Main features of conversational style. Russian language

There are different styles of speech in the Russian language. Each of them has its own characteristic features, which allow you to distinguish them from each other. One of these is the conversational style of speech. It also has its own language features and functions. What is conversational style of speech?

The style of speech, the functions of which is to enable people to exchange thoughts, knowledge, feelings, impressions, and also simply maintain contact with each other, is called colloquial.

This includes family, friendly, everyday business, and informal professional relationships. This style is mainly used in everyday life, which is why its second name is “household”.

Conversational style speech, the definition of its main features and the identification of features developed ordinary people during for long years. Much has changed, but the main features that are not found in other styles of speech have remained unchanged:

• Ease. A person may, in the process of communication, express his opinion about certain events, or he may not. Therefore, such communication is informal.
• Spontaneity. This sign is that the speaker does not prepare to express his opinion, but does it spontaneously during a conversation. At the same time, he thinks more about the content of his words than their correct delivery. In this regard, when people communicate, there is often inaccuracy in phonetic and lexical terms, as well as carelessness in the construction of sentences.
• Situational. It assumes dependence on the existing situation in which contact between people occurs. Thanks to the specific setting, time and place of communication, the speaker can shorten his statement. For example, when going shopping at a store, a person can briefly say to the seller: “Please, one sliced ​​​​and a carton of milk.”
• Expressiveness. Characteristic spoken language It also differs in that when communicating, people dramatically change their tone of voice, intonation, rhythm, pause, and logical emphasis.
• Use of non-verbal means. During a conversation, people very often use facial expressions and gestures that help them better express their feelings.

The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features, allows you to understand how it differs from other text styles.

What genres is the style used in?

Spoken language describes how people interact with each other. In this regard, there are certain substyles and genres of such language. Substyles of conversational style of speech are divided into colloquial-official and colloquial-everyday.

Genres of conversational style of speech are represented by the following categories:

Genres and substyles of colloquial speech allow us to understand how language is used in a given situation and how it differs. After all, the text in different styles characterized differently.

Linguistic features of everyday language

Features of the conversational style of speech lie primarily in pronunciation. Often people put the wrong emphasis, which is unacceptable for more rigorous texts, for example, written in a scientific style.

Lexical features

Lexical features in colloquial speech indicate the ease of communication and its expressive flavor. During a conversation, people often change words in one part or another, for example, they say angry, smart, wise, sarcastic, jabber, bother, quietly, little by little, well, and so on.

In everyday speech, phraseological units are often used, because a person has a dominant way of thinking in everyday communication. Observing some phenomenon, he makes a generalization. Examples: “There is no smoke without fire”, “The grave will straighten the hunchback”, “Slower than water, lower than the grass” and so on.

The linguistic features of the conversational style also lie in the fact that this style of text has its own word formation. Nouns often change their suffixes, for example, good man, old man, huckster, reveler, feeder, and so on.

Conversational style text may also contain words that refer to persons female according to their specialty, position, occupation, for example, director, secretary, doctor. In addition, there are suffixes of subjective assessment, thanks to which the message acquires the greatest color, for example, thief, naughty girl, little house, feisty and others.

Colloquial adjectives can also change their suffixes like this: big-eyed, big-tongued. In addition, people often apply the prefix “pre” to adjectives, resulting in pre-kind, pre-nice, pre-unpleasant, and so on. Verbs that speak about everyday speech look like this: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.

Morphological features

Morphological features of the colloquial style of speech imply the use of parts of speech in the wrong case. For example, nouns in the prepositional case: he is on vacation, a plural noun in the nominative or genitive case: agreements, not contracts, several tomatoes, not tomatoes, and so on.

Syntactic features

The characteristic features in the field of syntax in the colloquial style of speech are very unique. The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed as follows:

• the most common form of dialogue is used;
• they speak in monosyllabic sentences, and if they use complex constructions, they are mostly complex and non-conjunctive;
• often use interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
• use sentence words that express affirmation, negation, etc.;
• make extensive use of incomplete sentence structures;
• interrupt communication or abruptly switch to another thought for some reason, for example, due to excitement;
• use introductory words and phrases that have different meanings;
• use inserted sentences that break the main structure in order to explain something, clarify something, and so on;
• often use emotional and imperative interjections;
• repeat words such as “No, no, no, that’s not true.”
• inversion is used to emphasize the meaning of a particular word;
• use special forms of the predicate.

The syntactic characteristics of conversational style include the use complex sentences, in which the parts are connected by lexical-syntactic means. So, in the first part there is an assessment of the action, and the second part substantiates the first, for example, “Good girl, she did everything right.”

In order to better understand what kind of language this is, an example of a colloquial style of speech should be given:

“Can you imagine, Petrovna, I go into the barn today, and Mikey is gone! I screamed and screamed at her, but she didn’t respond! Then I went to all the neighbors and asked them if anyone had seen it. But alas... Then I decided to go to our local police officer, he accepted the application and promised to sort everything out.”

Another example of a conversational style of speech in the form of dialogue:

- Hello! Are there tickets to Nizhny Novgorod for tomorrow evening?
- Good afternoon! Yes, at 17.30.
- Great! Please reserve one for me at this time.
- Okay, give me your passport and wait.
- Thank you!

Having considered what a conversational style of speech is, it becomes clear that this is simple arbitrary communication between people, which has its own characteristic features.

The functions of the conversational style are to enable members of society to interact with each other in an informal setting. Ministry of Education

Russian Federation

Tolyatti State Academy of Service Department of Russian and»

foreign languages

Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech.”

On the topic: “Features of conversational style.”

Completed by: student

Groups T – 301

Averyanova E. V.

Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.

Togliatti 2005

1. Features of conversational style………………………………………… 3

2. Colloquial vocabulary……………………………………………………… 6

3. Morphology of conversational style……………………………………….. 8

4. Syntax of conversational style…………………………………………… 10

List of references…………………………………………………………… 14

1. Features of conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that serves the field of oral communication or oral communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e., informal, non-work relations. This style is more often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its “original” form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, facial expression, etc. Intonation, logical stress, tempo, and pauses play a huge role in spoken speech. In conditions of relaxed communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relationships, has the opportunity to demonstrate his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms

and syntactic structures.

The most common factors of the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech during communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from uniform: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and lack of preparation for communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor - the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example in personal correspondence. On the contrary, with oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, “impersonal”.

Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these linguistic means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is decisive (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to a very widespread illusion among non-specialists that colloquial speech has no norms at all: whatever you say, so be it. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made constructions in speech. Phraseological phrases, various kinds of cliches, i.e. standardized linguistic means corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates the imaginary or, in any case, limited “freedom” of the speaker. Colloquial speech is subject to strict laws and has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that factors from book and written speech in general are perceived as alien in colloquial speech. Strict (albeit unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm for oral speech that has not been prepared in advance.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of ​​the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady and vague, and normativity itself sharply weakens. Relaxed everyday dialogical speech consisting of short remarks allows for significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.

2. Colloquial vocabulary.

Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used spoken words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Commonly used vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), the latter is adjacent to vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquialism, on the verge of literary use, not rude in nature, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potatoes, ingenuity instead of intelligence, become instead of happen, get fined instead of to be at fault; 2) extraliterary, rude colloquialism, for example: drive up instead of to achieve, to plop instead of fall, weave instead of talk nonsense, wander around, wander around instead of walk around without la; This includes actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; weakling, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - usually when depicting negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes V such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, names of varieties brown bear: vulture, fescue, antbird etc.), dialectisms (talk - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (pleisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; new guy, new guy - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargons arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes; some argotisms were preserved from the speech habits of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations (for example, in the language of youth: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style consists of commonly used words, both colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes elusive; it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are labeled with different marks (for example, the words squat, really in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” - as colloquial; words richer, carminative, sour in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, but in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” they do not have a mark, i.e. they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S.I. Ozhegova expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words noted in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double label - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive connotation, marked “affectionate”, “playful”, “abusive”, “ironic”, “diminutive”, “contemptuous”, etc.

In a conversational style, words with specific meanings are usually used (storage room, locker room), names of persons (Chatterbox, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superlity, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krohobor, ogoro sew), there are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unscrew e meaning “to lose the ability to restrain”). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely - with book ones. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of colloquial style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. Relative activity morphological categories words and individual word forms in colloquial style is different than in other functional styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the “accompanying” feature: “And I’m sitting writing”; "They have
they punish me, but I regret not punishing”; “I see: he’s walking unsteadily.”
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with revolutions like
“Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf.”(or
"lying on the shelf") makes up the design: "Please get it
pliers... they’re on the shelf over there.”(or: "over there on the shelf").

In colloquial speech, forms in -а(-я), (-в)shi(с),
resembling participles: “I haven’t gotten up all day on Monday
lay”, “go further without turning back to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course they are adjectives.

The ratio of full and short adjectives in the colloquial style is different than in other styles. Short forms of most qualitative adjectives are not used, preference is given to short adjective type grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms are not typical, as well as an adjective meaning that the measure does not correspond to the quality of the type “The dress is too short for you.”

In colloquial everyday style, non-nominal words (pronouns, particles) have become more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: “Be kind, get me that... well... what’s on the top shelf... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, like that... you know...”, “Hello... It’s you... where is he?” etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill forced pauses in conversational speech: “Well... since you came... well... be, well... consider yourself guest"; “Well... I don’t know... do as you wish”; “But Pavel is right... but he still... found it, that means... solved the problem.”

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are on average 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech- 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; There are respectively 39-82-114-152 adjectives per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of the noun, the most active is the nominative case form, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. prevalence of constructions with “nominative themes” (“buy there... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here's another... sausage... don't forget it”; “And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?") as well as the use of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additions and clarifications (“And you go straight, straight... there’s a house there... so you’re passing by”; “Well, You can’t remember everyone... Sveta... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in countable form in the meaning of “portion of this substance”: two milks(two bags or bottles), two sour cream, two borscht and so on.

The feminine form is also activated when denoting a profession or position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of “doctor”).

4. Conversational style syntax.

The most unique feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of spoken language is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

Direct contact between participants in a speech act, instant consideration of the interlocutor’s extra-linguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of dialogue, and attachment to the situation determine various kinds incompleteness, lack of understanding of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, they are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a significant time after such a conversation, a person says: “Oh, I don’t know, I don’t know.” Thanks to its special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main clause, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: “...what will happen next (...what will come of it).” There are even more reasons to talk about the main independent thing when a pronoun is used in a sentence such or adverb So, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses: “Your ones are not so dirty hands...", "I can sew so well..."

Sentences are used as “independent subordinate clauses” only in cases where the content of the unsubstituted main element included in them is expressed in intonation and a conjunction or a conjunction word or is suggested by the structure of the sentence itself: that she is, that she is not(instead of "It doesn't matter that she exists, that she is not there").

The colloquial style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or “unsubstituted syntactic positions.” They are studied in particular detail in the monograph “Russian Colloquial Speech”.

For example, the unsubstituted syntactic position of the predicate verb in constructions like he's home. The fact that such a statement will be correctly understood outside the context proves its systematic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “ Where are you going?" - “Only to the store”; verbs of speech: " Not very interesting - keep it short »; « Well, this is my praise to you »;

verbs with a meaning close to the meaning "address": “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; “to practice, to study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "read, study": “Well, with my knowledge of German, I could probably read this book in a week”; with a value close to the value “beat”: “It’s great that they hit him”, “I think it’s his stick” etc. The verb in indefinite form: “We should go to the theater tomorrow,” “I couldn’t talk about that.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved different ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus attention on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of the sentence; it takes over the logical stress and is separated from the unstressed noun by a connective be: there was a small river; they were great mushrooms. As noted by O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech: “So I like her!”, “Try and take her, so she will start biting! Use of stressed pronouns such as, some, no allows you to maintain the appearance of constant emotional intensity of speech: “It was so hot, terrible”; “there was such a noise”; “And we bought these flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative topic. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device whose purpose is to attract
the reader's or listener's attention to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech “arises from the desire to highlight a given representation and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this representation -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will now be said about this object
it is also said that for now this object must be observed; Next
moment the thought itself is expressed.”

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: The sky/it everything is in clouds; Lecture/where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich/ Nikolai Stepanovich will not be there today; Sausage / cut, please; She I really liked the picture. ABOUT. Sirotina identifies “nominative themes” in “qualitative situations”, widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect) but also in written speech. These constructions are characterized by a pronounced meaning of the qualitative characteristics of the subject: Grandma - she will talk everyone out(i.e. chatty).

Characteristic of colloquial speech and addition construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrasal boundary (You did this on purpose, right? Damp log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions (Want \did grandma bake a pie?); overlay designs (This is the TV center, and her - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who (Come in - those who are going to the procedures!).

In colloquial speech there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of a phrase, therefore the main means of actual division is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech the order of words does not play a role at all in the expression of actual division. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire for preposition of that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonation structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more strongly accented). For example: I like it very much this theater(in neutral written speech it would probably sound like this: I really like this theater); In Sochi... no... I won’t go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but he gets more tired in the 100-meter race than in the 200-meter race. Active means of actual division of colloquial speech are special emphatic words and repetitions: What about the teachers' council? Today will not be?; For how many years now he has been vacationing in Gelendzhik every year... in Gelendzhik.

Bibliography

1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Education, 1978. – 256 p.

2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. – 528 p.

3. Goykhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. and others. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.

4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for Russian language classes. - M.: Education, 1984. – 255 p.

5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to speech development. – M.: Education, 1987. – 288 p.

In the conversational style, for which the oral form is primordial, the most important role is played by the sound side of speech, and above all by intonation: it is this (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of conversationality. Casual speech is characterized by sharp increases and decreases in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, chanting of syllables, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich we say San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension in the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not hello, does not speak, but “grit”, not now, but “ter”, instead we hear “buim”, instead of what - “cho”, etc.). This “simplification” is especially noticeable spelling standards in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common parlance.

The vocabulary of conversational style is divided into two large groups: 1) common words (day, year, work, sleep, early, possible, good, old); 2) colloquial words (potato, reading room, zapravsky, perch). It is also possible to use colloquial words, professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, that is, various extra-literary elements that reduce style. All this vocabulary is predominantly of everyday content, specific. At the same time, the range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced connotation here. The use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) is typical - opener, pretty, nutcrackers (instead of nutcrackers), uvnuchit (modeled on adopt).

In the colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, so instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - vecherka, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story building - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are transformed and instead of two words one is used: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave- maternity leave.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or vague meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, thing, matter, history. Close to them are “empty” words that acquire a certain meaning only in context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: Where are we going to put this bandura? (about the closet); We know this music!..

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at a stone’s throw, unexpectedly, like water off a duck’s back, etc.),

The word formation of colloquial speech is characterized by features determined by its expressiveness and evaluativeness: here suffixes of subjective evaluation are used with the meanings of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, honey, sunshine, child; crooked, vulgar, homely; cold, etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional connotation of colloquialism, for example in nouns: suffixes -k- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); -yatina (yummy); -sha (for feminine nouns, names of professions: doctor, conductor, usher, etc.). Suffixless formations are used (snoring, dancing), word formations (lounger, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning: eye-asty, bespectacled, tooth-asty; biting, pugnacious; thin, healthy, etc., as well as verbs - prefix-suffixal: play naughty, talk, play, suffixed: jerk, speculate; healthy; prefixed: lose weight, buy, drink, etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling words are used - adjectives, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is so huge, huge; the water is black, black; she is big-eyed, smart, smart), serving as superlatives.

In the field of morphology, the colloquial style is distinguished by the special frequency of verbs; they are used here even more often than nouns. The particularly frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns is also indicative. As Professor G.Ya. notes. Solganik, “personal pronouns are widely used due to the constant need to designate the participants” of a conversation. “Any dialogue (and this is the main form of conversational speech) presupposes I - the speaker, you - the suggestor, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and he - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation. You can put any content into the formula I - you - he. Demonstrative pronouns and others are needed in conversational style due to their inherent breadth and generality of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very compressed transmission of this or that information (for example: It’s not here, but there). Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without prior mention of a specific word (I won’t take that; This one doesn’t suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used (mother’s work, grandfather’s gun), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, and for particles and interjections, colloquial speech is their native element (What can I say! That’s the thing! God forbid you even remember about it! It’s a surprise for you!).

In a conversational style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshop, mechanic), numerals (fifty, five hundred), verbs (I’ll read, but I won’t read, raise, and not raise, not apparently not heard). In live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found that have the meaning of instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock, etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve; And the grasshopper jumped into the grass. We use colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (better, shorter, harder than everyone), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently, most likely) and variant endings of pronouns (the hostess herself, in their house). Even colloquial forms are found here in humorous contexts (her boyfriend, her comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive case are fixed plural such nouns as kilogram, gram, orange, tomato, etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the conversational style allows the use of material nouns in combination with numerals (two milks, two fermented baked milk - in the meaning of “two servings”). Here, peculiar forms of address are common - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Roll! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: the nominative dominates here, which in oral remarks replaces the book controlled forms. For example: He built a dacha - the station is nearby; I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur; Porridge - look! (conversation in the kitchen); Shoe House - where to go? (in the bus); Turn left, crosswalk and sporting goods store. Particularly consistent Nominative case replaces all others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred and three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three); had three dogs (three dogs).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very unique, which is due to its oral form and vivid expression. Here they dominate simple sentences, often incomplete, of the most varied structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in speech, which is quite understandable to the speakers: Please show me in the line (when buying notebooks); I don’t want Taganka (when choosing theater tickets); From the heart to you? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: Were you wearing a hat here? They love to watch until they are sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of unprepared speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. This fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall details and complements the statement.

Complex sentences are not typical for colloquial speech; non-union sentences are used more often than others: If I leave, it will be easier for you; You speak, I listen. Some non-union colloquial constructions are not comparable with any lower phrases. For example: Is there a lot of choice there or haven’t you been?; And next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is placed first: Buy me a computer; Paid in foreign currency; The most terrible thing is that nothing can be done; Palace Square, are you coming out?; These are the qualities I value. At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don’t know where to get water anyway; I know hunger and what cold is; Are you asking about her and what did I do? As Professor N.S. notes. Valgina, “simple and complex sentences can be contaminated when subordinate clauses are included in a simple sentence as its members.” For example: Literature is when the reader is as talented as the writer (Light); Kizh Lake is where fishermen used to catch fish for seven years, and for another seven years they mowed grass in the same place (Prishv.). Subordinate clauses are included in the listed series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence (You are asking about your faces and what I noticed in them (Adv.)).

Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by a weakening of the function of the subordinate clause, its merging with the main one, and structural reduction: You could talk about whatever you wanted; You will work with whomever they order; Call whoever you want; I live as I have to.

A number of conversational types of sentences can combine question-answer constructions and reflect the structural features of dialogic speech, for example: Whom I respect on the course is Ivanov; Who I need is you.

The following features of conversational syntax should be noted:

• * Use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Faith, she comes late; The district police officer noticed it.
• * Placement of an important word from the subordinate clause at the beginning of the sentence: I like bread to always be fresh.
• * Use of sentence words: Okay; Clear; Can; Yes; No; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Not really! Maybe.
• * The use of plug-in structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was still young then), he was joking; And we, as you know, are always happy to have a guest; Kolya - he in general a kind person- wanted to help...
• * Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say, you know.
• * Wide use lexical repetitions: Well, well, just about there, barely, far, far, quickly, quickly, etc.

In conclusion, we note that the conversational style in to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality linguistic features that go beyond the normal literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary norm. Each of the functional styles has developed its own own standards, which should be taken into account. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm may vary depending on the intra-style stratification of the conversational style. It contains varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular speech that has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent people, educated people It is completely literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the book, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

Signs of a colloquial style of speech: presence of address, common colloquial words and jargon, use incomplete sentences, phraseological units, dialectisms, particles, repetitions, inconsistent phrases:

Kostya! How can?! Again the backpack is on the floor in the middle of the corridor!

I bought myself yesterday new mouse, a new “claveboard”, and “webcams” ​​in mall I didn't like it. There's something strange there... I'll look at it in another store this week. In the meantime, I’ll “get by” without a camera.

Apparently, the neighbor drank away his salary again. Look, the neighbor has been nagging him since yesterday.

And where did our Maxim go?

Ira! Ira! Wait for us on the corner, we'll be there in a minute! Yes, soon, soon, wait!

He said that we would all go to the cinema together on Saturday, but now he has backed down. Laziness, they say, has overcome. If only I could scrape together some money, let's go eat some ice cream. It's the weekend after all...

But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all! And I will never love you. And what is my fault?

Apparently, a series about fairies on TV has begun. This one is yours, Winx. I look: at least one girl is playing on the playground in the yard. They were just there, but now they’re not. It was as if a cow had licked them all with its tongue.

The conversational style is appropriate in the sphere of everyday, everyday and professional informal relationships. The predominant form of speech is oral (conversation, conversation), but it is possible to use a conversational style in some genres of written speech - personal diaries, notes, private letters.

In texts of the colloquial style, to a greater extent than in texts of other styles, the function of communication, or communicative, is realized.

The main properties of conversational style texts include informality, ease, unpreparedness of communication, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means, participation of gestures, facial expressions, dependence on the situation, characteristics and relationships of speakers, a lower degree of regulation compared to book styles.

Since spoken texts are predominantly oral, a special role is played by means of the phonetic level - intonation, pauses, rhythm, tempo of speech, logical stress. Unlike other genres that exist in oral form - a scientific report, a political speech, a lecture - conversational texts are characterized by incomplete, sometimes unclear pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, fast pace speech. The orthoepic, or pronunciation, norm of colloquial speech allows for options: Hello, Leksey Mikhalych (Hello, Alexey Mikhailovich), “agreement” with stress on the first syllable (in a scientific report, lecture, speech, such stress is undesirable).

The vocabulary of conversational style texts is characterized by the predominance of concrete words over abstract ones (table, chair, sleep, eat), the widespread use of words with emotional-evaluative (eagle, dog - about a person) and colloquial-colloquial (sleep, get into trouble) coloring, as well as metaphors (vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka - about confusion; jelly, noodles, slob - about a sluggish, spineless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. Book, foreign language and terminological vocabulary is rarely used. A feature of conversational style texts are the so-called empty words, which can replace any other words (deed, thing, thing): “I drink without sugar, but with this thing (pie).” In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way: “Give me something to cover myself with (blanket, plaid, sheet). Speech occasionalisms are often used - words created in the process of speaking, and their meaning is clear without additional explanations (opener - can opener, squealers - high-heeled shoes). Synonyms are often used, including occasional ones, and it is permissible to expand the compatibility of words.

At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of colloquial style texts is realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of endearment, disapproval, magnification (cold, hot, belly, thin), repetitions of words (barely, big, very big). The tendency to save linguistic resources in colloquial style texts is manifested in the fact that a phrase can be replaced by one word (condensed milk - condensed milk, stew - stewed meat, minibus - minibus) and in the formation of new words by truncation (magician - tape recorder, teacher - teacher , video - video recorder, cash - cash, strain - tension).

At the level of morphology, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, the frequent use of personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), particles (well, well, after all), the use of interjections as predicates (He jumped into the water), the use present tense in the meaning of the past (this is what happened: I was walking, I looked, and he was standing and hiding), the presence of special vocative forms (Sash! Zhen!), as well as unchangeable forms (the mood is so-so), the absence of participles, gerunds and short forms adjectives. Only in colloquial texts is it permissible to simplify the declension of phrases (I don’t have one hundred and twenty-five rubles, ask Yegor Petrovich), the use case endings na –u (to leave the house, to be on vacation; cf.: to leave the house, to be on vacation), na –a in them. p.m. h. (agreements, sectors; cf.: agreements, sectors) and in gender. p.m. the number of zero endings in some words (orange, tomato, kilogram; cf.: oranges, tomatoes, kilograms), the use of comparative forms in – and with the prefix po- (stronger, faster, better, simpler; cf.: stronger, faster , better, simpler).

In the syntax of spoken texts, as well as at the phonetic, word-formation, lexical and morphological levels, general properties are realized - expressiveness, evaluativeness, the desire to save language resources, and lack of preparedness. This is manifested in the private use of incomplete sentences (I’m going to the store; Do you want coffee or tea?), impersonal 9It’s hot today), interrogative sentences (When will you be back?), incentive sentences (Come on quickly!), free word order (How to get to the Central Market?), in special predicates (And she’s dancing again; he’s sitting reading; he doesn’t know), omission in the main part of a complex sentence of a correlative word (Put it where you got it; cf.: Put it where you got it from), in the use of introductory, inserted constructions (I , I probably won’t come; Zoya will come (she’s my cousin)), interjections (Wow!). According to scientists, non-conjunctive and complex sentences predominate in colloquial texts over complex sentences (complex sentences in colloquial texts account for 10%, in texts of other styles - 30%). But the most common are simple sentences, the length of which on average ranges from 5 to 9 words.

Example of conversational style text:

My dear darling Anechka, I received your sweet letter, and I was very sad to read how the kids cried when I left. Dear little darlings! Tell them right now that dad remembers them, kisses them and calls them to St. Petersburg. I hug and kiss continuously and bless you. I, Anya, am still unwell, my nerves are very irritated, and my head is like a fog, everything seems to be spinning. Never before, even after the most severe seizures, has such a state happened to me. Very hard. It’s like sleep and drowsiness, and they still can’t wake me up. I should take at least a couple of weeks' rest from work and incessant worries - that's what. (Dostoevsky F.M. Complete collected works: In 30 volumes. T.29. Book 1.M., 1986, P.2-9).

The conversational style text is presented in this case in written form, although the most common is the oral form. TO general properties The text can be attributed to informality, ease (the author and addressee of the letter are close people), and the lack of careful selection of linguistic means.

The text of the letter mainly uses neutral vocabulary, although there are also colloquial words (dad, at least, it’s necessary). The emotional character of the text is given by words with evaluative suffixes (darling, darlings, Anechka, week); verbs conveying the author’s state (remembers, kisses, blesses); figurative means of language, for example comparisons (in the head it’s like fog, like sleep and drowsiness); expressive addresses (my dear darling Anechka, dear darlings); personal pronouns (I, them, with me, me), particles (same, even, at least, would). The syntax of the text is characterized by various types of sentences, free word order (you should rest for at least two weeks), and frequent use of homogeneous members. There are extremely short sentences (Very hard); there are even unfinished ones (...that's what). The composition of the text is free, factual information, description and narration, thematic means of communication, and emotional means of influencing the addressee prevail. The type of reaction of the addressee to the text is an emotion, an action (for example, a response letter).