Isolated members of a sentence. Homogeneous definitions: examples

Homogeneous members of a sentence are called, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function, relating to the same member of the sentence and interconnected by a coordinative connection. Ourlanguage - oursword , ourlight , ourLove , ourpride.

Homogeneous members are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech.

Homogeneous members can be common and non-widespread.

Common ones have dependent words. AND came up He, spread his wings, took a deep breath, sparkled his eyes And - rolled down .

There may be more than one row in a sentence homogeneous members. Russian people smart And understanding , diligent And hot to all good And beautiful .

Homogeneous members of the sentence are not:

repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Winters waited, waited nature . Words waited, waited are used in sentences to emphasize the multitude of objects or the duration of an action. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of a sentence;
two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (the second word has a particle Not or So). Shout or scream, like it or not, just walk like that .
stable combinations with double conjunctions and...and, neither...nor. For example: this way and that, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl .
paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymic or associative nature, for example: sewn-covered, let's go, life-being, any-expensive, at the very least and so on.; questions and answers, buying and selling, up and down, back and forth and so on.; bread and salt, (by) mushrooms and berries, (by) hands and feet, brothers and sisters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren etc. Such combinations are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen;
two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a semantic whole. Let's go talk to ourselves. Sit down and rest.

Homogeneous members are connected using coordinating conjunctions and intonation or only with the help intonation .

Homogeneous members of a sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions :

connecting ( and, yes(= and) , no no): And the flowers are white Yes lush ;
dividing ( or, then... then, either and etc.): He looked with suspicion That on the owner, That to the counselor ;
adversative ( ah, but, yes(= but), however and etc.): She spoke little But sensibly .

In a sentence with repeated conjunctions, always by one comma fewer than homogeneous members.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Definitions there are homogeneous when each of them refers to the word being defined, that is, when they are interconnected by a coordinating connection and pronounced with enumerative intonation. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon from the same side (by color, material, properties, etc.). Powerful, violent, deafening rain poured onto the steppe .

Heterogeneous definitions happen when they characterize an object with different sides. In this case, there is no coordinating connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation. Starlings serve as models kind hardworking family life.

Homogeneous members of the sentence and generalizing words

With homogeneous members there can be generalizing words, which are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous ones. The generalizing word stands either before or after homogeneous members. In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards And in the trees - everywhere the cicadas were singing .

Often homogeneous members are found in sentences. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these issues.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

Thus, homogeneous members are those parts in a sentence that perform the same function in the syntactic sense. In another way, we can say that they refer to one general word or are dependent on it. For example, all the adjectives in the sentence “White, blue and green balls flew into the air” are homogeneous definitions. In writing they are separated by punctuation marks, usually commas, as well as conjunctions. In speech, pauses are formed between them. Homogeneous members are not always identical parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence “The student answered correctly, intelligently, in excellent language." Homogeneous members are equal, independent of each other. In addition, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's look at them in more detail with the examples given. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence “Blue, yellow and pink flowers“All definitions answer the question “which ones?” Thus they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are identical members of the sentence. Thus, in the sentence “Brother and sister met,” homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they refer to a single specific word. Thus, in the phrase “they rested and worked,” all verbs are connected with a pronoun. And finally, fourthly, homogeneous members have equal rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the conjunction “and” between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As stated above, they must be separated by something.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members are, as a rule, commas. They are placed in cases where these equal parts are not connected by unions. If such a provision exists, then there is no need for punctuation marks. It's a different matter if adversative or repeating conjunctions are used. An example of this would be the sentences “She felt happy but tired” and “In the evening they either dance or read.”

The meaning of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: “Why are homogeneous members of a sentence needed?” After all, from all the wealth of words you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, sentences turn out dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous terms are used to more accurately describe any objects and phenomena. IN

Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in constructions;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I like ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed phraseological turn soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on the coordinating and/or non-union communications. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

generic and specific concepts:
The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.
(general word - furniture);
words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, according to different characteristics.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different features: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts speeches: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?
Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?
What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?
- general word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions

One sentence can have several subjects or predicates. What punctuation marks should be used in such cases? Sentences with homogeneous subjects are the topic of the article.

Rules

A sentence usually has two main parts. One of them is the subject. The second is the predicate. But there are also those in which there are two or more subjects. Or several predicates.

Words related to each other by type are called. It is important to know that with several predicates there can be only one subject. With two or more subjects, there is only one predicate. The article will examine in detail a sentence with homogeneous subjects. Examples in which there are several predicates are also worth giving:

He rowded and fought to maintain morale.
They screamed, and called for help, and cried out to God.

Unions

A sentence with homogeneous subjects can have both a conjunction and a non-conjunction.

Children, women, disabled people, and old people remained in the village.
Children, women, old people, and disabled people remained in the village.
Only children, women, old people and disabled people remained in the village.
Children and women, old people and disabled people remained in the village.

The first option is typical for narrative and calm speech. It represents a kind of open circle. The second option is an incomplete enumeration. The third sentence with homogeneous subjects includes a closed enumeration. And finally, the fourth has several types:

paired words are close in meaning;
paired words are lexical units that are contrasting in meaning;
paired words-concepts are logically far from each other.

Particles

A sentence with homogeneous members may include prepositions. These auxiliary parts of speech perform a connecting function between paired words. But if such words are subjects, then only conjunctions and particles can appear before them. For example:

Not only children, but also skeptical adults froze in front of the TV.
Not only he, but also you will be able to complete this task on time.

Predicate

In the examples given above, it is nouns that express homogeneous members of the sentence. Subjects, as is known, can be represented by another part of speech. But in the cases discussed in this article, these are always nouns. The predicate can be not only a verb. This part of the sentence is sometimes expressed as a noun. For example:

Moscow, Budapest, Kyiv, Minsk are all capitals of countries.
And “Amok”, and “Impatience of the Heart”, and “Letter from a Stranger” are works by Zweig.
Poems and poems, stories and tales, dramas and comedies - all these are literary works.
Red Square, Patriarch's Ponds and Sparrow Hills are the sights of the capital.

In sentences that have several subjects, the predicate is always plural.

Errors

Lexical inconsistency of one of the homogeneous subjects with the predicate is the cause of common errors. For example:

Comments and proposals were considered at the meeting (proposals are considered, comments are made).

There are other errors as well. Homogeneous members can interbreed according to generic and species concepts. For example:

Cakes, confectionery, wine and fruit are included in the store's assortment (you should cross out “cakes”, as they belong to the confectionery category).
AND alcoholic drinks, And tobacco products, and the wines will soon disappear from store shelves.

A minor, but still a mistake, is the incorrect selection of paired words. Examples of sentences with such homogeneous subjects are given above.

The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence.

Homogeneous are two or more members of a sentence connected to each other by a coordinating connection. A coordinating connection is that words are connected to each other as equal, independent of each other; neither serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:

a) two or more subjects with a common predicate, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong square (P.);

b) two or more predicates with a common subject, for example: Seething, hurrying, roaring life(T.) ;

c) two or more minor members, depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question, for example: The wind was blowing down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M.G.) Fast, furious the troika was rushing. (N.) Started sprinkling rare, small rain. (Ch.)

The coordinating connection is expressed either by conjunctions and intonation, or without conjunctions, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled along in a wide veil evenly, majestically homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;

they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, and there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep and did not undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by conjunction and intonation; with a single union And there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then there is a pause: And for him they rose again And deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love.. (P.)

Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members are called creative conjunctions.

Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the examples above, but this is not necessary: for example, in the sentence She listened to him with fear and greed(M.G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition and an adverb.

Homogeneous members can be common, Yes, in a sentence Gloomy Bor sullenly silent or howls dully(T.) homogeneous predicates are common by circumstances.

Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example, in a sentence.

I wandered all day I from room to room, from roof to roof, from staircase to staircase(P.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room, 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.

A sentence may have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Marya at all didn't think or remember about my face and hairstyle.(L.T.) This sentence has two rows of homogeneous members: predicates didn't think or remember and additions about face and hairstyle.

Conjunctions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.

Coordinating conjunctions that serve to connect homogeneous members, according to their basic meaning, are connecting, separating, and against i t e l e n d c o m p a r a t i o n s.

1. Connective unions and, no - no, yes (= And) and etc.

Union And can be either single or repeating. Single union And , when there are several homogeneous members, is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is complete, for example: Carts, carts, and gigs creak endlessly And vans. (Seraph.) Repeating union And, as a rule, it is placed before each homogeneous member and gives the statement an additional intensifying enumerative meaning: Now And knocking And screaming And you can’t hear the bells. (T.)

Union no no used instead of a conjunction And in negative sentences and can only be repeated. Wed:

He didn't have a brother And sisters.- He didn’t have neither brother neither sisters. (L.)

Union yes (==and) can be single or repeating;

when repeated, it gives the statement, like a conjunction And, intensifying-enumerative meaning, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member: 1) Pines only Yes The spruce tops were noisy. (P.) 2) Let him serve in the army, Yes will pull the strap, Yes smells gunpowder Yes there will be a soldier... (P.)

2. Separating unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that and etc.

Divisional unions or And or show that any one of the listed homogeneous terms is possible;

they can be either single or repeating, for example: 1) Sometimes a pole floats by like a dead snake or log. (M.G.) I am with a stranger or timid, or put on airs. (M.G.) In case of repetition, they often give the sentence an additional enumerative meaning, for example: Evseich or amused us with stories, or played with us or listened to my reading. (A.)

Union That - That can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind That howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call, That deer (Chuk.)

Complex dividing union not that - not that also only repeating, indicates the uncertainty of the impression made by an action, an object, the quality of an object, etc., for example: There's someone up above the ceiling not that moans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the entire grove.

3. Anti-violent unions a, but, yes (= but), however, but and others indicate the opposition of one to another and therefore are not repeated: 1) We won’t bring our cart, A let's roll it down (Kr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, But picaresque. (P:) 3) Good singer Yes arrogant. (M.G.) 4) I hesitated a bit however sat down (T.) 5) They[singers] they fight a little, but They don’t even put drunken things into their mouths. (Kr.)

4. Double comparative conjunctions both - and, not only - but and, not so much - as, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second - in front of the other.

Union not as much - as used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming vacation, How many about meeting my old friend soon. He not so much cowardly, How many timid.

Union both and serves only for comparison, for example: Y Siberia has many features How in nature, so and in human morals. (Gonch.) All other comparative conjunctions have different additional meanings.

Union not only but emphasizes that, in addition to what is indicated by the first homogeneous term, there is also something else that the speaker, when compared with the first, considers more important, for example: The partisans had Not only rifles, but also machine guns.

Union if not - That has an additional conditional meaning, and the conjunction although (but)-concessive, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, That anxiety. (L.T.) 2) It [the bridge] looks though and simple, A has a wonderful property. (Kr-)

Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence.

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members not connected by unions, for example: The steppe groaned under the ringing of sabers, under the whistling of bullets, under the peals of gunfire. (Form.)

2. Before a single conjunction, connecting or disjunctive (and, yes(==and), or, either), connecting homogeneous members, no comma is used.

EXAMPLES: The clear sky, morning freshness, dew, breeze and birdsong filled Lisa's heart with infantile gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawyers trudged slowly Yes glaziers. (Leon.) There was no emotion in his movements or fear.

3. Before repeated connecting and disjunctive conjunctions And -and, neither - nor, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, that - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. Forgive the fever of youth And youthful heat, And youthful delirium. (P.) He fell in love with dense groves, solitude, silence, And night, And stars, And moon (P.)(commas are placed between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). I'm imagining That noisy feasts, That military camp, That combat fights. (P.)

Note: It should be noted that there are some difficult cases of placement (or absence) of punctuation marks for homogeneous members.

In the example Local fevers are similar to Crimean and Moldavian and are treated the same (P.) not a single comma is placed, since one And connects predicates (similar and treatable) and not repeated, other And connects definitions (Crimean and Moldavian) and also not repeated.

When homogeneous members are combined by meaning into links, when placing punctuation marks, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:

A) In the endless, in the free space shine and movement, roar and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by a union And into two links, between which there is no union; therefore the links are separated by a comma;

b) I love the lush decay of nature, in crimson and gold clad woods, in their canopy there is noise and fresh breath, And the skies are covered with wavy haze, And a rare ray of sunshine, And first frosts, And distant threats of gray winter (P.) - additions noise And breathing have a common circumstance (in their entryway) and definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although the following is a conjunction And repeats;

V) The Ivashins had him as their own man And he had a tender fatherly feeling for Zina and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a fatherly feeling and admired) in meaning they constitute one link, since they talk about the relationship to Zina; therefore, there is no comma between predicates.

4. Whole expressions with a repeating conjunction are never separated by a comma: and this and that, neither this nor that, both this and that, and this way and that, and here and there, neither here nor there, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, neither light nor dawn, neither give nor take and the like.

5. Before adversarial alliances a, but, yes (==but) a comma is added.

EXAMPLES. I will put not the family, but the mind as a governor. (P.) The appeal was written in rough, But strong expressions. (P.) The spool is small, Yes expensive (Ate.)

In the absence of an adversative conjunction between homogeneous members, a dash is placed rather than a comma: They don't live here - it's paradise. (Kr.)

6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double conjunction, then a comma is placed before the second part (between homogeneous -

our members): Sanin felt in his entire being if not pleasure, That some lightness. (T.)

On the connecting meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.

Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning And ) are used in a connecting sense. In this case, they add what came to mind after the thought had already been expressed. or they add an unexpected consequence. Before conjunctions with this meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union yes and has only connecting meaning.

A comma is placed before connecting conjunctions; instead of a comma there can be a dash or even a period.

EXAMPLES. 1) Fedotik (Irine). Just now I bought colored pencils for you from Pyzhikov on Moskovskaya.. AND this little knife. (Ch.) Oh Fedotik remembered the knife when the thought had already been expressed. Union And in this example it has a connecting meaning.

2) The caretaker stood, stood - yes and gone. (P.) The caretaker, pushed out by the footman, in bewilderment, confused, stood, stood closed door, and then, without thinking of anything, he left. Additional character of the predicate gone shown by the conjunction yes and and a pause before it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.

3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She was pouring tea And received reprimands for wasting too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the author’s mistakes; she accompanied the countess on her walks, And was responsible for the weather And behind the pavement. (P.) In this example, in three sentences the conjunction And has a connecting meaning. He adds a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.

Unions with the indicated meanings can also be joined by heterogeneous members, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp)

Homogeneous definitions.

1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize an object from one point of view, according to any one characteristic (that is, they are homogeneous logically and in meaning). Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the defined noun, and therefore a conjunction can be inserted between them And . Homogeneous definitions have

the following values:

a) serve to list varieties of objects by indicating them distinctive features, For example: The store received wool, silk, linen fabrics(woolen, silk, and linen);

b) list the signs and attributes of an object, forming, as it were, one series of synonyms, for example: Finally the long, boring, stormy winter comes (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).

2. Heterogeneous ones must be distinguished from homogeneous definitions. Heterogeneous definition refers to a combination of a defined noun and a definition attached to it, as a complex name of an object, for example: Walked long commodity train. (Ch.) In this sentence the first definition long refers to more than one word train, and to the combination freight train, as a complex name for an object. Another example: He studied in higher education establishment. Such definitions are not separated by a comma.

Definitions that characterize an object from different angles, for example, its size, shape, color, material, etc., are also heterogeneous. Compare: wide asphalt highway, large rectangular stone slab, long red scarf. In this case, there is no comma between the definitions.

Note: Some Examples allow for different understandings, resulting in different pronunciations and different punctuation. Let's take an example:

1) They smoldered silently tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deafly smoldered his tiny still eyes. This example can be understood in such a way that definitions list the characteristics of an object, and separate them with commas; It can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of a defined with a second definition (fixed eyes) and don't put a comma.

The first understanding is more consistent artistic descriptions, striving for clarity, and the second - prosaic, precise speech, striving for generalization.

Let's take another example: 1) I need different, spicy knife. 2) I'm below other spicy knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition explains the first (need another one, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be dull), then a comma should be put, but if it needs to be understood in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(there is one sharp knife, you need another similar one), then the comma should not be inserted.

Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members.

I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put in the same number. It's fun on the other side curled up willows, young oak trees and willows. (Cor.) Questions, exclamations, stories fell down vying with each other. (T.)

When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in singular, agreement depends on the meaning of conjunctions and word order.

If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or only by intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually placed in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (P.) When the predicate stands before homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, agreeing with the nearest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) However, even in this position, the predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, got together, got together, got together etc.), must be placed in the plural. Usually in summer came together and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya and his wife.

When homogeneous subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that in each this moment it is connected with any one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or momentary

panic attack in just a minute Seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Form.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will float by pole or log. (M.G.) If the predicate wants to be attributed to all subjects, it is put in the plural: Either loud laughter or a song were heard in the revived rooms of an old house.

In the case of combining homogeneous subjects with adversatives

By conjunctions, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the nearest homogeneous member: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy, dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition suggested the right decision for me.

II. A definition relating to several homogeneous definables agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjective definitions are more likely to agree with the closest qualifier, for example: Her gorgeous the fur coat and hat made no impression. (Ch.) Enmity and captivity old one let the Finnish waves forget. (P.)

Note: This does not apply to separate definitions: They usually are. put in the plural: in these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so necessary in the matter of war. (S.-C.)

III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:

1) Student success in the first and second quarters were very average. 2) Number of students in primary and secondary school increased sharply. Plural it is preferred if the noun comes before the adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several objects: 1) There were factories aviation, mechanical engineering, metallurgical. 2) He walked to the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.(L.T.)

Exercise 76. Write by inserting the missing letters. Place punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if a sentence has several rows of homogeneous members, then underline the homogeneous members of one row with one line, another with two, etc.).

1) The first snow is flashing. 2) The carts were loaded with hay, straw, bags of flour, pots, bricks... and firewood. 3) Nogai guides in burkas and lassos galloped around them. 4) He was tall, thin and seemed to be about thirty years old. 5) For two days the secluded fields, the coolness of the gloomy oak forest, and the murmur of a quiet stream seemed new to him. 6) Through the window, Tatyana saw in the morning a whitewashed courtyard, a curtain roof and a fence on the glass, light patterns of trees in winter silver, forty cheerful ones in the yard and the softly covered winter mountains with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, spun, rose up in ears of palm trees, fountains, rained down with stars, faded away and flared up again.

77. Read, indicate the meaning of conjunctions that appear with homogeneous members; Explain the placement of punctuation marks for homogeneous terms. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Mature pine trees with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks and magnificent ash trees raised their lonely tops high here and there. 2) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls dully. 3) And it smells of smoke, and grass, and a little tar, and a little leather. 4) The sky was then covered with loose white clouds, then suddenly cleared in places for a moment. 5) The last waves of warmed fog either roll down and spread out like tablecloths, or twist and disappear into the deep. gently with And rising above. 6) The felled aspens crushed both grass and small bushes. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I couldn’t discover passion in him neither to food, neither to the hunt. 9) He would I came to you myself, but I was afraid. 10) I also try to acquire something through correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun was shining and warm, but Not inferno.

78 . Write it down using punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1) The rapids bushes were all blown deep into the snow by the blizzard. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a seething dark and gray stream rustles and swirls in its waves. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light illuminated Tatiana’s pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love wild youth and tightness and sparkle and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests or the violent whirlwind or the living melody of the orioles or the dull noise of the sea at night or the sh...sweat of a quiet...streaming river. 6) He [the poet] will collect new thoughts and feelings and pass them on to us. 7) I remember high mountain peaks and flowing waters, cheerful streams and shadow and noise and red lengths. 8) Between the highlanders...the captive observed their faith, morals, education, loved their lives, simplicity, hospitality, thirst for abuse, free movements, the speed and lightness of their legs and the strength of the doe. 9) On the way, I thought about both this and that for the deliverance of the poor girl. 10) Although my successes were slow, they were good...reliable.

(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)

79. Read the examples and indicate where the definitions serve to list varieties of objects, where they list the characteristics of the object, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to the combination of a noun and an adjective. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Amusingly colorful with their pink, lilac, fawn hats, they looked out And earthy damp and ki. 2) Only here and there between the bushes were tiny clearings with emerald green, silky thin grass. 3) Motionless silvery clouds could be seen here and there in the sky. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a big straw nn oh hat. 6) Her Not the large, pink, pretty face breathed with irrevocable determination. 7) She was Not It’s unpleasant to show yourself to me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Muffled, restrained sobs suddenly struck me. 9) Suddenly a loud noise was heard from the yard and Sky voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long nn oh disheveled nn oh beard. 11) A different, fresh look is needed here.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)

80. Copy using punctuation marks and inserting missing letters.

1) White, red, and blue shirts flashed everywhere between the trees. (T.) 2) The entire river was dammed with fine, solid ice soaked in water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long linden a...ey. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, the clearing was crossed by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was lunar clear evening. (Ch.) 6) Direct... there was complete darkness. (Ch.) 7) A fine, rare rain began to fall. 8) All around was the same gloomy, strict wild nature. (L.T.) 9) He fixed his moving gaze on the distant masses of gray, ruddy blue mountains. (P.) 10) Need for new better life n...unbearably painful protect...sweet heart. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov inhaled the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L.T.)

81 . Write by inserting the missing letters; Explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, and definitions with homogeneous definables.

1) In the village... stomping and screams were heard. (L.T.) 2) Noise and screaming were heard everywhere. (P.) 3) All faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) 4) Sometimes you can hear the crackle of a gun, the vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements one could notice either... negligence or... fatigue. (T.) 6) They [the children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) The prepared large fork and spatula made of maple wood made one suspect that it was unlikely that boiled sterlet was being prepared. (L.T.) 8) His calmness and simplicity of address surprised Olenin. (L.T.) 9) She wiped every thing so carefully, as if the vase or book were alive. (M.G.)

82. In the sentences below, to the existing main and minor members, add others that are similar to them.

Sample. The factory requires mechanics. ... - The plant requires mechanics, turners, and electricians.

1) Boards were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy loved to make things: planing, ... 3) His briefcase was old, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruce and pine trees grow, but also... 6) The wind either died down, then... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) Cheerful, ... voices are heard from the street children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: he sawed wood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an eagle owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France, ...

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members.

A general word is a member of a sentence that is more general designation for all homogeneous members standing with it.

In the example There was in the basket game: two black grouse and a duck (Gonch.) the generalizing word is the subject game.

A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Estate location it was nice: friendly, secluded and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the vegetable garden, on the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - Headquarters in the village of Taginka two divisions: Zheleznaya and Penza (Mal.) and so on.

Combinations of words can be generalizing, for example:

K. black forest also belongs berry trees: bird cherry and rowan. (A.)

Very often generalizing words are expressed by attributive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, no one, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.

Homogeneous members answer the same question as the generalizing word with which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere Silence reigned.

Generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous members that appear with generalizing words, for example:

1) All of a sudden All came to life: and forests, and ponds, and steppes.(G.)(All highlighted words are subjects.) 2) In the forests, on the mountains, by the seas and by the rivers - everywhere we will find the brothers. (OK.)(All highlighted words are circumstances of place.)

Note: With homogeneous subjects there may be nominal predicates with a general meaning, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines, grapes - fruits,...

Colon and dash for homogeneous members.

1. When a generalizing word comes in front of homogeneous members of a sentence, then a pause is made before the homogeneous members, and a dot is placed in the letter, for example: All things have changed around: both the weather and the nature of the forest.(L.T.)

2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after them: All This: flowers, glitter, sounds and smells- it was pressing on my eyes. (M.G.)

If, according to the conditions of the context, after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word, a comma is required (for example, before an adversative conjunction), then the dash after homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: People have experienced many natural disasters: fires, drought, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.

3. A generalizing word may be followed by a conjunction or

introductory word warning about the enumeration: somehow, namely, for example and etc.; before such a conjunction or introductory word a comma is placed, and after it a dot: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)

4. If a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of a sentence, then in pronunciation there is a pause after the homogeneous members, and a dash is placed in the letter: In the steppe, beyond the river,

on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L.T.)

5. The generalizing word may be preceded by an introductory word:

in a word, in a word, in general and etc.; The ti r is placed before the introductory word, and after it there is a comma: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)

Note: Sometimes a colon is placed before homogeneous members of a sentence if there is no generalizing word before them; this usually happens in business and scientific speech.

EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by: director of the institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, scientific secretary P. M. Timofeev.

Stylistic differences in constructions with homogeneous members.

Homogeneous members used without conjunctions or joined by conjunctions And or But , have no stylistic connotation and are characteristic of all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by a union Yes, more typical for colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue And scarlet banners flutter over the stadium. - Cloaks are only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book design).- Small, but smart. Small spool but precious(sayings); You talk a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).

Constructions with unions And ... And, Not only ... But And, How ... So And close in meaning. Wed: He came both yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but also today. - He came both yesterday and today. Moreover, constructions with a repeating conjunction And stylistically neutral, and constructions with conjunctions Not only ... But And, How ... So And gravitate towards bookish and written speech. Both parts in each of these conjunctions are constant and cannot be replaced by other words. For example, it is incorrect:

“She loves not only literature, but also physics” or: “not only literature, but also physics”; "He came like yesterday and also today." Such constructions are unacceptable in the Russian literary language.

Exercise 83. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain punctuation marks.

1) Everything around suddenly became darker: trees, grass and earth. 2) The house was still sleeping like a dead sleep in the morning. 3) The entire estate of Tchertopkhanov consisted of four log houses of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, furniture, food, and wine - not... only could not be called paramount, but even to the second degree... it was suitable. 5) These long readings, this silence, this snail-shaped hidden life - all this went just in tune with his spiritual structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov covered his ears with ... both hands and ran. And hops, and anger, and self-confidence - everything flew out at once. 7) We will not only play comedies, we will play everything: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) A thin aquiline nose with open translucent nostrils, a bold outline of high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face expressed wayward passion and carefree prowess. 9) On the red... grass, on the blades of grass, on the straws - countless threads of autumn cobwebs glittered and... shimmered everywhere.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev.)

84. Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) The Circassian hangs around his armor on centuries-old roots on branches, a battle shield, a cloak, a shell, a quiver and a bow with a shell. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olive trees, the sleeping herds around the houses are decided e skeins of grapes. 3) There were two of us, brother and me. 4) Neither you nor she will forget what happened.

5) And with it they put a military shell Not a loaded arquebus, a quiver and a bow, a Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? steel.

6)Neither muses neither works neither joys of leisure nothing is not will replace his only friend. 7) Something familiar is heard in the long songs of the coachman, either daring revelry or heartfelt melancholy.

(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)

II. 1) Hunting with sharpness requires three conditions dark night bright water and completely clear weather. 2) It hits with a sharp edge big fish somehow pike catfish asps pike perch. 3) At this time of year, large fish somehow did not take chub and tench.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

85. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

What could be more wonderful and interesting than underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used... to the light of a trembling candle. The passages stretch...the branches...then unexpectedly expand...into entire halls, then steeply descend...somewhere down and suddenly break off into abysses. Neither ropes nor hooks nor rope ladders help...to reach unknown depths in order to fully explore the underground labyrinth.

In the echoing emptiness of the caves you can hear different sounds and rustling bats and the quiet measured noise of falling drops and dull rumbles of stones breaking off underfoot. They roll for a long, long time until somewhere in the distance a splash of water is heard. You try...to guess what the lake is there underground river or waterfall.

Especially wonderful in the caves is the lush decoration, either from fancy white snow patterns or from long high columns or from icicles, garlands and curtains hanging from above. Sometimes the walls of caves are covered...with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange shapes of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant lizards.

(According to A.E. Fersman.)

86. Copy using missing punctuation marks.

All species of resinous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir and others, are called “red forest” or “red forest”. All other tree species that lose their leaves in the fall and renew them in the spring, such as oak, elm, sedge, linden, birch, aspen, alder, and others are called “black forest” or “black forest.” It is also necessary to classify as black forest those species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, rose hips, common willow grass, and others.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

87. Establish, according to the program and textbook of the Russian language for the third grade, which homogeneous members and unions the students are introduced to primary school. Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and conjunctions. In this case, use the list of difficult to write words available in the program.