Line UMK V. V. Babaytseva. Russian language (5-9)

Russian language

Conjunctions and allied words: functions, features, differences

By the ninth grade, schoolchildren should know what a union is, its functions, features of structure and meaning; the relationship between conjunctions and meanings of complex sentences; be able to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences.

Purpose of alliances

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences

In the same ninth grade, children learn that subordinate clauses are joined to the main clause or to another subordinate clause by subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words.

As you can see, in some cases, simple subordinating conjunctions and allied words coincide (by spelling). How can a ninth grader distinguish a conjunction from a conjunctive word (for example, what, how, when) in a complex sentence?

To distinguish a conjunction from an allied word, you must remember:

1) Subordinating conjunctions are not members of a subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause:

Conjunctive words not only “attach” subordinate clauses to the main clause (or to another subordinate clause), but are also members of subordinate clauses:

2) In some cases, the conjunction can be omitted, but the conjunction word cannot:

3) A union can only be replaced by another union:

4) A conjunctive word can only be replaced with a conjunctive word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause relates, for example:

The authors of this textbook draw the attention of ninth-graders that the ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.

We consolidate the acquired knowledge about conjunctions and allied words in practice

There are a number of exercises aimed at developing the ability to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Here are some such exercises.

First write down sentences with subordinating conjunctions, and then with connecting words. Determine which member of the subordinate clause the conjunctive word is and underline it accordingly. Make alliances in an oval. What technique did you use to distinguish the conjunction that from the conjunction word (relative pronoun) in these sentences?(Exercise 90 on p. 65).

Write down, indicating in which case the relative pronoun (conjunctive word) is used in the subordinate clause(Exercise 93 on p. 67).

Write it down using missing commas. Determine the case of relative pronouns acting as allied words. Underline the connecting words as parts of a sentence(Exercise 98 on p. 69).

What two meanings can a sentence have? The student knew what to answer? How is this sentence pronounced depending on its meaning and what is the word in it in each case? What (exercise 99 on p. 70)?

Write down the sentences, adding the missing punctuation marks. Determine in which sentences what, how, when are conjunctions, and in which are allied words. Designate these allied words as members of the sentence(Exercise 100 on p. 70).

This model or its fragments can be used both in grade 9 and in grades 7-8.

We believe that the proposed teaching model will help the teacher “dot the i’s” when studying conjunctions and allied words in Russian language lessons: consider their functions, structural features and meanings of conjunctions, their use in complex sentences; features of the use of allied words in complex sentences.

Based on their syntactic functions, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of complex sentences. According to their meaning, these conjunctions are divided into connecting ones: and, yes (in the meaning of and); and...and, neither...nor; comparative: not only...but also, both...and; adversatives: a, but, yes (meaning but), however, same, but; dividing: or, or...or, either, or...either, then...that, not that...not that, either...or; connecting: yes and, also, also.

Subordinating conjunctions usually connect parts of complex sentences, although sometimes, relatively rarely, they can be used in a simple sentence to connect members of a sentence. For example: He is known as a good foreman; She's like a song to me.

Some subordinating conjunctions can be divided into two parts, for example, because, since and others: one part forms a correlative word in the main part of the sentence, the other forms a conjunction in a subordinate clause.

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into temporary (when, barely, only, while, while, as long as, only, since), causal (since, because, because, due to the fact that), target (so that, in order to ), consequences (so that), conditions (if, if, if), concessive (although, let, despite the fact that), comparative (as, as if, as if, as if), explanatory (that).

The distinction between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, both morphologically and syntactically, is not stable. Thus, the conjunction although (at least) can connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence: He shot quickly, although not accurately (Kupr.); Even though the eye sees, the tooth is numb (Kr.).

The function of conjunctions can use pronouns and pronominal adverbs, which in this case are called allied, or relative, words. Acting as unions, i.e. Serving as a means of communication, allied words, unlike conjunctions, are members of the subordinate part of a sentence. Wed: What you sow, so shall you reap (last) (which is a relative word, addition); I'm stupid for getting angry (P.) (which is a union).

Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language - M., 2002.

Union - this is a service part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text.

Unions do not change and are not members of the sentence.

By structure, unions are divided into:

1) simple (written without spaces):ah, because ;

2) composite (written with one or more spaces):since, while.

The types of compound conjunctions are

1) double (two-component) conjunctions, the parts of which are located distantly with an obligatory (not so much...as, not only...but And ) or optional (if...then, once...then, barely...how ) the second part,

2) repetitive , that is, such compound doubles that consist of identical parts (neither...nor, then...that, or...or ).

By the nature of the syntactic relations expressed by them,unions are divided intoessay Andsubordinates .

Coordinating Conjunctions connect equal components. They connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.

Coordinating Conjunctions have the following ranks of meaning:

1) connecting (meaning ‘both this and that’):and, yes (meaning ‘And' ), neither...nor, as...so and, and...and, not only...but also, as...so and, too, also ;

2) dividing (meaning ‘either this or that’):or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or;

3) adversative (meaning ‘not this, but that’):ah, but, yes (meaning ‘But ’), however, but .

Subordinating conjunctions uniteunequalcomponents and indicate the dependence of one of these components on another. They mainly connect parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members.

For example:subordinating conjunction ALTHOUGH connects homogeneous members of a sentence:The book is interesting, Although a little drawn out .

Unions AS, AS IF, AS IF, THAN connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence:In winter the night is longer, how day . Pond as if mirror.

The following categories of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:

1) temporary:when, while, barely, only ;

2) causal: since, because; for (outdated / bookish);

3) conditional: if, if only (obsolete),if (obsolete);

4) target:so that, in order to, in order to (obsolete);

5) concessional:although, despite the fact that ;

6) consequences: So ;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than ;

8) explanatory:what, how, to .

These lists can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example:while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of etc.

Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can be classified into several categories, for exampleto (target and explanatory),When (temporary and conditional).

Morphological analysis of the union

The union is dismantled according to the following plan:

I.Part of speech. Grammatical role (what it is used for).

II.Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.

Sample morphological analysis of the union:

We all jumped up from our chairs, but again there was a surprise: the noise of many steps was heard, which meant that the hostess had not returned alone, and this was really strange, since she herself had appointed this hour (F. M. Dostoevsky).

I.But - union

II.Coordinative, adversative, simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.

I.What-union

II.Subordinating, explanatory, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.

I.A - union

II.Coordinative, adversative, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.

I.Because it's a union

II.Subordinating, reasons, compound, connects parts of a complex sentence.

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Slide captions:

Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions Russian language lesson in 7th grade teacher of Russian language and literature

Objectives: show the main functions of the union; expand students' knowledge about simple and compound conjunctions; show the differences in the functions of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Linguistic warm-up Not sour, but sweet orange; shallow, but a fishy river; a window that is not closed, but wide open; don’t hesitate, but hurry up; unpainted floor; He acted not stupidly, but smartly; not truth, but deception; do it immediately; The spool is small, but expensive; bread and salt; not slowly, but quickly.

A conjunction is an auxiliary part of speech that connects both members of a sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex one. The general grammatical meaning of a conjunction is a designation of coordinating and subordinating connections between words and sentences. Syntactic features of conjunctions - conjunctions are not part of the members of the UNION sentence

CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS by structure SIMPLE CONJUNCTIONS COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS and, and, but, yes, what, if, when, etc. because, since, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, until, since then like others. Although the French were wounded, they were not killed. We stopped in front of a small but deep ravine. In October it is good to spend the night in stacks, as if in warm indoor spaces. He swam alone because he loved to be alone with nature

Write down sentences indicating simple and compound conjunctions. The horses were wary but calm. Between heaven and earth, now fading, now clearly emerging again, the simple but sweet trill of a lark murmured and rang continuously. He heard as if someone was knocking on the window.

CONNECTIVE ADVERSIVES DISTINCTIONAL CONJUNCTIONS BY MEANING explanatory temporary causal conditional conditional target concessive comparative investigative subordinators

Difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence and simple sentences of equal meaning within a complex one. Sentences connected by coordinating conjunctions are called complex sentences. Subordinating conjunctions connect simple sentences as part of a complex one: one of the sentences is subordinate to the other, and a question can be raised from one to the other. Sentences connected by subordinating conjunctions are called complex sentences.

Open the brackets, insert the missing letters and punctuation marks, explain spellings and punctuation marks, determine the role of conjunctions in sentences: Squares of fields and k...paris and small houses among them and in...everything. ..horns and plane trees all this stretches up to the g...r...umbrella. (V. Nekrasov.) K...ster...was breaking out (un)willingly...and the shadows were sluggishly moving (around) him. (To) remove fatty stains from the page of a book, you need to sprinkle... ..know (n, nn)y area with ground chalk, iron it through white paper with a hot iron.

Check yourself: Squares of fields, and cypress trees, and small houses among them, and winding roads, and plane trees - all this stretches to the horizon. The fire flared up reluctantly, and the shadows around it moved sluggishly. To remove grease stains from a book page, sprinkle the contaminated area with ground chalk and iron it through white paper with a hot iron.

Think and answer! What are unions for? Why are conjunctions divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions? What caused difficulties in studying the topic? What was interesting to learn about?

Homework: 1. § 150 2. Write out 5-6 sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions from literary works.

Thank you for your attention!

Based on their syntactic properties, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a simple sentence and parts of a complex sentence. The formal feature of the coordinating conjunction is that, located between the connected components, it is not included in the syntactic structure of any of them. Whereas the subordinating conjunction belongs to the subordinate part, together with which it can occupy different positions in relation to the main sentence: When the detachment entered the city, the sun was setting→The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city→ The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city.

Coordinating conjunctions connect components as functionally equal: when composing, neither the main nor the dependent part can be distinguished. At the same time, the homogeneity expressed by the coordinating conjunction is not the same. It can relate to the syntactic level - a conjunction connects identical parts of a sentence: I’ll get a cat and a parrot; can be lexical-semantic - a conjunction connects different forms with their common or same type of referent orientation: I talk to poets and about poets(V. 3. Sannikov); as well as communicative - a conjunction connects functionally different members of a sentence: It is raining, and heavily; She will return, but not soon - an adjective and an adverb attached to a sentence by a coordinating conjunction are also read as a sentence).

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into: 1) connecting, 2) dividing, 3) adversative, in which gradational ones are especially distinguished, 4) connecting and 5) explanatory.

Connecting unions and, neither... nor, yes(meaning And), both... and... These conjunctions express a connection that is not complicated by additional meanings; they are often used to indicate enumeration: And my Matryona became neither a peahen nor a crow(Krylov); And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the victor for years(Pushkin). The most abstract of the connecting conjunctions is the conjunction And, which, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, expresses the “pure idea of ​​connection.” Union And is not only used to express enumeration and join. Based on adverbs, particles, modal words (and then, and therefore, and therefore, and means, and yet, and yet, and nevertheless), as well as the meaning of the combined parts, it can convey temporary, cause-and-effect, concessional, conditional, adversative and connecting meanings.

Dividing unions or, or, then... then, not that... not that, or... or, either... either, either... either, or else, and not that express two main syntactic relations:

1) mutual exclusion value: Either she - the telegram - got into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or she fell on the path and was dragged away by some passerby...(Gaidar),

2) priority value: Now it’s rain, now it’s hail, now it’s snow like white fluff, now it’s sun, shine, azure and waterfalls...(Bunin); The storm covers the sky with darkness, spinning whirlwinds of snow: the way it howls like an animal, the way it cries like a child(Pushkin).

Opposing alliances ah, but, however, yes(meaning But) are ambiguous, the context can modify their content; the main meaning of the conjunction a is comparative: The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in spring(Tyutchev), unions but, however, yes - adversative: She comes up - and in tears she looks at the noisy waters. She hit her chest, sobbing, and decided to drown in the waves - However, she didn’t jump into the water and continued on her way.(Pushkin).

Gradational conjunctions (they are also called double comparative conjunctions) not only... but also, not only... but and, not only not... but, not as much... as, not even that and others express comparison or contrast according to the degree of significance: He is not only handsome, but also talented.

Affiliation unions yes and, yes and that, (and) moreover, (and) moreover, too, also express additional information to what has been said: There was a lot of water, and it was not spoiled.

Explanatory conjunctions namely, that is, or, somehow express clarification and clarification: We drank as usual, that is, a lot(Pushkin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, with the Oblonskys...(L. Tolstoy);

Pets, namely cats, have a calming effect on humans; It’s called that, that is, its nickname is Manilovka, but Zamanilovka is not here at all(Gogol).

Note. In some works, explanatory conjunctions are distinguished from coordinating conjunctions and are recognized as lexemes that form a special type of syntactic relations, intermediate between coordinating and subordinating relations.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions attach subordinate clauses to the main parts of a complex sentence. Some subordinating conjunctions are also used when constructing a simple sentence. Yes, union How can be placed before the nominal part of a compound predicate: The house is like a passage yard or enter into a circumstance of a course of action: Dreams disappeared like smoke(Lermontov), ​​union to can attach a goal circumstance expressed by an infinitive: We gathered to discuss a plan of action. Wed: We gathered to discuss the action plan.

Subordinating conjunctions are usually divided into semantic and asemantic. The latter include conjunctions that attach subordinate clauses: what, how, to, as if. They are usually compared with grammatical cases, since with the help of explanatory conjunctions such syntactic places are often replaced, in which there may be a grammatical case (You can hear the sound of the wind, You can hear it as if the wind is rustling; I dream about spring. I dream about spring; I remembered what happened. I remembered what happened). Like grammatical cases, explanatory conjunctions express syntactic relations predetermined (given) by the semantics of the word (or word form) to which the subordinate clause refers. An explanatory conjunction does not form the syntactic meaning of a complex sentence, but only expresses it.

However, it would be wrong to think that in terms of content, explanatory conjunctions are empty words. Explanatory conjunctions differ from each other in their modal components of meaning. Union to expresses the desired modality (tell him to come) as if - uncertainty (I see someone standing) that And How associated with real modality.

Semantic subordinating conjunctions have their own meanings. They define syntactic relationships in the structure of a complex sentence.

Semantic conjunctions are divided into groups according to meaning:

1) temporary unions when, before, after, barely... as, as soon as, barely,

2) causal because, because, since, in view of the fact that, especially since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, as a result of that;

3) conditional if, if... then, in case if, in case if, provided that, if etc.;

4) concessional despite the fact that, although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, with all that, no matter what;

5) consequences so, as a result of which;

6) goals so that, in order to, for the sake of, in order to, then in order to;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, as if, just as, likewise, as if, as if;

8) comparative conjunctions, coinciding with subordinating conjunctions on a formal basis, but in meaning not opposed to coordinating conjunctions if... then, while, meanwhile, whereas, as, as, than... by that. For example, The fathers did not visit each other, she had not yet seen Alexei, while(= a) the young neighbors only talked about him(Pushkin).