The word journalistic is derived from Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.

The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, current topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics).

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information while simultaneously influencing the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

Logic,

Imagery,

Emotionality,

Evaluativeness,

Callability

and their corresponding linguistic means.

It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.

Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: important comes forward public problem, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.

On the other hand, for journalistic speech characteristic passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.

M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.

Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And from them oratory, the ability to master words often determines a person’s fate.

Lexical features of journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In the journalistic style, the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, raz(s), with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, - ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-. Complex and compound words and stable figures of speech are widely used in the genres of journalism.

Emotional means of expressiveness in journalistic style of speech

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning words, words with a bright emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means artistic style speeches with the difference, however, that their main appointment becomes not the creation of artistic images, but namely influencing the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language may include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation.

Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost), it can intensify grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not so much..., but).

This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particular important words, turns, individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of the revival of previously known words, but which have acquired a new meaning. These are, for example, the words: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.

Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form often act as predicates imperative mood, reflexive verbs.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Sample text of journalistic style

As our correspondent reports, yesterday central regions Penza region An unprecedented thunderstorm passed. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of lightning strikes.

Added to this one more thing natural disaster: Heavy rain caused severe flooding in places. Some damage done agriculture. Rail and road communications between neighboring areas were temporarily interrupted. (Information note in the newspaper)

Journalistic style (= newspaper-journalistic)

Style is presented in newspapers, in magazines addressed to the mass reader, in speeches by journalists on radio and television, in speeches of public and political figures, rallies, congresses, meetings, etc. Style is realized in oral and written form.

Subjects journalistic texts practically unlimited: political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical topics, issues of art and culture, issues of education, etc. are covered. Journalism is called the “chronicle of modernity”: it reflects the living history of our society. Feature: in a journalistic style, as a rule, they talk about the most modern, relevant events for society.

Genres of journalism:

Information - provide information. This:

 Information note (chronicle note), or chronicle . This is a selection of news messages: the time, place, event is indicated, described using different forms of the verb (will take place, is open, continues, will gather, etc.) (eg: Yesterday an exhibition opened in the Hermitage. Today in Paris issues related to ... Tomorrow the summit will continue).

 Reportage. This is a genre in which the story of an event is conducted simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. Characteristic: the present tense of the verb, the pronoun “I” or “we” (meaning “me and my companions”), inclusion in the text of a more or less detailed author’s commentary, then the text is an alternation of fragments telling about the event and insertions, reasoning author; sometimes the text is preceded by a comment from the editor (eg: We are in the assembly hall. I see that the rescuers have already appeared. The rescuer is now attaching the ladder).

 Interview (informational). A genre that exists in a dialogical form - oral or written (recorded conversation; in this case, the written text conveys some signs of spontaneous oral speech, as evidenced, in particular, by interjections, colloquial vocabulary, incomplete sentences, picking up remarks, asking again, etc.). The journalist conducts a dialogue with the person answering his questions. The genre allows you to introduce the reader to the life and views of the person he is interested in, and present the material in a lively and interesting way. The dialogical form facilitates the perception of the material. An informational interview provides answers to questions about the details of the event. Interviews in which a person’s characteristics are given in parallel with a discussion of various significant problems are also popular. Often the interview is preceded by an introduction that briefly outlines the situation in which the interview is being conducted; information about the person being interviewed is provided.

 Report.

 Review. A journalist speaks on behalf of a team, organization, party, etc.

Analytical - give analysis. These are the genres:

 Analytical interview. Contains an extensive dialogue about problem: Journalist asks questions about the creature problems, the interlocutor answers.

 Article. A genre that presents the results of a fairly serious study of an event or problem. The main feature of the genre is the logic of presentation of the material, reasoning: from any statement to its justification. Syntactic features: conjunctions and introductory words are used to denote a logical connection. Lexical features: there are terms and words with an abstract meaning. But reasoning can be emotionally colored. This genre is characterized by a combination of bookish and colloquial evaluative vocabulary, the use of short sentences, etc. The article may include various inserts: descriptions of significant events, mini-interviews, etc.

 Review - review of a work of art, film, etc.

 Comment.

 Review.

 Correspondence. A genre that talks not about a single fact, as in a newsreel, but about a number of facts that are analyzed, their reasons are clarified, their assessment is given, and conclusions are drawn. Compared to a chronicle note, in correspondence the volume of reported material expands, the nature of the presentation changes: more diverse language means are used, and an individual style of writing appears.

Artistic and journalistic genres. These are a kind of hybrid genres that combine features of journalistic and literary-artistic styles:

 Essay. A genre that requires a figurative, concrete presentation of a fact or problem. Essays can be:

- problematic (events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning);

- portrait;

- travel (description of the trip);

- event-based (story about the event).

The essay must convincingly combine expressively conveyed events, convincing images of characters, and evidence-based reasoning. People, events and problems are presented in the light of the author's emotional assessment.

 Feuilleton - a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, ridiculing or condemning any shortcomings, ugly phenomena (for example: “Letters to Auntie” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, feuilleton poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Newspaper”, etc. ).

 Pamphlet - a topical journalistic work of a sharply satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone or something (for example: individual chapters of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev, “Letter to Gogol” by V. G. Belinsky , “I Can’t Be Silent” by L.N. Tolstoy). Etc.

Substyles of journalistic style:

official analytical;

information and analytical;

reporting;

feuilleton;

rally, etc.

General features of the journalistic style:

The most important feature is a combination of two functions of language: the message function (= information function) and the influence function. The speaker resorts to a journalistic style when he needs not only to convey information, but also to make an impact on the addressee (often mass). The addressee conveys facts and expresses his attitude towards them. The addressee feels that the journalist is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his beliefs. Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, persuade, and agitate.

The most important style-forming features of the journalistic style are evaluativeness and emotionality. Since the issues that the journalist raises (ethical conflicts, human rights, economic policy of the state, etc.) concern millions of people, it is impossible to write about these issues in dry language. Journalism borrows evaluative means from other styles (mainly colloquial and artistic).

But if for maximum impact on the addressee the journalistic style needs expressiveness, then for the speed and accuracy of transmitting information it needs accuracy, logic, formality, standardization. The standardization of speech in this case is that the journalist uses frequent linguistic means, stable speech patterns (clichés) (eg: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, pluralism of opinions, active life position, radical changes, on the other side of the barricades).

Speech standardization ensures:

 for the addressee (journalist) - speed in preparing information (the addressee shows particular interest in the latest events, so it is necessary to prepare the material very quickly);

 for the addressee - easier and faster assimilation of information (by skimming through a publication full of very familiar expressions, the reader can grasp the meaning without wasting time and effort).

Thus, the combination of expression and standard is the most important feature of the journalistic style.

Depending on the genre, expression comes to the fore (eg: pamphlet, feuilleton), then the standard (eg: newspaper article, newsreel).

Since works of journalistic style are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for selecting linguistic means in them is general availability these funds. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialects, or dialects that are incomprehensible to readers. slang words, complicated syntactic constructions, should not resort to too abstract imagery, etc.

Journalistic style is not closed, but open language system , so that journalists can freely refer to elements of other styles: conversational, artistic, scientific. Thus, in the journalistic style the elements interact quite freely different styles.

In journalistic works, it is of great importance author's style - a style of writing characteristic of a particular journalist.

In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person. It is typical for journalism coincidence of author and narrator , which directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.

At the same time, in each specific text the journalist creates author's image through which he expresses his attitude to reality. The image of the author as a compositional speech category can vary and change its form in relation to the genre, for example:

IN review the journalist speaks on behalf of the team, organization, party, constructing a “collective image” of the narrator;

IN feuilleton, pamphlet This is a conventional image of an ironic, irreconcilable, practically minded narrator.

But, no matter what genre we are talking about, the author’s position, in general, always coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting the material he has obtained to readers. This, in particular, inspires the reader’s trust in the journalist and his material, respect for the journalist for his personal position, for his sincerity and concern.

The journalistic style uses: monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in interviews), direct speech.

Journalistic style called official style Media (means mass media), including - reports, notes, interviews, etc. This style is more often used in written speech, less often in oral forms of the same reports or public speeches of political and public figures.

Examples of journalistic style:.

The general features of this style include:

• emotionality and imagery of speech - to create the necessary atmosphere;
• evaluativeness and confidence - for interest;
• logic of presentation based on irrefutable facts - to give the speech credibility and information content;
• call of readers (listeners) to action and public accessibility;
• easy and clear presentation.

We will talk about which language means you should not use when working on a book in the corresponding article.

Stay tuned!

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Journalistic style functions in certain stable forms - genres. Their circle can be designated as follows:

• 1. Newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, report, note, interview, etc.
• 2. Advertising - announcements, poster, slogan, etc.
• 3. Oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate, etc.
• 4. Television - analytical program, dialogue in live, news reports, etc.
• 5. Communication - teleconference, press conference, etc.
• 6. Network journalism.

We will consider newspaper genres, of which three main groups are usually distinguished in science:

1. Informational - note, report, interview, report.

Information genres in general are characterized by objectivity in the presentation of information. The main feature in this case is the novelty of the transmitted message in these texts. As a rule, they are aimed at prompt transmission of simple, primary information, facts, and events.

The information note tells about where, when, what event happened, is happening, will happen. In the expanded information, commentary parts are added, clarifying why, why, under what circumstances, how exactly.

The report is characterized by the presence of the author at the scene of the event. Modern reporting is often a mixed genre - informational and analytical, which combines descriptions of the active actions of a journalist to clarify the issue (interviews with eyewitnesses, participants in the event) and analysis of the problem.

The modern interview is a multifunctional genre. It can be either informational (questions asked of an informed person about events), analytical (conversation about a problem) or journalistic (portrait interview).

2. Analytical - article, correspondence, review, etc.

The purpose of analytical genres is the analysis by a journalist of socially significant actual problem, the current state of affairs, events from the author’s point of view. The most common analytical genre is the problem article. It is characterized by logical presentation; it is based on reasoning, which is constructed as proof of the main thesis. An article can be either deductive reasoning - from the main thesis to evidence, or inductive reasoning - from premise to conclusion. Unlike reasoning in a scientific article, reasoning in a newspaper article is emotional in nature, it main goal- impact on the reader. Various episodes of events and mini-interviews can be used as factual evidence. The author expresses his opinion and evaluates what is happening.

3. Artistic and journalistic - essay, sketch, conversation, feuilleton, etc. Imagery, emotional expressiveness, typification, use of literary and artistic visual arts, a number of linguistic and stylistic features - all this distinguishes this group of genres from the rest.

These genres give the reader the opportunity to perceive the problem in a figurative form. This is most clearly manifested in the essay. The nature of the essay largely depends on the object of the image: it can be problematic, portrait, travel, event. In the essay, one of the characters is the narrator, who talks about the event from the first (I-form) or from the third (He-form) person. The essay can be written on behalf of the narrator-journalist, on behalf of the hero of the essay, the narrator can also act as a voice-over observer or commentator. The image of the narrator brings into the essay a special emotional attitude towards the events and characters described. The narratives and reasoning in the essay are colored by the author’s emotional assessment. Distinctive feature The essay is figurative, it is characterized by vivid details that characterize the hero and the event.

The author's thought, the image of the author, is the center to which all the main features of the author's style converge and are determined. Thus, the author plays the most significant role in the formation of a journalistic picture of the world, identifying the nature of her speech, and the formation of newspaper and journalistic genres.

This gives rise to the special character of journalistic texts:

• - Subjective coloring. The palette of the author's feelings and colors varies from a dry listing of facts to pathos and pathos.
• - Confession. The author expresses his thoughts and feelings.
• - Documentation. The publicist is characterized by dynamism and immediate perception. The author seeks to record today's day, event, news.
• - Objectivity. The author seeks to expand the fund of knowledge, influence the formation of opinions and express the attitudes of that social group which he represents.
• - Sociality. The author's task is to correlate realities with the social interests and goals of certain groups.

In the genres of modern journalism, there is an increasing personal authorial tendency. The personal tendency and the tendency to increase information content determine the active process of the formation of new genres.

IN recent years Significant changes have occurred in the genre system of journalism. Thus, the leading article disappeared from almost all newspapers. Essays and feuilletons have almost disappeared. Bigger place In the newspaper, the genre of investigative journalism began to occupy a more prominent position than before. At the same time, genres based on dialogue are becoming popular: interviews, round tables, conversations, express interviews, which allow you to find out information and opinions “first hand”. Minute or daily information updates correspond to dynamism modern era, which, as V.G. Kostomarov notes, “requires speed, efficiency and inconstancy, or rather, change, continuous change.” Currently, the system of genres as a whole is characterized by the abolition of genre barriers and the emergence of hybrid genres. G.Ya.Solganik draws attention to the evolution of the genre system occurring in the last decade, associated with increased information content.

Journalism is a functional style of verbal art of a special kind, unique in form, material, method of approach to reality and means of influence. The most important constructive principle to which this style is subject, according to V.G. Kostomarov, is the principle of alternating expression and standard. Depending on the genre and the purpose of the text, either one or the other is enhanced. If the author seeks to awaken a certain attitude towards information, then expression comes to the fore (which is observed, for example, in pamphlets, feuilletons, etc.). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., in which the desire for maximum information content is projected, the standard prevails, since it is the standard that ensures the speed of information transfer, saving the effort of perception, and helps to quickly respond to what is happening described in the text. Thus, these features correlate with the interaction of two main functions of journalism: informational and influencing.

The selection of events in journalism is determined by their social significance. Socially significant events include events of public interest: these are meetings of heads of state, the adoption of new laws, theater premieres, sporting events, etc. They are often of a repetitive nature, so information about these events is standard, and stereotypical expressions are used when covering it (the theater season opened with a premiere, a match between teams took place).

The influencing function of texts in journalism is realized through a system of evaluative means, the main one of which is metaphor, as well as other means of emotional impact. Thus, the journalistic style constantly combines expressiveness and standardization.

The search for ways to enhance expression within the framework of a journalistic style causes a rapid transition of expression into a standard, when linguistic elements that turned out to be the most successful in terms of expressiveness begin to be used or replicated by many newspapers. Due to the loss of clear and precise semantics, expressive-evaluative qualities, and increased frequency of use by standard formulas, they become cliches. In general, the “conflicting” relationship between expression and standard manifests itself differently in different genres, but is always a constructive feature of a given functional style.

There are quite a lot of definitions of the concept “style”. If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish general provisions: style is: 1) a type of literary language, 2) which functions (acts) in a certain area social activities, 3) for which it uses specific features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing content specific to a given style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by factors (conditions) that are associated with the life of society itself. These factors are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:

· Sphere of social activity: science, law, politics, art, everyday life;

· Form of speech: written or oral;

· Type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

· Method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except conversational, relate to public communication);

· Genre of speech: in particular for journalistic style - note, article, report, etc.;

· Communication functions.

In each style, all the functions of language are implemented (communication, message, influence, etc.), but one is leading. For example, for scientific style this is a message, for journalistic - impact. Based on the listed factors, the following styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Let's take a closer look at the journalistic style.

Journalistic style is characteristic political sphere activities of society, functions in written and oral forms, manifests itself both in monologue and in dialogue and polylogue (discussion), is a public way of communication.

The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and in the world, as well as to form public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of standard (stable linguistic forms of expression) and expression (linguistic means that affect the reader’s emotions).

The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres that have different tasks in the process of communication and function in different conditions. Thus, journalistic genres include newspaper political information, editorials, notes, feuilletons, pamphlets, lyrical and journalistic articles, as well as slogans, appeals, appeals to citizens of the country, reviews of films and performances, satirical notes, essays, reviews, that is, all genres of mass communication (the language of newspapers, magazines , television and radio programs), as well as oral speech - public speaking on socio-political topics. Due to the variety of genres, characterizing the journalistic style raises many difficulties.

It should be borne in mind that the journalistic style, like all other styles, is a historical phenomenon and is subject to change, but in it, more than in other styles, changes are noticeable that are caused by socio-political processes in society. Thus, even a non-specialist can see changes in the modern newspaper style in comparison, for example, with the language of newspapers at the beginning of the century: the open appeal, sloganism, and directiveness of newspapers have disappeared; modern newspapers strive at least for the external argumentation of the presentation, the polemical nature of publications. However, the characteristic stylistic features of journalism have been preserved.

The journalistic style is primarily characterized by the desire to influence the reader and listener. So, the most important feature of the journalistic style is its influencing function, which can be denoted by the linguistic term " expressive function". This function of the journalistic style is inherent in all its genres in any socio-political conditions.

Characteristic feature of this style is also the informativeness of the presentation associated with the popularization function. The desire to convey something new to the reader and listener ensures the success of journalistic genres. The uniqueness of the functioning of the journalistic genre, for example, in newspapers, the conditions for preparing the material, different level The qualifications of numerous correspondents contribute to the emergence of standard linguistic means in newspaper texts. The standardization of linguistic means is generated both by repetition and by the fact that the search for expressive means is limited by time, and therefore ready-made expression formulas are used.

Thus, the typical features of a journalistic style are: the desire to influence the reader - an influencing function; information content; expressiveness due to the influencing function; presence of a standard in an expression. The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness manifests itself primarily in the assessment of events and phenomena. Evaluativeness is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation such as: wonderful, interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, etc.. Evaluativeness is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary : daring, Fatherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, feat of arms, etc.. On the other hand, assessment is expressed in colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary, for example: hype, rabid, renegades, etc.

A sharp, apt, figurative assessment is expressed using metaphors and personification, for example: The news is in a hurry, spring is raging, slander and hypocrisy are walking nearby.

In the journalistic style, foreign words and elements of words, in particular prefixes, are actively used a-, anti-, pro-, neo-. ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right, etc.). It is thanks to the media in lately The active dictionary of foreign words that are part of the Russian language has been significantly expanded - privatization, electorate, denomination and others. Evaluation can also be expressed using word-forming means, for example, suffixes superlatives adjectives, evaluation suffixes on nouns: highest, most interesting, most important, groupism, hazing, assault.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory and interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with a conversational coloring: particles, interjections, inversions, non-union proposals, omission of one or another member of a sentence, etc. Often the assessment is expressed in the headlines, therefore the requirements for expressiveness and catchiness are imposed on the title of articles. Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including sentence structure.

The information content of the journalistic style is achieved:

a) in a documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words;

b) the generality of the presentation, its analyticity;

c) “neutrality” of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with subordinating connections.

A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, special newspaper phraseology, newspaper cliches arise, for example: make a huge contribution, work with passion, honor sacredly, increase military traditions, universal human values, etc.

The journalistic style uses linguistic means of different styles, but the main stylistic features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.