Csp coordinating conjunctions. What is a compound sentence: examples

Every day school curriculum gradually leaves our mind and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.

Compound sentence

A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.

Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence

Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
Dividing: or, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
Adversatives: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.

When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:

Graduation: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
Explanatory: namely, that is;
Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.

Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.

Compound sentences: examples and diagrams

After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.

Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.

Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.

Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.

Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.

Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.

Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.

Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.

His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.

Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.

We have to do this, and we have very little time.

Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.

Punctuation in complex sentences

In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.

The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:

Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.

Scheme: (), and ().

Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.

Scheme: or (), or ().

Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:

The boy was happy about the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.

Scheme: (); A ().

A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:

I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.

Scheme: (), a (); And ().

Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:

The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.

Scheme: () – and ().

When punctuation marks are not used

The parts of the BSC are:

Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.

1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSCs according to potential quantitative composition: complex sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).

2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with semantic groups of conjunctions.

2.1. BSC with connecting unions of open and closed structure.

2.2. SPP with dividing unions.

2.3. SPP with adversarial alliances.

2.4. NGN with connecting unions.

2.5. IPS with explanatory conjunctions.

2.6. Gradational SSP.

3. Punctuation marks in the BSC.

Compound sentence(SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them and are not members of the sentence.

The classification of compound sentences in Russian linguistics has not changed significantly. Starting with the grammar of N.I. Grech, all descriptions of the SSP were built on the same principle: according to the nature of the semantic relationships between the components and in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions, connecting, disjunctive and adversative sentences were distinguished. Only the description of semantic groups within these classes changed and became more detailed.
In addition, to the traditionally identified three classes of complex sentences, two more were added in the 50s of the 20th century: explanatory sentences in which the parts are connected by relations of explanation or clarification (specific exponents of these relations are conjunctions that is, namely and other allied means that are functionally close to them), and connecting sentences in which the second part contains an “additional message” regarding the content of the first part.

The most consistent and consistent classification of BSC, based on structural and semantic features, was given by Vera Arsenyevna Beloshapkova. She considers the potential quantitative composition to be the main structural feature of BSC.

All BSCs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.

Parts of compound sentences open the structures are an open series; they are constructed in the same way. Means of communication are proper connecting and dividing conjunctions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird screamed... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed quietly, Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white was moving in the bushes(Korolenko). In a BSC of an open structure there can be more than two predicative units (PU): That a long branch suddenly catches her neck, That the golden earrings will be torn out of your ears by force; That a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; That she will drop her handkerchief...(P.).

In sentences closed the structures of a part are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together A wealth separates them; He wanted to tell him something But the fat man has already disappeared(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating conjunctions: but, and, however, yes and; not only... but also etc.

By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONNECTING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of connecting conjunctions (single and repeating): and, yes, too, also, and also; both... so and, yes... yes, and... and.

Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure. They are called proper-connective and non-proper-connective SSPs (according to another terminology: homogeneous composition and heterogeneous composition).

2.1.1. SSP open structure (self-connecting; homogeneous composition)

Similar BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs. Conjunctions AND (AND...AND), NEI...NOR, YES (YES...YES).

In such SSPs, the predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report:

A) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [viburnum Not growing between them], neither [grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], And[sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok). [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down some unlived years](M. Sholokhov). As a rule, in this case, the relationships between the parts of the BSC are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see first sentence) Viburnum does not grow between them. The grass doesn't turn green.

b) about their following one after another, sequence: [Upalidtwo-three large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] (I. Goncharov [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified in words then, then, after.

Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.

Similar BSCs may have a common minor member suggestions or general subordinate clause(in this case, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC):

In the distance dark and the groves are strict(I. Bunin): by the union And the impersonal one-part PE is connected Dark and two-part The groves are strict. Determinant (general member of the BSC) in the distance clearly shows that homogeneous facts are listed.

(When the sun rose), [the dew has dried]And [the grass turned green]. Subordinate clause When the sun rose refers immediately to both PU connected by connecting relations, therefore a comma is not placed before the union AND.

The simultaneity and sequence of the listed facts is often emphasized by the correspondence of the aspectual and tense forms of the predicates in different PU (as a rule, the predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of missiles] and [mad patter flooded machine guns] (Sedikh). In both parts of the SSP, predicate verbs are of the perfect form. General member of the sentence (adverbial tense) at that very moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the placement of a comma between PEs.

2.1.2. SSP of a closed structure (non-self-connecting; heterogeneous composition)..

The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating conjunctions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words that specify meanings. They consist only from two PE. The relationships between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is connected in meaning to another, especially if there are words that specify it.

Stands out six types improperly connecting BSC.

1. Sentences with meaning consequence - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, rapid change of events. They often use words that specify meaning therefore, because, therefore, therefore, means(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to a conjunction and clarify its meaning). The second part reports the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] my mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore, you can’t live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Be able to create the appropriate conditions and you will extend the life of plants(conditional-effect relationships: If you can create the conditions, then extend...). The artist raised his bow and everything instantly fell silent.

2. BSC with distributional meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (found at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and This it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PU there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the BSC: New schedules have been introduced and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.

3. BSC with connective-adversative meaning with the union AND: parts contradict each other in real content. Possible qualifying words nevertheless, after all, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt her and it didn't work.

4. BSC with identifying meaning(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: The people were very hungry, the horses Same needed a rest(Arsenyev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).

5. SPP with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. The role of concretizing words is in addition, moreover, in addition, besides, moreover and so on: They will compare you to men, yes more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).

6. SPP with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words only, only and so on: Still the same yard, still the same laughter, and only you're missing a little bit(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on temple(A.N. Tolstoy). Words only, only can serve as unions.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIVIDING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:

These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:

1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).

2. In separating BSCs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).

Task 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You're stupid and 2 PE You're cheating. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction either - or. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.

1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.

2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.

3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.

4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly rode up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)

Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.

1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).

2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.

3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.

4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.

5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.

6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)

7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)

Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.

Analysis sample.

And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)

1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.

2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected by a coordinating conjunction and, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union And connecting, therefore in the very general view relations in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are the forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.

Scheme: and , and .

4. Analysis of each PE.

1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.

grass smells

b) Complete.

c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish

crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.

2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.

a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verb predicate glitters expressed conjugated verb present vr. nesov.v.

b) Complete.

c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.

d) Complicated by widespread separate definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.

Suggestions for parsing

1. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).

2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

Compound sentences with closed structure With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, yes(meaning But).

Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.

Comparative relations characteristic of BSCs with interchangeable conjunctions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but despite all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together A wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, but his comrades loved him(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.

The most common among such sentences are those with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral conjunction A. For example: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty...(Chekhov).

Union same, related in origin to the intensifying particle same, retains its excretory-intensifying value; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, we same with combat unit(Chekhov).

Offers with adversarial relationships according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) they are based on the inconsistency of the events mentioned in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.

1) adversative-restrictive proposals (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This is most clear grammatical meaning can be traced in constructions with forms of the subjunctive or “invalid” (with the particle was) inclinations, with auxiliary verbs want, desire and so on: I guess I I would eat it a little snow, But the snow on Sukharevka was dirty(V. Kaverin). He started to pour some tea for her But she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connecting-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the function of a union: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise Mama will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truth, not that you'll get it.

2) In adversarial-concessive SSP's adversative meaning is complicated by a concessive one (such a SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which contains conjunctions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], But[I lived in a shack in the yard](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Although I had my own room in the house), [I lived in a shack in the yard] . Possible qualifying words nevertheless, nevertheless, despite this, meanwhile, with all this etc.: The bird told you nonsense, but still he is a good man(N. Ostrovsky) .

3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but, yes) events are assessed: in one part positive, in the other – negative: The guns are rusting in the arsenals, but shakos sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid, high headdress of some military units.

4) B offensive-spreading The second part of the BSC complements the first. As in connecting-extensive sentences, in the second part there is a word-specifier This: I turned my back to him, but This seems to have increased his suspicions(V. Kaverin).

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH GRADATIONAL RELATIONS

In the gradational relationships of a closed structure it is expressed intensification, increase or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second part in relation to the phenomenon named in the first part. Usually expressed using double essay unions not only..., but also; not really, ...but (a); if not,...then; not as much... as; decomposition not to say that..., but; I can’t say that, ...but: Now around Judas in the windows not only the windows sparkled, But praises have already been heard(Bulg.). Not really it bothers me But yeah, it's a shame(Const.). Not really the old man was scared A from a clear and confident voice I went limp(Sholokhov).

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH EXPLANATORY CONJUNCTIONS

Here the second part explains and clarifies the meaning of the first with the help of conjunctions namely, that is: Romashov is looking for Katya, that is does the same thing as me(V. Kaverin) . In addition to plants, the garden has rooms for various animals, namely: many towers with lattice towers were built for pigeons, and for pheasants and other birds a huge wire cage was placed between the bushes(M. Gorky). Possible introductory words more precisely, more precisely, in other words, in other words etc.

With the help of the union that is In addition to the indicated meaning, the speaker can express the meaning of an amendment or reservation: We were sleeping, that is, my sister was sleeping, and I was lying with with open eyes and thought(Korolenko).

These are suggestions closed structure.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADJACENT CONJUNCTIONS

They add additional thoughts, which are: a) a passing comment; b) something unexpected that suddenly came to mind. Before conjunctions with a connecting meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made: This continues until everyone laughs in unison,and finally himself. (Gonch.)(Union And in combination with the word finally appends the conclusion in time sequence.) Concretizing words often appear and here, and moreover, and therefore, and after that: The water was warm, but not spoiled, and besides there was a lot of it ( Garshin ).

Very often, conjunctions with an adjunct meaning add not part of a complex sentence, but a new sentence, for example: 1) There are lanterns on all corners and they burn at full intensity.AND the windows are lighted. (K.S.)(Union And adds a new sentence; connecting connection allows you to highlight something very surprising and very important in at the moment for the narrator, who has not seen lighted windows for a long time. Wed: There are lanterns on all corners, they are burning at full intensity, the windows are illuminated.) 2)It's time, my child, get up!.. Are you ready, beauty?(P.)(Union Yes starts new interrogative sentence caused by something unexpected; Here Yes approaches the meaning of interrogative particles really, really.)

Additional to connecting values can express BSC with conjunctions yes and, and then, and not that, not that.

In sentences with a conjunction yes and the additional intensifying value is expressed: He[Sintsov] didn't ask again - yes and what is there to ask?? (Simonov)

In sentences with conjunctions and then, and not that, not that expresses the meaning of caution : You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about you leaving(Pisemsky). Answer me otherwise I'll worry(Pushkin).

SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)

Task 1. Characterize complex sentences of a closed structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: All winter I sorted through these diaries, and meanwhile my life in the Arctic went on as usual(V. Kaverin) . This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE [ All winter I sorted through these diaries] and 2 PE [ my life in the Arctic went on as usual]. Formal means of communication - adversative conjunction and meanwhile. There are adversarial-comparative relations between the parts of the BSC.

1. The sun is shining, but the wind is fresh, autumn(Korolenko).

2. An hour passed, then another, but there was no path.(Ars.)

3. These whirlwinds became less frequent, but each subsequent one was stronger than the previous one(Ars.)

4. In words little man not only was there friendship and joy, as Travka thought, but there was also a cunning plan for her salvation hidden(Prishvin)

5. This time the evening was lovely, and there were quite a lot of people(Adv.) .

6. Our conversation was suddenly interrupted, that is, we ended it ourselves(Kataev).

Task 2. Determine the semantic varieties of BSC with the conjunction BUT.

2. No one caressed Korchagin except his mother, but they beat him a lot(N. Ostrovsky)

3. [although, despite the fact that] My legs were tired, but I didn’t want to go home.

4. They danced, but there was something wooden, dead in this dance...(Kuprin)

Task 3. Parsing offers

No one lived in Mrs. Kozlovskaya’s apartment except her and her son, infantry lieutenant Romuald, but it was crowded nearby(Paust.)

Main groups of compound sentences.

Based on conjunctions that connect parts of a complex sentence, complex sentences are divided into three main groups:

1) complex sentences with connective and conjunctions (and, yes, no, no, too, also, 2) compound sentences with separators and conjunctions (or,either, then - that, not that - not that); 3) complex sentences with adversarial and conjunctions ( But, and, yes, but, same, however, otherwise, not that ).

Different unions express different relationships between simple sentences that are part of a complex sentence, for example: 1) conjunction And can express the simultaneity of phenomena: The transparent forest alone turns black, And spruce turns green through frost, And the river glitters under the ice (P.); 2) union But expresses the contrast: I called you, But You didn’t look back. (Block.)

Various semantic relationships between sentences during their composition are expressed not only by conjunctions, but often by the relationship of verb forms, as well as lexical means, in particular pronominal words included in the second sentence.

1) The sun has just village, and scarlet thin light lying on green vines, on tall stamens, on dry ground. (T.) Union And expresses a sequence of phenomena. Predicate in the first sentence (village) expressed by a perfective verb, and in the second sentence - by an imperfective verb (lying). These verb forms allow us to indicate that after a short-term action, a long-term action arose.

2) and therefore I didn’t wait for dinner and went to bed. (Ars.) In this example, the second sentence in meaning is a consequence of the first; this meaning is supported by the pronominal adverb That's why.(Wed: I wasn't feeling well that day, And I didn’t wait for dinner and went to bed.)

3) Marianne Not She was a child, but in her directness and simplicity of feeling she was like a child. (T.) The meaning of opposition is supported in this example by the negative particle Not with the predicate of the first sentence.

Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions.

1. Union And ambiguous: it may indicate simultaneity of actions (sat and was silent) on their sequence (jumped up and ran) on the conditionality of one action by another (He screamed in his sleep and woke up, i.e. woke up from a scream), etc. Therefore, in a complex sentence, he can connect parts that talk about the simultaneity of events, or about their following each other, or about the conditionality of one event by another. Let's look at examples: 1) The harvested ear bends, And wheat rises like a wall, And my friend's silver voice sings our sonorous song. (OK.)(This complex sentence consists of three parts; in a complex sentence the simultaneity of phenomena is established; simultaneity is expressed by enumerative intonation, conjunction and uniformity of verb forms: in all three parts the predicates are verbs of the imperfective form of the present tense.) 2) The coachman whistled And the horses galloped. (P.)(This complex sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed by the conjunction And, lexical meanings of verb forms; predicates are expressed by past perfect verbs.) 3) Lightning flashed , and after that a sharp clap of thunder was heard.(This sentence conveys a sequence of phenomena; the sequence is expressed primarily by the combination after that, A also the union i.) 4) Meanwhile, the darkness became increasingly denser, And objects lost their contours. (Ch.)(The second part of the sentence has the meaning of a consequence.) 5) I don’t know you, Daria Mikhailovna, And because I can’t not like you. (T.)(In this example, the presence of a pronominal adverb That's why in the second part, he emphasizes the meaning of the consequence.) In scientific prose, time sequence is very often combined with the meaning of the consequence, for example: The Earth gradually cooled down and gave up its heat into the cold interplanetary space. Finally, her temperature approached 100°, and then the water vapor of the atmosphere began to condense into drops and rushed in the form of rain onto the hot desert surface of the earth.(Oparin.) In the second compound sentence, a simple sentence attached by a conjunction And , which is combined with the word then, includes subsequent events that are a consequence. In scientific and business speech There are also complex sentences with a conditional consequential meaning, for example: Change the type of metabolism of a living body, and you will change heredity. (The first part with the predicate in the form imperative mood the condition has the meaning, and the second - with the predicate in the form of the future tense - has the meaning of the consequence.)

2. The connecting conjunction is used much less often in the literary language Yes. It is found mainly in artistic speech, for example: A hungry wolf in the wilderness moaned shrilly, Yes the wind beat and roared, playing on the river. (N.) It has an additional colloquial or folkloric connotation.

3. Unions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between the parts of the sentence, but inside the second part; they may have an additional conjunction And .

EXAMPLES. 1) Tears have dried in my eyes, sister Same stopped crying. (A.) 2) The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voice Also amazed me. (T.)

4. Union neither -neither (in modern literary language only repeated) combines two meanings: connecting conjunction And and reinforcing particle neither, which is used in negative sentences, therefore the conjunction neither - nor used to connect negative sentences.

Example. Neither I can't see the light of the sun, neither There is no room for my roots. (Kr.)(Wed: And I can’t see the light of the sun, And there is no room for my roots.)

Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions.

1. Union or indicates the presence or possibility of one of two or a number of phenomena, as well as the alternation of phenomena referred to in sentences. examples . 1) Only occasionally does a timid deer run through the desert, or The playful herd of horses will outrage the silence of the valley. (L.) 2) Il the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify, or A slow disabled person will slam a barrier into my forehead. (P.)

2. Union this and that (repeating only) indicates alternation of phenomena.

EXAMPLE That the door will creak, That the gate will quietly open, That a hunched figure trudges from house to house through the vegetable gardens.

(Cor.)

3. Union not that - not that(repeated only) indicates the difficulty of distinguishing one from two or from a series of phenomena due to the uncertainty of the impression from each

Example. Not that who were given the horses, not that who's new has arrived.(Danilevsky.)

Unions or, this and that stylistically neutral, sentences

they can be used in any style of speech. Unions il, not that - not that have a touch of colloquialism, designs with them are more typical of everyday style

Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions.

1. Union A indicates that the second phenomenon is the opposite of the first or is somehow different from it.

EXAMPLES. 1) They woke up - A We're going to bed. (T.) 2) I met a man and a woman in the swamp. He walked with a scythe A she is with a rake. (Ex.)

2. Unions but, yes, but, however indicate that the second phenomenon is the opposite of the first. Union Yes, like a connecting conjunction Yes, has an additional colloquial or folkloric connotation.

EXAMPLES. 1) The sun has set But It's still light in the forest. (T.)

2) I lay as if in oblivion, But sleep did not close my eyes. (Adv.) 3) The hot face was looking for the wind, Yes there was no wind. (T.) 4) More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your sunken whips, but In the inns' yards you ate plenty of oats. (N.)

3. Union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between parts of sentences, but after the first word in the second part of sentences (especially highlighting this word); it is used, as a rule, to connect sentences rather than individual words.

EXAMPLE The student himself laughed the most fun and loudest, he most likely he stopped. (M.G.)

4. Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech.

EXAMPLES. 1) You, Tisha, come quickly, otherwise Mama will scold again. (Sharp). 2) Tell the truth not that you'll get it.

The connecting meaning of coordinating conjunctions.

Some coordinating conjunctions (and, yes, or, ah, But, however) are used in a connecting sense. In this case, they add additional thoughts, which are: a) a consequence, a conclusion; b) a passing remark; c) something unexpected that suddenly came to mind. Some unions, for example yes and have only connecting meaning. Before conjunctions with a connecting meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made.

EXAMPLES. 1) We climbed another mountain, the last one, And Immediately in front of them a large, cheerful city lit up with a bunch of lights.(Union And adds a consequence.) 2) This continues until everyone laughs in unison, and finally himself. (Gonch.)(Union And in combination with the word finally appends the conclusion in time sequence.) 3) The snub-nosed high school student Vyacheslav Semashko came to the owner, Yes Sometimes young lady Ptitsyna came in. (M.G.)(Union Yes attaches a thought in a sequential statement, but one that arose as if after the first one.) 4) Poor Nadenka no longer has a place to hear those words, Yes and there is no one to pronounce them. (Ch.)(Special Affiliation Union Yes And attaches an additional remark from the narrator, who feels sorry for Nadenka and sympathizes with her.) 5) A hungry hut appeared before my eyes, and in the hungry hut the sick mother lay.(Unbelievable) (Union A , in logical meaning approaching the union And , adds an additional thought, caused in the creation by the picture of the hut that appeared before the eyes.) 6) IN Grandfather lived in the house on Polevaya Street for no more than a year , but also During this time, the house acquired noisy fame. (M.G.)(Union But combined with union And adds the opposite of what follows from the content of the first sentence.)

Very often, conjunctions with an adjunct meaning add not part of a complex sentence, but a new sentence, for example: 1) There are lanterns on all corners and they burn at full intensity. AND the windows are lighted. (K.S.)(Union And adds a new sentence; the connecting connection allows us to highlight something very surprising and very important at the moment for the narrator, who has not seen illuminated windows for a long time. Wed: There are lanterns on all corners, burning at full intensity, the windows are illuminated.) 2) It’s time, my child, get up!.. Are you ready, beauty? (P.)(Union Yes starts a new interrogative sentence caused by something unexpected; Here Yes approaches the meaning of interrogative particles really, really.)

Explanatory sentences.

A special group, close to sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions, consists of explanatory sentences with conjunctions that is, namely. In these sentences, the speaker explains and specifies the thought expressed in the first part, for example:

1) Our garden is dying, strangers are already in charge of it, that is The very thing that the poor father was so afraid of happens. (Ch.) 2) Thunderstorms have a beneficial effect on nature, namely: It purifies and cools the air.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with coordinating conjunctions.

Between parts of a sentence connected by coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. 1) The sea murmured dully, and the waves beat against the shore madly and angrily. (M. G.) 2) Nezhdanov was sleeping, and Marianna was sitting under the window and looking into the garden. (T.) 3) You work a lot, but there is no benefit in it. (Kr.) 4) The sun had set behind the mountains, but it was still light. (L.) 5) There was a strong explosion, but the guys were not taken aback. If the word however is in the middle of a sentence, it is separated by commas as an introductory word, for example: There was a strong explosion, but the guys, however, were not taken aback.

If the parts being connected are significantly common and already have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them; A semicolon is also placed before a sentence that, although not very common, is of an additional nature and is less related to the previous one in meaning. In these cases, between sentences the voice is lowered and there is a pause.

EXAMPLES. 1) Almost every evening they went somewhere out of town, to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time. (Ch.) 2) I only had blue paint; but, despite this, I decided to draw a hunt. (L.T.) 3) Irina again looked him straight in the face; but this time she smiled. (T.)

EXAMPLES. 1) The arrow comes out of the quiver, shoots up, and the Cossack falls. (P.) 2) I I moved to the second hut - and there was not a soul in the second hut. (T.) 3) I I’m in a hurry to get there - and there’s already everyone there

city. (P.)

Note: A comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if the sentences they connect have a common minor member or common subordinate clause, what determines the close semantic unity of these sentences, for example:

1) Along the streets Heavy trucks were moving and cars were racing. 2) The stars had already begun to fade and the sky was turning grey, when the stroller pulled up to the porch of the house in Vasilyevsky.(T.)

Exercise 115. Write by inserting the missing letters. Indicate conjunctions connecting parts of a complex sentence and the relationships between these parts; Explain punctuation marks.

1. The air breathes the aroma of spring, and all nature comes to life. (L.) 2) A year passes, and Theodore returns to his side. (P.) 3) And the batteries fell silent, and the drums began to beat. (L.) 4) The drums began to crack and the infidels retreated. (L.) 5) Only here and there they twinkled, stretched out... and immediately... the trembling reflections of the stars disappeared on the running streams, and sometimes a playful wave jumped onto the shore and ran towards us. (Cor.) 6) The nightingale finished its last songs, and the other songbirds all stopped singing. (A.) 7) He was silent for a second, his mother looked at him also silently. (M.G.) 8) It was dark, but I still saw trees, water, and people. (Ch.) 9) The chaise was driving straight, but for some reason the mill began to move to the left... . (Ch.) 10) He joked, and I was angry. (P.) 11) Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me. (P.) 12) My father wished me a good journey, and my daughter accompanied me to the cart. (P.) 13) His friends advised him to complain; but the caretaker thought, waved his hand and decided to retreat. (P.) 14) The house dog will hover, or the breeze will...swish through the leaves of the darkening oak tree, or a bird will timidly fly by. (Language) 15) Either everything in her breathes the truth, then everything in her is feigned and false. It is n...possible to understand her, but n...to love her is n...possible. (L.) 16) She was raised in the old-fashioned way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls, she sewed with gold and did not know how to read and write. (P.) 17) The fog rises faster and faster from the meadows and turns silver in sunbeam, and behind him bushes rise from the ground. (M.G.) 18) Everyone knew her (Lizaveta Ivanovna), and no one... noticed. (P.)

116 . Read and title the text, indicate complex sentences with conjunctions and the meaning of these sentences; copy it down, adding the missing punctuation marks.

The weather was good and quiet at first. The blackbirds were screaming, and in the swamp nearby something living was humming plaintively, as if blowing into an empty bottle. One woodcock held out and the shot at it sounded loud and cheerful in the spring air. But when it got dark in the forest, a cold, piercing wind inappropriately blew from the east, and everything fell silent. Ice needles stretched across the puddles and the forest became uncomfortably deaf and unsociable. It smelled like winter.

(A.P. Chekhov.)

117. Indicate compound sentences and their meaning; copy it down, filling in the missing punctuation marks. After that, explain the spelling of particles Not And neither.

I. 1) I was playful, lazy and hot-tempered, but sensitive and ambitious, and with affection you could get anything from me. Unfortunately, everyone interfered in my upbringing and no one knew how to take charge of me. (P.) 2) A green network of grass covers the sleeping pond and behind the pond the village smokes and fogs rise in the distance over the fields. I enter a dark alley, I see an evening ray through the bushes and yellow sheets make noise under timid steps. (L.) 3) Ostap had already gone about his business and had long gone to the kurens. Andriy himself, without knowing why, felt some kind of stuffiness in his heart. (G.) 4) The table and bed stood in the same places, but there were no more flowers on the windows and everything around showed disrepair and neglect. (P.) 5) Days late autumn They usually scold her, but she is dear to me, dear reader. (P.) 6) The air becomes empty, no more birds can be heard, but it’s far away even before the first winter storms, and clear and light azure pours onto the resting field. (Tyutch.) 7) Sometimes, again, I will become drunk with harmony over fiction and shed tears, and maybe at my sad sunset, love will flash with a farewell smile. (P.) 8) Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus' and every language in it will call me. (P.)

II. 1) It was spring. The sun was getting hotter. On the southern slopes of the hillocks the snow had melted and the earth, red from last year's grass, was already covered at noon with a transparent lilac haze of vapors. On the snowdrifts on the mounds, from under the native stones that had grown into the loam, the first bright green, sharp sprouts of verdigris grass appeared. The cold was exposed. From the abandoned winter roads, the rooks migrated to the threshing floor to the winter fields flooded with melt water. In the ravines and gullies the snow lay blue to the brim with moisture; From there the cold was still blowing sternly, but it was already ringing subtly and melodiously in the ravines under the snow. visible to the eye spring streams and, quite like spring, the trunks of poplars turned slightly noticeably and tenderly green in the copses. (Shol.) 2) Soon a huge convoy stretched from the farmstead to the mountain. The women who came out for the run waved their handkerchiefs to those leaving for a long time, and then a drift of snow rose in the steppe and behind the snowy boiling haze it became impossible to see either the carts slowly climbing the mountain or the Cossacks walking next to them. (Shol.)

118. Read, indicate compound sentences and their meaning; then indicate separate members offers. Copy using missing punctuation marks. After this, explain the spelling of suffixes of adjectives and participles.

1) Under the clouds, larks trembled, filling the air with silver sounds, and rooks flew over the green arable lands, flapping their wings solidly and decorously. (Ch.) 2) The foliage did not move on the trees, the cicadas were screaming, and the monotonous dull sound of the sea coming from below spoke of peace. (Ch.) 3) The distance was visible as if during the day, but its delicate lilac color, shaded by the evening darkness, disappeared and the entire steppe was hidden in darkness. (Ch.) 4) From behind a ridge of sandy hillocks to their left, the moon appeared, bathing the sea in a silver sheen. The large, meek one slowly floated up the deep vault of the sky, the bright shine of the stars paled and melted in its even, dreamy light. (M.G.) 5) The oars fell together into the waves and the longboat rushed forward into the wide plain of illuminated water. (M.G.) 6) At night, the soft sound of his sleepy breath floats smoothly over the sea; this immense sound infuses calm into a person’s soul and, gently taming its evil impulses, gives birth to powerful dreams. (M.G.)

119. Read and title the text; indicate where coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members, where - simple sentences and where - compound sentences; then indicate the meaning of compound sentences; write it down, filling in the missing commas. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.

The black cloud had completely moved in and it was no longer the sunrise that was visible, but the lightning that illuminated the entire yard and the collapsing house with broken porches, and thunder was already heard overhead. All the birds became silent, but the leaves began to rustle and the wind reached the porch where Nekhlyudov sat, moving his hair. One drop flew, another drummed on the burdocks of the iron roof and the whole air flared up brightly; everything became quiet and before Nekhlyudov had time to count three, something terribly cracked above his head and rolled across the sky.

(L.N. T o l s t o y.)

120. Write it down, opening the parentheses. Emphasize coordinating conjunctions.

1) He [Saburov] had the most people for (That) he had to walk straight across the entire square. (K.S.) 2) By dusk we (to) walked (to) watershed. The people were very hungry, the horses, then (same) needed rest. (Ars.) 3) Ahead, on a dusty field, then (same) the carts were moving, and those (same) yellow sheaves were visible, and so (same) the sounds of carts, voices and songs came from afar. (L. T.) 4) Not (That) these were flashes of distant explosions, not (That) lightning flashes sparkled. 5) It slammed somewhere (That), then suddenly there was a howl, then as if someone (That) walked down the corridor. (S.-Sch.) 6) A few minutes later everything in the village fell asleep, it’s only been like this for a month (same) sailed brilliantly and wonderfully in the vast deserts of the luxurious Ukrainian sky. So (same) breathed solemnly in the heights... (G.)

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Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);

3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:

Phenomena occurring simultaneously.

For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).

In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationships.

For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.

I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- cause-and-effect relationships.

For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.

I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.

Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, is used in colloquial speech, union Also- in the bookstore.

The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is contrasted with another.

For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.

Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).

Unions but , but then indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.

For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .

For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.

Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have released sticky notes, the oak tree still stands without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).

In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not so -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Divisional unions or And or can be single or repeating.

With more detailed description types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.

Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.

Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.

Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.

Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Compound Sentences	Simple sentences with homogeneous members of the sentence
The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches.	And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten.	Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back.	IN good weather the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water.
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes.	I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins.

Syntactic analysis of sentences (generalization).

In the Unified State Examination task in the Russian language, a complex sentence is usually offered for analysis, which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of analyzing a simple complicated sentence. Let's visualize brief information about the differences between simple and types of complex sentences, the knowledge of which you will need to successfully complete the task.

Rule.

offer	*quantitygrammatical* basics**	Construction Features	Main features (means of communication, if any)
1. Simple sentence	one grammatical basis	It may be complicated or uncomplicated, but it will still be considered simple, For example: Subject + homogeneous predicates; Me or I’ll burst into tears, or scream, or faint. Homogeneous subjects + plural predicate; The gardens were blooming apple, pear, cherry and plum trees. Grammatical basis + participial phrase/adverbial phrase; Road, cobblestone, climbed the shaft. Having seen off my comrades , Anya stood silently for a long time. Introductory words, phrases and constructions; inserted constructions (incidental instructions, remarks that stand out from the syntactic structure). They may have a grammatical basis, but not included (!) included in the proposal. *As the old-timers say* , the winter will be snowy. I didn't understand ( now I understand), what I did with the creatures close to me.	-
2. Complex composition.	minimum two grammar basics	The stems are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions. The bases are equal (that is, from the same base it is forbidden set question for another). [Windblew from the land], And[near the shore the water was calm].	Conjunctions: and, but, and, or, however, or, not only... but also
3. Complex subordination.	minimum two grammar basics	The stems are related to each other by intonation and subordinating conjunctions. The bases are unequal (from one base Can set question for another). (When* the wind was blowing from land) [ near the shore the water was calm].* When was the water calm? When the wind blew from land.	Conjunctions and allied words: when, as, as if (as if), that, so that, because, since, if; which, which, whose, who, etc.
4. Non-union proposal (BSP)	minimum two grammar basics	The basics are connected to each other only by intonation. Graphically non-union proposal can be recognized using punctuation marks between stems (, : – ;) WindIt was blowing from land, the water was calm near the shore.	-
5. Complex sentence with the coordinating and subordinate. communication	minimum three grammar basics	There must be signs of points 2, 3, 4

Algorithm of actions.

1. Try to act by eliminating incorrect options! Most often, two version of the Unified State Exam obviously incorrect, and the rest are very similar.

2. Identify grammatical basics and determine their number. One basis is a simple sentence, if two or more are complex.

3. Pay attention to the ways in which grammatical basics are connected and the punctuation marks between them.

Remember! Coordinating conjunctions connect not only grammatical bases, but also homogeneous parts of the sentence, while subordinating conjunctions connect only grammatical bases!

4. If the sentence is complex (SPP), then determine the main and subordinate clauses (ask a question from one stem to another).

Analysis of the task.

Apparently, we don’t think enough in private that we still don’t know this.

1) complex with coordinating and subordinating connection

1) complex

2) complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections

3) compound (CC)

We highlight grammatical basics and conjunctions:

Apparently we don't think much in private, What We still don’t know this.

Thus, there are 2 grammatical bases in the sentence ( visible is an introductory word, so it only complicates the first basis). Options 1 and 3 will be excluded, since they presuppose the presence of at least three basics Since the sentence contains a subordinating conjunction What, then this is a proposal complex (option 2).

1. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:

True, when the famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into the hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell that could be diluted with water.

1. complex with coordinating and subordinating connections

2. complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections

3. complex

4. complex with non-union and conjunction (coordinating and subordinating) connections

We determine the number of grammatical bases and the connection between them:

Is it true, When famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into a hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell, which could have been diluted with water.

Three basics ( Truth - introductory word) are connected only by a subordinating connection (conjunction When and a union word which).

Answer option – 3.

2. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:

It is interesting that a year before the experimental discovery of the positron, its existence was theoretically predicted by the English physicist Paul Dirac (the existence of just such a particle followed from the equation he derived).