1. Definition

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.

In various textbooks on stylistics, the journalistic style was also called newspaper-journalistic, newspaper style, and socio-political style. The name “journalistic style” seems more accurate, since other versions of the name more narrowly define the scope of its functioning. The name "newspaper style" is explained by the history of the formation of this style: its speech features took shape precisely in periodic printed publications and above all in newspapers. However, today this style functions not only in print, but also in electronic media. mass media: It would also be fair to call it a "television" style. Another name - socio-political style - more accurately indicates the close connection of the style under discussion with social and political life, but here it is worth remembering that this style also serves non-political spheres of communication: culture, sports, activity public organizations(environmental, human rights and others).

The name of the journalistic style is closely related to the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the substantive features of the works attributed to it.

Journalism is a type of literature and journalism; examines current political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life in order to influence public opinion and existing political institutions, strengthen or change them in accordance with a certain class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. The subject of the publicist is everything modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document." This definition is given in the "Brief Literary Encyclopedia" (M., 1971, vol. 6 Art. 72). If we omit the mention of class interest, That this definition quite accurately reflects the place and role of journalism among works of literature and journalism, and will also allow us to further understand the stylistic features of journalistic works.

In another encyclopedic publication we find the following definition:

Journalism is a type of work devoted to current problems and phenomena. current life society. Plays an important political and ideological role and influences the activities of social institutions, serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, a way of organizing and transmitting social information. Journalism exists

verbal (written and oral),

· graphically (poster, caricature),

· photo and cinematography (documentaries, television),

· theatrical and dramatic

· and verbal and musical forms.

Journalism is often used in artistic and scientific works." ("Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary" M., 1990 P. 1091). The concepts of journalism and journalistic style, as can be seen from these definitions, do not completely coincide. Journalism is a type of literature, journalistic style is a functional type of language. Works of other styles may differ in their journalistic orientation, for example, scientific articles , devoted to current economic problems. On the other hand, a text that is journalistic in style may not belong to this type of literature due to its purely informational nature or the irrelevance of the problems being discussed.

2. Style functions

The most important functions of the journalistic style are informational and influencing. The informational function of texts belonging to this style is that the authors of such texts aim to inform the widest possible circle of readers, viewers, and listeners about problems that are significant to society and about the authors’ views on these problems.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. The specificity of the information function in the journalistic style lies in the nature of the information, its sources and recipients.

Television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens.

Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects opinions, sentiments, and contains comments and reflections of the authors. This distinguishes it from scientific information. Another difference is due to the fact that journalistic works are not tasked with a complete comprehensive description of this or that phenomenon; the publicist strives to write, first of all, about what arouses interest among certain community groups, highlighting those aspects of life that are important to its potential audience.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function These styles are functions of influence. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for certain behavior. The journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality, which is precisely caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

The function of influence is system-forming for the journalistic style; it is what distinguishes this style from other varieties of literary language. Although this function is also typical for official business and conversational style, it actively influences the selection of linguistic means in journalistic texts.

As an example of the implementation of these functions, let us consider a note from the Okrug newspaper dated August 4, 2001, entitled “Prince Vladimir is being exiled to the provinces.” The note has the subtitle “City officials support the Swedish commodity producer.” It informs about the purchase of Swedish Volvo cars by the Moscow government and the City Duma. At the same time, the note influences the reader, forming a certain attitude towards the position of managers who verbally campaign for support of the domestic commodity producer.

In various journalistic genres, which will be discussed later, one of these functions can act as a leading one, and it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful for society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

In addition to informational and influencing, journalistic style texts, of course, perform all other functions inherent in language:

· communicative,

· expressive,

· aesthetic.

3. General functions of language in a journalistic style

The communicative function is the main function of language and is manifested in all its forms. Since the journalistic style functions in the sphere of relationships between various social groups, the role of this style in supporting public communication is enormous. The communicative nature of the journalistic style lies in the fact that its texts are created not for internal use and not for a single addressee (although in these cases the communicative aspect is present), but for the widest possible audience. Being at a considerable distance in space, the author of a journalistic text strives to get closer to the addressee in time, in the subject of messages, as well as in speech stylistic features. Communication also involves feedback - the addressee's response. For this style, feedback is most clearly provided in a situation of public discussion, but not only here. For newspaper feedback are letters from readers, responses from officials, articles sent in response to previous publications. Radio and television have moved from letters to telephone calls from listeners and viewers, during which they can ask questions, express their opinions, and talk about events known to them. Involving viewers in filming television programs in studios is also widely used. Modern interactive television is looking for new forms of maintaining contact with viewers.

The expressive function of language allows the speaker to express his feelings. A journalistic text usually clearly reflects the author’s personality and is distinguished by the author’s clearly expressed and emotionally charged attitude to the facts presented. Not all journalistic genres imply the expressiveness of the text to the same extent: it is less likely for an information note and more typical for an essay or pamphlet. On television, emotionality is less common in news broadcasts and is required in talk shows.

Here are some examples of expressive newspaper headlines:

"Old carriage on new way. Moscow does not say goodbye to Czech trams", "Secret census. Mosgorkomstat promises not to share information”, “The mushroom picker makes one mistake”, “You are taking your comrade on the right road! Three hours of socialism at Three Stations." These headings do not just indicate the topic of the message, but emotionally characterize the situation that the article describes.

The aesthetic function of a journalistic text is the author’s intention that the message, in its form in unity with the content, satisfy the aesthetic sense of the addressee.

Journalistic style (= newspaper-journalistic)

Style is presented in newspapers, in magazines addressed to the mass reader, in speeches by journalists on radio and television, in speeches of public and political figures, rallies, congresses, meetings, etc. Style is realized in oral and written form.

The subject matter of journalistic texts is practically unlimited: political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical topics, issues of art and culture, issues of education, etc. are covered. Journalism is called the “chronicle of modernity”: it reflects the living history of our society . Feature: in a journalistic style, as a rule, they talk about the most modern, relevant events for society.

Genres of journalism:

Information - provide information. This:

 Information note (chronicle note), or chronicle . This is a selection of news messages: the time, place, event is indicated, described using different forms of the verb (will take place, is open, continues, will gather, etc.) (eg: Yesterday an exhibition opened in the Hermitage. Today in Paris issues related to ... Tomorrow the summit will continue).

 Reportage. This is a genre in which the story of an event is conducted simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. Characteristic: the present tense of the verb, the pronoun “I” or “we” (meaning “me and my companions”), inclusion in the text of a more or less detailed author’s commentary, then the text is an alternation of fragments telling about the event and insertions, reasoning author; sometimes the text is preceded by a comment from the editor (eg: We are in the assembly hall. I see that the rescuers have already appeared. The rescuer is now attaching the ladder).

 Interview (informational). A genre that exists in a dialogical form - oral or written (recorded conversation; in this case, the written text conveys some signs of spontaneous oral speech, as evidenced, in particular, by interjections, colloquial vocabulary, incomplete sentences, picking up cues, repeating questions, etc.) . The journalist conducts a dialogue with the person answering his questions. The genre allows you to introduce the reader to the life and views of the person he is interested in, and present the material in a lively and interesting way. The dialogical form facilitates the perception of the material. An informational interview provides answers to questions about the details of the event. Interviews in which a person’s characteristics are given in parallel with a discussion of various significant problems are also popular. Often the interview is preceded by an introduction that briefly outlines the situation in which the interview is being conducted; information about the person being interviewed is provided.

 Report.

 Review. A journalist speaks on behalf of a team, organization, party, etc.

Analytical - give analysis. These are the genres:

 Analytical interview. Contains an extensive dialogue about problem: Journalist asks questions about the creature Problems, the interlocutor answers.

 Article. A genre that presents the results of a fairly serious study of an event or problem. The main feature of the genre is the logical presentation of the material, reasoning: from any statement to its justification. Syntactic features: conjunctions and introductory words are used to denote a logical connection. Lexical features: there are terms and words with an abstract meaning. But reasoning can be emotionally colored. This genre is characterized by a combination of bookish and colloquial evaluative vocabulary, the use of short sentences, etc. The article may include various inserts: descriptions of significant events, mini-interviews, etc.

 Review - review of a work of art, film, etc.

 A comment.

 Review.

 Correspondence. A genre that talks not about a single fact, as in a newsreel, but about a number of facts that are analyzed, their reasons are clarified, their assessment is given, and conclusions are drawn. Compared to a chronicle note, in correspondence the volume of reported material expands, the nature of the presentation changes: more diverse language means are used, and an individual style of writing appears.

Artistic and journalistic genres. These are a kind of hybrid genres that combine features of journalistic and literary-artistic styles:

 Feature article. A genre that requires a figurative, concrete presentation of a fact or problem. Essays can be:

- problematic (events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning);

- portrait;

- travel (description of the trip);

- event-based (story about the event).

The essay must convincingly combine expressively conveyed events, convincing images of characters, and evidence-based reasoning. People, events and problems are presented in the light of the author's emotional assessment.

 Feuilleton - a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, ridiculing or condemning any shortcomings, ugly phenomena (for example: “Letters to Auntie” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, feuilleton poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Newspaper”, etc. ).

 Pamphlet - a topical journalistic work of a sharply satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone or something (for example: individual chapters of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev, “Letter to Gogol” by V. G. Belinsky , “I Can’t Be Silent” by L.N. Tolstoy). Etc.

Substyles of journalistic style:

official analytical;

information and analytical;

reporting;

feuilleton;

rally, etc.

General features of the journalistic style:

The most important feature is a combination of two functions of language: the message function (= information function) and the influence function. The speaker resorts to a journalistic style when he needs not only to convey information, but also to make an impact on the addressee (often mass). The addressee conveys facts and expresses his attitude towards them. The addressee feels that the journalist is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his beliefs. Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, persuade, and agitate.

The most important style-forming features of the journalistic style are evaluativeness and emotionality. Since the issues that the journalist raises (ethical conflicts, human rights, economic policy of the state, etc.) concern millions of people, it is impossible to write about these issues in dry language. Journalism borrows evaluative means from other styles (mainly colloquial and artistic).

But if for maximum impact on the addressee the journalistic style needs expressiveness, then for the speed and accuracy of transmitting information it needs accuracy, logic, formality, standardization. The standardization of speech in this case is that the journalist uses frequent linguistic means, stable speech patterns (clichés) (eg: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, pluralism of opinions, active life position, radical changes, on the other side of the barricades).

Speech standardization ensures:

 for the addressee (journalist) - speed in preparing information (the addressee shows particular interest in the latest events, so it is necessary to prepare the material very quickly);

 for the recipient - easier and faster assimilation of information (by skimming through a publication full of very familiar expressions, the reader can grasp the meaning without wasting time and effort).

Thus, the combination of expression and standard is the most important feature of the journalistic style.

Depending on the genre, expression comes to the fore (eg: pamphlet, feuilleton), then the standard (eg: newspaper article, newsreel).

Since works of journalistic style are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for selecting linguistic means in them is general availability these funds. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialects, or dialects that are incomprehensible to readers. slang words, complicated syntactic constructions, should not resort to too abstract imagery, etc.

Journalistic style is not closed, but open language system , so that journalists can freely refer to elements of other styles: conversational, artistic, scientific. Thus, in the journalistic style the elements interact quite freely different styles.

In journalistic works, it is of great importance author's style - a style of writing characteristic of a particular journalist.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person. It is typical for journalism coincidence of author and narrator , which directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.

At the same time, in each specific text the journalist creates author's image through which he expresses his attitude to reality. The image of the author as a compositional speech category can vary and change its form in relation to the genre, for example:

IN review the journalist speaks on behalf of the team, organization, party, constructing a “collective image” of the narrator;

IN feuilleton, pamphlet This is a conventional image of an ironic, irreconcilable, practically minded narrator.

But, no matter what genre we are talking about, the author’s position, in general, always coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting the material he has obtained to readers. This, in particular, inspires the reader’s trust in the journalist and his material, respect for the journalist for his personal position, for his sincerity and concern.

The journalistic style uses: monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in interviews), direct speech.

Journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. Their circle can be designated as follows:

• 1. Newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, report, note, interview, etc.
• 2. Advertising - announcements, poster, slogan, etc.
• 3. Oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate, etc.
• 4. Television - analytical program, dialogue in live, news reports, etc.
• 5. Communication - teleconference, press conference, etc.
• 6. Network journalism.

We will consider newspaper genres, of which three main groups are usually distinguished in science:

1. Informational - note, report, interview, report.

Information genres in general are characterized by objectivity in the presentation of information. The main feature in this case is the novelty of the transmitted message in these texts. As a rule, they are aimed at prompt transmission of simple, primary information, facts, and events.

The information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. In the extended information, commentary parts are added, clarifying why, why, under what circumstances, and how exactly.

The report is characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, which combines descriptions of the active actions of a journalist to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem.

The modern interview is a multifunctional genre. It can be either informational (questions asked to an informed person about events), analytical (conversation about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).

2. Analytical - article, correspondence, review, etc.

The purpose of analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist of socially significant actual problem, the current state of affairs, events from the author’s point of view. The most common analytical genre is the problem article. It is characterized by logical presentation; it is based on reasoning, which is constructed as proof of the main thesis. An article can be either deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, or inductive reasoning - from premise to conclusion. Unlike reasoning in a scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, its main goal is to influence the reader. Various episodes of events and mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion and evaluates what is happening.

3. Artistic and journalistic - essay, sketch, conversation, feuilleton, etc. Imagery, emotional expressiveness, typification, the use of literary and artistic visual means, a number of linguistic and stylistic features - all this distinguishes this group of genres from the rest.

These genres give the reader the opportunity to perceive the problem in a figurative form. This is most clearly manifested in the essay. The nature of the essay largely depends on the object of the image: it can be problematic, portrait, travel, event. In the essay, one of the characters is the narrator, who talks about the event from the first (I-form) or from the third (He-form) person. The essay can be written on behalf of the narrator-journalist, on behalf of the hero of the essay, the narrator can also act as a voice-over observer or commentator. The image of the narrator brings into the essay a special emotional attitude towards the events and characters described. The narratives and reasoning in the essay are colored by the author’s emotional assessment. A distinctive feature of the essay is its depiction; it is characterized by vivid details that characterize the hero and the event.

The author's thought, the image of the author, is the center to which all the main features of the author's style converge and are determined. Thus, the author plays the most significant role in the formation of a journalistic picture of the world, identifying the nature of her speech, and the formation of newspaper and journalistic genres.

This gives rise to the special character of journalistic texts:

• - Subjective coloring. The palette of the author's feelings and colors varies from a dry listing of facts to pathos and pathos.
• - Confession. The author expresses his thoughts and feelings.
• - Documentation. The publicist is characterized by dynamism and immediate perception. The author seeks to record today's day, event, news.
• - Objectivity. The author seeks to expand the fund of knowledge, influence the formation of opinions and express the attitudes of that social group which he represents.
• - Sociality. The author's task is to correlate realities with the social interests and goals of certain groups.

In the genres of modern journalism, there is an increasing personal authorial tendency. The personal tendency and the tendency to increase information content determine the active process of the formation of new genres.

IN last years Significant changes have occurred in the genre system of journalism. Thus, the leading article disappeared from almost all newspapers. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. Bigger place In the newspaper, the genre of investigative journalism began to occupy a more prominent position than before. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables, conversations, express interviews, which allow you to find out information and opinions “first hand”. Minute or daily information updates correspond to dynamism modern era, which, as V.G. Kostomarov notes, “requires speed, efficiency and inconstancy, or rather, change, continuous change.” Currently, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre barriers and the emergence of hybrid genres. G.Ya. Solganik draws attention to the evolution of the genre system occurring in the last decade, associated with increased information content.

Journalism is a functional style of verbal art of a special kind, unique in form, material, method of approach to reality and means of influence. The most important constructive principle to which this style is subject, according to V.G. Kostomarov, is the principle of alternating expression and standard. Depending on the genre and the purpose of the text, either one or the other is enhanced. If the author seeks to awaken a certain attitude towards information, then expression comes to the fore (which is observed, for example, in pamphlets, feuilletons, etc.). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., in which the desire for maximum information content is projected, the standard prevails, since it is the standard that ensures the speed of information transfer, saving the effort of perception, and helps to quickly respond to what is happening described in the text. Thus, these features correlate with the interaction of two main functions of journalism: informational and influencing.

The selection of events in journalism is determined by their social significance. Socially significant events include events of public interest: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theater premieres, sporting events, etc. They are often of a repetitive nature, so information about these events is standard, and stereotypical expressions are used when covering it (the theater season opened with a premiere, a match between teams took place).

The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of evaluative means, the main one of which is metaphor, as well as other means of emotional influence. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.

The search for ways to enhance expression within the framework of a journalistic style causes a rapid transition of expression into a standard, when linguistic elements that turned out to be the most successful in terms of expressiveness begin to be used or replicated by many newspapers. Due to the loss of clear and precise semantics, expressive-evaluative qualities, and increased frequency of use by standard formulas, they become cliches. In general, the “conflicting” relationship between expression and standard manifests itself differently in different genres, but is always a constructive feature of a given functional style.

Journalistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in genres (article, essay, feuilleton, reportage, interview, oratory) and serves to influence people through the media. It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality and appeal.

Genres of journalistic style: journalistic article, essay, speech, pamphlet, feuilleton, appeal.

Stylistic features: appeal, collectivity and evaluativeness.

The journalistic style combines two functions: the function of reporting, information about certain social phenomena, facts and the function of influence, i.e. an open assessment of the problems presented in order to influence both the thoughts and feelings of readers (listeners), to attract them to support the position that the author takes and defends. In the journalistic style, there is a preliminary selection of linguistic means. In the journalistic style, in addition to neutral words, high solemn words and phraseological units (fatherland, march, rise, stand to death, etc.), emotionally charged words, interjections, particles, simple syntactic constructions, exclamations, repetitions, rhetorical questions are widely used. In accordance with the main purpose of this style, it uses socio-political, moral and ethical words and phraseological units (parliament, the economic growth, politeness, compassion, charity, black gold,)

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style of the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. Emotionality artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.

Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.
Typical for an artistic style of speech attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general. Remember" Dead Souls"N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the “face” of the author’s contemporary Russia.
World fiction - this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, and therefore, in artistic style speeches the most important role plays subjective moment. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
Let's analyze a short excerpt from N. Tolstoy's story "A Foreigner Without Food": “Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty.” "Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life as loss. Free admission." A bearded man and a lady were wandering in an empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist; he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: all the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background there were pagodas on fire. The booklet about Alina said: “The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite.” I wonder where and how they teach how to write art criticism texts? They're probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides there are angels blowing pioneer horns, and in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text spends little time outdoors, relies on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life complicated by something"
What we have before us is not an objective presentation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind whom the author is clearly visible. The text is based on a combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text interpreting the content of the paintings. These plans are expressed stylistically in different ways; the bookishness and abstruseness of the descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through showing the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, and the ability to write such art criticism texts.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.
The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style includes figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life.
It is very widely used in the artistic style of speech the speech polysemy of a word, revealing meanings and shades of meaning in it, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the finest shades values. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of visual arts from colloquial speech and vernacular.
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other. For example, the adjective “lead” in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning - “lead ore”, “lead bullet”, in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor - “lead clouds”, “lead night”. Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.
For artistic speech, especially poetic, it is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring.
Syntactic structure of literary speech reflects the flow of the author’s figurative and emotional impressions, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.
In artistic speech it is possible and deviations from structural norms in order for the author to highlight some thought or feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

TOPIC 5.PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE

§ 1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)

IN Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism. Journalism- this is a special type literary works, which highlight and explain current issues of socio-political life and raise moral issues.

The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.

Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).

Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.

Journalistic style is represented by many genres:

1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;

2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;

3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;

4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;

§ 2. Functions of journalistic style

One of important features journalistic style is a combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).

Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.

The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).

In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

§ 3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech

Lexical features

1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech cliches), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.

Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.

Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.

2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on politicalarena , behind the scenes struggle,role leader,dramatic events famous in politicstrick , nightmarescenario and etc.

3. A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.

4. In a journalistic style special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice, army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.

5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its own way. direct meaning, but figuratively (texts containing these words can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).

6. Passive words may be used as an evaluative means in journalism. vocabulary– archaisms. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow.

Morphological characteristics

We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:

1) singular plural noun: Russian man always had endurance; Teacher always knows student ;

2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis and etc.;

3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!

4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;

5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;

6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.

Syntactic features

The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:

1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?

2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!

3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);

4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.

Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.

Questions and tasks

1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?

2. Name the genres of journalism.

3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).

4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?

5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?

Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"