§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause, for example: When we crossed East Prussia, I saw columns

PUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence

Sentence end marks within a sentence § 5. When semantically emphasizing individual members of an interrogative or exclamation sentence, punctuation marks are placed after each of the members, which are formalized as an independent syntactic unit, i.e.

DASH BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE Dash between the subject and the predicate § 10. Between the subject and the nominal predicate, a dash is placed in place of the missing connective if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Outbuilding near the house on Sadovaya street

End-of-sentence marks within a sentence: question and exclamation marks when semantically emphasizing individual members of an interrogative or exclamation sentence § 5 when included in an insert § 6 when replacing an insert § 6, § 7 ellipsis when transferred

Dash as a function of highlighting between members of a sentence to emphasize their meaning for stylistic purposes § 21, paragraphs. 12;

Chapter 10 HALLOWEEN: BETWEEN WORLDS, BETWEEN TIMES Samhain. - Christianization of pagan holidays. - Day of Another World. - Witches. - Bonfires of the Druids. - “Burning the Witch.” - Dressing up. - Games and entertainment. - Enchantment and fortune telling. - Recipes. In the middle of the table is a pumpkin: top

Assignment: write down the number(s) indicating commas between parts of a complex sentence:

1. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between:

Varenka stuck a needle into her sewing and turned her head towards the door, (1) it seems, (2) guessing in advance, (3) who should enter. (M. Avdeev)

2. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

And the ship was getting closer. Black, (1) stocky, (2) like a rock, (3) he still seemed small for this river, (4) lost in its bright plain, (5) although his roar, (6) like a hurricane, (7) shook the cedars on the mountains. (R. Fraerman)

3. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

At first, Reshetnikov simply looked at the sunset, (1) wondering, (2) how he hadn’t noticed all its beauty before. But soon vague, (3) elusive thoughts floated in an unclear sequence in his head under the low, (4) powerful hum of engines, (5) solemn, (6) like an organ chord. (L. Sobolev)

4. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

Lieutenant Ogarkov, (1) riding a white horse, (2) overtook the soldiers walking along the road and soon passed a small hill, (3) on the slope of which half-naked people, (4) sweating, (5) were digging a new defensive line. (E. Kazakevich)

5. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

I had to spend the night in haystacks in October, (1) when the grass at dawn is covered with frost, (2) like salt. I dug a deep hole in the hay, (3) climbed into it and slept all night in a haystack, (4) as if in a locked room. (K. Paustovsky)

6. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

Olya was slightly shorter than me. She had light ones long hair, (1) braided in one thick braid, (2) and gray stern eyes. When Olya smiled, (3) this severity instantly disappeared. (E. Kokovin)

7. In the text below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

And suddenly there was a smell of a cold draft in the hall. The examiners' faces stretched out, (1) some of them winced, (2) and Ulyanov discovered (3) that no one was looking at him anymore. Everyone's gaze turned over his head, (4) to (5) where the entrance to the hall was. (N. Grigoriev)

8. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

The train was heading in a southwestern direction, (1) there, (2) where the climate is, (3) natural, (4) milder, (5) although winter had not yet given up its positions. (S. Vashentsev)

9. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

Here, (1) in the servants’ room, (2) I definitely found myself, (3) finally, (3) in my society, (4) instantly found a foothold in myself, (5) decided, (6) that I wouldn’t come here anymore I’ll come, (7) and kissed Aksyusha with all my heart. (M. Prishvin)

10. In the sentence below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between parts of a complex sentence:

A large sailing ship, (1) that was standing in the roadstead, (2) raised the anchor, (3) set a tiny sail, (4) like a handkerchief, (5) and rushed to the port, (6) through the gate: it could not withstand the weather. (B. Zhitkov)

Exercise: write down the number(s) indicating the commas between the parts compound sentence:

11. .

The goal is distant and unrealistic, (1) but the crime is real; (2) it is terrible and cannot be justified by anything.

12. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) in a complex sentence(s).

When I was at school, (1) and then at the university, it seemed to me (2) that my “adult life” would be in some completely different environment, (3) as if in a different world, (4) and I would be surrounded by completely different people.

13. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts complex offers.

I believe (1) that each person has his own specific mission, (2) but not everyone fulfills this mission.

14. complex offers.

A person is born, (1) and the first care for him is the mother; (2) gradually (after a few days) the father’s care for him comes into direct contact with the child (before the birth of the child, there was already care for him, (3) but it was before to a certain extent “abstract” - (4) parents were preparing for the birth of a child, dreaming about him).

15. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts.

Respect is (1) a strengthening of a Person, (2) and for an individual this is not always pleasant.

16. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts compound sentence.

You avoid communicating with this person, (1) but it turns out that (2) your resentment will turn against you.

17. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) between the parts compound sentence.

This is if they “offend” you, (1) but what should you do, (2) when you yourself can offend another?

18. In the sentence below from the text read, all punctuation marks are numbered. Write down all the numbers indicating punctuation marks that separate .

But, (1) like everyone else, (2) the era of the Middle Ages passed, (3) and other times came, (4) completely different ones, (5) and with them the meaning of honor changed.

19. In the given sentence of the read text, the commas are numbered. Write down the number that indicates the punctuation marks separating parts of a compound sentence.

Yes, good manners can be very external, (1) but in general, good manners are created by the experience of many generations and mark the centuries-old desire of people to be better, (2) to live more conveniently and beautifully.

20. In the sentences below of the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas between parts compound sentence.

The Renaissance changed morals and manners, (1) and people began to be interested in art, (2) fashion and each other.

REPETITION.

1. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.

No, (1) I wasn’t offended, (2) but, (3) unfortunately, (4) adults don’t understand anything. You say something accidentally, (5) and they decide...

2. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.

Grandfather too, (1) apparently, (2) has eaten too much, (3) but now for some reason he’s breaking blueberry branches.

That's enough, (4) - I tell my grandfather, (5) - we're full, (6) let's go.

3. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.

True, (1) my mother used to say, (2) that Lyoshka had an unusual beautiful eyes and eyelashes. But this is what (3) probably, (4) all mothers say about their children, (5) even if they are freaks.

4. In the sentence below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.

Now, (1) please, (2) a poem, (3) - said Elena Frantsevna

5. In the sentences below from the text, all commas are numbered. Write down all the numbers indicating commas when addressing.

Dima read: “Dear Valya, (1) the teacher wants (2) us to refer to the year. And I’m turning to you, (3) living in that very year!”

6. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) in the introductory word.

(15) You, (1) my soul, (2) lack spiritual nobility. (16) For example, (3) yesterday you ate, (4) if I’m not mistaken, (5) four servings

ice cream,(6) and with younger sister didn't share.

7. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas when addressing.

A fish swam to him, (1) joined

What do you want, (2) older? (Pushkin).

8. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas when addressing.

Our sovereign, Vladimir Andreevich, (1) I, (2) your old nanny, (3) decided to report to you about Papa’s health. (Pushkin).

9. In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas when addressing.

Tsyts, (1) damned, (2) how there is no death for you. (Turgenev).

10.In the sentences below, all commas are numbered. Write down the number(s) indicating the comma(s) in the introductory word.

(17) The apple tree is Michurinka, (1) the “golden filling” variety, (2) and, (3) of course, (4) it was taken, (5) poor, (6) Kvakin’s choice

11. In the sentences below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in introductory words.

They reported (1) that they were very bored. And, (2) probably, (3) they just didn’t realize... Of course, (4) I could write to them about everything

12.In the sentences below, all commas are numbered.

Related information.

Writing -n- and -nn- in adjectives and participles

Attention! When studying this topic, first of all, learn to distinguish between denominal adjectives and verbal adjectives and participles, since their spelling is subject to different rules.

-Н- and -НН- in non-derivative adjectives and adjectives formed from nouns

NN - written:

in adjectives with a base ending in -n-, formed with the suffix -n-:

cardboard - cardboard; truth - true; name - name - name;

in adjectives with the suffixes -ONN-, -ENN-: revolutionary, medicinal.

Exception: windy.

But the prefix adjectives windless, windward, leeward are written with a double n.

Attention! The adjectives differ: windy (windy day, windy person) and windy (windmill, windmill, chicken pox).

N- is written:

in non-derivative adjectives, for example: young, zealous, porky, crimson, spicy, ruddy;

in adjectives with the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-: sandy, silver, duck.

Exceptions: wooden, tin, glass.

Spelling -Н- and -НН- in full participles and verbal adjectives

NN - written:

in adjectives and participles formed from perfective verbs (with and without prefixes): bought, in love, brought up, mended, broken, abandoned.

Exceptions: dead man, wounded, shell-shocked, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, baptized;

V passive participles past tense, formed from imperfective verbs, if the participle has dependent words: a suit woven in gold, a wall painted with red lead;

in participles and adjectives formed from verbs, -ovanny, -evanny: rhymed, lined, spoiled, uprooted.

Attention! In the adjectives forged, chewed, pecked, one letter n is written (but: chained, chewed, pecked).

N- is written:

in verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs that do not have

no prefixes, no dependent words: boiled (vegetables), frozen (fish), confused (trace).

Attention! In a few adjectives formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, the spelling is -nn-. These exceptions should be remembered: desired, sacred, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unforeseen, accidental, minted, swaggering, slow, awake, cutesy, feigned, scribbled, counted, etc.

in the adjective intelligent, formed from the imperfective verb to understand,

and in compound adjectives with a repeating base, the second part of which has a prefix: read-reread (books), darned-redarned (socks).

The prefix not- and the presence of another root in the word do not affect the spelling of one or two n in adjectives: ice cream - not frozen, freshly frozen (but frozen - not frozen, freshly frozen).

-N- in short participles, short adjectives And adverbs

Difference short participles from short adjectives

In short participles, only one n is always written: the windows are curtained, the tree is cut down.

In short adjectives and adverbs the same number of n is written as in full adjectives,

from which they are derived: ordinary people- people are ordinary - they went as usual.

Attention! Some participles in full form coincide with verbal adjectives. The short form of such participles and adjectives should be distinguished: The clouds are scattered by the wind. The exhibition was organized by veterans. (What was done by something? by someone? - short participles). Students are distracted and disorganized. (What are they? - short adjectives).

You can point to following signs short participles:

indicate an action and can be replaced by verbs: the desk was assembled in an hour - the desk was assembled

in an hour. Compare: my mother is very collected;

with them there is or you can add a dependent word to them in the instrumental case: the desk was assembled (by whom?) by the students.

Attention!

In nouns formed from participles and verbal adjectives, as many n are written as there were in the generating stem: chosen one - chosen one; confused - confused; educated - pupil.

Types of complex sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

A complex sentence (SPP) consists of unequal parts, where one part depends

from another. The independent part is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Parts of the NGN are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words that are in the subordinate clause. For example: And all the fish rushed away in horror into their deep depths, when we churned the sparkling foamy waterfalls with laughter (Gaidar). And the black mustachioed crayfish, which I pulled out of its underwater country, began to cower and jump in fear (Gaidar). We approached the fence from the side from where the tall flowers, like soldiers, were guarding the estate - sunflowers (Gaidar). Then we saw a log house at the edge of the forest and immediately guessed that the watchman’s daughter Valentina and her son Fyodor (Gaidar) lived here.

Subordinating conjunctions have the following meanings:

temporary: when, while, barely, only;

causal: since, because, for (obsolete);

conditional: if, if (obsolete), if (obsolete);

target: in order to, in order to, in order to (obsolete);

concessive: although, despite the fact that;

consequences: so;

comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than;

explanatory: what, how, to.

In addition, there are compound subordinating conjunctions: while, as if, only, in connection

so that, for the purpose of, until.

Conjunctive words are:

relative pronouns (who, what, which, whose, which, how many, etc.);

pronominal adverbs (where, where, where, whence, why, how, etc.).

Unlike conjunctions, allied words not only serve as a means of connecting parts of the dictionary, but are also members of the sentence in the subordinate part.

Some conjunction words (what, how, when, than - the form of the pronoun that) are homonymous to conjunctions. In order to distinguish them, it is necessary to try to replace the conjunctive word with a significant one (if such a replacement is impossible, this is a conjunction): I know that you love me - a conjunction. I know what (what thing) they will buy me as a gift - a conjunction word, an addition. In addition, the phrasal stress falls on the conjunctive word: I broke the vase and I don’t know what (what words) I should tell my mother.

Attention!

The criterion for distinguishing between conjunctions and allied words can often be the type of subordinate clause, since some of them are attached only by conjunctions or only by allied words.

When determining the type of subordinate clause, the means of communication and semantic relationships between the main and subordinate parts are taken into account.

In most cases, a question can be asked from the main part to the subordinate clause, revealing the semantic relationships between the parts. Special group make up SPPs with subordinate clauses, in which the question is not raised about the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main part or to the entire main part as a whole.

The subordinate part can be located behind the main part, in front of the main part, or inside the main part.

Attention!

Some types of subordinate clauses can only be placed after main or certain words

in the main clause, the placement of other types of subordinate clauses is free.

The main part may contain demonstrative words that show that the main part has a subordinate clause. These are demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs that, that, such, there, there, then, so many and others that are paired with certain unions and allied words: that - what, there - where, so much - how much, etc. When certain types in subordinate clauses, the presence of a demonstrative word is mandatory; in this case, the subordinate clause refers specifically to it.

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

Commas between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence

The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is highlighted by commas on both sides if it is inside the main clause: Several Antonov apples, which accidentally remained on the tree, turned into plump white lamps (Koval). If the subordinate part comes before or after the main part, then it is separated from it by a comma: When I’m not feeling well, I like to wrap myself in a warm blanket and read my favorite children’s books. Once I was sailing on a ship and saw snow falling in the sea (Grishkovets).

A comma is not placed between the main part and the subordinate clause attached by a simple conjunction or allied word:

if the subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction and: It will soon become known who committed this crime. He did not forgive me even when many years had passed after these events;

if there is a particle not before a subordinating conjunction or allied word: I was interested in finding out not what he had already done, but what he was going to do next. Precautionary measures should be taken not when the fire started, but much earlier;

if the subordinate clause is reduced to a conjunctive word: I would also like to know why (L. Tolstoy). I don’t know why, but I didn’t understand him (Trifonov). They invited one of their team players, but I would like to know who;

if the subordinate part, thanks to the conjunctions and, or, is included in a series of homogeneous members: While I was at school and when I entered the university, I didn’t think much about it. He suddenly wanted ice cream and it was fruity, sour, in a crispy waffle cup. Come to me every day or whenever you want.

Comma before a simple subordinating conjunction for intensifying-restrictive conjunctions

If a simple subordinating conjunction is preceded by intensifying-restrictive words (particles, conjunctions or combinations thereof, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, especially, namely, and also, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only, etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the conjunction.

For example: My sister promised me to sew a dress for a doll, but only when she has done all her homework. It’s good to be in the forest at the end of May, especially when the lilies of the valley bloom. She loved to fly to Kyiv in the spring to see friends and also to enjoy the chestnut blossoms. It’s not a bad idea to go to the conservatory at least once a month in winter, especially if there are a lot of good concerts.

A comma or its absence in complex (compound) subordinating conjunctions

If the subordinate part of the SPP is connected to the main one using a complex (compound) subordinating conjunction due to the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of if, while, due to the fact that , based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, like how, in proportion as, because, before, for the sake of, in order to, before, in order that, since, for the purpose that, just as, so that, especially since, etc., then this union usually not broken by a comma - commas are placed in the same way as with a simple conjunction.

For example: All the carts, because there were bales of wool on them, seemed very tall and plump (Chekhov). The apple trees disappeared because the mice ate all the bark around. But before this piece had time to fall to the ground, the worker with extraordinary dexterity wrapped it in a hand-thick chain (Kuprin).

Sometimes, depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical selection (strengthening) of the first part of the union, a compound union can break up into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence, and the second plays the role of a union. In these cases, a comma is placed only before the second part of the conjunction: I loved coming here because I first met you here. Because I had been lying in bed all day with a book in my hands, my head felt like lead and ached mercilessly.

Usually, compound subordinating conjunctions do not fall apart while, as, before, if the subordinate part precedes the main one: As the chaise approached the porch, Manilov’s eyes became more cheerful (Gogol). Before taking up the violin, he rolled up his shirt sleeves, exposed his chest and stood towards the window (Fedin).

The union is therefore not dismembered if it has the meaning of a consequence: A cold rain was falling, the wind was blowing, so it became cooler outside (clause of consequence). The wind howled so much that it became scary (adjective of the manner of action).

The conjunction while is dismembered when the temporary meaning is strengthened, especially when words are added just, yet, most, precisely:

I understood the solution to the problem just at the moment when the teacher decided to give me a one in the journal. Such sentences are close to sentences with the conjunction when (at the time): Legends and myths Ancient Greece were my favorite reading even when I was a child.

Attention! The dismemberment of the conjunction while at the beginning of a sentence is acceptable, although somewhat outdated: While I was taking a nap, the moon rose (L. Tolstoy).

A comma in a complex sentence when dividing a subordinating conjunction

The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:

if there are words that put emphasis on the first part of the conjunction. These words (particles, introductory words, adverbs) adjoin the first part of the conjunction and logically highlight it: I’m not telling you all this because I want to offend you. I came only to remind you of your promise. Are you not answering me just because you don’t know what to say?

if the first part of the conjunction is included in a homogeneous series of members of the sentence: I was ashamed of my helplessness, and hurt for my sister, and because I could not help her in her grief;

when contrasted: I’m crying not because I’m in pain, but because you’re nearby and I have someone to cry to.

Complex sentence is a type of complex sentence in which the main clause and subordinate clause(s) are interconnected subordinating connection, that is, subordinate clauses or subordinate clauses answer the main questions:

I went outside as soon as (when?) I heard the sirens wailing.

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

Subordinate clauses in complex subordinate clauses are separated by commas, if it is inside the main clause or one comma, if it is before or after the main clause:

As soon as it was light, we set off. We set off as soon as it was light. As soon as it was dawn, we immediately set off.


Sometimes A colon is placed between the main clause and the subordinate clause. This is acceptable in cases where there is a special warning in the main clause that there will be an explanation in the subordinate clause. In such cases, in place of the colon you can put the words "namely":

The light turned on in the room and she saw what she wanted: in the corner, curled up in a ball, a little boy was sleeping.


Dash in a complex sentence also placed in rare cases. this happens when there is a need to emphasize with intonation the explanatory type of subordinate clause (or the conditional type - if there is a particle whether):

It’s good that I was able to come visit, but who knows whether it’s good that I’m leaving?


If complex subordinating conjunctions are used to connect the subordinate clause with the main clause “instead of”, “in order to”, “due to the fact that”, “since” etc., then a comma separates the main and subordinate clause just one time:

Before the union, if:

He stopped sleeping normally after thieves broke into his house one day.

After a subordinate clause, if the subordinate clause comes after the main clause:

Instead of preparing for exams, he went to the river and walked in the yard.

note. Sometimes some of the complex conjunctions may fall apart, and then one part is included in the main clause, as a relative pronoun or adverb, and the second will take on the function of a conjunction in a subordinate clause:

Outside, the moon was shining so brightly that you could read a book without a flashlight.

Conjunctions are not broken in Russian “as if”, “while”, “only when” and “even if”.


Type designs “as if nothing had happened”, “at any cost”, “as best you can”, “whoever does anything” and others are not subordinate clauses, therefore are not separated by commas(with commas):

In the village everyone dressed in whatever they wanted.


If subordinate clause expressed in one word, then it is not separated by a comma(s):

She burst into tears, but didn't want to say why.

In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing what if (if... then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, while, since, why, as if, since, so, just, exactly, although, whose, than, what, in order etc. The subordinate part in a complex sentence is highlighted commas on both sides, if standing inside the main part; if the subordinate part comes before or after the main part, then it is separated from it comma : Double skywhen the clouds came in different sides , ended with rain for two days(Priv.); When it got dark , I lit the lamp(Priv.); It is common knowledgethat everyone who left Russia took with them the last day (Ahm.); Green askedso that his bed is placed in front of the window (Paust.); There was a white veil ahead,as if the river had overflowed its banks (A.T.); I'll come,although very busy ; If I'm in the way, then I'll leave(Paust.); Below lay the third layer,where there were many remains from Roman times (Paust.); It was hard to believewhat's at sea there is a war going on (Paust.); It became audiblehow the fire roars inside the building (Shuksh.).

In complex sentences complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case of, while, due to the fact that, based on the fact that, meanwhile, despite the fact that, because, before, likewise, in proportion as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, for the purpose of, just as, so that, especially since and etc.

"due to the fact that", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the first comma is usually placed not before the conjunction, but between its parts (before the word “what”).Due to the fact that Every event is like a ball covered with a complex pattern; eyewitnesses contradicted each other, not matching in the description of the incident, since each saw only the part of the ball facing him...A. Green, The Shining World.In a similar way, such conjunctive constructions as “due to the fact that”, “due to the belief that”, etc. are drawn up in writing.

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "due to the fact that", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the conjunction can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but more often it is divided (in this case, a comma is placed between the parts of the conjunction, before the word “what”). Before his death, Darwin, not without reason, expressed to Wallace a very hopeless view of the future of humanity, due to the fact that in modern civilization there is no place for natural selection and survival of the most capable. V. Veresaev, Notes of a doctor. The guest was waiting and sitting like a hanger-on who had just come downstairs from the room allotted to him to join the owner for tea, but was meekly silent due to the fact that the owner is busy and frowningly thinking about something... F. Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov. It is also possible to place a comma both before the conjunction (before the word “in view of”) and between its parts (before the word “that”).I have orders from above: avoid staffing with monarchical elements, due to the fact that population... you see, restraint is necessary.M. Bulgakov, White Guard.

"for nothing", are highlighted (or separated) by commas (less commonly, dashes). There is no comma between parts of the conjunction. ...Tom Thumb, for nothing that he was small, very clever and cunning. L. Tolstoy, Little Thumb Boy. The nurse says: " For nothing the patient, and also... notices all sorts of subtleties.” M. Zoshchenko, Case history.

"because", "despite the fact that" are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark can be placed either before a compound conjunction or between its parts (before the word “what”). He did not marry one very rich and beautiful bride, whom he really liked, only because her great-grandfather was not a nobleman. S. Aksakov, Family chronicle. He heard that women often love ugly people, ordinary people, but didn't believe it, because judged by himself, since he himself could only love beautiful, mysterious and special women. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. It immediately became clear that Kurenkov got off easier - the blow landed on the shoulder, despite the fact that he moved his hand more or less freely. V. Makanin, Anti-Leader. This is still despite the fact that We pay everyone “excuses” – the kitchen chef, the storekeepers, the senior bartender, and the restaurant director.. V. Kunin, Kysya.

"especially since", are highlighted with punctuation marks. In this case, the first punctuation mark is usually placed before the compound conjunction (before the word “that”), and not between its parts. This news made all the schoolchildren terribly excited. especially since our road to school passed by the river... D. Mamin-Sibiryak, Bad Comrade. Madam, the doctors told me to keep my feet warm, especially since I now need to go and tune the piano to General Shevelitsyna. A. Chekhov, Boots.

Combination "So"can act both as a union and as apronouns + conjunction.

• Union. Same as “and therefore, therefore.” Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “so” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark is placed before the conjunction (before the word “so”), and not between parts. The next day after their arrival, it started pouring rain, and at night it began to flow in the corridor and in the nursery, So the cribs were moved into the living room. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.
• Pronoun + conjunction. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “what” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). Berlioz's life developed So he was not used to unusual phenomena. M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita.

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction "as soon as", are distinguished by punctuation marks (usually commas). As soon as as soon as K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. As soon as

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction "good", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. There is no comma after the conjunction “good”. The old coachman looked, looked, got off the box, and into the tavern, good got stuck near the tavern. A. Fet, Song.

Union "in connection with which" attaches a subordinate part of a complex sentence, which contains a direct consequence arising from the action of the main part. Subordinate clauses attached by this conjunction are highlighted (or separated) by commas. She arrived at the front a few days ago, Vconnection with what There is no data on the officer composition in the personnel department of the headquarters yet. V. Bogomolov, The moment of truth.

"otherwise", are highlighted (or separated) by commas.Tell them not to dare follow us, V otherwise case they will be severely punished.V. Obruchev, Plutonia.

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "until", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the first comma is usually placed not before the conjunction, but between its parts (before the word “yet”). They'll put a collar on you and won't let you sleep until You won't lie to yourself. A. Chekhov, Sinner from Toledo.

Union “if (and) not... then” connects homogeneous members sentences, the first of which contains an unreal condition, and the second - an assumption, an assumption. A comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (before the word “then”). The offensive was about to end if not defeat of the attackers, That, in any case, a failure. M. Sholokhov, Quiet Don.

Particle + conjunction word "only when" separates the subordinate clause with commas, attached by the conjunctive word “when”. In this case, a comma is placed before the particle “only”, and no punctuation mark is required before “when”. They can mean something again only When what they completely coincided with will disappear. A. Bitov, Notes of a goy . However, a comma is placed before the conjunctive word “when” if the words “only when” are preceded by demonstrative pronoun“then” (the construction “then only when” is formed). But the trouble was that these whitish tongues crawled towards the lakes, but he, on the contrary, tried to lead the Krauts to the forest and therefore dived into the fog Then only, When It was becoming completely unbearable. B. Vasiliev, And the dawns here are quiet.

Between parts of the union"insofar as"a comma is added....I am old, sick and therefore find it timely to regulate my property relations insofar as they concern my family.A. Chekhov, Uncle Vanya.He could only judge her insofar as it fit into one or another paragraph of the state code. G. Chulkov, Emperors.“The undead are not life,” said Edik. - Undead exist only insofar as there is intelligent life". A. and B. Strugatsky, Monday begins on Saturday.

Collocation "not so that/that"can be either an integral expression or a combination with a conjunction:

• An expression that is complete in meaning. The same as “not very, not quite, not quite.” There is no punctuation between parts of the expression (before the word “to”). Sang Not So to It was very slim, but both of them looked amazingly well. V. Shukshin, Alone.
• Combination with union. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “to” are distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. Rot it like that , so that it bends and Not So, to burst. S. Cherny, Soldiers' Tales.

Syntactic constructions starting with conjunctions "as", "before""similar to", "since", "before" or "so as to", are highlighted with punctuation marks. In this case, the first punctuation mark can be placed either before a compound conjunction or between its parts (before the last word).

Subordinate clauses joined by conjunction "while", are highlighted (or separated) by commas. In this case, the conjunction can be entirely included in the subordinate clause (and not separated by a comma), but it can also be divided (in this case, a comma is placed between the parts of the conjunction, before the word “how”). He was married to a poor noblewoman who died in childbirth, V That time How he was in the departing field. A. Pushkin, Young Peasant Lady. It makes me laugh to remember how much the three of us smelled like lipstick. V That time, How we started going down the stairs. L. Tolstoy, Childhood. To herit even became annoying at her for the fact that she recovered just while a letter was sent. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina. If the subordinate part of a complex sentence comes before the main clause, a comma is usually not placed between the parts of the conjunction “while” (a comma is acceptable, but such punctuation is considered obsolete).IN That time How we sat for hours on the fence, peering into the greenish water; from the depths of the tub, flocks of these strange creatures… V. Korolenko, Paradox.

Syntactic constructions starting with a conjunction "in case", are highlighted with punctuation marks. Moreover, if the word “that” is absent, the first punctuation mark can be placed before the entire compound conjunction and between its parts.“A propos,” I said, “so as not to forget, how much would you take for your crocodile, on happeningIf would you consider buying it from you?F. Dostoevsky, Crocodile.He took out a notebook from his red briefcase, on which he had jotted down a summary of a small compilation of work he had invented on happening, If in Crimea it will seem boring with nothing to do. A. Chekhov, Black Monk.All recess they hid in the restroom on happening, If suddenly Liza Tsypkina has recovered and wants to lead them from today.L. Ulitskaya, Gift not made by hands.When the word “that” is present, the first punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the conjunction (before the word “if”).I need to increase the firing range on That happening, If the dirty yellow stream will turn towards us at once. A. and B. Strugatsky, Beetle in an anthill.

Combination "whereas"

• Union. Same as “but, although, while.” Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “whereas” are distinguished by punctuation marks (commas). In this case, the first punctuation mark is placed before the word “then”, and not before the word “how”.It is remarkable that the ancestor descendants passed on their beautiful type to their later offspring to only one men, whereas blond women have retained their local - and the truth must be told - very ugly type.A. Fet, Poor people.In all other countries the sovereign came from the people, Then How in Japan, on the contrary, the people have the honor of descending from a sovereign who is directly descended from the gods. A. Bitov, Japan.
• Adverb + conjunction. A comma is placed before “how”.Going to the army is not shouting a song: boast Then, How you can; and God willing, you yourself will lay down your violent head.O. Somov, They come to the field, they are not considered family.

Combination "exactly the same as (and)" can act as a union.Union. Syntactic constructions beginning with the conjunction “just like (and)” are distinguished by punctuation marks. In this case, the first sign is placed before the compound conjunction (before the word “exactly”), and not between its parts. Nowadays there is no rumor of robbers, exactly So same How about witches, sorcerers, dead people, brownies and all this hellish scum, from which in the old days our ancestors could not live. M. Zagoskin, Evening on Khopra. ...And in grace itself there can be calculation, exactly So same How And there may be grace in the calculation. M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Our friendly trash.

Combination "because" can act as a conjunction or as an adverb + conjunction:

• Union. Same as “because”. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “since” are distinguished by punctuation marks, usually commas. They didn't talk much because it was prohibited. Yu. Tynyanov, Second Lieutenant Kizhe.
• Adverb + conjunction. Same as “in the same way as”, “to the same extent as”. A comma is placed before “how”. He smiled because as if he was talking about women's pranks. Y. Tynyanov, Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. It all started around because the she-wolf dreamed about it when the cubs were still small. Ch. Aitmatov, Scaffold.

Syntactic constructions attached by a conjunction"as soon as", are distinguished by punctuation marks (usually commas).As soon as in the started thing people appear and as soon as these people, by the will of the author, come to life, they immediately begin to resist the plan and enter into a fight with it.K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.As soon as a thunderstorm passed, I went to a locksmith’s shop and, while they were grinding my key there, I calculated that I would be able to move to Murmansk no earlier than in a week...K. Vorobiev, Here comes a giant.

In the union “even though/though (and) a/yes/but”a comma is placed before the second part of the conjunction (before “a / yes / but”).Life but heavy, But not an example. A. and B. Strugatsky, Doomed City. In the hut though smells bad Yes warm at least... I. Goncharov, Oblomov. Yes, he knows everything, understands everything, and with these words he tells me that but ashamed, A You have to get over your shame. L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.

A close connection between the parts of a sentence is established when there is an intensifying particle in the subordinate clauseneither . This particle closely merges with a relative word or subordinating conjunction:who neither anything nor, which nor where nor, where nor, no matter how much, no matter how, whenever etc. Subordinate clauses with these combinations have the additional meaning of generalization and strengthening and are highlighted (separated) by commas:What neither ask, she will explain, she will teach, you will never get bored talking to her.(N.) No matter how hard we tried, that day we only managed to reach the mouth of the river.(Ars.)

A comma may be used in a complex sentence if the subordinate clause is indirect question: Fortunately, he didn’t think to ask me a simple question: is there an official investigation underway?.