What are verbal adjectives and participles? What is a verbal adjective: meaning and spelling

Sometimes parts of speech are very similar to each other a large number signs. Most often, you can get confused in the definition of participles and adjectives, because both of these parts of speech are capable of answering the question “which?” and have similar meaning as a member of a sentence. In this case, it is very important to define the adjective and participle word in writing, as this allows you to most accurately express your thoughts in the text. To understand how these parts of speech differ, you need to disassemble them and find their features.

Adjective - This part of speech, which denotes a property, accessory or sign of another part of speech, for example, a noun, without denoting a sign of any action. It is a dependent clause belonging to a noun, so in most cases it copies its features and definition. Thus, an adjective can form as many as three genders: masculine, neuter and feminine, and can have a singular or plural, and also change its case, which will depend on the main noun with which it is associated. Basically, an adjective is capable of answering the questions “which?” or “whose?”

A participle is a special form of a verb, which denotes the action of a noun, but represents this action in the form of a sign. It has the characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It is capable, like an adjective, of answering the question “which?”, but the main questions in the meaning of the participle are: “what is he doing?”, “what has he done?” and “what did you do?”

What are the similarities between adjectives and participles

To determine the main differences between the two parts of speech, we can take two examples: Beautiful And decorating. First, let's identify the special features of two words.

Both parts of speech can be declined according to gender.

Beautiful dress, beautiful color.

Decorating decor, decorating hat.

Both parts of speech are declined according to numbers.

Beautiful dresses And decorating hats.

Parts of speech are also declined by case.

beautiful dress– R. p.

Decorating hat- TV. p.

A participle can be in short form just like an adjective. For example, created(from created) is a participle and white(from white) is an adjective.
As members of a sentence, both the participle and the adjective act as modifiers.

Main differences between parts of speech

Next, let's look at examples distinctive features these parts of speech, which indicate the presence of signs in the participles.

Also in the Russian language there are adjectives that are created from participles. They are called verbal adjectives, the second name is adjectivally formed.

Verbal forms occur due to:

The appearance of a new meaning in an object. Example – driving force .
The appearance of a figurative meaning in the participle. Example – brilliant performance.
When a participle means a description for performing some action, but then becomes a permanent concomitant meaning for the given noun. For example, condensed milk. Look carefully, because in this case even the spelling of the word changes, since when using a participle it will be correct to write “condensed”.
In the case where a part of speech denotes the possibility of an object being subject to some kind of influence. For example, an indeclinable adjective.

Determination methods

The way to determine these parts of speech is quite easy.. To do this, you need to insert into the sentence a word after the selected participle or adjective that has a similar meaning. For example, a sentence "He found a slithering snake" can be changed to “He found a snake crawling on the ground.” The word creeping in this case will act as a participial form.

But in a sentence like “He entered the classroom at a brisk pace,” we cannot change its meaning and insert additional words, since the word fast is an adjective that is completely dependent on the noun of the word - step.

The next way to distinguish two parts of speech is no longer so easy. It relies on knowledge of the formation of both participles and adjectives. In most sentences the participial word has double letter N in its suffix, and the qualifying word is only one, but both of these rules have their exceptions, which should be noted special attention.

How to find a participle in a letter

To quickly find a participle word among other parts of speech, you should clearly remember its distinctive features. Firstly, this presence of a special verb form, which denotes the attribute and quality of an object by its action. Secondly, a participial word can form two features at once, which are conveyed to him from the verb and from the adjective.

Immediately try to ask a question about the suspected participle word. If the word answers the questions “what?”, “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, then this is the part of speech that we need.
In order not to get lost in the meanings of words, we must not forget that participle words, unlike adjectives, have aspect, tense, and modal and transitive properties can also be applied to them. Also remember that participial words are always formed from verb words, and adjectives from nouns.
Check the suffix of the selected word. If this is a real passive participial word, then you will see the suffixes -ushch, -yushch, -ashch or -yashch. For example, working. If the participle has a passive form and is in the present tense, then these are the suffixes -em or -im. For example, produced.
Also learn to find participial words in the past tense. There are suffixes for them - lice, - sh. For example, eating, leaving. Passive participles in the past tense have the suffix -nn, -t, -enn. For example, decorated, reflected, knocked down.
It will be useful to be able to find a short participial word among a whole sentence. The short form is created by passive participial words. For example, glued. It must be remembered that in short participles One letter N is always used.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “capable of participating in an action”), cf.:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules) - participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. Word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows(adjective),

unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),

mown meadows(participle, because SV).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),

invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).

For the teacher. Changing words into adjectives

The use of different parts of speech as adjectives is called adjectivation (from Latin adjectivum - adjective). A significant number of participles go into the category of adjectives, especially passive ones with the suffixes -nn; -enn- and -t-: suppressed voice, high spirits, shabby dress, etc. When turning into adjectives, participles lose their main verbal features: tense, type and ability of verbal control (see § 199 about this). Passive participles with the suffix -m- sometimes also become adjectives: invisible tears, indeclinable nouns, favorite flower. There are relatively few adjectives formed from passive participles using the suffix -m- (-im-). Already in the second half of the 18th century. qualitative adjectives were formed directly from verb stems of the perfective and imperfective forms using the suffix -m- (-im-), bypassing the stage of formation of participles. In modern Russian, they are most often used with the prefix particle non-: ineradicable, insoluble, elusive, etc. Participles that have become adjectives sometimes acquire characteristic grammatical features of qualitative adjectives: the ability to have full and short forms (the mood is high, the result unexpected), as well as the ability to form forms of degrees of comparison (this invitation was more unexpected than that), etc. There are cases of transition to the category of adjectives and active participles present tense (brilliant answer, knowledgeable student, amazing news, next day, blooming health, etc.), which also lose verbal features and sometimes acquire some features characteristic of adjectives (short form, degrees of comparison, form of subjective assessment, etc. .). For example: I have never heard a more brilliant answer; The most brilliant number of the program at the concert was the reading of poetry by V. Mayakovsky; His affairs were not very brilliant. Wed. also the use in book style (most often, in the author’s style) of short forms of participles that turn into adjectives: The look... was already too intent and searching (Ver.); His bayonet is sharp and warning (A.N.T.). Much less often, active past participles with the suffixes -ш- and -вш- turn into adjectives, for example: dried plants. In addition to participles, other parts of speech can also become adjectives. Thus, in the context of context, some pronouns, as well as ordinal numbers, can be used as qualitative adjectives. Wed, for example: A year passes and another - there is no news (P.). - I’m no speaker, there’s a lunch break between two words (Gran.). Or: Three treasures in this life were my joy. And the first treasure was my honor (P.). - Soon the boy became the first student in the class.

Participles and adjectives have many common grammatical features, which contributes to their confusion. For example, active participles of the present tense in -shchy very easily turn into adjectives (brilliant abilities, stupefying smell, irritating tone, aspiring writer, etc.). Passive participles no less easily pass into the category of adjectives: an exhausted child, a limited person, exquisite taste, an absent-minded person, a hackneyed topic, a favorite city, an unforgettable impression

These participles have lost their verbal features (they do not denote action, time, type), their qualitative meaning has increased, compare: a flying object was either approaching or moving away - “flying” is a participle, since it denotes an action in the process occurring in the present tense; Butterflies and dragonflies are flying insects - the word “flying” has lost the meaning of an action that takes place at a certain time, and has come to mean a constant attribute of an object, i.e., it has turned into an adjective.

However, from the initial, dictionary form of the words hackneyed, scattered, brilliant, it is impossible to determine whether it is a participle or an adjective. Only in context does the difference between these words appear: Beaten half to death, he was unconscious for several hours - communion; Don't say hackneyed phrases - adjective.

As a rule, participles that have become adjectives are single, they do not have explanatory words and are easily replaced by synonyms, compare: He has brilliant (excellent) abilities.

In some cases, the correctness of their spelling depends on the correctness of assigning a homonymous participle and an adjective to one category or another (A dog abandoned by its owners ran along the street and an abandoned dog lived in the entrance).

Participles can also become nouns (students, workers, manager, etc.). This process is called substantivation.

Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfect verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.

But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

Adjectives forged, chewed , are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.

Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) - an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;

buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.

IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Conversion of participles into adjectives and nouns

Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: tense, aspect, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?

Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated Human, well-mannered child.

Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, reserved, educated, well-mannered have lost the indicated verbal properties and denote only a sign. In these examples we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.

What conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives and do changes occur in the lexical meaning of words? Support with examples.

To transform participles into adjectives, the participle must be placed before the word it is defining. (frost,brilliant (adv.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. Changes occur in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adv.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adv.) explosion -educated (adj.) woman).

A technique that allows you to check whether a participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses.

Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. Jumping (adv.) boy- a boy who jumps.

Make a similar substitution in the following examples:curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist .

Curly hair– hair that is curly; curly. Poisonous substances – substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle– a spectacle that excites the soul; alarming. Knowing specialist– a specialist who knows a lot; competent, intelligent, erudite.

A brilliant answer is a brilliant answer, a brilliant speech is a brilliant speech. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A threatening situation is a dangerous situation. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.

From these examples it is clear that participles that have become adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.

Conversion of participles into adjectives

The most common words with one n – participles turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.

The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent in them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the meaning of the attribute is lost.

Exercises for training:

Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Pickled apples, salted fish, wounded bird, quilted jacket, confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

Woven tablecloth, knitted scarf, poisoned wolf, mended sleeve, untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, sowed grass, a confused story, an unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.

a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.

c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or NN.

1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).

2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).

3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).

4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).

5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).

6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).

8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).

9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).

10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).

11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).

12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).

Adjective - independent part speech denoting a feature of an object and answering questions Which? which? which? which? whose?

For example: cold; broken.

Communion- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which?

For example: broken, broken by hands.

Adjectives can be formed from nouns ( cold - cold;

glass - glass) and from verbs ( break - broken).

Adjectives formed from verbs should be distinguished from participles.

prib. n adj.

Compare: The Frenchman spoke broken Russian. - The bundle of firewood was assembled from the branches I had broken.

Basic features of distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles

Verbal adjectives do not have a prefix (except NOT) or dependent word.

adj. participle participle

Compare: painted (unpainted) floor - painted brush floor - By painted floor.

Verbal adjectives can be formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, and participles - from unprefixed perfective verbs.

adj. participle

Compare: a worn suit is a purchased suit.

wear - unsov.v. buy - sov.v.

Words with the suffixes -ovan-/-evan- without prefixes or dependent words are verbal adjectives.

adj. prib.

Compare: a forged chest is a shod horse.

Some participles can become adjectives. To distinguish them, let's determine the lexical meaning of these words.

For example: named (Brother)- named taller brother. We select synonyms: twinned And the one named above. We see that the lexical meaning of words is different. The participle retains the connection with the verb.

Examples of verbal adjectives:

- planted father - acting as a father at a wedding;

- smart The baby is smart, understanding, and picks things up on the fly.

Pay attention to the emphasis in these words.

References

Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

How to distinguish a participle from an adjective? ().
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Spelling of participle suffixes ().
Devyatova N.M.. Participles and verbal adjectives ().
Didactic materials. Section "Communion" ().
Formation of participles ().

Homework

Task No. 1

Sort the phrases into two columns: participle or verbal adjective.

A wounded fighter - a wounded soldier, sowing grain - sowing flour, a boy with a haircut - hair cut to zero - a shorn head , distilled water, linen notebook, burnt coffee - burnt letter.

Task No. 2. Form all verbs from each possible options participles and verbal adjectives according to the example:

adj. adj. prib. prib.

Color:painted floor - unpainted boards - painted bench - painted

Walls - frames are not painted.

Verbs: boil, tangle, weave, dry, stew, bake, scare, fry.

Task No. 3. Say the phrases. Justify the place of stress in verbs, participles and verbal adjectives.

To spoil a child is a spoiled child; carbonate water - sparkling water; pleated skirt - pleated skirt; date a manuscript - a dated manuscript; low-cut - low-cut dress; dose a medicine - dosed medicine; block solution - blocked solution; compost a ticket - a composted ticket; disguise the entrance - disguised entrance; seal the carriage - sealed carriage; spoil a dog - spoiled dog; copy documents - copied documents; costume ball, normalized working day - normalized day; group sentences - grouped errors; install equipment - mounted equipment; form a team - a formed team; caricatured image; equip the team - equipped team.

Very often in Russian, participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).

Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then we must take into account that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice nn or n often depends on what part of speech the verb is: a participle or an adjective. And vice versa, if we know how many n in a verbal word ( nn or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.

Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):

1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfect verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.

If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.

Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.

3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.

4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).

Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.

It is useful to compare the mixed forms:

oil(paints) is an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;

buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.

IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.

Exercises for training:

1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.

Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confusing answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, sown herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.

6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.

a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.

c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

7. Insert H or NN.