Simple sentences with homogeneous ones. Sentences with homogeneous predicates: examples

Homogeneous members of a sentence are called, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function, relating to the same member of the sentence and interconnected by a coordinative connection. Ourlanguage - oursword , ourlight , ourLove , ourpride.

Homogeneous members are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech.

Homogeneous members can be common and non-widespread.

Common ones have dependent words. AND came up He, spread his wings, took a deep breath, sparkled his eyes And - rolled down .

A sentence may contain more than one row of homogeneous members. Russian people smart And understanding , diligent And hot to everything good And beautiful .

Homogeneous members of the sentence are not:

repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. Winters waited, waited nature . Words waited, waited are used in sentences to emphasize a variety of objects or the duration of an action. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of a sentence;
two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (the second word has a particle Not or So). Shout or scream, like it or not, just walk like that .
stable combinations with double conjunctions and...and, neither...nor. For example: this way and that, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl .
paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymic or associative nature, for example: sewn-covered, let's go, life-being, any-expensive, at the very least etc.; questions and answers, buying and selling, up and down, back and forth etc.; bread and salt, (by) mushrooms and berries, (by) hands and feet, brothers and sisters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren etc. Such combinations are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen;
two verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose or forming a semantic whole. Let's go talk to ourselves. Sit down and rest.

Homogeneous members are connected using coordinating conjunctions and intonation or only with the help intonation .

Homogeneous members of a sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions :

connecting ( and, yes(= and) , neither... nor): And the flowers are white Yes lush ;
dividing ( or, then... then, either etc.): He looked with suspicion That on the owner, That to the counselor ;
adversative ( ah, but, yes(= but), however etc.): She spoke little But sensibly .

In a sentence with repeated conjunctions, always by one comma fewer than homogeneous members.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Definitions there are homogeneous when each of them refers to the word being defined, that is, when they are connected by a coordinating connection and pronounced with enumerative intonation. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object or phenomenon from the same side (by color, material, properties, etc.). Powerful, violent, deafening rain poured onto the steppe .

Heterogeneous definitions happen when they characterize an object with different sides. In this case, there is no coordinating connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation. Starlings serve as models kind hardworking family life.

Homogeneous members of the sentence and generalizing words

With homogeneous members there can be generalizing words, which are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous ones. The generalizing word stands either before or after homogeneous members. In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes, in the vineyards And in the trees - everywhere the cicadas were singing .

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- IN big forest trees during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on the coordinating and/or non-union communications. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although shallow, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle no, that's right : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I’ll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look etc.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forward, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

For example: I love ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although shallow, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle no, that's right : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I’ll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I’ll go and have a look etc.;

In them There is no comma.

In order to make it easier to convey to the listener the meaning of what was said, homogeneous members of the sentence are used in the Russian language. Compare: “The shady forest calls to the traveler. The shady forest beckons the traveler. The shady forest promises coolness.” Or the same thing, but presented in one sentence: “The shady forest calls, beckons the traveler and promises coolness.”

A sentence with homogeneous predicates, examples of which you will see in this article, helps to simplify the semantic load, while eliminating the need to pile up several syntactic structures in the text.

Features of the composition of simple sentences

You probably know what simple sentences differ from complex ones. The former have only one, which, as a rule, includes a subject and a predicate (or one of these members). And complex sentences There may be two or more such bases.

But in addition to the above-mentioned ways of expressing thoughts in the Russian language, there are also so-called complicated constructions. That is, those that include, for example, homogeneous members. This means that a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates “This lecture is interesting and informative” is not entirely simple. In Russian grammar it will be considered complicated.

By the way, there is still a complication with introductory words or sentences, as well as isolations, appeals, etc. We will focus on the first version of complicated constructions.

Basic signs of homogeneity for members of a sentence

But before we start discussing homogeneous subjects and predicates, let's remember general rules, relating to all members of the sentence.

The main sign of homogeneity for both the main and secondary members of any sentence is that in this construction they will be equal, performing one syntactic function, referring to one member in the sentence and, accordingly, answering the same question.

Between them, regardless of the part of speech, there is either a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection, emphasizing their equality. The first is expressed, as a rule, using the intonation of enumeration, and the non-union connection is expressed only intonationally.

What predicates can be homogeneous

And minor members, and in the Russian language, becoming a number of homogeneous ones, nevertheless can have dependent words (however, the same applies to minor members). For example: “The girl looked out the window and sighed.” In this sentence there are two homogeneous predicates (looked and sighed), but the first of them is extended by an addition (to the window), and the second has no dependent words.

Most often, all homogeneous members of a sentence - predicate, subject or others - belong to one part of speech, but there are also constructions in which they can belong to different grammatical classes, expressed by phraseological units or phrases.

For example, in the sentence “Andrey joked and laughed to tears,” the predicates are expressed by the verb (joked) and (laughed to tears), which does not prevent them from being homogeneous.

How a series of homogeneous members is grammatically arranged

To grammatically combine homogeneous members in a sentence, both enumerative intonation and conjunctions are used. The latter can be connective (and, yes), adversative (a, but), and also divisive (or, or). In the example “She either talks on the phone or runs to her friends,” the main member of the sentence is the predicate - connected by the disjunctive conjunction “or”. And in the example: “This boy is small, but smart,” they are connected by the adversative conjunction “but.”

Comma between homogeneous subjects and predicates

The main punctuation rule when writing homogeneous members of a sentence is that in the absence of conjunctions, a comma is placed between them. Homogeneous predicates are no exception. Examples “The rain whispered, lulled, evoked languor”, “Under the sun the drops sparkled, shimmered and seemed silver” confirm this.

But notice that in the second sentence, between two of the three predicates there is a coordinating conjunction “and”, which eliminates the comma. True, this is only possible if it is not repeated, otherwise you will have to pay attention to the subtleties.

When to use a comma in sentences with repeated conjunctions

In the construction “And his hands, and his face, and his clothes were covered with a thick layer of soot,” homogeneous subjects are connected by a repeated conjunction “and,” and this case already requires a comma to be placed between them.

In a situation where a union breaks homogeneous members into semantic pairs, each of them is taken as a single component from a homogeneous series: “Squeals and screams, laughter and the stomping of feet were heard through the open window and beckoned into the courtyard.”

Please note that homogeneous subjects and predicates in this construction are connected in different ways: the subjects “squealing and screaming”, “laughter and stomping” are collected in pairs, and there is a comma between them. And between the predicates “were heard” and “beckoned” there is a coordinating conjunction, so a comma is not needed there.

A comma is also placed in sentences where homogeneous members are connected by so-called double conjunctions (not only..., but also...; not so much... as...; if not..., then..., etc.).

Please note that in the sentence “Snow covered not only the lawn in front of the house, but also hung on the trees with a white blanket” and similar ones, the comma in the double conjunction is placed before its second part.

Comma in sentences with several rows of homogeneous members

A sentence with homogeneous predicates (you can see examples in the article) in some cases has several rows of homogeneous members. They must be distinguished from constructions where there is only one such row, and there are repeating conjunctions between homogeneous members.

In the sentence “In this house a cat and a dog lived peacefully and did not quarrel” there are 2 rows of homogeneous members (the subjects are “the cat and the dog”, as well as the predicates “they lived and did not quarrel”). They are united in pairs by the connecting conjunction “and”, but are not used in this construction.

Sentences with homogeneous predicates: examples of colons for the main members of a sentence

Sentences, regardless of the part of speech in which they are expressed, may contain words that have a general meaning and are equally related to each lexical unit from this series. For example, in the sentence “Fruits were piled on the counter in bright heaps: apples, pears, plums and peaches,” the generalizing word “fruit” carries a generic concept.

If a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates or other members of the sentence includes a colon after it. When reading, as a rule, there is a pause at this point: “Mom managed to do everything: cook dinner, do the laundry, wipe the dust and sing songs.”

By the way, the generalizing word always turns out to be the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members associated with it, since they have the same syntactic function.

Examples of dashes for main parts of a sentence

If a homogeneous series ends with a generalizing word, then it is separated by a dash: “Milk, berries, and mushrooms - everything in the village seemed especially tasty.” “Her thin hands, curls at her temples, even the flowers on her dress - everything aroused delight and seemed beautiful” - homogeneous predicates here are separated from homogeneous subjects of a dash, since they are followed by a generalizing word.

Together with a generalizing word, an introductory word can also be used (that is, in one word, namely, somehow, etc.), then a comma is placed between them: “No fleeting glances, no sudden blush, no sighs - in a word, nothing did not escape his attentive eyes.”

Some cases when a dash is placed

A dash for homogeneous members can appear not only in the case of enumeration. So, if homogeneous predicates carry a sharp semantic opposition of one in relation to another or a sudden addition, a dash is placed between them: “I went out into the garden - and froze when I saw a squirrel on the roof of the gazebo.” The dash in such sentences emphasizes the surprise, the suddenness of the action: “The prince met Cinderella and immediately fell in love with her.”

By the way, if homogeneous members do not have unions with each other, but at the same time express opposition, they are also separated by a dash: “He is light - he is darkness, he is faith - he is unbelief.”

How to recognize heterogeneous and homogeneous predicates: examples

If words are used in a sentence to emphasize the multiplicity of objects, the duration of an action or its repetition, such members of the sentence belong to homogeneous ones.

Please note: “We sailed, sailed, sailed in a thick, impenetrable fog.” The predicate in the Russian language in this construction is considered as a single member of the sentence.

Parts of a compound predicate, which is expressed by a combination of verbs (I’ll go rest, let me look, take it and complain, etc.), cannot be homogeneous members. A construction with them cannot be considered as a sentence with homogeneous predicates.

Example sentences with phraseological units(neither give nor take, neither fish nor meat, and laughter and sin, etc.) are classified according to the same criteria.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our home), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet bloomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: " The cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The closest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: “ On this frosty January morning I didn’t want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: “ A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha’s shoulder.»	Combination with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting conjunction AND: “ For the craft you needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	Cannot be used with I: “ In one hand Tatyana was old, in the other she was holding a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed by one part of speech. Exception: adjective+participial phrase or inconsistent definitions coming after a noun	Refers to different parts speeches: " We finally waited for the first light frost(numeral+adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " On wet ground yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air gradually descended».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see a narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

Homogeneous definitions (examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible blows thunder».
Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished, relating to one noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them" Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy in to a greater extent depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.