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The word "yet" - what part of speech in Russian?

August 16, 2014

The word “yet” - what part of speech? Answer to asked question you will receive from the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you what a part of speech is in general and what characteristics it has.

General information

“Yet” - what part of speech? Before answering the question posed, we should talk about the fact that absolutely all words in the Russian language can be divided into unique groups, which are officially called parts of speech. Moreover, each of them has its own special characteristics, grouped into three groups:

• general grammatical meanings, that is, meanings that are the same for all words of the Russian language belonging to the same part of speech;
• morphological features (case, person, gender, tense and number, as well as conjugation and declension);
• syntactic features (the ability of words belonging to the same part of speech to be certain members of a sentence, as well as the features of their connection with other words).

What groups of parts of speech exist in the Russian language?

In order to understand what part of speech “still” is, you should find out into what groups all words of the Russian language are generally divided.

So they may refer to:

• Independent parts of speech (or so-called significant).
• Official. These include prepositions and particles.

Video on the topic

Independent group (parts of speech)

It’s quite easy to answer the question about what part of speech “else” is. But first, it should be said that this word can refer to both the significant group and the service group. In this regard, it is required Special attention focus on the context being studied.

Thus, to determine which part of speech the word “still” is, it is necessary to list all existing parts of speech (independent) in the Russian language, as well as their questions:

The word “yet” - what part of speech? Let's find out together

Now you know all the parts of speech that exist in the Russian language. Moreover, almost all the issues that relate to them are presented to your attention. It should be especially noted that this information will allow you to greatly facilitate the search for an answer to the question asked (part of speech of the word “more”).

Let's analyze the word "more"

In order to determine the category of the named word, it is necessary to carefully study the sentence in which it is used. For example:

• Give me some more potatoes.
• He hasn't arrived yet.
• Come visit again.
• I'll still catch the bus.
• The moon shone even brighter.

After studying the context this word you need to ask the question: “How?” - more. From the information presented above, it is known that it is answered by a pronoun, an adverb and a gerund. The first and last are eliminated, since the word “yet” does not have the characteristics of a verb and does not indicate any person. From these exceptions we can safely conclude that this is an adverb. However, this arises new question: “Why is it written not “o”, but “e” at the end of a word after a hissing letter?” The fact is that this expression falls into the category of exceptions.

Defining the particle “still”

Part of speech is special category words of the Russian language, which has both syntactic and morphological features. It should be noted that in some cases the same expressions may belong to completely different categories. The word “still” belongs to these. Indeed, in addition to an adverb, in a sentence it can also be expressed by an ordinary particle. Here are some examples:

• She's such a sneak!
• Where else will fate take us?
• Ask him this question! - Why else?
• I don't remember what the movie was called. Andrei Polyadkovsky also played there.

In these contexts, the word “still” acts as a particle. What is this connected with? The fact is that you cannot ask a question about the particle, since it belongs to the auxiliary part of speech. Actually, this fact is the main difference between the adverb “yet” and a particle that is similar in spelling and pronunciation.

Let's sum it up

Now you know what part of speech a word like “still” belongs to. It should be noted that this information will especially help you if you need to determine all the members of a particular sentence. Let us remember that most often adverbs act as adverbs in it.

In modern Russian there are 12 parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, verb, participle, gerund, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. Participle and gerund are special forms of the verb.

Parts of speech are divided into independent, auxiliary, and interjections. In the Russian language there are also words that do not belong to any part of speech: the words “yes” and “no”, modal words, onomatopoeic words. Modal words express the attitude of a statement to reality: undoubtedly, true, fact, certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe, perhaps, tea, it seems, probably and others. They usually act as introductory words. These are unchangeable words, are not connected with other words in the sentence, and therefore are not members of the sentence.

Note. Many scientists do not consider the participle and the gerund as separate parts of speech and refer them to the verb group. According to such scientists, there are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language. In a number of school programs (for example, in the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya), another part of speech is distinguished: the category of state. Use the material in this article taking into account your school curriculum.

Parts of speech diagram

Independent parts of speech are divided into changeable (inflected or conjugated) and unchangeable. Let's show the parts of speech of the Russian language in the diagram:

Parts of speech table

Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological features, 3) syntactic role. Morphological characteristics can be constant or variable. For unchangeable independent parts of speech, service units speech, interjections have only constant morphological features. Independent parts of speech are members of sentences, auxiliary parts of speech and interjections are not. From the point of view of these characteristics, consider the parts of speech of the Russian language:

The pages of independent and auxiliary parts of speech contain tables with a detailed and comparative description of the meanings, morphological features and syntactic role of parts of speech. We will show a generalized table of meanings and morphological features of all parts of speech of the Russian language.

Morphological characteristics	Syntactic role
Noun - object (primary meaning)
Constant features: proper or common noun, animate or inanimate, gender, declension. Inconstant signs: case, number.	Subject, object, inconsistent definition, circumstance, application, nominal part of a compound predicate.
Adjective - a sign of an object
Initial form - Nominative case, singular, masculine Constant signs: qualitative, relative or possessive. Variable signs: comparative and superlative(for qualitative), full or short (for qualitative), case, number, gender (singular).	Definition, nominal part of a compound predicate, predicate (in short form).
Numeral - the number or order of objects when counting
The initial form is the nominative case. Constant features: simple or composite, quantitative or ordinal, whole, fractional or collective. Non-permanent features: case, number (if any), gender (if any)	Quantitative - any member of a sentence. Ordinal - definition, nominal part of a compound predicate.
Pronoun - indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them
The initial form is nominative case, singular. Constant features: category (personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, possessive, demonstrative, attributive), person (for personal pronouns). Non-constant features: case, number (if any), gender (if any).	Subject, definition, complement, circumstance.
Verb - action or state of an object
Initial form - indefinite form(infinitive). Constant features: aspect, conjugation, transitivity. Variable signs: mood, number, tense, person, gender.	An infinitive is any part of a sentence. Personal forms - predicate.
Participle - a sign of an object by action
The initial form is nominative case, singular, masculine. Constant signs: active or passive, tense, aspect. Variable signs: complete or short form(for passives), case (in full form), number, gender.	Definition. Short passives are the nominal part of a compound predicate.
Participle - an additional action with the main action expressed by a verb
The initial form is the indefinite form of the verb. Constant features: unchangeable form, perfect and imperfect form, transitivity*, recurrence*. * In a number of school programs, signs of transition and return are not considered.	Circumstance.
Adverb - a sign of the action of an object or other sign
Groups by meaning: adverbs of place, time, manner of action, measure and degree, reason, purpose. Degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative (if any). Immutability.	Circumstance.
Preposition - expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words
Conjunction - connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences as part of a complex
Immutability. Coordinating and subordinating.	They are not members of the proposal.
Particle - adds different shades of meaning to a sentence or serves to form word forms
Immutability. Formative, negative and modal.	They are not members of the proposal.
Interjection - expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives
Immutability. Derivatives and non-derivatives.	They are not members of the proposal.

Presentation materials

Materials on parts of speech for preparing presentations for students in grades 5-7. Click on the desired picture - it will open in a separate tab, press CTRL+S on your computer or select the save icon on your mobile device to save the picture.
Pictures with the diagram.

The modern doctrine of parts of speech has been formed over a long time and has traditions, knowledge of which is necessary for a correct understanding of the system of parts of speech and its development trends. Russian linguists made a great contribution to the development of the general theory of parts of speech, creating a grammatical doctrine that correctly reflects the system of morphological classes of words in the Russian language.

In Russian linguistics, the doctrine of parts of speech arose under the influence of ancient grammars. However, already in the first Russian grammars, ways to improve this teaching and the desire for a more accurate reflection of the characteristics of the Russian language are outlined. For the first time, using extensive material from the Russian language, parts of speech were subjected to in-depth analysis in “Russian Grammar” (1755) by M. V. Lomonosov. Lomonosov identified 8 parts of speech: name, pronoun, verb, participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. His grammar examines in detail the most important morphological features of words of all named parts of speech.

OH. Vostokov, developing the teachings of M.V. Lomonosov, identified adjectives as an independent part of speech in “Russian Grammar” (1831) (in Lomonosov’s grammar they formed a single class of names with nouns). OH. Vostokov removed participles from parts of speech, which he considered as a special category of adjectives. In adjectives A.H. Vostokov distinguished 5 groups: qualitative, possessive, relative, numeral (quantitative and ordinal) and active adjectives, i.e. participles.

In the work of G.P. Pavsky’s “Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language” (1841 -1842) contains valuable considerations about the grammatical nature of the verb, pronouns and other parts of speech. G. P. Pavsky substantiated the grammatical independence of numerals.

In the development of the doctrine of parts of speech, an important place is occupied by “The Experience of Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1858) by F. I. Buslaev, “From Notes on Russian Grammar” (vol. II, 1888) by A. A. Potebnya. Fairly criticizing F.I. Buslaev, who classified pronouns and numerals as function words, A.A. Potebnya deeply reveals the grammatical essence of these parts of speech.

A significant contribution to the study of parts of speech was made by F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

Based mainly on formal indicators, F. F. Fortunatov identified complete words (verbs, nouns, adjectives, infinitives, participles, adverbs, gerunds) as parts of speech, which he divided into conjugated, inflected and indeclinable, partial words (prepositions, conjunctions, connectives, particles, modal words), interjections.

All classes of words are characterized in detail in “Syntax of the Russian Language” (1941) by A. A. Shakhmatov, who believed that parts of speech manifest themselves only in syntax. He distinguished significant words (nouns, adjectives, verb, adverb), non-nominal words (pronouns, numerals, pronominal adverbs), function words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles, connectives, prefixes), interjections. In the system of parts of speech by A. A. Shakhmatov, the boundaries of adverbs are very broadly outlined. This part of speech includes modal words, state category words, and even individual interjections.

In clarifying the composition of parts of speech and developing the principles of their classification, great merit belongs to L. V. Shcherba. He outlined his views on parts of speech in the article “On Parts of Speech” (1928). When characterizing parts of speech, L. V. Shcherba took into account both lexical meanings and grammatical properties of words. Based on a set of lexical and grammatical indicators, he proposed to distinguish special part speech words state categories. Here he included words like it’s impossible, it’s cold, it’s necessary, it’s a shame, which, in his opinion, are unlawfully included in adverbs. Unlike adverbs, they are not adjacent to the verb, they are the predicate of an impersonal sentence, and are combined into a special class of words and according to their meaning: they denote a state. According to L.V. Shcherba, the connective also forms an independent part of speech (be).

An extremely important role in the formation of modern ideas about parts of speech and the determination of their boundaries was played by the research of V. V. Vinogradov, especially his book “The Russian Language” (1947). Through the efforts of V.V. Vinogradov, a comprehensive approach to the distribution of words by parts of speech and to the characteristics of parts of speech has been established in modern linguistics. “The classification of words,” writes V.V. Vinogradov, “must be constructive. She cannot ignore any aspect of the word structure. But, of course, lexical and grammatical criteria... must play a decisive role. In the grammatical structure of words, morphological peculiarities are combined with syntactic ones into an organic unity. Morphological forms- these are settled syntactic forms. There is nothing in morphology that is not or was not previously in syntax and vocabulary."

V.V. Vinogradov identifies 4 main “grammatical-semantic categories of words”: 1) word-names (noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb, 1 category of state). They are accompanied by pronouns. The words of this group are “the main lexical and grammatical fund of speech.” They act as members of a sentence and can form a sentence; 2) connective words, i.e. function words (linking particles, prepositions, conjunctions). They are deprived of a nominative function, “their lexical meanings are identical to grammatical ones”; 3) modal words. They are also deprived of a nominative function, “do not express connections and relationships between the members of the sentence,” but denote “the modality of the message about reality”; 4) interjections.

In the book by V.V. Vinogradov, the category of state and modal words are included for the first time in the system of parts of speech and are thoroughly characterized as independent lexical and grammatical categories of words.

The theory of parts of speech by V.V. Vinogradov has become widespread in scientific grammars and university courses in the Russian language. Proponents of this theory gradually improve and develop it, attracting new data and introducing the necessary clarifications.

The vocabulary of an adult includes about one hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many of them. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped by principle of partial affiliation. For a better understanding, let’s look at what an independent part of Russian speech is.

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Principles of classification

Morphology deals with the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:

1. Semantic – generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, a noun is used.
2. Morphological – an indicator of modification of a word form. It can be constant or change when moving to another gender.
3. Syntactic - the property of words to be linked into a constructive sentence and to be its members.

Researchers classify words in different ways. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech there are. The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.

Numerals are studied only at school. Academics equate them to adjectives. The dispute also revolves around gerunds. Some linguists note manifestations of verbal properties in them. Others are confident that such forms need to be separated into independent (notional) parts of speech.

Some textbooks suggest classifying the words “nowhere”, “there”, “there” as adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved Ministry of Education.

Groups

Let's look at what parts of speech there are. There are two large groups:

1. Significant - give objects names give their characteristics or indicate them. In fact, all the words are concentrated in this group.
2. Functional - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load and serve the constructive construction of speech.

Separate the group is made up of interjections. They express feelings. Let's imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. It is necessary to throw out emotions. A traumatized person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, to describe the knife, the action performed, the signs it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim “Ay!”

Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.

We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.

Peculiarities

The rules state that significant words are:

1. Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. Thus, the words bok and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
2. Name objects, signs and actions;
3. In a sentence they are the main or secondary members.

Depending on, what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:

• subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
• belonging, quality and property - adjective - attractive, relevant;
• condition category;
• the order of arrangement of objects or number - numeral - twelve;
• action or state - verb (to modernize);
• additional action - gerund (breaking through);
• sign by action - participle (alluring);
• if a word does not name an object, properties or attribute, but points to them, it is a pronoun (why, our);
• sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).

Word forms

Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into constant and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. Verb and its derivatives are conjugated.

There are:

• shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
• word formation – the lexical meaning changes (top – at the top).

The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).

Some words may belong different speech groups. The word “everything,” depending on the context in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's look at example sentences:

The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.

You're still learning - answers the detailed question when?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.

Every day it gets darker earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of the increase, fulfilling the functions of a particle.

We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.

What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. "Milk glass on the floor" and " broken glass threw it in the trash." In the first phrase glass is a verb, in the second - a noun.

Morphological analysis

Complete grammatical characteristics of the word form called morphological analysis. The belonging of a word to a group, its properties and functions in a sentence are determined. For independent parts of speech, we give examples:

Let’s take the word “pillar” for analysis.

• we determine belonging: we ask the question what? Therefore - a noun;
• Let's examine the condition: pillar is a general name for inanimate objects. This means that the common noun is inanimate;
• We indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (masculine) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
• We show the number of objects - singular nominative case;
• significance in a sentence - the main or minor member.

Likewise deal with words from other groups:

1. Let’s determine which part of speech is represented by the word “for the first time.” The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be transformed. This means that this adverb does not change and performs the function of an adverb. Minor member offers.
2. Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative. Membership in a sentence is determined by context.

We study independent parts of speech

What are the parts of speech in Russian?

Conclusion

If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that it is a designation of the property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without using significant words.

Schoolchildren often ask the question: “How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?” It is hardly possible to answer it unequivocally: there are various schools that, based on different approaches, distinguish different number these categories. For example, the morphological approach of A.K. Polivanova - N.N. Durnovo allows me to name six. A.M. Peshkovsky singles out only five.

In general, linguists are sure that the question of the number of parts of speech is eternal. The deeper scientists dive into the study of language, the more often they ask themselves the question: “What features should be fundamental in the classification of these categories?” There are many theories, but none of them are indisputable.

The most common classification is based on morphological-syntactic parameters. It is adopted as the basis for school acquaintance with the language. At philological faculties they study all approaches to this issue and get acquainted with all linguistic works devoted to it. IN school curriculum in the Russian language are determined depending on their morphological, grammatical, syntactic roles. It is these parameters that form the basis of the classification.

All parts of speech of the Russian language are divided into classes. Highlight:

Service;

Interjections.

Independent (they are also called significant) parts of speech in the Russian language are characterized by their own meaning, constant/non-constant. They respond to concrete questions, carry a communicative load, i.e. they serve to transmit information. This category includes all parts of speech, except function words and interjections.

Functional words include those words that do not have a nominative meaning and are not independent in lexical terms. Their task is to express semantic and syntactic connections between significant words, members or parts of a sentence. To these grammatical means languages ​​include the latter are necessary to change the tone of the message or form numerous

Functional (non-nominal) parts of speech in the Russian language are used much more often than significant ones, because there are much fewer of them.

Finally, there are interjections. They are used only to convey emotions or feelings, serve for onomatopoeia, have no own characteristics, no eigenvalue. There are actually interjections (Wow! Ah! Oh! Oops!), word imitation (Woof-woof! Crow!), substantivized (transferred from other categories) words or whole expressions (Wow! Wah! Nightmare! Fathers!).

Significant parts of speech in Russian are divided into nominal and verbal.

Noun. (Mom, father, blood, orgy, lot, silence, etc.). Their constant characteristics: gender, declension depending on it, as well as animateness/inanimateness. Non-constant characteristics include: number (singular, plural), the ability to change according to cases.

Adjective (red, strong, courageous, etc.). They denote a characteristic of an object, have a single constant characteristic: they can be either qualitative, relative, or possessive.

Numeral. Indicates a quantity or account number. Depending on this, it can be quantitative (five, three hundred and forty) or ordinal (second, eight hundredth).

Adverb. Necessary to convey a sign or state of action (far, away, for a long time, etc.). It has no unstable signs and does not change.

Pronoun. It has no intrinsic meaning, but can be used instead of any name (nominal part of speech denoting it). (I, somehow, someone, someone, no one, etc.). permanent.

Linguists believe that the verbal parts of speech in the Russian language can be represented directly by verbs and their forms: participle, gerund. Some philological schools consider these categories to be independent (independent) parts of speech, others classify them as separate, special verbal forms.

The verb denotes an action (run, sing, paint). Its constant features are appearance (sing-sing), reflexivity (washed-washed), transitivity (ability/inability to combine with nouns into a conjugation.

Participle. Can be either active (running, painting, drawing) or passive (drawn, spoken).

Participle. This is a sign of a sign. Does not change, always refers to the predicate because it denotes its additional action (or attribute). (I walk, humming. I run, jumping.)