of vehicles, then its dimensions are taken into account during their development and production.

According to their design, gates can be swing, rotary, sliding, sliding, up-and-over and lift-up. The simplest in design and most common are swing and sliding gates. There are also swinging gates, in which the leaves are made of sheets of rubber or elastic transparent plastic. They are most often installed in industrial buildings and can significantly reduce heat loss.