Based on information from the encyclopedia. What is an encyclopedia: meaning, types

Based on information from encyclopedias and the Internet, prepare a report on the works of M. Lomonosov as a linguist. What is the significance of its linguistic heritage in determining the status of the Russian language?

Answers:

The genius of M.V. Lomonosov also manifested itself in linguistics. The scientist changed the Russian literary language by proposing new rules. He noticed that Russian literary people began to sin with non-Russian and outdated words. Lomonosov decided that it was worth developing a literary language on a folk basis, combining the advantages of the first and second. He left to my contemporaries the doctrine of the “three calms,” which is set out in the work “On the Use of Church Books in Russian language"(1757). Lomonosov divided the words into three "sayings". He attributed to the first the common words for Russian and Slavic - "I honor", "now", "glory". To the second - Slavic, rarely used, but known to everyone (" the Lord", "I call"), uncommon, outdated (ryasny - necklace, ovogda - sometimes). To the third "he added" Russian words ("I speak", "stream", "bye"), which were "taken" from folk speech, not from Church Slavonic language. Depending on their use in speech and writing, he identified three “calms”: “high”, “medium” and low”. Words different styles, Lomonosov believed, should be used in various literary works. Lomonosov successfully fought against the contamination of Russian with “foreignism”. When compiling his works, the excellent expert replaced English, German, French words and expressions with Russian ones: the earth's axis, air pump, magnetic needle, “about the laws of motion” instead of “about the forces of moving bodies given”... The great scientist did not translate those stable phrases and words that have taken root in Russian, he only made them euphonious: he replaced horizon with horizon, preportion with proportion. Thanks to the reform of M. V. Lomonosov, the Russian language began to occupy a strong place in scientific works, in a certain way was systematized and supplemented. The scientist outlined the path that domestic linguistics should follow.

Encyclopedia article- genre scientific style. The purpose of an encyclopedic article is to provide reliable information about an object, phenomenon or person to the reader who, turning to the article, wants to become familiar with this concept. The author of an encyclopedic article must be an expert in this field of knowledge.

An encyclopedic article is built according to the strict rules of the genre. We will now look at the features of this genre.

The main thing in an encyclopedic article is to provide objective information about a given subject/phenomenon/person

The author of an encyclopedic article cannot resort to his own assessments, express his opinion, or share personal experiences and emotions. His task is to select the most reliable and important material on the problem, to give an objective and sufficient Full description analyzed phenomenon.

The encyclopedic article uses literary language in a strict form

The language of the encyclopedic article does not tolerate the inclusion of colloquial, colloquial, slang, dialect words and clerical words.

Spoken words are used in informal conversation, in the article they should be replaced by neutral equivalents. For example, colloquial phrase « jackfruit bad, they just smell disgusting, it looks like rotten onion" in the language of an encyclopedic article it will sound like this: "jackfruit fruit emit a strong sound bad smell , reminiscent of the smell of rotten onions".

Colloquial vocabulary- these are words that go beyond the scope of literary language; their use in a scientific style is strictly prohibited.

Dialect words limited in their use certain territory. Dialectical words should not penetrate the text of an encyclopedic article (unless, of course, it is directly devoted to the concept of dialecticism or a related concept). Examples of dialectisms: blueberry instead of blueberry, thin instead of bad, poor quality, kochet instead of rooster etc.

Jargonisms– words whose use is limited to a socially closed group. For example, a striking example is the “language of computer scientists” - people whose field of activity lies in the computer field: buggy - stopped working, program - computer program, keyboard - keyboard, cracked program - a program that requires renewal license key . Jargon cannot be used in the text of an encyclopedic article.

Stationery characteristic of formal business style language, their use is also limited to one functional area. Avoid them scientifically. For example, the phrase “... with making a copy, what kind at this forwarded …” includes three obvious bureaucracies (in bold). It can be transformed into a phrase of literary language: “... with making a copy, which is then sent...».

If you are in doubt whether a word is common literature or not, check with explanatory dictionary: spoken word will have a litter decomposition., vernacular go with the mark simple., dialectal – dial., slang – slang., clericalism – office., and neutral – nate. or will not have litters at all.

The style of an encyclopedic article has other linguistic features characteristic of the language of the scientific style:

Usage linguistic features, characteristic of the scientific style of presentation

These primarily include the following:

• Predominance passive constructions, impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences.

For example, " Of the annual species, the most commonly cultivated is the common or kitchen pumpkin." (Compare with the active construction: " People most often cultivate the common or kitchen pumpkin.»).

• Predominance verbs in the present tense.

Eg: " use», « grows», « applies», « are used" etc.

• Nouns in the text prevail over verbs. Otherwise, this feature of the scientific style is called the nominal narrative style. Pay attention to the proportion of verbs and nouns in the following phrases typical of scientific language:

“Yoghurt is a fermented milk product with a high content of skim milk solids, produced using a mixture of starter microorganisms – thermophilic lactic acid streptococci and Bulgarian lactic acid bacillus.”

"Gooseberries come from Western Europe and northern Africa. How wild plant distributed in the Caucasus, Ukraine, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, in the Middle and Southern Europe, V North Africa and in North America."

• Usage terminological vocabulary. An encyclopedic article always contains basic terms from the field of knowledge related to the subject being described. For example, in an article devoted to describing a cat, the terms are used mammal, cat family, order of carnivores, domestication, stereoscopic vision, incisor, canine, premolar, molar, castration, sterilization, etc. At the same time, in the genre of an encyclopedic article, only the most common terms known to a wide circle are found. educated people. Their number is much lower than in scientific texts addressed to specialists.

The encyclopedic article lacks emotional and evaluative coloring of vocabulary and syntax

We will not dwell on this point in detail, since we have already covered it when studying texts of official business style, which also do not use emotional and evaluative coloring.

The style of an encyclopedic article is characterized by brevity and simplicity of presentation.

Information in an encyclopedic article is presented in a concise form: as much content as possible in the most concise format. This feature leads to an abundance of abbreviations in the text, incompleteness of syntactic structures (if two phrases in a row have one subject, then the second time it is omitted, it can be omitted auxiliary in the predicate). The use of terms also contributes to the reduction of linguistic means.

Sentences should be constructed simply; sentences based on similar models are used. Such proposals are perceived faster; the main goal of an encyclopedic article - obtaining information - is achieved faster when this condition is met.

The text of the encyclopedic article begins with a definition of the concept

Definition is a logical term that denotes an explanation of the content of a concept, giving a fixed meaning to the term that names the concept.

The definition must contain the name of the generic concept to which the object/phenomenon/person described in the article refers. So, for a pumpkin, a tomato, a cucumber, the generic concept is a vegetable, for a car, a bus, an airplane - vehicle, for a cat, cow, sheep - animal, mammal, etc. The definition then names the distinctive and most significant characteristics the concept being described.

Eg, " Bus (short for omnibus car) is a trackless motor vehicle designed to carry 8 or more passengers and powered by energy stored or produced from fuel stored on board, or by any other form of autonomous propulsion.».

« A cow is a female domestic bull (lat. Bos taurus taurus), a domesticated subspecies of the wild bull (Bos taurus), an artiodactyl ruminant animal of the bovid family (Bovidae).».

Further composition encyclopedia article is as follows

1-2 paragraphs giving a brief general description concepts.

The rest of the story can go

1. From general to specific;
2. from simple to complex;
3. in order of importance, fame, credibility, size, location;
4. V chronological order– for historical information;
5. in thematic order - this is convenient in hierarchical lists;
6. V alphabetical order, when other orders are not suitable.

At the end of the encyclopedic article there are always sources, on which the author relied when writing the text of the article.

He can be called the father of Russian science and culture. In every industry in which Mikhail Vasilyevich worked, he managed to leave his bright mark and bring many great discoveries to the world.

Speaking of Mikhail Vasilievich

Differing from their peers by their innate thirst for knowledge, even in early age he learned to read and write.

At the age of 19, the young man goes to Moscow and, posing as a visiting nobleman, is enrolled as a student at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, where he subsequently receives good theoretical training and masters Latin perfectly. Then, in 1736, he was transferred to the Academic University of St. Petersburg, from where, over time, he would be sent to Germany to study mining and metallurgy. M.V. Lomonosov continued his education in Freiburg, where he began to improve his knowledge in practice.

Throughout its scientific activity he boldly defended the interests of the people and demanded that education become accessible not only to the upper class, but also to the peasantry. It was on the initiative of Mikhail Vasilyevich that a university was created in Moscow, which to this day proudly bears the name of the founder.

About linguistic activity in general

Mikhail Vasilievich made a significant contribution to the development of linguistics. Despite his immersion in specialized knowledge, he also found time for philological works. Upon returning to Russia, in 1757 he published the first Russian grammar, where he revealed orthoepic and language based on his observations of living speech. It is important to note that the first who approached the description of the grammatical features of Russian was Lomonosov. As a linguist, he dealt with this from a scientific point of view; it was he who was also the first to consider the concepts of morphology, syntax and word formation. Based on his “Russian Grammar”, Russian language textbooks were published for the first time.

Lomonosov also made a huge contribution to the development of rhetoric. His guide to eloquence was the first Russian-language book of its kind. He also established a classification of parts of speech, considered issues of spelling and punctuation, and translated many scientific terms.

Philological merits of Lomonosov

A significant contribution to the formation of the Russian language and literature was made. As a linguist, he was concerned about the systematization of its grammatical, spelling and stylistic features. Thanks to Mikhail Vasilyevich, an important reform was carried out in relation to the Russian literary language, and a system of versification was approved, which has survived to this day.

Being a linguist, he talked about the Russian language as a great asset. Mikhail Vasilyevich was the first who began to give academic lectures in his native language.

He sought to enrich the literary language, make it accessible, understandable and at the same time unique. We will consider Lomonosov as a linguist. We will now talk briefly about the philological merits of this great man.

“Russian Grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov

Lomonosov's main merit is the creation of a solid foundation for the formation of a new Russian language. The famous work of Mikhail Vasilyevich called “Russian Grammar”, which was published in 1755, is also associated with its development. Its compilation is truly the greatest of the merits that Lomonosov brought. As a linguist, for the first time in “Russian Grammar” he tried to distinguish between such concepts as Russian and

To isolate each language, to recognize it as completely independent in relation to the other - Lomonosov adhered to this principle in his work. As a linguist, he relied on certain scientific techniques that helped him accurately distinguish between the Russian language and Church Slavonic. This made a decent start further development domestic literature. As a linguist, Lomonosov based his research on the features of language: he took a long list of words or phrases, compared and contrasted them with each other. And then, based on the results obtained, he made the appropriate conclusions.

Science continues to this day based on Lomonosov’s research techniques, which have not undergone any significant changes.

The theory of “three calms” by M. V. Lomonosov

Based on his research techniques, the great Russian reformer released the theory of “three calms,” which found direct application in the creation of a new literary language. Mikhail Vasilievich established general principle interaction various styles and genres in linguistics. Each “calm” was characterized by its immediate area of ​​application. Lomonosov used his theory to describe stylistic processes in language. As a linguist, he followed the path of constant combination and likening of that beautiful and valuable that is in both languages.

"High Calm"

Thus, words that were used in the creation of all kinds of odes, songs, poems, speeches or solemn speeches were attributed to “high calm”. This style can rightfully be considered majestic. However, words of such calmness were extremely rarely used by people in everyday speech, but a literate person could understand them.

"Medium Calm"

“Middle Calm” was intended for writing satirical plays, ironic friendly letters or historical works. It is characterized by the predominance of Russian-language words with the rare addition of Slavic ones.

"Low Calm"

“Low Calm” is filled with Russian words that are not in the Slavic language. With its help, comedies, songs, and descriptions of “everyday affairs” are created. In this style, preference was given to Russian, common words.

All the pathos of the above-mentioned theory of Lomonosov was characterized by the need to recognize the rights of the Russian language and literature.

Lomonosov's contribution to literature

Speaking about him as an outstanding philologist, one cannot fail to mention his literary merits. After all, Mikhail Vasilyevich studied all kinds of theories with their further application in practice along with other sciences.

While in Germany, he writes an essay on unresolved issues regarding Russian versification. In this letter, he introduces his amendments to Trediakovsky’s reform, expanding it with new poetic meters, such as anapest, dactyl and amphibrachium. Unlike other poets of that time, he does not neglect the use of various rhymes in his works. The second part of his letter was an ode to the capture of Khotin, which the great reformer dedicated to the heroism of the Russian army. It differed significantly from the works of his predecessors.

Lomonosov's contribution to the formation of the scientific terminological base of the Russian language

Lomonosov made a valuable contribution to Russian science. He spoke of language as a great value of the people, its eternal heritage. Mikhail Vasilyevich was confident that the Russian language is very rich and multifaceted, that you can always find in it necessary words to designate certain terms or concepts.

The reformer fought for the purity and perfection of the Russian language, trying to rid it of “foreign language.” Therefore, he either literally translated the concept into Russian, or simply selected equivalents suitable for it. Thanks to the scientist, words such as energy, magnitude, particles, experience, quickly became entrenched in Russian terminology. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was distinguished by exceptional courage, tenacity and endless ingenuity when creating a scientific terminological base. As a linguist, he made a huge contribution by establishing Russian-language terminological concepts.

First of all, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, as a Russian linguist, was outraged by the abuse in foreign words in literature or Everyday life. He was angry to the depths of his soul with the nobles who, having barely learned to understand a few words in French, they immediately began to insert them wherever they wanted. Lomonosov pointed out that the aimless adoption of words foreign origin poses a danger to the competent education of national culture. In view of this, he urged to honor the beauty and versatility of the native language and resist those who introduce “those obscenities” into it.

And finally

As a linguist and a famous reformer, they are still used in scientific activities to this day. This great person was the first to appreciate the depth, richness, power and uniqueness of the Russian language. In his writings, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov spoke of literature as the art of words.

He took many steps in the formation of a new literary language and outlined the prospects for its further development.

Mikhail Vasilyevich served for the benefit of the people. It was on his idea that a university was founded in Moscow, which today has world fame. He also managed to create a terminological base, the enrichment of which, following Lomonosov, was carried out by famous domestic scientists in subsequent decades. This is exactly what Lomonosov, the Russian linguist, was. And to this day we remember this great man and use his works.

Human knowledge is the most valuable achievement of our civilization. From century to century, information was accumulated and transmitted on the most convenient media. Giant libraries, archives, databases, all of these are treasure troves of information from various fields of science. Separate bodies of knowledge generalized by topic form encyclopedias. Our article will be about them.

We are going to talk about what an encyclopedia is, what it can be and what it can tell us. If this topic interesting, we invite you to continue with us.

Encyclopedia: concept

Let's start with the concept of what a book or electronic publication, scientific or popular science, containing information about a particular direction is. scientific research practical activities. The term comes from the merger of two Greek words: enkyklios and paideia, which in translation is interpreted as “learning in a circle of knowledge.”

Principles of constructing encyclopedias

Information in encyclopedias is placed in a certain way. Depending on this principle, types of publications are also distinguished.

Thus, the basic principles of placing encyclopedic articles are alphabetical, thematic, alphabetical-thematic. As for ease of use, for a reader who is not prepared in a particular subject, it will be more relevant to use encyclopedias with articles arranged in alphabetical order. For specific scientific encyclopedias, a thematic alphabetical order of information placement is more convenient.

Most interesting varieties encyclopedias - thematic. Depending on the aspects of the publication covered in them, there are:

• universal - collecting information about all the realities of life, relating primarily to the country that published the encyclopedia;
• regional - contain facts about any region of the country, continent or our planet in general;
• sectoral - provide information exclusively related to one or another branch of human activity;
• narrow industry (problem) - illuminate specific question one of the branches of human activity that constitutes a separate problem (scientific or practical);
• biographical, dedicated to the life and work of famous luminaries of science, art, politics and other social spheres;
• other encyclopedias, mainly those that present an array of information for a specific readership ( shining example- children's encyclopedias that provide a variety of data that is of interest to children of a certain age).

Our research will include knowledge of what an encyclopedia is and the main types of the latter.

We distinguish between: encyclopedias and reference books-encyclopedias, dictionaries-encyclopedias

There is one more criterion by which it is worth distinguishing between these book publications. It concerns the methods of presenting information. In accordance with it, encyclopedic literature is divided into encyclopedias, encyclopedia reference books and encyclopedia dictionaries.

Encyclopedia dictionaries are distinguished by the fact that they present information concisely, often in just one interpretation of the term.

Encyclopedias give more information: in addition to the interpretation of a word or phenomenon, from them we can learn about its history and connections with other concepts. It is the versatility and breadth of presentation that makes them the most interesting type to read. Such a publication is the well-known universal “Great Soviet Encyclopedia”.

Another type we haven't covered is a directory. This type of encyclopedia contains material arranged in thematic groups for easy use.

Results

Thus, we looked at what an encyclopedia is. This is an array of information from a particular industry or general information, located according to a certain principle. There are many types of encyclopedias, classified according to various criteria.

Encyclopedias contain a huge amount of useful and interesting knowledge. We need to touch more often on the achievements of human development through these publications!

1. Read. Write down highlighted phrases naming various functions of the Russian language in modern world. Retell (orally) the content of the text, based on the meaning of the written phrases.

The Russian language is the language of the great Russian people. On it, Russian people communicate in everyday life, develop their culture, science and literature; For a Russian person it is their native language.

The Russian language is a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of multinational Russia.

According to the Constitution Russian Federation(1993), Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory.

In neighboring countries, the Russian language is the main means of interethnic communication. In Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, Russian is the second language official language, along with Belarusian and Kyrgyz.

Russian language is one of the world languages. It is used in the most various fields international communication, for example, acts as the “language of science” - a means of communication between scientists different countries, is a necessary accessory to world communication systems (radio and television broadcasts, space communications), etc.

Russian language is one of the official and working languages ​​of the UN, UNESCO and others international organizations. There are from 2500 to 5000 languages ​​in the world (the exact number is impossible to establish, because the difference between different languages and dialects of one language conditionally). And only six of them are official languages UN: English, Russian, Spanish, Chinese, French, Arabic.

2. Compose reference summary for retelling. Retell the text orally.

The spread of the Russian language in the countries of Europe and Asia has been ascending since the 11th century and has passed through several stages. Practical learning The spoken Russian language in the XIV-XVII centuries was determined by the needs of trade and diplomacy. From this period, several practical grammars and mainly dictionaries compiled by the Germans, French, and Scandinavians have survived. In the 18th century, this interest intensified - Russia became a European power. The Russian language played a major role in the growing interest in the Russian language. classic literature XIX century. In the 20th century, influence former USSR on the global development process, Russia’s successes related to astronautics, the accumulation of large amounts of scientific information in Russian and cultural values world significance, expanded the boundaries of the spread of the Russian language.

(Encyclopedia “Russian Language”)

The promotion, formation and functioning of any language, including Russian, in interethnic and international communication, its inclusion in the “club of world languages” depends on linguistic and social factors.

3. Read the text, break it into two paragraphs. Formulate a question for the second paragraph and answer it based on the content of the text.

The Russian language, while maintaining its uniqueness* and originality over a vast space and a long time, has absorbed the Proto-Slavic and Old Slavonic heritage, as well as the wealth of languages ​​of the West and East (including Greek-Byzantine and Latin). However, the main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative creativity of the Russian people, first of all, generations of Russians and all Russian figures of science, politics, technology, culture and literature. Thanks to them, the Russian language became highly developed, rich, and orderly. Therefore, it is able to serve all needs - not only national, but also universal.

(According to V. Kostomarov)

Complete one of the tasks increased difficulty(optionally).

1. Based on your knowledge of history, information from encyclopedias, the Internet, determine to what time the “proto-Slavic and Old Slavic heritage”, as well as the Greek-Byzantine and Latin ones, belong. Prepare reports about these languages.
2. Based on information from encyclopedias and the Internet, prepare a report on the works of M. Lomonosov as a linguist. What is the significance of its linguistic heritage in determining the status of the Russian language?

4. Select three paragraphs in the text and read it aloud. Write out sentences from each paragraph that express the main idea. What synonyms can be used when talking about the Russian language? Which one does D. Likhachev use?

Russian literature is one of the pinnacles of world culture, the most valuable heritage of all mankind. The names of A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov and other great Russian writers are known throughout the cultural world. How did this literature come about? Based on the thousand-year experience of word culture. The outstanding literary scholar Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev wrote: “The birth of Russian literature was facilitated by the excellent, flexible and laconic Russian language, which had reached by the time of the emergence of Russian literature high level development... It was a language with an extensive vocabulary, with developed terminology - legal, military, feudal, technical; abundant with synonyms capable of reflecting various emotional shades..."