What are visual and expressive means? Expressive means of language

Trails

Tropes are a word or expression used figuratively.

Functions of tropes:
1. Create an artistic image.
2. Give a more accurate description of the object, phenomenon, action.
3. Convey the author’s assessment of the depicted phenomena
2. Decorate the speech, make it brighter, more imaginative.

Epithet is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes some aspect of it characteristic property, quality.
And the waves of the sea beat against the stone with a sad roar. (M. Gorky) Moroz the governor patrols his domain. (A. Nekrasov). Come on, sing us a song, cheerful wind. (Lebedev-Kumach)

Comparison- comparison of two phenomena in order to clarify one of them with the help of the other.
Snezhnaya dust in a column standing in the air– comparison is expressed in the instrumental case. However, these were more like caricatures, than portraits (Turgenev). Below him is Kazbek, like the face of a diamond shone with eternal snows(Lermontov) – comparative turnover. Her love for her son was like madness (Gorky) – comparison is expressed lexically (using the words “similar”, “similar”) I lived quietly, I will die quietly, how in due time the leaf from this bush will dry out and fall off. (I. Bunin) – the comparison is expressed subordinate clause with the comparison value. “Not bream, but piglets , says our owner, “but they don’t bite.”(I. Severyanin) – negative comparison.

Metaphor is a word or expression that is used figuratively based on the similarity in some respect of two objects or phenomena.
Howl of the wind, high prices, low deeds, bitter truth, sea of flowers, sunset gold. People domesticated animals only in the dawn of human culture. (Prishvin).

Metonymy is a word or expression that is used figuratively on the basis of an external or internal connection between two objects or phenomena.
I ate three plates. (Krylov) - not the plates themselves, but what was in them. The whole field gasped. (Pushkin) - not the field itself, but the people who were there.

Synecdoche– a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them.
1) Everything is asleep - man, beast, and bird.(Gogol) - singular used instead of plural.
2) We all look at Napoleons(Pushkin) – plural instead of singular.
3) Do you need anything?- In the roof for my family. (Herzen) – part instead of the whole.
4) Most of all, save a penny(Gogol) – a specific name instead of a generic name, “kopek” instead of “money”.

Hyperbola– a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of size, strength, meaning, etc. any phenomenon. At one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed(Mayakovsky)

Litotes- a trope opposite to hyperbole and consisting in a clearly implausible, exorbitant understatement of properties, qualities, attributes, sizes, strength, meaning, etc. any phenomenon.
Tom Thumb; two steps from here. You have to bow your head below the thin piece of grass...(Nekrasov); Your Pomeranian, your lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble. (Griboyedov).

Allegory(from the Greek allegoria - allegory) – the depiction of abstract concepts in concrete images. For example, cunning is depicted in the form of a fox, stupidity and stubbornness - in the form of a donkey. Many of I.A.’s fables are based on an expanded allegory. Krylova. Some allegories are of a general linguistic nature: May there always be sunshine (may happiness remain constant).

Irony- allegorical words in which various phenomena lives are identified not by contiguity or similarity, but by their contrast. The word "irony" is used to denote a mocking attitude towards life. Calling it on purpose. As if feignedly, small by big, stupid by smart, ugly by beautiful, people express their disdainful, mocking attitude towards them.
Oh, what big man coming!(about the child). Welcome to my palace(about a small room). Hardly anyone would be flattered by such beauties u (about an ugly woman).

Personification- such an image of inanimate or abstract objects in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings - the gift of speech, the ability to think and speak, to feel.
Thunder muttered sleepily(Paustovsky). Silent sadness will be consoled, and playful joy will reflect(Pushkin).

Periphrase(or periphrase) – a turnover consisting of replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of it essential features or pointing to them characteristic features. Periphrasis is roundabout speech.
Author of "A Hero of Our Time"(instead of M.Yu. Lermontov). King of beasts(instead of lion). Kholmogory man= Lomonosov. Queen of the Night=moon. Foggy Albion= England. Northern Venice= St. Petersburg.

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are figures of speech that perform the function of enhancing expressiveness.

Anaphora (single beginning) is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement.
I love you, Peter's creation,
I love your strict, slender appearance.(A.S. Pushkin)

Epiphora- placing the same words or phrases at the end of adjacent verses, or stanzas, or prose paragraphs:
I would like to know why I am a titular councilor? Why titular adviser?(Gogol). Flows unabated rain, languid rain (V.Bryusov)

Antithesis– a pronounced opposition of concepts or phenomena. Antithesis contrasts different objects
The houses are new, but the prejudices are old.(A. Griboyedov).

Oxymoron– a combination of words that are directly opposite in meaning in order to show the inconsistency and complexity of a situation, phenomenon, or object. An oxymoron attributes opposite qualities to one object or phenomenon.
Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn.(S. Yesenin). It's arrived eternal moment . (A. Blok). Brazenly modest wild look . (Block) New Year I met alone. I'm rich, was poor . (M. Tsvetaeva) He's coming saint and sinner, Russian miracle man! (Tvardovsky). Huge autumn, old and young, in the frantic blue glow of the window.(A. Voznesensky)

Parallelism- this is the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences or segments of speech.
Young people are treasured everywhere, old people are honored everywhere.(Lebedev-Kumach).
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.(D. Likhachev)

Gradation- this is a stylistic figure consisting of such an arrangement of words in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (ascending gradation) or decreasing meaning, due to which an increase or decrease in the impression they make is created.
A) I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.(S. Yesenin).
IN senate I'll give it to you ministers, sovereign» (A. Griboyedov). "Not hour, Not day, Not year will leave"(Baratynsky). Look what a house - big, huge, enormous, really grandiose ! – increases, intonation-semantic tension intensifies – ascending gradation.

B) "Not a god, not a king, and not a hero"- words are arranged in order of weakening their emotional and semantic significance - descending gradation.

Inversion- this is the arrangement of the members of a sentence in a special order, violating the usual, so-called direct order, in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech. We can talk about inversion when stylistic goals are set with its use - increasing the expressiveness of speech.
Amazing our people! hand He gave it to me as a farewell.

Ellipsis- this is a stylistic figure that consists in the omission of any implied member of the sentence. The use of ellipsis (incomplete sentences) gives the statement dynamism, intonation of lively speech, and artistic expressiveness.
We turned villages into ashes, cities into dust, swords into sickles and plows.(Zhukovsky)
The officer - with a pistol, Terkin - with a soft bayonet.(Tvardovsky)

Default is a turn of phrase in which the author deliberately does not fully express a thought, leaving the reader (or listener) to guess what is unspoken.
No, I wanted... maybe you... I thought
It's time for the baron to die. ( Pushkin)

Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Rhetorical appeals serve not so much to name the addressee of speech, but rather to express an attitude towards a particular object, characterize it, and enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Flowers, love, village, idleness, field! I am devoted to you with my soul(Pushkin).

Rhetorical question- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that a question is posed not with the goal of getting an answer, but in order to attract the attention of the reader or listener to a particular phenomenon.
Do you know Ukrainian night? Oh, you don’t know Ukrainian night!(Gogol)

Multi-Union– a stylistic figure consisting of the deliberate use of repeated conjunctions and intonation emphasizing the members of a sentence connected by conjunctions to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
A thin rain fell And to the forests, And to the fields, And on the wide Dnieper. ( Gogol)
Houses were burning at night, And the wind was blowing And black bodies on the gallows swayed in the wind, And crows screamed above them(Kuprin)

Asyndeton- a stylistic figure consisting of the deliberate omission of connecting conjunctions between members of a sentence or between sentences: the absence of conjunctions gives the statement speed, saturation of impressions within the overall picture.
Swede, Russian - stabbing, chopping, cutting, drumming, clicks, grinding, thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning...(Pushkin)

Every word contains an abyss of images.
K. Paustovsky

Phonetic means

Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds. It is a technique for highlighting and joining words in a line. Increases the euphony of the verse.

Assonance- repetition of vowel sounds.

Lexical means

Antonyms- (from the Greek “anti” - against and “onima” - name) - words related to one part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). Antonymy is based on association by contrast, reflecting existing differences in the nature of objects, phenomena, actions, qualities and characteristics. The contrast of antonyms in speech is a clear source of speech expression, establishing the emotionality of speech:
He was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms- these are words that are not contrasted in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:
Mind and heart - ice and fire - these are the main things that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow was falling from the sky in buckets.

Litotes- artistic understatement:
A man with a fingernail.
Used to enhance artistic impression.

Individually authored neologisms (occasionalisms)- thanks to their novelty, they allow you to create certain artistic effects, express the author’s view on a topic or problem: ...how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)
The use of literary images helps the author to better explain a situation, phenomenon, or another image:
Grigory was apparently brother Ilyusha Oblomov.

Synonyms- (from the Greek “synonymos” - the same name) - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Infatuation - love, buddy - friend.

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms- words that are synonyms only in this text:
Lomonosov is a genius - the beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

Stylistic synonyms- differ in stylistic coloring and scope of use:
He grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

Syntactic synonyms- parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning:
Start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

Metaphor- (from the Greek “metaphor” - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands on what similarity the semantic connection between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based:
good people in the world there was, is and, I hope, there will always be more than bad and evil, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would be warped... capsized and sank.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a type of metaphor.

Expanded metaphor- a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of existence to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. The metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink the subject in a new way, open it up, expose it inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the author’s individual vision of the world.

Unconventional metaphors (Antiquities Shop – Grannies on a bench at the entrance; Red and Black – Calendar;)

Metonymy– (from the Greek “metonymy” - renaming) - transfer of meanings (renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:
a) from a person to his any external signs:
Is it lunchtime soon? - asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants:
The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;
c) the name of the author on his creation (book, painting, music, sculpture):
Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or: Reading Belinsky...

Synecdoche- a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something smaller included in something larger) A type of metonymy.
“Hey, beard! How do you get from here to Plyushkin?” (N.V. Gogol)

Oxymoron- a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts that sharply contradict in meaning and are mutually exclusive. This technique prepares the reader to perceive contradictory, complex phenomena, often the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon:
The sad fun continued...

Personification– one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to humans are attributed to an inanimate object:
The rain splashed bare feet along the garden paths.

Evaluative vocabulary– direct author’s assessment of events, phenomena, objects:
Pushkin is a miracle.

Paraphrase(s)– use of description instead own name or names; descriptive expression, figure of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:
The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

Proverbs and sayings, used by the author, make speech figurative, apt, expressive.

Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of language, helping the author to express his point of view, to create whole art paintings, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon.

Comparisons are usually added by conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions.
For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of color:
His eyes are black as night.

A common form of comparison is expressed by a noun in the instrumental case:
Anxiety crept like a snake into our hearts.
There are comparisons that are included in a sentence using the words: similar, similar, reminiscent:
...butterflies look like flowers.
A comparison can also represent several sentences that are related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of such comparisons:
1) An expanded, branched comparison-image, in which the main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others:
The stars came out into the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, with thousands of fireflies they lit up the night.
2) Expanded parallelism (the second part of such comparisons usually begins with the word like this):
The church shook. This is how a man taken by surprise flinches, this is how a tremulous doe takes off from its place, not even understanding what happened, but already sensing danger.

Phraseologisms– (from Greek “phrasis” - expression) – these are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of characters, the surrounding reality, etc.:
People like my hero have a spark of God.

Quotes from other works help the author to prove a thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional and expressive:
A.S. Pushkin, “like first love,” will not be forgotten not only by the “heart of Russia,” but also by world culture.

Epithet– (from the Greek “epiteton” - application) – a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Anything can be an epithet meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:
1) noun: chatty magpie.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen;
But most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning:
Half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.

Metaphorical epithet- a figurative definition that transfers the properties of another object to one object.

Allusion- a stylistic figure, an allusion to a real literary, historical, political fact that is supposed to be known.

Reminiscence- features in a work of art that evoke memories of another work. How artistic technique designed for the memory and associative perception of the reader.

Syntactic means

Author's punctuation- this is the placement of punctuation marks not provided for by punctuation rules. Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as copyright symbols, which emphasizes or contrasts:
Born to crawl, cannot fly,
or emphasizes the second part after the sign:
Love is the most important thing.
Copyright exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing joyful or sad feelings or moods.

Anaphora, or unity of command- This is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:
How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?
Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

Exclamation particles– a way of expressing the author’s emotional mood, a technique for creating the emotional pathos of the text:
Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! How beautiful are your fields!

Exclamatory sentences express the author’s emotional attitude to what is being described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):
Ugly attitude! How can you preserve happiness!
Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:
Let's preserve our soul as a shrine!

Gradation- a stylistic figure, which involves the subsequent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other means of expression artistic speech:
For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
The gradation can be ascending (strengthening the characteristic) and descending (weakening the characteristic).

Inversion– reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial modifier comes before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:
My beloved homeland, my dear land, should we take care of you!

Compositional joint- this is the repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it:
My Motherland did everything for me. My homeland taught me, raised me, and gave me a start in life. A life I'm proud of.

Multi-Union- a rhetorical figure consisting of deliberate repetition coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the listed concepts:
And thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall to the ground, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

Parcellation- a technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it:
The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.

Repeat– conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

Connection structures- construction of a text in which each subsequent part, continuing the first, main part, is separated from it by a long pause, which is indicated by a dot, sometimes an ellipsis or a dash. This is a means of creating the emotional pathos of the text:
Belorussky railway station on Victory Day. And a crowd of greeters. And tears. And the bitterness of loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations– a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.
Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not consider them monsters of the human race, equal to the late clerks or, at least, the Murom robbers?
What summer, what summer? Yes, this is just witchcraft!

Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight and emphasize the expressed idea:
Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences with various turns of phrase helps convey the pathos of the article and the emotional mood of the author.
“Binoculars. Binoculars. People want to be closer to Gioconda. Examine the pores of her skin, eyelashes. The glare of the pupils. They seem to feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vasari, feel that “Gioconda’s eyes have that sparkle and that moisture that is usually visible in a living person... and in the deepening of the neck, with a careful look, you can see the beating of the pulse... And they see and hear it. And this is not a miracle. Such is Leonardo's skill."
"1855. The zenith of Delacroix's fame. Paris. Castle fine arts...in the central hall of the exhibition there are thirty-five paintings by the great romantic.”

One-piece, incomplete sentences make the author’s speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:
Gioconda. Human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps... Not a single stroke, I hear the words. - No brush strokes. Like alive.

Epiphora– the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
I've been coming to you all my life. I believed in you all my life. I've loved you all my life.

Words and expressions used in a figurative meaning and creating figurative ideas about objects and phenomena are called paths(from the Greek “tropos” - a figurative expression).
In fiction, the use of tropes is necessary in order to give the image plasticity, imagery and liveliness.
The tropes include: epithet, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, allegory, etc.

Euphemisms– (Greek “euphemismos” - I speak well) – words or expressions used instead of words or expressions direct meaning(“Where Legs Grow From,” “Keeper of the Hearth”).

Euphemism is a powerful means of enriching thought, a catalyst for fantasy and associative thinking. Let us note that euphemism, among other things, plays the role of a synonym, but it is not a legalized synonym by the linguistic tradition, but a newly invented synonym by the author.

Allegory– (from the Greek “allegory” - allegory) - expressions of abstract concepts in specific artistic images. In fables and fairy tales, stupidity and stubbornness are a donkey, cunning is a fox, cowardice is a hare.
____________________________________________
We are all looking at Napoleons (A.S. Pushkin) - antonomasia

Winter lay soft and damp on the roofs. (K. Paustovsky) – metaphor

Hey beard! How to get from here to Plyushkin? (N.V. Gogol) – metonymy

He laughed loudly and sobbingly - oxymoron

How courteous! Good! Sweet! Simple! – parcellation

Visual and expressive means of language

Glossary of terms

(cheat sheet to help students prepare for the Unified State Exam and Unified State Exam)

Skupova Irina Alexandrovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

Visual and expressive means of language are conditionalcan be divided into two large groups: lexical meansand syntactic means.

Lexical means

Antonyms - different words, related to one part of the rechi, but opposite in meaning(Kind - evil, powerful - powerless). Contrasting antonyms in speechis a bright source of speech expression, enhancingemotionality of speech:He was weak in body, but strong in spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - Thiswords that in language are not contrasted in meaning and appearanceare antonyms only in the text:Mind and heart - ice and pla less is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola - a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used for strengthening purposesartistic impression:Snow was falling from the sky in buckets

Individually-authored neologisms due to theirnovelty allows you to create certain artisticeffects, express the author's view on a topic or problem:...how can we ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)

Use of literary imagery helps the authorbetter explainany position, phenomenon, another image:Gregory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov.

Synonyms are words related toTo one part of speech, youaffecting one andThat the same concept, but at the same time differentshades of meaning:Love - love, buddy - Friend.

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words,which are synonymous only in this text:Lomonosov - genius - beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky).

Stylistic synonyms - differ stylisticallycolor, area of use:grinned - giggled - for laughed - neighed.

Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntacticChinese structures that have different structures, but coincideby its meaning:start preparing homework - start preparing lessons.

Metaphor - hidden comparison based on similaritybetween distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of one object with another.we have a common feature.

In artistic speech, the author uses metaphors toenhancing the expressiveness of speech, to create and evaluate a picturelife, for transmission inner world characters and points of viewthe narrator and the author himself.

In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands exactly what similarity the semantic meaning is based on.connection between the figurative and direct meaning of the word:Kind there were, are and, I hope, there will always be more people in the world than bad and evil, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would be over would have looked askance... capsized and sank.

Metonymy - transfer of values (renaming) to adjacenties of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:

A)from a person to his any external signs:Is it lunchtime soon? - asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest;

b)from the institution to its inhabitants:The whole boarding house accepted superiority of D.I. Pisarev;

V)name of the author on his creation (book, painting, music,sculpture):Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture)orReading Belinsky...

Oxymoron - a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. This is the connectionlogically incompatible concepts that sharply contradictmeaning and are mutually exclusive. This technique isprepares the reader to perceive contradictory, complex phenomenalaziness, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often okA humoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon:The sad fun continued...

Personification - one of the types of metaphor when transfera sign is carried out from a living object to a non-living one. When personifying, the described object is externally likened tocatcher:The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are available only to humans are attributed to inanimate objects:The rain splashed barefoot feet along the garden paths.

Evaluative vocabulary - direct author's assessment of events,phenomena, objects:Pushkin - This miracle.

Periphrase - using a description instead of your ownname or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, forchanging word. Used to decorate speech, replacesecond:The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

Proverbs Andsayings, used by the author, dospeech is figurative, apt, expressive.

Comparison - one of the means of expressiveness of language, according toallowing the author to express his point of view, create wholeartistic paintings, give descriptions of objects. In comparison

In this way, one phenomenon is shown and assessed by comparisonits connection with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually attachedunionsas, as if, as if, exactly etc. It serves as an imagea comprehensive description of the most varied characteristics of objects, qualities,actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of color:His eyes are black as night.

A form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case is often found:Anxiety has crept like a snake into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are conveyed by the form comparatorno degree of adverb or adjective:Selfishness happens sweeter than a spring; The earth, softer than feathers, lay before him.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence from towith the power of wordssimilar, similar, reminiscent: ...butterflies are similar to flowers.

A comparison can represent several sentences,related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of such comparisons:

1) an expanded, branched comparison-image in whichThe main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others:The stars came out into the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they They flocked to the ground, lighting up the night with thousands of fireflies.

2) expanded parallelism (the second part of such comparisonsusually starts with a word like this):The church shook. So nonsense a man taken by surprise dies, so the doe is trembling takes off, not even realizing what happened, but already sensing danger.

Phraseologisms - these are almost always bright, imaginative expressionsmarriage. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language,used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and figurative characteristicsheroes, surrounding reality, etc.:Such people like my hero, there is a spark of God.

Quotes from other works help the author proveany thesis, position of the article, show his biases andinterests make speech more emotional and expressive:A.S. Pushkin, “like first love,” will not be forgotten not only by the “heart of Russia,” but also by world culture.

Epithet - a word that highlights ka in an object or phenomenonany of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is calledartistic definition, i.e. colorful, imaginative, cowhich emphasizes in the word being defined some of itsdistinctive property. Any knowledge can serve as an epithetmore common word if it acts as an artistic, figurativedefinition to another:

noun:chattering magpie.

adjective:fateful watch.

adverb and participle:peers greedily; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectivesadjectives used figuratively:eyes on the floor sleepy, tender, in love.

Using an epithet, the author highlights those properties and characteristicsthe phenomena he depicts, to which he wants to draw the reader’s attention. With the help of an epithet, the author specifies phenomena or their properties.

Allegory - expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images: fox - cunning, hare - cowardice, donkey - stupidity, etc. Allegorical surnames are also used in literature: Molchalin, Lyapkin-Tyapkin.

Synecdoche – a type of metonymy in which 1) instead of plural the only one used.And it was heard at dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced . (M. Lermontov), 2) Instead of the whole, a part is called and vice versa.Here on the new waves / All the flags will visit us. (A.S. Pushkin).

Litotes - understatement of any qualities.The sun seemed to them like a large lantern that shone for them for six months, and the wonderful radiance on the six-month night was the reflection of a large lit fire of wood. (V.G. Belinsky).

Irony – just as a metaphor simultaneously evokes and holds in consciousness two meanings of a word or expression (direct and figurative), the play of two meanings creates the effect of ridicule.Where, smart one, are you wandering from, head? ? (I.A. Krylov “The Fox and the Donkey”).

Paradox - a statement, a saying that, at first glance, contradicts common sense, but conceals a deeper meaning than that banal statement that serves as the subject of irony in the paradox.Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow. (O. Wilde).

Syntactic means

Author's punctuation - this is the placement of punctuation markstion not provided for by punctuation rules. AuthorChinese signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as copyright symbols, which emphasizes either opposition:Born n crawl - can't fly or especially highlights the second oneafter the sign part:Love - most important of all. Author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing joyful orlocal feeling, mood.

Anaphora, orunity of command - this is a repetition of individualwords orrpm in the beginning of sentences. Used for wuxiexpression of the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to tellO the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul in this moment?

Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists of cuttingby contrasting concepts, characters, images, I createthe effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better conveydepict contradictions, contrast phenomena. Servesway of expressing the author's view of the phenomena describednia, images, etc.

Exclamation particles - way of expressing emotionsthe author’s national mood, the technique of creating emotional pathostext:Oh how beautiful you are, my land! How good are your fields!

Exclamatory sentences express emotionthe author’s attitude towards what is being described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):Ugly attitude! How can you not take care of happiness! Exclamatory sentences also expressincentive to action:Let's preserve our soul as a shrine!

Gradation - a stylistic figure consisting ofconsequent injection or, conversely, weakening comparednia, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressivemeans of artistic speech:For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

Inversion - reverse word order in a sentence. Atin direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, according toThe proper definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the complement comes after the control word.va, the circumstance of the manner of action - before the verb:Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than thisestablished by grammatical rules. This is a strong means of expression, used in an emotional, excited manner.chi:My beloved homeland, my dear land, shouldn’t we take care of you!

Compositional joint - this is a repetition at the beginning of a new onesentences of a word or words from the previous sentence usually ending it:My Motherland did everything for me. Motherland She taught me, raised me, gave me a start in life. Life, cat I'm proud of him.

Multi-Union - a rhetorical figure consisting of deliberatelym repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the listed concepts:And the thunder is not loud street, and the sky did not fall to the ground, and the rivers did not overflow from t what grief!

Parcellation - the technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even on individual words. Its purpose is to give speech intonationexpression by abruptly pronouncing it:The poet suddenly stood up . He turned pale.

Repeat - conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image,Concepts, etc.:Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense this word.

Connection structures - text construction,In which each subsequent part, continuing the first, is fundamentalnew, is separated from it by a long pause, which is indicateda dot, sometimes an ellipsis or a dash. This is a means of creatingunderstanding the emotional pathos of the text:Belorussky railway station on Victory Day. AND crowd of greeters. And tears. And the bitterness of loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - speciala means of creating emotionality in speech, expressionOrsk position.

Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression? eh, rudeness and malfunction? Who doesn't consider them monsters? of the human race, equal to the deceased clerks, or at least at least the Murom robbers?

What a summer, what a summer! Yes, this is just witchcraft!

Syntactic parallelism - the same, construction severalsome nearby offers, With its help

The author seeks to highlight and emphasize the idea expressed:Mother - this is the beginning of all beginnings. Mother - this is an earthly miracle. Mother

- this word is sacred.

A combination of short simple and long complex orcomplicated by various turns of sentences forcan convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author,

“Binoculars. Binoculars. People want to be closer to Gioconda. Examine the pores of her skin, eyelashes. The glare of the pupils. It's like they feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vasari, feel that “the eyes of Gioconda have that sparkle and that moisture that are usually visible in a living person, and in the deepening of the neck when with an attentive glance you can see the pulse beating... And they see and hear it. And this is not a miracle. Such is Leonardo's skill."

"1855. The zenith of Delacroix's fame. Paris. Palace of the Fine arts... In the central hall of the exhibition - thirty five paintings of the great romantic."

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author'sspeech is more expressive, emotional, enhances emotionsnal pathos of the text:Gioconda. Human babble. Whisper. Shaw Roh of dresses. Quiet steps. ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words

- No brushstrokes. Like alive.

Epiphora - the same ending for several sentences,reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:I'm all life was coming to you. I believed in you all my life. I've loved all my life beat you.

Hypophora – question-answer move, a segment of monologue speech that combines a rhetorical question and an answer to it. What is modern mysticism in literature? This is Viy. (With Zalygin)

Zeugma – a turn of speech when a word, most often a predicate, which must be repeated two or more times, is placed once, and in other places implied. I declare to the allies that they should take up arms and that war must be waged.

Predicativity - this is the relationship between the content of a sentence and reality, expressed by means of language (form of mood, verb tense, intonation, particles) i.e. reality indicator this fact, its desirability or possibility.Holidays ! (predicative sign of real action).Vacations would be ! (predicative sign of an unrealistic, desirable action)

Essay on a linguistic topic. Lessons.

Lesson 1

Essay on text 32 (list of Tsybulko topics)

Composition

We use stable phrases and phraseological units very often, sometimes without noticing it. I find evidence in the text.

In sentence 7 there is the phraseological unit “blurted out everything in one breath.” It acts as a synonymous expression meaning “very quickly, instantly.” But stable combination in the text it sounds clearly brighter, more expressive.

In sentence 24, the author uses the phraseological unit “barged into the conversation.” It also has a synonym “... interrupting, interfering in someone else’s conversation.” This phraseological unit characterizes the girl’s unceremonious behavior. In this text it is used as a figurative means of language.

Thus, I can conclude that the author of the textbook was right when he stated that “...phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. We use them often in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood.” (125 words)

Exercise

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Russian language textbook:

“Phraseological units are constant companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood.”

It is necessary to provide arguments from the text. To do this, take the text, write down or underline all the phraseological units that you find there. There are quite a few of them in the text:

Came to my senses (2)

Collapsed with his whole body (7)

Get down to business with your sleeves rolled up (15) (the word “rolled up” is more common in dictionaries)

Entering dead ends(16)

Serious sin (21)

To blame from a sore head to a healthy one (21) and others.

For your essay, choose those phraseological units whose meaning you can interpret. Rewrite the second part of the essay, inserting the phraseological unit of your choice:

In sentence 2 there is the phraseological unit “came to my senses.” It acts as a synonymous expression meaning “stop worrying, calm down.” But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter and more expressive. (You can find the meaning of a phraseological unit in a phraseological dictionary or on the Internet.)

Rewrite the third part of the essay, inserting your chosen phraseological unit:

In sentence 21, the author uses the phraseological unit “grave sin.” It also has synonymous meanings: grave mistake, grave sin, grave crime. In the text, this phraseological unit characterizes the behavior of those teachers who, using their authority, shift their blame onto the children...

All. Our arguments are ready. We combine all parts of the essay and get a new work:

This is how I understand this phrase from a Russian language textbook. We use stable phrases and phraseological units very often, sometimes without noticing it. I find evidence in the text.

In sentence 2 there is a phraseological unit “came to my senses”, which I often encounter in everyday speech. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning “stop worrying, calm down.” But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter and more expressive.

Lesson 2

You need to write an essay that is at least slightly different from the template (the same essay).

Composition

This is how I understand this phrase from a Russian language textbook. We use stable phrases and phraseological units very often, sometimes without noticing it. I find evidence in the text of A. Likhanov.

In sentence 2 there is a phraseological unit “came to my senses”, which I often hear in everyday speech. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning “stop worrying, calm down.” But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter and more expressive.

In sentence 21, the author uses the phraseology “grave sin,” which I also use in my speech. It also has synonymous meanings: grave mistake, grave sin, grave crime. In the text, this phraseological unit clearly characterizes the behavior of those teachers who, using their authority, shift their blame onto the children...

Thus, I can conclude that the author of the textbook was right when he stated that “...phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood.” (137 words)

Arguments by template.

It is necessary to diversify the introduction and conclusion of the work.

The introduction and conclusion are very similar in meaning.

Let's swap them, keeping only those parts that

ESSENTIAL in this section.

INTRODUCTION

(Things that cannot be removed from the template are highlighted in bold in the introduction.)

We changed this part using the conclusion.

CONCLUSION

Thus, I can conclude that stable phrases, phraseological units, are everyday companions of our speech.

(Things that cannot be removed from the template are highlighted in bold in the conclusion.)

Let's put together our NEW ESSAY:

The author of the textbook, who claimed that “...phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech,” is undoubtedly right. We often use them in everyday speech without even noticing it. I find evidence in the text of A. Likhanov.

In sentence 21, the author uses the phraseological unit “grave sin” that I use in my speech. It also has synonymous meanings: grave mistake, grave sin, grave crime. In the text, this phraseological unit clearly characterizes the behavior of those teachers who, using their authority, shift their blame onto the children...

Thus, I can conclude that stable phrases, phraseological units, are everyday companions of our speech.

Lesson #3

Did your introduction and conclusion differ from others?

You can find vivid, emotional words about this unit of language in books about phraseological units, on the Internet or in other sources. There you will find comparisons of phraseological units with scatterings of diamonds and bright emeralds against the background of speech tissue. Undoubtedly, these phrases will help you write the beginning and end of the work yourself.

2. This path is more difficult and simpler at the same time. What do test developers want to hear from you? The fact that “...phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. We often use them in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing, because many of them are familiar and familiar from childhood.”

Let's try to write our own introduction.

INTRODUCTION

The words “mother”, “father”, “Motherland”, “home” and “school” are known to everyone. Just like these words, the expressions that we remember from childhood are clear and close to us: “sit in a galosh,” “hand in hand,” “shoulder to shoulder.” These are phraseological units that we did not specifically memorize; they entered our vocabulary with the speech of our mother, grandmother, and teacher. I will give examples from the text of Albert Likhanov.

The introduction is written simply and clearly. We need to do the same with the conclusion. Let's re-read the quote again, note which of it we already used at the beginning of our work? It turns out that they did not use anything verbatim except the expression “have known each other since childhood.” Therefore, in conclusion, we can safely take something from the quote.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we can conclude that phraseological units, these gold mines of Russian speech, are our invisible but everyday companions in the process of communication.

We create a NEW essay.

COMPOSITION

The words “mother”, “father”, “Motherland”, “home” and “school” are known to everyone. Just like these words, the expressions that we remember from childhood are clear and close to us: “sit in a galosh,” “hand in hand,” “shoulder to shoulder.” These are phraseological units that we do not memorize on purpose; they enter our vocabulary with the speech of our mother, grandmother, and teacher. I will give examples from the text of Albert Likhanov.

In sentence 2 there is a phraseological unit “came to my senses”, which is often found in everyday speech. It acts as a synonymous expression meaning “stop worrying, calm down.” But the stable combination in the text sounds clearly brighter and more expressive.

In sentence 21, the author uses the phraseological unit “grave sin” that we use in speech. It also has synonymous meanings: grave mistake, grave sin, grave crime. In the text, this phraseological unit unobtrusively but clearly characterizes the behavior of those teachers who, using their authority, shift their blame onto the children...

Thus, we can conclude that phraseological units, these gold mines of Russian speech, are our invisible but everyday companions in the process of communication.

Essay TOPICS GIA 2014of the year (According to the collection of I.P. Tsybulko)

“There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts for which there would not be an exact expression in our language" K. G. Paustovsky

“We must approach the assessment of the merits of speech with the question: how successfully are various linguistic units selected from the language and used to express thoughts and feelings?” B. N. Golovin

“Giving imagery to words is constantly being improved in modern speech through epithets." A. A. Zelenetsky

“Expressiveness is the property of what is said or written with its semantic form to attract special attention of the reader, to make a strong impression on him.”

A. I. Gorshkov

“A literary text forces you to pay attention not only and not so much to what is said, but also to how it is said.” E. V. Dzhandzhakova

“An artist thinks in images, he draws, shows, depicts. This is the specificity of the language fiction " G. Ya. Solganik

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Target: repeat and deepen information about visual and expressive means; develop skills in recognizing tropes in texts; consolidate the skills of analyzing a literary text from the point of view of the visual and expressive means used in it.

Lesson progress

Opening remarks.

Today we will review the visual and expressive means of the Russian language and complete tasks to systematize knowledge about expressive means.

Means of artistic expression are used to create an artistic image, to impart special expressiveness, in order to influence the reader.

Working with the presentation.

The presentation helps students remember and repeat the main types of tropes, stylistic figures, and expressive means of phonetics. After getting acquainted with the presentation, training tasks follow.

Training tasks.

Task 1: working with the table.

Students are given sheets of paper with a printed table in which only the central column (definitions of tropes) is filled in. The students' task is to recognize the trope by definition and illustrate it with the example given after the table.

Fine-expressive means	Definition	Examples
Epithet	Artistic definition of subject, emphasizing its characteristic property, as well as giving it imagery.
Metaphor	Transferring a name from one object to another based on their similarity.
Metonymy	Transferring a name from one subject to another based on their contiguity.
Synecdoche	A type of metonymy in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the entire object and, conversely, the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa.
Comparison	A trope that uses a comparison of one object or phenomenon with another to artistic description first.
Personification	Endowment of inanimate objects and natural phenomena with signs and properties of a person.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression consisting of exaggerating the size, strength, beauty, or meaning of what is being described.
Litotes	A figurative expression that reduces the size, strength, or meaning of what is being described.
Allegory	An allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a specific life image.
Oxymoron	The technique of combining words with opposite meanings for the purpose of an unusual, impressive expression of some kind new concept, representations.
Periphrase (periphrase)	A descriptive expression used in place of a particular word or phrase.

Examples for the table:

The ice rink awaits future champions. (personification)
The kettle is boiling. (metonymy)
Ready to strangle in your arms. (hyperbola)
Foggy Albion. (paraphrase)
In the light of darkness. (oxymoron)
A man with a fingernail. (litotes)
The forest looks like a painted tower. (comparison)
Political solitaire. (metaphor)
The most discerning buyer will find a product to his liking here. (synecdoche)
Sad glades. (epithet)
Fox - oh cunning man. (allegory)

Task 2: test work

1. These are: a) anaphora, b) epiphora, c) repetition (joint), d) personification

Only in the world is there anything shady
Dormant maple tent.
Only in the world and network that radiant
A childish, pensive look.
Only in the world is there something fragrant
Sweet headdress,
Only in the world is there anything pure,
Parting to the left.

2. This applies here:

a) epiphora and repetition

b) anaphora and repetition

c) anaphora and epiphora

d) anaphora and comparison

Young trumpeters are thundering above us,
Alien constellations rise above us,
Alien banners are noisy above us...
A little wind
A little north -
Run after them
Run after them
Chase them
Roll in the fields
Sing in the steppes!

3. Match:

1) The ship of your health has run aground. It must be towed, refloated, and then, when it has under its keel free water, he will float on his own. Medicines are a tug, free water is time, and the ability to swim on your own is restored adaptive capabilities.

2) Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts. (A.S. Pushkin)

3) Greetings, deserted corner,
A haven of peace, work and inspiration. (A.S. Pushkin)

4) Your Pomeranian is a lovely Pomeranian, no bigger than a thimble. (A.S. Griboyedov)

a) litotes

b) metaphor

c) paraphrase

d) synecdoche

4. Which text uses irony, anaphora, and syntactic parallelism?

Black raven in the snowy twilight,
Black velvet on dark shoulders. (A. Blok)

For everything, for everything I thank you:
For the secret torment of passions,
For the bitterness of the kiss,
For the revenge of enemies and slander of friends;
For the heat of the soul, wasted in the desert,
For everything I was deceived in life...
Just arrange it so that from now on you
It didn't take me long to thank him. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Do I hear the cold of cherished separation
With sweet spring and flowers of the earth,
Or the poetry of children's hands
They beckon to the poet and wave in the distance. (V. Lugovskoy)

Beyond the Black Sea, beyond the White Sea
In dark eyes and in white days. (A. Blok)

I see that death will strike me here in the steppe,
Don’t remember, friend, my evil grievances.
My evil grievances and nonsense,
Unreasonable words, former rudeness. (I. Surikov)

a) syntactic parallelism

b) joint/repeat

c) inversion

d) personification

6. Which of the following sentences uses an antithesis?

a) Humanity can collectively conquer the Moon or discover antimatter, but still each person sits at the desk separately.

b) But an amazing paradox occurred.

c) Technology has made every state and humanity as a whole powerful.

d) But when are you left alone with yourself without radioactive and chemical reactions, without atomic submarines and even without a spacesuit - just alone, can you say to yourself that you are more powerful than all your predecessors on planet Earth?

7. Which sentence uses rows? homogeneous members as a means of expression?

a) People are always tormented by a variety of regrets - big and small, serious and funny.

b) Our greatest regret is the excessive and unjustified speed of time.

c) Before you know it, your youth fades and your eyes dim.

d) I go over in my memory the places I have seen and am convinced that I have not seen enough.

“Electrical fires” are no less surprising. For some reason, the cause of these fires is said to be short circuits. They say, what can you do: the wires are stupid, they are shorted out - what can you get from them? But there has not been, is not and will not be a fire from a short circuit in the world - the cause of the fire is a malfunction.

a) a combination of book and colloquial syntactic structures

b) terms

c) personification

d) comparison

e) a number of homogeneous members

9. Which sentence uses a metaphor?

a) A rope in mountaineering is not only the most common method of mutual belay, but something immeasurably more.

b) Mountaineering is unthinkable without risk and therefore unthinkable without true friends.

c) Only a rich man, satiated with idleness, could have the desire to test himself in single combat with the mountains.

d) Mountaineering is, first of all, work, work.

10. Which of the following linguistic means are used in the following text?

Mountaineering is, first of all, work, work. Truly masculine, requiring strength, endurance, patience, and maximum dedication. Bringing great joy, but more often - exhausting, at the limit of your strength and capabilities, and maybe beyond the limit - who knows where he is, what he is like? As in any work, in mountaineering the price is skill, that special ease that is achieved only through years of training. Sport does not tolerate hacks, those who like to sit behind someone else’s back. It is usually not necessary to kick out or expel such people from mountaineering sections - they leave on their own, hiding behind the common phrase “a smart person will not climb the mountain,” like a shield.

a) incomplete sentences

b) comparative turnover

d) rows of homogeneous members

e) contextual synonyms

11. What technique is used when using the word language in a sentence:

Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',
And every tongue that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and friend of the steppes Kalmyk.

a) metonymy b) metaphor c) comparison d) epithet

12. Which sentence uses a paraphrase?

1) The daylight went out; The evening fog fell on the blue sea. (A.S. Pushkin)

2) A river rolls in sparks, like a steel mirror.

3) A computer is a very convenient tool for work.

4) Words with opposite meanings are called antonyms.

Task 3: working with literary text.

Determine what figurative and expressive means are used in the following texts.

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me.
I can't find peace in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire. (A. Blok)

B) He was a little gape, look - either a lasso on the neck, or a bullet in the back of the head. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

C) The whole sky is strewn with cheerfully blinking stars, and the Milky Way appears as clearly as if it had been washed and covered with snow before the holiday. (A.P. Chekhov)

G) Rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V.Gogol)

You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You are mighty
You are also powerless
Mother Rus'! (N.A.Nekrasov)

E) I will insert the sun with a monocle into a widely spread eye. (V.V. Mayakovsky)

G) Once he threw a net into the sea, the net came with nothing but mud. Another time he cast a net, and a net came with sea grass. The third time he cast the net, the net came with one fish. - with a difficult fish, - a golden one. (A.S. Pushkin)

3) And you could hear how the Frenchman rejoiced until dawn. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

I) Thunder came out from behind the cloud, like a beast.

Huge nostrils defiantly blew his nose. (V.V. Mayakovsky)

J) He once served in the hussars, and even happily; no one knew the reason that prompted him to resign and settle in a poor town, where he lived both poorly and wastefully: he always walked on foot, in a worn black frock coat, and kept an open table for all the officers of our regiment! True, his dinner consisted of two or three dishes prepared by a retired soldier, but the champagne flowed like a river. (A.S. Pushkin)