Precipitation symbols. Weather observation

Determining wind direction produced according to a weather vane. The observer stands near the mast under the weather vane, observes the average position of the weather vane for two minutes and determines the side of the horizon from which the wind is blowing. The wind direction is taken to be one of the main 16 directions, to which the average position of the weather vane is closer.

Table 1. Symbols for indicating atmospheric phenomena

Cloud Observation carried out before taking readings from instruments in the meteorological booth. Cloudiness is estimated by following criteria: cloudless - clear sky, slightly cloudy - approximately 25% of the sky is covered with clouds; average cloudiness - about half the sky is occupied by clouds; partly cloudy - 75% of the sky is covered with clouds; overcast - the whole sky is covered with clouds.

Atmospheric phenomena(precipitation, fog, dew, etc.) are noted in the log if they occurred half an hour before or after the observation period or continued at the time of observation.

Air temperature measured precisely during observation hours. When working with an emergency thermometer, you should adhere to the following rules:

regardless of the thermometer scale division, readings are made with an accuracy of 0.1 °C;
V mercury thermometers the uppermost position of the meniscus apex is measured, and in alcohol samples, the position of the lowest point of the concave surface of the meniscus is measured;
First, tenths are counted, and then whole degrees;
due to the high sensitivity of the thermometer, readings must be made as quickly as possible, trying not to breathe on the thermometer;
if the thermometer readings go beyond the scale, then the limit reading on the scale is recorded, preceded by a sign > (greater than) or< (меньше);
When reading, the observer's eye should be at the same level with the end of the thermometer's liquid column.

Humidity determined by a psychrometer or hair hygrometer. The Augusta psychrometer is the main instrument for determining relative air humidity. It can be used at temperatures not lower than -10 °C. It consists of two thermometers. One of them is wrapped in damp cloth. Based on the temperature difference between two thermometers using psychrometric tables, they determine relative humidity air. Hygrometer readings are recorded in whole scale divisions. After the countdown, you need to move the arrow slightly to the left, to smaller divisions of the scale, and check whether it returns to its original position.

Precipitation observations. The amount of precipitation is measured once a day. A few minutes before the observation period, remove the precipitation gauge bucket and close it with a lid, and put an empty bucket in its place. Precipitation is poured into a measuring glass and calculated in whole divisions. If there is precipitation in the form of snow or hail in the bucket, the measurement is made after it has melted at room temperature. To obtain the final result in millimeters of water layer, divide the measured amount by 10 and record the resulting value in a journal.

Measurement produced using an aneroid barometer. At the time of taking readings, it must be in a horizontal position. To obtain a more accurate result, lightly tap the aneroid glass with your finger, and then record the position of the end of the arrow with an accuracy of 0.1 mm Hg. Art. When counting, the end of the arrow should be in the center of vision of the observer's eye. The barometric tendency is the difference between the pressure just measured and the previous value. It can be positive (pressure rises) or negative (pressure drops).

Processing of information collected during the observation period:

Average daily temperatures are calculated, atmospheric pressure and air humidity.
Graphs of the course of average daily temperatures, pressure and humidity are constructed.
The constructed graphs are analyzed. Periods of growth, decline and stability of the main meteorological characteristics are identified. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to atmospheric phenomena, the cloudiness that corresponded to them.
Based on the analysis, weather types with characteristic temperatures, pressure and humidity, as well as cloudiness and atmospheric phenomena. Weather types from brief description are written in the output.

Why is it necessary to keep a diary?

Schoolchildren are required to keep a diary of weather observations. The topic “weather” stands out as one of the main ones in the lesson the world around us. Observing and recording air temperature, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, precipitation is the best practical task on this topic.

Why do you need to keep an observation diary?

Keeping an observation journal is a great project activity for a student. It develops numerous skills and abilities. The child learns to navigate in time, attention and observation skills are formed. Systematically filling out a diary develops accuracy and responsibility. For a student, keeping a diary of weather observations helps to notice the repeatability of processes in nature and gives a feeling of stability in the world around them. Plus, keeping a weather diary is just fun. By filling out the diary throughout the year, the results obtained can be analyzed and an appropriate diagram constructed. It will show how the weather has changed and in which direction the wind predominantly blows in our area. Based on this data, it will be possible to subsequently predict the weather. And this is already initial work meteorological research.

How to prepare a diary?

For the “Diary of Observations”, start a notebook in a cage, sign it, and put on a cover. The notebook page should be drawn into six equal columns, which are given the following names: “Date”, “Air temperature”, “Cloudiness”, “Wind”, “Atmospheric pressure”, “Precipitation”, “Phenomena”. Then the measured data will be recorded in a separate cell. If there is no data (for example, there is no precipitation), then a dash should be placed in the cell.

What actions should a child take if on this day he begins to keep a diary of weather observations for schoolchildren?

1. Look at the thermometer and write down its readings in your diary. This is the air temperature in degrees Celsius. Please note that the thermometer must be in the shade. The device placed in a sunlit area will give incorrect readings.

2. Look out the window and find out if there is cloudiness outside - clear, cloudy or cloudy. Draw a corresponding picture in the cell or write a word.

3. Note the presence of precipitation in your diary. If there is no precipitation, put a dash.

4. Record the wind direction.

What symbols should you use in your diary?

Conventional signs are generally accepted in schooling geography and natural history. The wind direction is indicated by a letter, for example, for north wind Write C in the appropriate column, for the south – S. Indicate the air temperature with a sign, for example, +17 0 C or – 17 0 C.

Conventional signs in the observation diary

Clear	Snow		Blizzard
cloudy	Frost	È	Rainbow
Cloudy	Fog		hail
Rain	Storm

All entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” must be made carefully, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. It is possible to use colored pencils and colored pens, including gel pens. The table itself can be drawn in pencil. You can use a printed table template or a ready-made observation diary. It is encouraged to decorate the free space around the table with drawings, photographs, pictures corresponding to the time of year, images of animals and plants, and natural phenomena.

Grading norms

"Great"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made neatly, evenly, clearly, using a ruler. The weather was recorded daily, there are no discrepancies with real weather data, the results for the month were summed up.

"Fine"- all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler; there are no obvious discrepancies with real weather data. Individual gaps (1-2 days) in filling in the weather are allowed. Or: - all entries in the “Weather Observation Diary” are made quite accurately, evenly, clearly, along a ruler. The weather was noted daily, but the total for the month was not summed up.

"Satisfactorily"- The “weather observation diary” is kept in violation of the rules, there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather, the weather was not recorded daily, and the results for the month were not summed up. The work was done untidy.

"Unsatisfactory"- “Observation diary” is practically not kept; there is no weather for more than 7 days of the month; there are gross factual errors in the description of the weather; the work was done sloppily, using a pen with purple or blue ink, the table was drawn without a ruler; the month's results have not been summed up; The notebook looks sloppy.

Month_______________year___________________________

Number	Cloudiness	Temperature	Wind	Precipitation	Phenomena
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Results of observations for the month

Weather maps provide a simplified representation of the current or forecast weather in a particular area. The most common weather map is the surface map, which will be discussed in this article. At first glance, analyzing a ground map may seem like quite a difficult task, but with a little practice you can do it in no time.

Steps

Part 1

Learning weather map basics

Clarify general meteorological concepts for yourself. What people care about most is precipitation, which in meteorology (the science of weather) refers to any form of water that falls on earth's surface. Types of precipitation include rain, hail, snow and sleet.

For interpretation weather conditions One of the most important components is the ability to analyze the consequences caused by changes in atmospheric pressure. High pressure implies dry weather, while low pressure usually indicates the presence of moist air or even precipitation.

Region high pressure is an air mass consisting of denser air that is colder and/or drier than outside. Thus, heavy air flows down and away from the center of the pressure system - like water spilled on the ground. In areas of high pressure the weather tends to remain clear or clear.
Region low pressure is an air mass consisting of air that is less dense because it is wetter and/or warmer. Ambient air is drawn toward the center of the pressure system, while light air rises, often leading to increased cloudiness or precipitation as moist air cools as it rises. This effect is clearly visible when invisible water vapor contained in the air, as a result of contact with the outside of cold glass, is forced to condense into droplets. But drops will not begin to form if the glass is not cold enough. Thus, the formation of rain as a result of rising low pressure air is only possible if the air is cold enough for water vapor to condense into heavy enough to be suspended. rising air drops. Clouds are just drops of water that, due to their light weight, are held in place by the rising air current.
Areas of very low air pressure tend to form hurricanes (if they haven't already). It also results in the formation of cloud cover that moves across the sky. When moist air rises very high, it causes a thundercloud to form. The collision of very high pressure air with warm, moist air very low pressure results in tornadoes.

Study the weather map. You may see it on television news, the Internet, or your local newspaper (other sources include magazines and books, but the maps in these may be out of date). Thanks to its low price and reliability, newspapers are the most convenient source weather map. This map can be cut out and carried with you while you learn to interpret the symbols.

Analyze small areas of the weather map. It is advisable that you use maps for a small area - they are easier to interpret. Working with a large-scale map can be overwhelming for beginners. As you explore the map, pay attention to locations, lines, arrows, patterns, colors, and numbers. All elements have meaning and are different from each other.

Consider the movement of a cold front. Symbols such as these indicate the possibility of heavy rain and high speed wind. Blue lines with triangles on one side are used on weather maps to depict cold fronts. The vertices of the triangles indicate the direction in which it is moving cold front.

Let's consider the movement of a warm front. Typically, as a front approaches, there is a gradual increase in rainfall, followed by a sharp warming and clearing after the front passes. If the warm air mass is unstable, weather conditions may include prolonged thunderstorms. A red line with semicircles on one side represents a warm front. The side on which they are located indicates the direction of movement of the warm front.

Let's consider the front of occlusion. It occurs when a cold front merges with a warm one. The movement of the front is accompanied by various weather events(even thunderstorms), which depend on whether the occlusion front is warm or cold. The passage of an occlusion front usually brings with it drier air (lower dew point). The purple line with semicircles and triangles on one side represents the occlusion front. The side on which semicircles and triangles are located indicates the direction of movement of the front.

Let's consider a stationary front. Denotes a fixed boundary between two different air masses. Such fronts are characterized by long periods of continuous rain that linger in one area for a long time and move in waves. Semicircles on one side and triangles on the other indicate that the front is not moving in any direction.

METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS

Conventional signs, which in meteorology, for example. on special (synoptic) maps, indicate different meteorological phenomena, For example:

Samoilov K. I. Marine Dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941

Meteorological signs

symbols used on synoptic maps to indicate various meteorological conditions.

EdwART. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

See what "METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS" is in other dictionaries:

Conventional signs that indicate various meteorological phenomena (for example O rain, U frost, O dry fog, etc.). Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Some phenomena closely related to weather cannot be accurate measurement; however, indicating them can sometimes provide an important feature for characterizing and predicting the weather. For such phenomena in meteorological journals and printed tables... ...

See weather signs. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

meteorological symbols- meteorologiniai sutartiniai ženklai statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Sutartiniai ženklai meteorologiniams elementams, apibūdinantiems fizinę atmosferos būseną ir vykstančius joje procesus, žymėti. atitikmenys: engl. meteorological conventional … Artilerijos terminų žodynas

As meteorological networks developed in individual countries, the need to achieve through international agreement direct comparison of observations and their publications in different countries. First M.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols used to depict various objects and phenomena on maps, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Conventional signs used on the map... ... Wikipedia

Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols used to depict various objects and phenomena, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics on maps. The symbols used on the map are... ... Wikipedia

Fragment topographic map with horizontal lines (lines of equal heights) and other conventional symbols. Cartographic symbols are a system of symbolic graphic symbols (signs) used for... Wikipedia

Symbolic, line and background designations of terrain objects, combat and meteorological conditions, used on topographic and other geographical maps, as well as on graphic documents. Depending on the purpose, they distinguish... ... Marine Dictionary

Graphic, alphabetic and numerical designations of objects and terrain elements, operational tactical and meteorological conditions, used on topographic and other geographical maps, as well as on graphic documents. Depending on... ... Dictionary of emergency situations

Some phenomena closely related to weather cannot be accurately measured; however, indicating them can sometimes provide an important feature for characterizing and predicting the weather. For such phenomena in meteorological journals and printed observation tables, they are usually content with simple marks using symbols proposed by the Vienna Meteorological Congress and have since come into general use. Here is a list of these symbols:

Number 1 after the symbol is placed when the phenomenon occurred during the first (7 am) observation, number 2 - if it was noticed during the second (1 o'clock in the afternoon), number 3 - for 9 pm; letter a(an abbreviation of the words ante meridiem) denote the period of time between 7 o'clock in the morning and 1 o'clock in the afternoon, the letter p(abbr. post meridiem) - time between 1 o'clock in the afternoon and 9 o'clock in the evening, letter n(abbr. nocte) - time between 9 pm and 7 am. The indicator after the symbol indicates the intensity of the observed phenomenon: 0 - weak, 2 - a phenomenon in a very intense form, no indicator - a phenomenon of moderate strength. So, for example, the mark ≡ 2 n1a,≡°p,S p3 should read: very dense fog at night, at 7 a.m. and before noon, light fog in the afternoon, moderate snow in the afternoon and at 9 p.m.

For details, see "Instructions given by the Imperial Academy of Sciences for the management of meteorological stations of the second category."

- measurement or qualitative assessment of meteorology, elements reflecting weather conditions. Results M. and. serve as the basis for weather forecasts, hydrological...
Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
- meteorological observations, measurement and qualitative assessment of the characteristics of the state of the atmosphere, carried out at meteorological stations and posts...
Moscow (encyclopedia)
- Visual observations of the weather and the level of the Neva were carried out already from the first years of the existence of St. Petersburg at the direction of Peter I by Admiral K. I. Kruys...
St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
- symbols military units, official distinctive signs established by the highest authorities of the Russian Federation. The Border Service of the Russian Federation has a border flag, banners of regional departments, groups of border troops,...
Border Dictionary
- meteorological instruments devices used for measurement and recording numerical values meteorological elements...
Geographical encyclopedia
- publicly available, i.e. unclassified, mostly digital ciphers, which are used to shorten telegrams and radiograms with meteorological, ice, etc. data...
Marine dictionary
- "... - results meteorological observations at stations of the state network of observations and automatic measurements carried out at railway stations, junctions and stages.....
Official terminology
- Some phenomena closely related to weather cannot be accurately measured; however, indicating them can sometimes provide an important feature for characterizing and predicting the weather...
- divided into two large groups; The first includes publications in which observations are published, the second includes scientific processing of these observations...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- see Isolines and Weather, Weather Prediction...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- The object of these observations - weather - is a phenomenon so complex that to study it it is necessary to divide it into those elements from which the weather is composed, and observe each of these so-called M elements separately, ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- have the goal of promoting the success of meteorology...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- periodical scientific publications covering issues of meteorology, climatology and hydrology...
- international organizations created for international cooperation in the field of meteorology. Basic M. o. - World Meteorological Organization...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- conventional signs that indicate various meteorological phenomena...
- maps on which isotherms, isotherms and isohymenes are drawn and, in general, lines connecting areas with the same average data regarding meteorological phenomena...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

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