A complex subordinate sentence with a main clause expressed by an impersonal phrase like it is said - they say, it is reported - they report, it seems - it seems, it is likely - probably, can be replaced with a simple sentence:

When replacing such a complex sentence with a simple pronoun it is omitted, the subject of the subordinate clause (they) is placed instead of the pronoun it before the predicate of the main sentence, which agrees with this new subject in person and number, the conjunction that is also omitted, and the predicate of the subordinate clause (know) takes the form of the infinitive (to know).

In a simple sentence - They are said to know Chinese very well.– subject to the predicate are said is more than one pronoun they, and the combination of the pronoun they with infinitive to know. Such a complex subject (they ... to know) is a phrase “nominative with the infinitive”.

The infinitive in the phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is used in all forms:
1. Indefinite Infinitive (both Active and Passive) expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb in its personal form:
Not is said to live in Leningrad.
They say that he lives in Leningrad.
Books in the Soviet Union are known to be published in 119 languages.
It is known that books in the Soviet Union are published in 119 languages.
He was said to know several oriental languages.
They said that he knows several oriental languages.

2. Continuous Infinitive expresses a continuous action, simultaneous with the action expressed by the verb in the personal form:
The water seems to be boiling.
The water seems boils.
He was said to be writing a new play.
They said that he writes new play.

3. The Perfect Infinitive (both Active and Passive) expresses an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb in its personal form:
Not is said to have lived in Leningrad.
They say that he lived in Leningrad.
Not is said to have been appointed director of a big plant.
They say that he appointed director of a large factory.
The steamer was known to have left port on the 15th May.
It was known that the ship came out from the port on May 15.

4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive expresses a continuous action that occurred during a certain period of time preceding the action expressed by the verb in its personal form. At the same time, the Perfect Continuous Infinitive can express both an action that is still occurring at the moment of the action expressed by the verb in the personal form, and an action that has already ended before this moment:
The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days.
It is reported that the goods expect shipment within a few days.
Not is said to have been traveling a great deal about the Soviet Union.
They say he is a lot traveled on the Soviet Union.

Note. It should be borne in mind that the Indefinite Infinitive expresses a simultaneous, and a Perfect Infinitive, preceding action in relation to the action expressed by the verb in the personal form, regardless of the tense in which the verb in the personal form appears:
Not is known to work hard.
It is known that he works diligently.
Not was known to work hard.
It was known that he works diligently.
They are reported to have arrived in Moscow.
They report that they arrived to Moscow.
They were reported to have arrived in Moscow.
They reported that they arrived to Moscow.

Cases of using the phrase “nominative case with infinitive”.

When the predicate is expressed by a verb in the passive voice.

The phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is used when the predicate is expressed by the following verbs in the passive voice: to say - to speak, to state - to declare, to report, to report - to report, to announce - to announce, to believe - to believe, to assume, to suppose - to assume, to think - to think, to believe, to expect - to expect, to know - to know, to understand - in the meaning of recognizing, having information, to consider - to consider, to see - to see, to hear - to hear etc.:
Not said to live in Kiev. =It is said that he lives in Kiev.
They say that he lives in Kyiv.
This fruit is known to be grown in the north. =It is known that this fruit is grown in the north.
These fruits are known to be grown in the north.
They were believed to be on their way to Moscow. =It was believed that they were on their way to Moscow.
They were believed to be on their way to Moscow.
The delegation is reported to have left Leningrad. =It is reported that the delegation has left Leningrad.
It is reported that the delegation has left Leningrad.

Notes:
1. Indefinite Infinitive after a verb to expect usually express an action relating to the future:
Wasn't expected to arrive in the evening.
They expected him will arrive In the evening.
2. After the verb to consider linking verb to be sometimes omitted:
Not considered(to be) an experienced engineer.
He is believed to be an experienced engineer. (He is considered an experienced engineer.)
3. Pay attention to the translation of the verb to suppose when turning “nominative case with infinitive”:
Not supposed to do this work. To him relies do this work.
You are supposed to know it. To you relies know this.

A sentence with the phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is translated into Russian as a complex subordinate sentence. A verb in the passive voice is translated into Russian by a verb in the active voice in the 3rd person plural form. h. with an indefinite personal meaning (they say, report, etc.), playing the role of the main clause, followed by a subordinate clause with a conjunction What. A noun or pronoun placed before a verb in the passive voice becomes the subject of a subordinate clause in a Russian sentence. The infinitive is translated by a verb in personal form, which serves as the predicate of the subordinate clause:
The motor-vessel "Smolny" is reported to have arrived in Odessa.
They report that the motor ship "Smolny" arrived to Odessa.
A sentence with the phrase “nominative case with infinitive” can in many cases be translated into Russian into a simple sentence in which a verb with an indefinite personal meaning plays the role of an introductory sentence: Motor ship “Smolny”, reported to have arrived to Odessa.

A attributive clause with the phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is always translated into Russian by a sentence in which a verb with an indefinite personal meaning plays the role of an introductory sentence:
The motor-vessel "Smolny" which is reported to have arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought a large number of passengers.
The Smolny motor ship, which reportedly arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought a large number of passengers.

When such a attributive clause is replaced by a participial phrase, the participial phrase is also translated into Russian by a attributive clause, in which a verb with an indefinite personal meaning plays the role of an introductory clause:
The motor-vessel "Smolny" reported to have arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought a large number of passengers.
The Smolny motor ship, which reportedly arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought a large number of passengers.

In a sentence with the phrase “nominative with infinitive,” the predicate can be expressed by combining a modal verb with an infinitive in the passive voice:
The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week. =It can be expected that the ship will arrive at the end of the week.
The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.
The weather can't be expected to change tomorrow. =It can't be expected that the weather will change tomorrow.
You can't expect the weather to change tomorrow.
This question should be considered to be settled. =It should be considered that this question is settled.
It should be considered (We should assume) that this issue has been resolved.

In a sentence with the phrase “nominative with infinitive” there is sometimes an introductory adverb before the predicate there:
There are said to be rich coal deposits in this region. = It is said that there are rich coal deposits in this region.
The area is said to have rich coal deposits.
There can be expected to be a very good wheat crop in the Ukraine this year. = It can be expected that there will be a very good wheat crop in the Ukraine this year.
We can expect that Ukraine will have a very good wheat harvest this year.

In a sentence with the phrase “nominative case with infinitive”, after the predicate there is sometimes an object with a preposition by and thus the infinitive does not immediately follow the verb in the passive voice. When translated into Russian, an addition with a preposition by becomes the subject of the main sentence, and the verb in the passive voice is replaced by a verb in the active voice and becomes the predicate of the main sentence:
The goods are reported by the sellers to have been shipped on Monday. = It is reported by the sellers that the goods were shipped on Monday.
Sellers report that the goods were shipped on Monday.
The price is considered by the buyers to be too high. = It is considered by the buyers that the price is too high.
Buyers think that the price is too high.

With the predicate expressed by the verbs to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen, to chance.

The phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is used when the predicate is expressed by verbs to seem, to appear - to seem, to prove - to appear, to happen, to chance - to happen which are used only in the active voice:
He seems to know English well. = It seems that he knows English well.
He seems to know English well.
The weather appears to be improving. = It appears that the weather is improving.
The weather appears to be improving.
She Seemed to have forgotten her promise. = It seemed that she had forgotten her promise.
She seemed to have forgotten her promise.
This house appears to have been built by a good architect. = It appears that this house was built by a good architect.
This house appears to have been built by a good architect.
He proved to be a good engineer. = It proved that he was a good engineer.
He turned out to be a good engineer.
I happened to be there at that time. = It happened that I was there at that time.
It happened that I was there at that time. (I happened to be there at that time).

Notes:
1. After the verb to prove linking verb to be often omitted when followed by an adjective or a noun with an adjective:
She proved(to be) very clever.
She turned out to be very smart.
Not proved(to be) a good engineer.
He turned out to be a good engineer.

When after the linking verb to be follows a noun without an adjective, then to be cannot be omitted:
Not proved to be a historian.
He turned out to be a historian.

2. After verbs to seem and to appear can be an adjective or a noun with an adjective without a linking verb to be. In this case the verbs to seem and to appear matter seem In terms of look, make an impression:
She seems tired.
She seems (looks) tired.
Not seems ill.
He seems (looks) sick.
Not appears an experienced teacher.
He seems to be an experienced teacher (comes across as an experienced teacher).
Wed: Doesn't seem ill. He seems (looks) sick. and doesn't seem to be ill. He seems to be sick.

not usually appears with verbs , and not with the infinitive. (Note where the particle is Not in the corresponding Russian sentence.):
He doesn't seem to know this subject.
He seems doesn't know this item.
He didn't prove to be a very experienced engineer.
He turned out to be Not very experienced engineer.
He didn't happen to be there at that time.
It so happened that he there was no there at this time.

However, the particle not sometimes occurs with the infinitive:
Doesn't seem not to know this subject.
He proved not to be a very experienced engineer.
He didn't happen not to be there at that time.

Verbs to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen can be used in combination with modal verbs, most often with the verb may:
This story may seem to be rather dull.
This story may seem quite boring.
This picture may prove to be the best at the exhibition.
This painting may turn out to be the best in the exhibition.
They may happen to be at home at that time.
It may happen that they will be at home at this time.

Before verbs to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen sometimes there is an introductory adverb there:
There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries. = It seems that there are no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.
There seems to be no change in trade relations between the two countries.
There appears to be great excitement about the news. = It appears that there is great excitement about the news.
Apparently this news caused great excitement.
There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter. = It proved that there were many difficulties in solving the matter.
There were many difficulties in resolving this issue.
There happened to be many people there at that time. = It happened that there were many people there at that time.
It happened that there were a lot of people there at that time.

After verbs to seem and to appear sometimes there is an addition with a preposition to and thus the infinitive does not come directly after the verbs to seem and to appear:
Doesn't seem to me to know English well. = It seems to me that he knows English well.
It seems to me that he knows English well.
She appeared to them to have forgotten her promise. = It appeared to them that she had forgotten her promise.
They thought she had forgotten her promise.

When the predicate is expressed by adjectives likely, unlikely, certain, sure with a linking verb.

The phrase “nominative case with infinitive” is used when the predicate is expressed by adjectives likely - probable, unlikely - unlikely, certain - definite, sure - true, following the linking verb to be. In this case, the Indefinite Infinitive very often expresses an action related to the future:
Not is likely to know her address.= It is likely that he knows her address.
He probably knows her address.
They are very likely to come soon. = It is very likely that they will come soon.
It is very likely that they will soon will come.
The goods are unlikely to be unloaded today. = It is unlikely that the goods will be unloaded today.
It is unlikely that (Unlikely) the goods will unloaded today.
They are most likely to have received our letter. = It is most likely that they have received our letter.
It is very likely (Most Likely) that they have already received our letter.
They are certain to come to Moscow. = It is certain that they will come to Moscow.
They probably (certainly) will come to Moscow.
He is sure to be asked about it.
His probably (certainly) they will ask about this.

In negative sentences the particle not stands with a predicate expressed by an adjective likely with a linking verb, and not with an infinitive. (Note where the particle is Not in the corresponding Russian sentence):
He is not likely to come today.
He probably won't come Today.
The price of copper is not likely to rise in the near future.
Copper prices are likely will not increase in the near future.

However, with a predicate expressed by adjectives certain And sure with linking verb, particle not stands with the infinitive:
Not certain not to come to Moscow.
He probably won't come to Moscow.
Not sure not to be asked about it.
They probably won't ask him about it.

With an adjective likely instead of a linking verb to be verbs are sometimes used to seem and to appear:
They seem (appear) likely to come soon. = It seems (appears) likely that they will come soon.
It seems likely that they will arrive soon.
The goods seem (appear) unlikely to arrive at the end of the week. = It seems (appears) unlikely that the goods will arrive at the end of the week.
It seems unlikely that the goods will arrive at the end of the week.

Before adjectives likely, certain, sure with a linking verb there is sometimes an introductory adverb there:
There are likely to be many changes in the plan. = It is likely that there will be many changes in the plan.
There will likely be many changes to the plan.
There seem likely to be some objections to your proposal. = It seems likely that there will be some objections to your proposal.
It seems likely that there will be some objections to your proposal.
There is certain to be a discussion of this question. = It is certain that there will be a discussion of this question.
This issue will probably (certainly) be discussed.
There are sure to be many difficulties in solving this question. = It is sure that there will be many difficulties in solving this question.
In connection with the resolution of this issue there will probably (certainly) be many difficulties.

Infinitive phrases with adjectives likely found in attributive clauses:
The delegates who are likely to arrive tomorrow will be lodged at this hotel.

Along with the subordinate clause who are likely to arrive turnover occurs likely to arrive , which is translated into Russian by a subordinate clause:
The delegates likely to arrive tomorrow will be lodged at this hotel.
The delegates who are likely to arrive tomorrow will be accommodated in this hotel.

Infinitive [?n?f?n?t?v] Infinitive

Infinitive in English - a verb form that expresses action without indicating person, number or mood, and performs the functions of a verb or noun. The infinitive answers the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?”. Negation is formed by adding the particle not before the infinitive. The infinitive can be used either with or without the particle to.

In English, the infinitive has six forms (four of them in the active voice, and two in the passive voice).
1. Infinitive in the active voice:
A. Simple Infinitive Simple infinitive (Corresponds to the infinitive form of the verb in Russian.)
b. Continuous Infinitive
V. Perfect Infinitive Perfect Infinitive
d. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive
2. Infinitive in the passive voice:
A. Simple Infinitive Passive Simple infinitive passive voice
b. Perfect Infinitive Passive Perfect infinitive passive voice

Infinitive form	Pledge
	Valid	Passive
Simple	to+I	to be + III
	to paint	to be painted
Continuous	to be + IV	---
	to be painting	---
Perfect	to have + III	to have been + III
	to have painted	to have been painted
Perfect Continuous	to have been + IV	---
	to have been painting	---

The infinitive is used in three syntactic structures:
1. Objective infinitive phrase (alternative name: “Complex object”)
The infinitive is used in most cases in this structure. The objective infinitive phrase looks like this:
Noun/Personal pronoun in the objective case (me, you (singular), him, her, it, us, you (plural), them) + Infinitive
In a sentence:
Subject + Predicate + Object infinitive + Secondary members
She wants him to call her. She wants him to call her.
2. Subjective infinitive phrase (alternative name: “Complex subject”)
Noun/Personal pronoun in the general case + Personal verb as a predicate (usually in the passive voice) + Infinitive
In a sentence:
Subject + Subjective infinitive + Secondary members
Hannah seems to know him. Hannah seems to know him.
3. Infinitive phrase with the preposition for
For + Noun / Pronoun + Infinitive
In a sentence, this phrase can be in different positions, depending on the role it plays.
A. Role of the subject
For him to meet with new people is easy. It is easy for him to meet new people.
b. Role of the complement
She waited for the bus to come. She was waiting for the bus to come.

Using the Simple Infinitive
1. The action indicated by the infinitive and the action expressed by the finite verb or adjective to which the infinitive refers occur simultaneously.
Note: After modal verbs and their equivalents, the action expressed by the infinitive can refer to the future tense.
Michelle was glad to discuss the next meeting with Daniel. Michelle was excited to discuss her next appointment with Daniel.
It may be stuffily in the hall. The room can be stuffy.

2. After verbs such as:
to desire
to expect
to hesitate; hesitate
to intend to intend
to mean intend
to try
to want
to manage succeed
to decide
to fail
to begin
to continue
to arrange
to agree
to prefer
to seem
to ask
to promise
to forget to forget
to demand
to remember
to hate
to like
to hope
to love
etc.
and also after the expressions:
in order to
so as to
It is astoundingly to remember such long-ago events. It's amazing to remember such long-ago events.
Ian went back home in order to close the windows. Ian returned home to close the windows.
3. After nouns corresponding to verbs.
to decide - decision
to refuse - refusal
to propose - proposal to propose - proposal
to wish - wish
etc.
His decision to refuse such an offer is foolishly. His decision to refuse such an offer is stupid.
4. After adjectives expressing attitude, encouragement, disapproval, etc.
It was kind of you to accompany me on a journey to New Zealand. It was kind of you to accompany me on my trip to New Zealand.
Michael was pleased to visit some places of his childhood. Michael enjoyed visiting the places of his childhood.

Using the Continuous Infinitive
To denote a continuous action occurring simultaneously with the action expressed by the verbs in the personal form or the adjective to which the infinitive refers. The long infinitive can also be used after modal verbs.
The weather seems to be improving. The weather seems to be improving.

Use of Perfect Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive Passive
1. To denote an action that occurred before another action, expressed by a personal verb or adjective to which the infinitive refers. Very often Perfect Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive Passive are used with verbs:
to acknowledge
to appear
to believe
to consider
to find
to happen
to know
to pretend
to report
to say
to seem
to suppose to believe, to think
to think
to understand
Noah was sorry to have missed the meeting. Noah regretted missing the meeting.
2. To denote an action that will be performed at a certain point in time in the future.
She hopes to have left work until nine o"clock in the evening. She hopes to leave work before nine o'clock in the evening.
3. To express the assumption that the action has already occurred, after the modal verbs may, might, could.
Carter may/might/could have fulfilled everything without us. Perhaps Carter accomplished everything without us.
4. After the modal verb must to denote a logical judgment.
Christian must have been here: there are strange footprints on the floor. Christian must have been here: there are footprints of someone else's shoes on the floor.
5. In negative and interrogative sentences with the verb can to express doubt or surprise.
Can she have gone away without notice? Did she really leave without warning?
6. After modal verbs should, would, could, might, ought to to express an action that could have happened, but did not happen.
He should have ended this talk. He had to end this conversation.
7. To denote an action that was done even though it was undesirable.
He needn't have bought the car on credit. He shouldn't have bought the car on credit.
8. To indicate the probability of what happened, after the modal verbs can and could in negative form: can"t and couldn"t, respectively.
You couldn't have run five kilometer for ten minutes. It cannot be that you ran five kilometers in ten minutes.
9. To denote an action that did not occur contrary to hope, desire or expectation, after verbs:
to expect
to intend to intend
to hope
to mean
and after the expression would like (I would like)
I intended to have warned him, but I forgot. I intended to warn him, but I forgot.

Using the Perfect Continuous Infinitive
To denote a continuous action that began before the action expressed by the finite verb or adjective to which the infinitive refers.
Leah is known to have been working in this firm for six years. It is known that Lea has been working in this company for six years.

Using the infinitive without the particle to
1. After auxiliary and modal verbs, except ought (to), to have (to), to be (to).
He must come back immediately. He must return immediately.
Brandon is to come at six o"clock in the morning. Brandon must come at six o'clock in the morning.
2. After verbs perceptions in the active voice.
Andrew saw her looking out of the window. Andrew saw her looking out the window.
(Other verbs of feeling and perception are in the material " ".)
3. After the verbs to let, to make, to have, all three mean “to receive”, as well as to know in the meaning of “to know” in the active voice.
Don't let him abuse you. Don't let him abuse you.
4. After expressions:
had better it would have been better
would rather be better
cannot but cannot help
nothing but nothing but
I would rather buy a sport bike. I'd rather buy a sports bike.
5. In interrogative sentences that begin with the words why not (why not).
Why not go walking? Why don't we take a walk?
6. After the verb help (help), the infinitive can be used with or without the particle to. But in the passive voice and in negative sentences, the particle to is always used after help.
James will help you (to) carry the traveling bag. James will help her carry her travel bag.
She was helped to carry the traveling bag. They helped her carry her travel bag.
7. The particle to is usually not used before the second infinitive when they are connected using conjunctions:
and and
except
but but
or or
than
What would you choose: to buy a good car or visit Switzerland? What would you choose: buy a nice car or go to Switzerland?
8. The particle to is not used if it is clear from the context what is being discussed.
Note: If the verb to be is used, then the particle to cannot be omitted.
- Let's play a game of poker! Let's play a game of poker!
- I don't want (to). I don't want.
9. After the verb to like, the infinitive phrase is omitted along with the particle to.
Caleb can buy everything he likes. Caleb can buy whatever he wants.
10. If the infinitive phrase plays the role of a subject or definition and has its own subject, then the preposition for is used before the subject of the infinitive phrase.
He bought a gas sprayer for her to be on the defensive. He bought her a pepper spray so she could defend herself.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. BASIC WAYS TO TRANSLATE PASSIVE VOICE

If the predicate is expressed by a verb in the passive voice, then the subject does not perform the action, but is subject to the action expressed by this verb; compare:

Passive forms

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	The house is built.	The house was built.	The house will be built.
Continuous	The house is being built.	The house was being built.
Perfect	The house has been built.	The house has been built.	The house will have been built.

When translated into Russian, the passive construction can be conveyed in the following ways:

1. The Russian form of the passive voice of this verb in the appropriate tense, person and number:

The paper was written last year
Article was written last year.

2. The reflexive form of the verb in “-sya”, “-sya” in the appropriate tense, person and number:

The excavations were made on the left side of the hill.
Excavations were produced on the left side of the hill.

3. Indefinite-personal form of the active voice verb in the appropriate tense in the 3rd l. pl. h.:

The excavation was made with great care.
Excavation produced with great care.

4. The personal form of the verb in the active voice (such a translation is only possible if the person performing the action is indicated, i.e. if the sentence has an addition with the preposition by):

These papers were written by one and the same author.
These works wrote the same author.

Note. In some cases, the combination of the verb to be with participle II is not a form of the passive voice, but is a nominal predicate, which, unlike forms of the passive voice, expresses a state, not an action; compare:

Exercises

1. Determine the tense of the predicate. Give all possible translation options.

1. Only a few instances will be given here.
2. His answer was appreciated by everyone.
3. A new exhibition has been organized in this building.
4. The most important documents are signed here.
5. His lecture will be broadcast by the radio tomorrow.
6. The new-discovered language was described and deciphered.
7. The descriptions have not yet been fully studied.
8. The most important archaeological collections are housed in museums.
9. This paper was first published in another edition, and is reprinted here with the permission of the editors.
10. The above problem is being investigated by one of the writers (1) , and the results will be published separately.
11. All these ancient tools have been mentioned above, and something more will be said about them in the following chapter.

2. Choose the best translation option.

1. According to one version of the famous library was destroyed during the strife between Ptolemy XV and his sister Cleopatra for the throne; according to another, it was burned six centuries later.
2. Almost all sciences except perhaps medicine suffered a relapse (2) during the Dark Ages (3) when scientific pursuits were considered anti-religious. The occasional scholar who attempted such studies was often persecuted and his progress discouragingly slow.
3. The origin of the race of men who made the Nile valley the cradle of civilization is still being sought by scholars.
4. On the whole (4) Chekhov's plays are constructed in the same way as his stories. The differences are due to the differences of material and are imposed by the use of dialogue.
5. These papers were in their original form read at a conference of the English Institute, 1954.

2. TRANSLATION OF COMBINATIONS OF MODAL VERB WITH INFINITIVE IN PASSIVE VOICE

Exercise

Translate. Pay attention to the meaning and tense of the modal verb.

1. The question can be decided later.
2. The newspaper must be translated without a dictionary.
3. The lecture is to be delivered at eleven o"clock.
4. The teacher fell ill, so the lesson had to be postponed.
5. A word should be said about the origin of this term.
6. This rule cannot be applied here.
7. These books must not be touched without permission.
8. A word or two (6) may be said as to the plan upon which the book is constructed.
9. The letters will have to be posted in the morning.

(6) a word, a word or two - several words.

3. FEATURES OF TRANSLATING THE SUBJECT WITH A PREDICATE IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

Subject of the English passive construction from a number of verbs (7) should be translated by an indirect or direct object (i.e. in the dative, accusative and instrumental cases), and the predicate (passive voice form) - by the indefinite-personal form of the verb:

I was shown the new photographs.
They showed me new photos.

Wasn't asked to wait.
He was asked wait.

(7) This refers to verbs that take two objects - direct and indirect.

With the following verbs (8), used in the passive voice, the subject of the English sentence should be translated dative, accusative or instrumental case:

(8) Here and in all subsequent lists of verbs, only those meanings that these verbs have in the passive construction are given.

In the dative case

To advise -- advise
to order -- to order
to aid -- to help
to permit -- allow, allow
to assist -- to help
to deny -- refuse (to)
to precede -- precede
to give -- to give, to give
to promise -- to promise
to forbid -- prohibit
to refuse -- refuse
to forgive -- forgive
to send -- send, send
to help -- to help
to inform -- inform
to show -- show
to oppose -- resist, resist
to tell -- say, command
to threaten -- threaten

In the accusative case

To ask -- (to) ask, ask
to send -- send
to see -- to see
to avoid -- avoid
to teach -- to teach, train, teach
to oppose - to be against

In the instrumental case

To admire - to admire
to own -- to own, possess
to ignore -- neglect

Exercises

1. Translate. Pay attention to which case the subject of the English sentence should be translated.

1. We were informed that he had been sent to a conference.
2. He was sent only two copies of this book.
3. They were asked about it yesterday.
4. We were asked to come in.
5. He had been taught Latin and Greek in his boyhood.
6. We were given only three tickets instead of five.
7. She was given a watch as a birthday present.
8. The visitors were shown many new exhibits.
9. They were shown into a large hall.
10. He has not been seen anywhere today.
11. We were shown in (9) and asked to wait.
12. She was advised to spend the summer in the Crimea.
13. They were ordered to be silent.
14. The painter was assisted by two of his disciples.
15. We have not been offered anything yet.
16. The boy was helped with his lessons by his elder sister.
17. I was told that all the strangers were refused admittance to that building.
18.To this end (10) lengthy discussion has been avoided here.
19. He was admired not only for his technical skill, but also for his ability to attract people.
20. This information should not be ignored.
21. This unpleasant meeting is not to be avoided.

(9) to show in -- take someone into the house.
(10 ) to this end - for this purpose, for this purpose.

2. Translate. Pay attention to which case the subject of the English sentence should be translated.

1. By 1542 Negro slaves were forbidden to leave the haciendas, villages or cities after dark.
2. The preservation of an archaic literary language is greatly helped by its being at the same time a written language.
3. Tents were quickly dressed, and the knights were told to dismount from their horses.
4. This work cannot be given a high place as literature (11) but it is valuable for the contemporary documents it contains.
5. This analogical tendency is to some extent (12) aided by grammarians who prefer "regular" to "irregular" schemes.
6. Fielding's last novel "Amelia" has been admired by some even more than "Tom Jones" (13) probably because of the beautiful character of the heroine.
7. For a number of years commercial relations were kept up with Spain through Mexico, and the Dutch and the English were both permitted to establish trading factories in the South.
8. In the later history of Chinese, the use of the classifier was favored by the increasing phonetic poverty and different classifiers served to distinguish words which were becoming homophones.
9. Esarhaddon's (14) appointment had been opposed by his brothers and some district governors who initiated his father against him.
10. Subsequent expert seamen and ship's carpenters were sent out from St. Petersburg. On one hand the men were promised both worldly and spiritual rewards: wealth, promotions and imperial favor if by the Grace of Christ they would reach Kamchatka. On the other hand they were threatened with certain death if they delayed or slowed down their voyage.
11. Festivals were preceded by hunting expeditions to obtain small animals, such as rats, which were smoked and strung together to be worn as necklaces.
12. The sword in Old English times was owned (judging from finds), by only one man in twenty.

(11) a literature - here: a literary work.
(12) to some extent - to some extent.
(13) "Amelia", "Tone Jones" - novels by Henry Fielding (1707-- 1754).
(14) Esarhaddon -- Esarhaddon, Assyrian king (681 - 668 BC).

4. FEATURES OF TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FROM VERBS,
THOSE ACCEPTING A PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT

When using a number of verbs in the passive voice that require a preposition after themselves (for example, look at visitors), the English subject with a preposition related to it and the verb is translated by an addition with the corresponding preposition, and the predicate is translated by the indefinite-personal form of the verb:

The new discovery was much spoken about.
ABOUT a lot of new discoveries talked.

The visitors were looked at with great interest.
On visitors watched with great interest.

Some verbs with prepositions in Russian also correspond to verbs that take a prepositional object:

To agree on (upon) -- agree on
to arrive at -- to come to, arrive at
to attend to -- to look after
to confront with -- stand in front of
to depart from -- to retreat from, evade
to dispense with -- do without
to delve into -- delve into, delve into, rummage into
to do away with -- finish with (finish off someone)
give up
to face with -- stand in front of, collide with
to give up -- give up (stop, bro-
be able to do something)
to hit upon -- stumble upon, come across (find)
to insist on (upon) -- insist on
to laugh at -- laugh at
to look at -- look at
to look after -- look after
to refer to -- refer to, mention about, from wear to, refer to
to rely on (upon) -- rely on
to send for -- send for
to speak about (of) -- talk about
to talk about -- talk about
to think of -- think about

Exercises

1. Translate the sentences by first selecting the corresponding preposition for the verb in Russian (see the list of verbs with prepositions above).

1. Was not well spoken of by all his friends.
2. The hour of the meeting was agreed upon.
3. This case was much spoken and written about.
4. His data can be relied upon.
5. The room has not been asleep in for many years.
6. The whole story was laughed at a lot.

2. Translate. Pay attention to the place of the preposition in the Russian sentence and to the translation of the preposition itself.

1. The order of words (in English) is fairly rigid: it cannot easily be departed from, and most departures alter the type, or the emphasis, or the meaning of the sentence.
2. Place names cannot always be relied on for guidance.
3. For further details the reader is referred to the end of the book.
4. It "s twenty years since he went away from home with his gun, and he has never been heard of since.
5. His poetry, which is very good, if not absolutely of the first class, may be spoken of later.
6. In English, as in other European languages, most words can be referred with certainty to Aryan (15) roots, but others are more recent than the time when written literature began.
7. This work should also be referred to for a detailed account of the Museum Collections.
8. In the fashionable districts of Bath (16) practically every dwelling had been lived in at some time by many famous people.
9. On the whole this defective system (of writing) works quite well in literature with which the reader is well acquainted, and it is indeed surprising to the European student of the Semitic languages ​​to discover how easily vowel signs can be dispensed with in reading .
10. The use of soft copper was given up very soon wherever intercourse with the whites became habitual and iron became obtainable.

(15) Aryan - Indo-European.
(16) Bath -- Bath, an ancient city in England, in which remains of baths built by the Romans in the 1st century are preserved. n. e. 13

A number of verbs that take a prepositional object in Russian correspond to transitive verbs:

To account for -- explain, be the reason
to adhere to -- adhere to
to bring about -- cause, carry out (sya)
to comment (up) on -- comment
to improve (up) on -- improve
to deal with -- consider, disassemble, deal with
to listen to -- listen
to meet with -- meet
to refer to as -- call, name
to touch (up) on -- touch, consider, touch
to wait for -- wait

Exercise

Translate

1. The exceptions are not easily accounted for.
2. Expressions of this kind are often met with in his poetry.
3. These lines will be commented upon in the following paragraph.
4. He is often referred to as the founder of tin's school.
5. Some urgent problems of our work have been touched upon here.
6. We were listened to with much surprise.
7. Tell him he is waiting for.
8. The speaker was listened to with growing interest.
9. The details will be dealt with later.
10. Great changes were brought about by historical factors.

5. FEATURES OF TRANSLATING THE PASSIVE VOICE FROM TRANSITIONAL VERBS

When some transitive verbs are used in the passive voice, the subject of an English sentence is translated by a prepositional object:

This language was spoken five hundred years ago.
In this language they said five hundred years ago.

The most common are the following transitive verbs, which in Russian correspond to verbs that take a prepositional object:

To address -- contact
to affect -- influence, influence, affect smth.
to answer -- answer
to approach -- to approach, to consider smth.
to attend - attend, accompany, accompany
to enjoy -- to enjoy
to enter -- to enter, to enter into
to follow -- to follow, to follow, to follow something, to stick to something, to pursue someone.
to join - join
to judge -- to judge
to influence -- to influence, influence
to penetrate -- to enter into, enter into, penetrate into
to speak -- speak in (some language)
to succeed - to follow, inherit smth.
to watch --- follow, observe

Exercises

1. Translate, having previously established what preposition the verb requires in Russian.

1. We were joined by the others only two hours later.
2. The first question is readily answered.
3. He was addressed by a stranger.
4. He had been greatly influenced by Dutch painters.
5. This dialect is spoken only in the mountaneous part of the country.
6. Each poem of this kind is almost always followed by a short maxim,
7. This sacred room was penetrated only by the higher priests.
8. The problem of Greek decline may be approached from two sides.
9. Our (English) modern consonants are little affected by surrounding vowels.
10. We shall now see how the three departments of literature -- prose, poetry and the drama -- were affected by this new spirit.
11. The pronunciation of a few English words has been affected by modern French: for example, machine and police.
12. The authenticity of this document may be judged from several sources.

2. Translate. Indicate the voice and tense of the predicate.

1. Everybody followed his example.
2. His example was followed by everyone.
3. One volume followed the other.
4. This volume was followed by a second one.
5. She has not followed your advice.
6. Your advice has not been followed.
7. Both men followed each other in silence.
8. The introduction is followed by the list of illustrations.
9. The majority of authors follow this simple rule.
10. This simple rule is followed by the majority of grammarians.
11. The police were following him for several hours.
12. He understood that he was being followed by the police.

3. Translate the sentences, taking into account the different meanings of the verbs to affect, to follow, to succeed.

1. The first revolutionary wave broke in 1825, in the entirely unsupported and unsuccessful mutiny of the Decembrists. It was followed by the long reaction of the reign of Nicholas I, during which rose the second wave.
2. Italy, within which at the dawn of history a multitude of different languages ​​and dialects were spoken, achieved linguistic unity under the aegis of Rome.
3. As time went on, this culture tended to become rather less purely Greek, for it was penetrated to a greater or lesser degree by oriental elements.
4. Numerous foreign terms of civilized life appeared in old English times, and were joined in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by a crowd of others connected with the church.
5. The method I have been describing in the text is, of course, one that is followed by all of us.
6. This glacial period was followed by a warmer interval known as the First Interglacial Stage.
7. Bulgarian art was in fact more closely affected by Constantinople than was the art of many of the numerous portions of the empire which never enjoyed (17) national independence.
8."Lady Windermere"s Fan" was a success. It was followed by "A Woman of No Importance" (18) produced at the Haymarket Theater on April 19, 1893.
9. If the correct syntactical punctuation is followed, the texts may be translated as follows.
10. The purpose of the present study is to examine the way in which Dickensian biography and criticism have been, affected in their development by the materials that were most easily available.
11. These biographies were succeeded by the standard biography of Dickens, written by his friend John Forster which still remains the best written and the most reliable.
12. This king was succeeded by his eldest son Motokiyo, who died in 1455.
13. The houses of this small town are funny-shaped. Most of them are entered by a staircase, as the lower part is used as a fish-cellar.
14. In preparing this new edition the original arrangement has been followed in general outline.
15. The new schools of dramatists were largely influenced by the French drama and French fashions.
16. What is the main lesson of Hamlet? The question, I think, is answered in all essentials in the following passage.
17. If one and the same language is spoken in different communities, the tendency will be not only to change, but also to differentiation.
18. Mary I (1553--1558) died young and was succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I (1558--1603).

(17) to enjoy -- here: to enjoy.
(18) Oscar Wilde's plays: "Lady Windermere's Fan" and "An Unworthy Woman."

6. FEATURES OF TRANSLATING THE PASSIVE VOICE,
EXPRESSED BY COMBINING A VERB WITH A NOUN

Phraseological combinations of a verb and a noun can take the form of the passive voice. A literal translation of these combinations is not always possible. In Russian, they usually correspond to verbs or equivalent combinations of a verb and a noun, for example: to make use (of)-- use, to pay attention (to)- pay attention to. Such combinations can form two types of passive construction. In one case, the subject of the passive construction becomes the noun included in the combination, for example, to make use of (usually this is the direct object of the verb):

Use was made of the following examples.
Were used the following examples.

In the other, the subject of the passive construction becomes a word (noun or pronoun), which represents a prepositional complement to the entire combination; For example:

The following examples were made use of.
Were used the following examples.

The most common combinations of verb and noun are:

To call attention to -- pay attention to
to draw attention to -- to attract attention
to give attention to -- pay attention
to have regard to - take into account, take into account
to have recourse to -- resort (to help)
to pay attention to -- pay, pay attention to
to exercise influence (on) -- to exert influence
to lavish care (on) -- surround with care
to lose sight (of) -- to lose sight of, to lose sight of
to make allusion (to) -- mention, refer, hint
to make attempt (s) -- make an attempt, try
to make (an) effort -- make an effort, try
to make mention (of) -- mention
to make reference (to) -- mention, refer
to make use (of) -- use
to place emphasis (on) -- emphasize
to put an end (to) -- to put an end to something.
to show preference (to) -- show preference
to take advantage (of) -- take advantage
to take account (of) -- take into account, take into account
to take care (of) -- to take care, take into account, try to fight
to take care + infinitive (or that) -- try, strive
to take notice (of) -- to notice, pay attention
mania for to take opportunity -- (to) take advantage of the opportunity

Exercises

1. Find a combination of verb and noun in the following sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. Efforts were made to elucidate the problem.
2.No special attention has been paid to this period of his life.
3. Care was taken not to overburden the text with too many quotations.
4. His letter has not been taken any notice of.
5. This opportunity should not be lost sight of.
6. A preference is shown by the author to short dialogues.

2. Translate the sentences, having first translated the combination of verb and noun.

1. It is possible, however, that too much emphasis has been placed upon this factor.
2. Lastly, mention must be made of Milton's technical skill.
3. More careful attention was paid to grammar at that period.
4. An effort has, in addition, been made to provide a continuous narrative, and to avoid the form of a handbook intended primarily for consultation.
5. In ordinary communicative speech no attention is drawn to the sound of words, or to word order.
6. The entire question cannot be discussed here, but attention should be called to the fact that many of these resemblances between ancient and modern features are more fancied than real.
7. This system known in Japanese history as "Southern and Northern Courts" (19) was put an end to by the reunion of the two lines in the person of Go Comatsu (1392).

(19) "Southern and Northern Courts" - "Northern and Southern Court" in (the period of the reign of two warring dynasties in Japan in the 14th century.

7. FEATURES OF TRANSLATING IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

The most common models of the impersonal passive construction are:
It is said that. . . They say that...
It is thought that. . . They believe (believe) that. . .
It is expected that. . . Expect (expect) that. . .
It is known that. . . It is known that. . .
It is said by our historians that. . . Our historians believe that... . .
It is said of this author that. . . They say about this author that... . .
It is known about him that. . . What is known about him. . .
It must be stressed that. . . It should (should) be emphasized that. . .
It cannot be denied that. . . It cannot be denied (that). . .
It should be remembered that. . . It should be remembered that. . .
It was considered possible to find these manuscripts. It was considered possible to find these manuscripts.
It was thought useful to publish this data. We thought it would be useful to publish this data.
Let it be stressed that. . . It should be emphasized that. . .

Impersonal constructions used as an introductory member of a sentence are possible both with and without the formal it:

The material, it will be observed, contains many examples of this kind.
The material, as you can see, contains many examples of this kind.

As is readily seen from the text. . .
As can be easily seen from the text. . .
As can be seen from the text. . .

Exercises

1. Translate the sentences, taking into account the peculiarities of translating impersonal constructions.

1. It is known that they will arrive tomorrow.
2. It is expected that the Conference will take place in Kiev.
3. It is hoped that the new edition of this book will be of no less interest to the reader.
4. It will be noticed that these poems are of quite a different character.
5. It has been shown in the above examples that the sense of the sentence often depends on the order of words.
6. It is sometimes said that the Nile is longer than all the rivers in the eastern and western hemispheres.
7. It will be seen from the following tables that the sounds do not coincide in quality.
8. It is related of this man that he never passed a day of his life without reading.
9. It was thought useful to apply this method here.
10. It has been estimated that the volume contained 220 pages.

2. Translate. In each case, select the most appropriate translation of the modal verb.

1. It must be borne in mind that all the rules may have exceptions.
2. It must be added that the minor works are not included here.
3. It cannot be denied that his original work is a success.
4. It is to be remembered that these data come from different sources.

3. Translate the sentences, trying to find the most accurate equivalent for expressing an impersonal or indefinitely personal sentence in Russian.

1. It will be seen that the distinction between different parts of speech always depends on formal criteria.
2. It was doubted that Shaw"s plays would retain their interest when the problems treated in them -- slums, women"s rights, marriage customs had ceased to be of immediate concern. (20)
3. Views as to (21) the actual date of the manuscript varied; the seventh century was the most usually favoured, but it was generally agreed that the illustrations belonged to an archetype perhaps as early as (22) the second century.
4. It will be readily understood that the difficulty of arriving at the (23) meaning of such compositions is very significant.
5. In considering loan-words it has to be remembered that, when two languages ​​are in contact, words which are themselves borrowed may pass from one to another.
6. It has been said that Latin is more concise than English. The reverse is the case (24) . English is briefer than Latin.
7. It is to be remembered that it was advisable to issue the proclamation of Henry Ill's adherence to the Provisions (25) in English as well as in Latin.
8. Speaking of the influence exerted on the African peasants by workers who lose their jobs and return to their native villages, Woddis writes: “One is inevitably reminded here of Lenin”s observations regarding the influence of the Russian workers on the peasants in the period leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1905".
9. The Eskimos of the North-west Coast, it will be remembered, use to this day harpoon-heads of this kind.
10. Let it be stressed, however, that an understanding of the build and form of the land, a knowledge of the routes of communication and an idea of ​​the character of the natural resources -- are all of them factors which should be considered at the outset (26) by every historian of art in the course of his examination of a particular area or a particular civilization.
11. It has been thought not superfluous, however, to add a few data of this kind, without a knowledge of which it is impossible to understand the course of the literary development.
12."Better a live dog than a dead lion." The last example, it will be observed, contains transverse alliteration and assonance.
13. As is readily seen, the problems and questions in regard to (27) this subject are far more numerous than the solutions.
14. People living upon lakes plentifully stocked with fish, it can be imagined, availed of themselves of all means in their power for capturing them.
15. It has been assured beyond doubt that two kinds of cattle were common during the stone age.

(20) to be of concern - to matter.
(21) as to -- in relation, relatively.
(22) as early as - still in...
(23) to arrive at -- here: unravel (achieve understanding).
(24) the reverse is the case - here: the situation is the other way around.
(25) The Provisions - here: Magna Carta (actually, a confirmation of the Charter).
(26) at the outset -- from the very beginning.
(27) in regard to --- regarding.

Repeating the passive voice

Translate.

1. In Eire, the Irish Free State, Irish has been made the official language and is spoken by about three million people, practically all of whom also speak English.
2. Few references to other works have been given in the body of the text, although the author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to all the works listed in general bibliography and the chapter bibliographies to which the student is referred to for anything beyond the outline here offered.
3. It is recognized that equivalence in both meaning and style cannot always be retained. When, therefore, one must be abandoned for the sake of the other, the meaning must have priority over the stylistic forms.
4. The bibliographies at the close of each chapter have again been brought up to date (28) , though they have at the same time also been somewhat simplified.
5. The formation of a common language is assisted by intercourse of any kind, so especially by military service.
6. The Stone Age Section has been given the largest space, especially now that a special exhibition of the new acquisitions has been arranged.
7. He began his writing in the old style, and though he could not, as an educated man brought in close contact with the younger poets, be unaffected by them, he was by no means a consistent adherent of the school.
8. The opportunity has been taken here to publish a revised edition covering a much wider and more representative selection of London's libraries.
9. Meanwhile, in 1704, the Kamchatkan tradesman Vasilii Kolesov had been ordered by the authorities in Yakutsk to explore the limits of Kamchatka and to investigate whether there existed islands and if so to whom they belonged.
10. Long after Sanscrit ceased to be spoken as anyone's native language, it remained (as Latin classical remained in Europe) the artificial medium for all writing on learned topics.
11. These two individuals, the speaker and the hearer, and their relations to one another should never be lost sight of, if we want to understand the nature of language, and that part of language which is dealt with in grammar.
12. The whole question of Middle English dialects is now being subjected to rigorous scrutiny by A. Mc. Infosh (Edinburgh) and some others.
13. Thinking arises only out of sense-perception and must be preceded by it.
14. The Reference books in the Reading Room are kept under review and, wherever necessary, new books are substituted for those which are superseded.
15. Much of the older grammatical equipment of particles and terminations is now dispensed with (in Modern Japanese).
16. Slaves (in America) were chattels; they were denied even the sensitivities of a brute animal. Two hundred years of legislation had sanctified and sanctioned Negro Slaves a property. And property they indeed were. Like domestic animals they were referred to as "stock".
17. Nevertheless, it may be affirmed that there were repeated glaciations in Northern Germany, and it may safely be asserted that the maximum glaciation there coincided with the Mindel Glacial Stage in the Alpine region.
18. The general plan, however, of this series has not been lost sight of. Important writers have been treated at comparatively greater length, to the neglect of many lesser notabilities, and an attempt has been made, in so far as (29) the state of our knowledge permits, to follow the literature and to trace the causes which determined its character at particular periods.
19. In 1837 one ship made its way nearly to Yedo (30) in the effort to return a few castaways. She was fired upon, and returned without having landed her charges.
20. American artists from Brockden Brown and Roe to Henry James and Eliot have suffered this fate. They havebeen thought of as expatriots and they have been denied a place in the literary history of the nation because they criticized their civilization.
21. Within a few centuries, owing to the difficulty of communications and the lack of a literary tradition, the Anglo-Saxon of England and the Frisian of the German lowlands had developed into widely divergent languages. At a much later period the coming of English-speaking immigrants to the shores of America was attended by a somewhat similar linguistic divergence.
22. Roman Latin had become the standard, normal speech of all Italy and after the first century A.D. no reference was made to local accents or dialectal variations.
23. People are influenced by the pronunciation and words they hear on the radio and TV or in spoken motion pictures, and our radio and- TV-picture language is imitated more and more by the people who hear it so that our language tends to become more and more uniform all the time.
24. It is assumed by many people that a repetition of a word will make the meaning more emphatic, but this is not always the case. (31)
25. Simpler forms are substituted for the older, and the vocabulary is enriched by the accession of a vast number of new words.
26.As new things were invented, they were given names built up from Latin and Greek roots.
27.As before noticed, the work of Mr. Wells as a true novelist must really be judged on the work of the period 1900-1909.
28. There can be little doubt that the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were a mixture of many tribal elements; though after they had been settled a few generations in England, Angles were being addressed as Saxons, Saxons were calling themselves Angles and the whole conglomeration was being referred to as Englishmen and their language as English speech.

(28) to bring up to date - to revise, bring up to date.
(29) in so far as - as much as.
(30) Yedo -- Yedo, the old name of Tokyo.
(31) this is (not) the case

Complex Subject, The Nominative with the Infinitive Construction aka Complex Subject, Nominative with the Infinitive

Good frosty December evening, I am glad to welcome everyone to . Today we will introduce you to Complex Subject or Compound subjects in English. Complex Subject presents certain difficulties for students of English, since in the Russian language such a construction is completely absent and does not even have approximate analogues. All my explanations of the topic Complex Subject You can listen to it as an audio lesson using the link below:

(To listen to an MP3 object you need)

Today I will tell you about the basic rules of use subjective infinitive phrase in English.

The Nominative with the Infinitive Construction, subjective infinitive phrase, complex subject, nominative case with infinitive - that’s all he is: great and terrible Complex Subject. Design Complex Subject consists of a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case and an infinitive denoting action. The main difference between a complex subject and a simple subject is that a complex subject is divided into two parts by a predicate verb in the personal form, and the predicate verb is usually used in the passive voice.

Complex Subject is called a complex subject because in fact we are dealing with one subject, but in meaning it turns out that there are, as it were, two subjects. By the way, in Russian Complex Subject and is translated by a complex sentence with two grammatical stems, while the main sentence is impersonal, and the subordinate clause is personal. We'll talk about this a little later today.

General scheme Complex Subject is this:

subject + predicate verb + infinitive + minor parts of the sentence

Complex Subject consists of a noun or pronoun in the nominative case and an infinitive. In Russian, subjects are only simple, and are expressed by pronouns, nouns and phrases, therefore the construction Complex Subject translated into Russian with introductory words as is known, apparently, for sure or a complex sentence in which the main clause is in impersonal form ( it is expected that... it seems that...).

She is expected to come any minute. - She is expected to arrive any minute.- impersonal offer [it] is expected that....

Our plane seems to be landing. - Our plane seems to be landing.- impersonal offer [it] it looks like....

The tour group is reported to have left London. - It is reported that the tour group has left London.- impersonal offer [it] is reported that....

Your tour agent is likely to have the phone of the local insurance office. - It is likely that your travel agent has the telephone number of the local representative office of the insurance company.- introductory word likely.

You are sure to be asked about it when checking-in. - You will probably be asked about this when you check in.- introductory word for sure.

The chapel is said to be very beautiful. - They say that the chapel is very beautiful.- impersonal offer [they] say that....

Our coach was seen to disappear. - We saw our tourist bus leave.- impersonal offer [they] saw that....

The list of predicate verbs with which a complex subject can be used is very limited. In total, there are six groups of predicate verbs with which the subjective infinitive phrase or Complex Subject is used. Since most often a complex subject is used with a predicate in Passive Voice, first we will study three groups of predicate verbs, always used in the passive voice - verbs messages, verbs thinking, verbs sensory perception. And then we will look at rarer cases of using Complex Subject with verbs in Active Voice - such verbs are also grouped into three groups: appear and seem - to seem; chance, happen, prove, turn out - turn out to be; and phrase with linking verb and adjective be + (un)likely, be + sure - likely, unlikely, unconditional.

Predicate verbs that are used with Complex Subject in the passive voice form (Passive Voice):

The main cases of using an English complex subject are associated with the use of a predicate verb in the passive voice (Passive). First, let's remember what we talked about a few hours ago in today's lesson: the passive personal forms of predicate verbs are a construction be + Past Participle, in which the linking verb be stands in personal form - by changing the form of the linking verb, you can get any of the eight types of tense forms in Passive Voice. Thus, all the verbs we study in real sentences will have the form is announced, were described, has been said, will be stated etc.

1. Most often we use a complex subject with message verbs. Use of these words is typical for guidebooks, newspapers and television programs when the source of information is either unknown or unimportant.

(announce) is/are/have been/has been/was/were announced- declare, reported
(describe) is/are/was/were described- describe, depict
(report) is/are/was/were reported- reported, reported
(say) is/are/was/were said- they say, they spoke
(state) is/are/was/were stated- as indicated, stated

Our group was announced to be the first to get onto the ferry. - It was announced that our group would be the first to board the ferry.- It doesn’t matter who announced, the main thing is that we learned about the landing order.

The tour was described to be more strenuous than it actually was. - [Before the trip] we were told that the tour would be more physically difficult than it turned out to be in reality.- It doesn’t matter who told us this, the main thing is that we were warned.

The hikers are reported to come back in two days. - They report that the hikers will return in two days.- information was posted in the hostel lobby, who exactly is unknown, but we know when the group will return.

Cahir Castle is said to be one of the most intact castles in Ireland. - Cahir Castle is said to be one of the most intact castles in Ireland.- many tourists visited Kakhir, I read reviews of some on the Internet, but I don’t remember who wrote it.

The 6-segment €12 ticket can be bought at any of the six sites, and is stated to be good for 48 hours. - The Six Attractions Ticket can be purchased at any of the six locations and is claimed to be valid for 48 hours [from the date of activation].- the advertisement is posted on the website of a company selling passes; the information about the cost and validity period is important to me, and not the identity of the administrator of their website.

2. Also Complex Subject is often used with verbs of thinking, which are used to transmit opinions, assumptions or hope:

(believe) is/are/was/were believed - believe, believe, believe
(consider) is/are/was/were considered - believed, believed
(expect) is/are/was/were expected - believe, expected
(know) is/are/was/were known - as is known, known, knew
(suppose) is/are/was/were supposed - assume, believed
(think) is/are/was/were thought - think, believed
(understand) is/are/was/were understood - considered, considered

The guidebook includes information about the Necropolis where St Peter is believed to be buried. - This guide includes information on the necropolis where St. Peter is believed to have been buried.

The scavi tour was wonderful as we have seen what is believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter along with an ancient grave yard. - The excavation tour was wonderful and we saw what is believed to be St. Peter's tomb, along with the ancient cemetery.

Showing off money attracts pickpockets and in Europe is considered to be in poor taste anyway. - Deliberate display of money attracts pickpockets and, in any case, is considered bad taste in Europe.

Rothenburg is known to run over in the summer time with bus loads of tourists but we did not see that. - Rothenburg is known for being flooded with buses full of tourists in the summer, but we didn’t notice this.

3. Also used in the subjective infinitive phrase sensory verbs:

(hear) is/are/was/were heard - heard, heard
(see) is/are/was/were seen - observed, seen

Birds were heard to sing in the garden in front of our hotel. - We heard / We heard birds singing in the garden in front of our hotel.

Our guide was seen to get on the coach. - We saw our guide getting on the tourist bus.

Raphael is seen to be the finest ambassador of High Italian Renaissance style. - Raphael is considered the most prominent representative of the peak of the Italian Renaissance.

The passive form of a verb as part of the Complex Subject can be used not only in personal, but also in infinitive form, for example, after a modal verb - in the sentence below be seen have to:

A death mask of Napoleon and some eighteenth century political cartoons have to be seen to be believed. - Napoleon's death mask and some eighteenth-century political cartoons have to be seen to be believed.

Note that these verbs can be in the passive voice without being part of a complex subject:

If you are on a tourist visa you must not work in the EU, and that includes Italy. In order to be seen as working you do not need to be seen to receive money. You can receive compensation in another way, such as room and board. After all, you are not doing that six hours of hard work out of the goodness of your heart, are you? - If you are on a tourist visa, you absolutely cannot work in the EU, and it includes Italy. It is not necessary for someone to see you receiving money to be seen as working. You can receive wages in other ways, such as housing and food. After all, you don't work six hours a day out of the goodness of your heart, do you?- in the first part of the sentence ( in order to be seen as working) there is no complex subject, and in the second ( be seen to receive money); also note that in the second case be seen as part of a complex subject used as an infinitive after a modal verb need to in negative form ( do not need to be seen to receive).

After the predicate in the passive voice, the infinitive itself can be used in various forms:

Continuous Infinitive: Rick Steves is reported to be writing a new book about his most recent travel across Iran. - Rick Steve is reported to be writing a new book about his latest trip to Iran.- the use of the continuous infinitive allows us to emphasize the process, i.e. Rick is currently busy working on a book that is not yet ready.

Perfect Infinitive: Rick Steves is said to have returned from Iran at last. - They say that Rick Steve has finally returned from Iran.- the perfect form of the infinitive allows you to indicate an action that occurred before the action described by the personal form of the verb in the present tense: they say now that he has already returned (to the present moment).

Please note that with verbs motives, transmitting order, request, permission, the subjective infinitive phrase is not formed. The infinitive after verbs of encouragement will serve as a regular direct object, and the translation usually coincides with the word order of the Russian version of this sentence:

(allow) is/are/was/were allowed - allow, allowed
(ask) is/are/was/were asked - inquire, demanded
(make) is/are/was/were made - forced, forced
(order) is/are/was/were ordered - order, ordered
(permit) is/are/was/were permitted - allowed, allowed
(tell) is/are/was/were told - ordered, ordered, demanded

Such sentences will be translated from English into Russian verbatim:

The kids were allowed to go for a walk. - The children were allowed to go for a walk.

The tourists were asked to check out earlier. - Tourists were asked to leave early.

The tourists were ordered to leave the church when the mass began. - Tourists were told to leave the church when the service began.

Predicate verbs that are used with Complex Subject in the active voice form (Active Voice):

1. As we have already learned, the main form of the predicate verb used as part of the subjective infinitive phrase is the passive form or Passive Voice. However, there are a small number of verbs, which we have divided into three groups, used with Complex Subject in the active voice. First of all, these are verbs appear And seem - seem, introduce, and in colloquial speech it is more appropriate seem, and in writing appear:

Our taxi driver appears to know our new address. - Our taxi driver seems to know our new address.

From where I sat at the back of the coach, Tony"s driving was excellent and he always appeared to know where he was going to and never had any problems navigating through the narrow streets of Italian villages. - From the place where I was sitting at the back of the bus, Tony's driving looked excellent and he always seemed to know where he was going and never had any problems navigating through the narrow streets of the Italian villages.

The guide seems to know us. - It looks like the guide knows us.

Trisha was excellent as she seemed to know ahead of time what each person wanted or needed. - Trisha was excellent as she seemed to know in advance what everyone wanted or needed.

The whole group seemed to know what we were in for and ready for anything. - It seemed like the whole group knew what they were getting themselves into and were ready for anything.

Our guide seemed to know Paris particularly well, and was, like Julie, always polite. She always seemed to know how long to talk on the bus, and when to be quiet. - It seems that the guide knew Paris especially well, and was, like Julie, always polite. She always seemed to know how long to talk on the bus and when to remain silent.

If the infinitive is expressed by a linking verb to be, then the linking verb can be omitted. However, native English speakers still prefer to use the infinitive in Complex Subject, since often when the infinitive is omitted, the meaning of the sentence may change or become unclear:

The tourists seem (to be) exhausted. - It seems that the tourists are tired.

Jane seems (to be) unhappy. - It seems that Jane is unhappy.

All types of infinitives can be used after these verbs:

Continuous Infinitive: He seems to be watching us. - Looks like he's watching us.- the continued infinitive shows an action in development: he is watching us right now.

Perfect Infinitive: She seemed to have kept all her promises. “It seemed like she kept all her promises.”- the perfect form of the infinitive allows us to emphasize the completion of the action at the moment indicated by the predicate verb: it seemed in the past that even before this moment in the past she had already fulfilled all obligations.

2. Subjective infinitive phrase is also used with predicate verbs chance, happen - turn out to be by accident, prove, turn out (to be) - happen, turn out to be, and after them only a simple infinitive can be used - Indefinite Infinitive, although the predicate verbs themselves can appear in a variety of tense forms:

Mike has proven to be a great guide! - Mike turned out to be an excellent guide!

How to translate this sentence into Russian literary (make the same explanations above): since a construction similar to the English subjective infinitive phrase is absent in the Russian language, during translation we will construct a complex sentence. English verb-predicate in personal form ( has proven) will turn into a predicate in the Russian main clause (impersonal: it turned out that..., it turned out that... or personal we found out that..., I found out that...), the English subject will become the Russian subject in the subordinate clause, the English infinitive will take the form of a personal predicate verb, and the nominal part will remain a nominal part, like other minor members:

Mike has proven to be a great guide! - It turned out that Mike is an excellent guide!

Maybe the hotel that looked so close to downtown on Google Maps turned out to be way too close to the noisiest bar in town. - Perhaps the hotel that looked so close to the city center on Google Maps turned out to be too close to the busiest bar in town.

Turnover with verb happen to often used to ask a polite question to a person (it is assumed that he may not know the answer), as well as to ask a question to an indefinite circle of people (for example, a group of people sitting in a hall, or when addressing several taxi drivers at the same time ).

Do you happen to know the shortest way to the beach? - Do you happen to know the shortest route to the beach?

Does any of you happen to know the closest gas station? - Do any of you know the nearest gas station?

Does any of you happen to know where the closest gas station is? - Do any of you know where the nearest gas station is?

The form is very often found on the Internet, when a question is asked to all visitors to a forum or blog:

Does anyone happen to know which bank or banks charge the lowest fees? This was definitely not charged by my own bank. - Does anyone by any chance know which bank or banks charge the lowest fees? This [fee] was clearly not written off by my bank.

Does anyone happen to know how convenient free / paid WiFi is, either along the Leeds and Liverpool itself, or, I suppose more likely, in the towns along the coast? - Does anyone happen to know how convenient free/paid WiFi is, either in Leeds and Liverpool themselves, or, as I assume is more likely, in towns along the coast?

Would anyone happen to know what there weekend business hours are? Are they closed on Sundays? Thanks in advance!!! - Does anyone by any chance know what kind there are and whether there are any at all ( construction there is/are) working hours on weekends? Are they closed on Sundays? Thanks in advance!!!

Turnover from chance used, as a rule, to indicate luck, a random coincidence:

I chanced to be in Piccadilly for the springtime riots when the police failed to stop the mob from smashing the windows of the Ritz where we were staying. - It so happened that / it so happened that I was in Piccadilly during the spring pogroms, when the police could not prevent the crowd from breaking the windows of Rinz, where we were.

Hubby chanced to meet some folks from France in his work. They say Burgundy is not real friendly. - Druzhban was lucky to meet people from France at work. They say Burgundy is not very friendly.

Verbs prove And turn out are synonymous and interchangeable, although prove is typical in the case of more polite address or more formal speech, and turn out- more often used in ordinary conversation; this difference is very insignificant; in reality, both verbs are used in the same situations.

It is also allowed to omit the infinitive verb if it is expressed by a linking verb to be. However, although the form is without to be and is acceptable, usually native speakers still pronounce the linking verb, since in many cases the meaning can change (the sentence can be interpreted as a sentence with a regular rather than a complex subject):

Naples proved to be unexpectedly wonderful. - Naples turned out to be unexpectedly wonderful!

The mix of the organized outings and free time proved to be a nice balance. - The mixture of organized excursions and free time turned out to be perfectly balanced (literally: perfect balance).

Our friend Jonh turned out to be a smuggler. - Our friend John turned out to be a smuggler.

Complex Subject can also be used in a subordinate clause, i.e. in the main clause there is a regular subject, and in the subordinate clause there is a complex subject:

We came to a large park that turned out to be the venue for a type of Renaissance Fair. - We came to a large park, which turned out to be the site of something like a fair in the spirit of the Renaissance.

As a rule to be is omitted if in the function of the nominal part after used there is a whole subordinate clause:

As it turned out (to be) we were in Munich for the first day of the Octoberfest. - As it turned out, we were in Munich on the first day of Oktoberfest.

3. Complex Subject can also be formed using a compound nominal predicate expressed as an adjective with a linking verb: be (is, are, was, were, have been, will be...) + likely / unlikely / sure - probable / unlikely / true, unconditional. After this compound nominal predicate, only a simple infinitive can be used - Indefinite Infinitive. Sentences with such phrases are translated into Russian using adverbs:

The obvious choice for an island is Crete; there are regular flights, it is the furthest south and therefore is likely to have the best weather. - The obvious choice for an island [for a holiday] is Crete: there are regular flights, it is furthest south and therefore most likely to have good weather.

As for insurance, your credit card company is likely to be more helpful if you need it. - When it comes to insurance, the company that provided you with your credit card will likely be the most helpful if you need insurance.

First, in the off season public transportation is unlikely to be met by landlords/-ladies with private accommodation to rent. - Firstly, it is unlikely that in the low season you will be met by owners of private rental housing at public transport hubs.

Going into and out of London by discount bus may be cheaper but is unlikely to be quicker. - Traveling to and from London by discount bus is likely to be cheaper, but unlikely to be faster.

The elegance of Paris is sure to impress you. - The elegance of Paris will certainly amaze you.

I purchased the International service for one month; [I] was sure to turn off roaming, and [I] had no problem with texting, emails and a few brief calls. - I purchased an international package for one month: I made sure to turn off roaming and I had no problems sending and receiving SMS, email and a few short calls.

I suprised my wife with a honeymoon in Rome when we were married three years ago and [I] was sure to pack along your guidebook, which quickly became our favorite. - I surprised my wife with a honeymoon in Rome when we got married three years ago, I made sure to take your guidebook with me, which quickly became our favorite.

Pay special attention to the fact that the negative form from be likely And be sure is formed in different ways. Negative particle not is placed before likely, and after sure, that is, when using the construction be likely to you negate the linking verb in the personal form, and the infinitive itself is in the affirmative form:

Shoes made of vinyl are water proof, but vinyl shoes are not likely to be comfortable, vinyl does not stretch as leather does. - Shoes made of rubber do not get wet, but rubber shoes are unlikely to be comfortable, rubber does not stretch like leather.

The only way I can see to prevent this fraud is to use ATMs inside banks as these machines are not likely to be tampered with. - The only way I can see to prevent this kind of fraud is to use ATMs inside banks, since fraudsters are unlikely to deal with these machines.

If you want to form a negative shape from a design be sure, then the linking verb in the personal form remains affirmative (that is, we still remain confident), and a negative particle is placed before the infinitive:

We will learn the "no parking" here in Italian and park where we are sure not to get towed! “We learned the “no parking” [sign] here in Italian, and we park where we are sure we won’t be towed.

The phrase “Nominative with Infinitive”, or “Complex Subject”, consists of the combination:

noun (general case)
or pronoun (nominative case) + infinitive

This turnover makes it possible to replace a complex sentence with a simple sentence.

Complex sentence:
It is said that the delegation arrives tomorrow.

Simple suggestion:
The delegation is said to arrive tomorrow.

(They say that the delegation will arrive tomorrow.)

The phrase “Nominative case with infinitive” is used:

Not is reported to be writing a new novel.
It is reported that he is writing a new novel.

3. The perfect infinitive expresses an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb in the personal form.

Not is said to have worked in Minsk.
They say that he worked in Minsk.

She is known to have been appointed director of a new school.
It is known that she has been appointed director of the new school.

4. The infinitive in the Perfect Continuous form expresses a long-term action that was performed during a certain period of time before the action expressed by the verb in the personal form and related in time to the second action or moment (i.e., the action continues).

She is said to have been working in Minsk for twenty years.
They say that she has been working in Minsk for twenty years.