What does the word homonym mean? Homonyms are similar words with different meanings (types and examples of homonyms)

The Russian language is one of the top 10 most famous languages in the world. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.

The names of such words are homonyms. To study in more detail what homonyms are and what types of them exist, you should read this article.

What are homonyms and what are they?

“Homonymy” is translated from Greek as “same name.” Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding

For example:

The word "outfit". At the same time it can mean both the type of clothing and a soldier’s outfit.
"Onion" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word “bench” is a trading bench, and the second is an ordinary bench installed in a park on which people sit.

In our language, complete and incomplete homonyms are classified. Full homonyms include those that are one part of speech. For example, the word “smooth” is a noun with a double meaning: it means an even plane and a type of embroidery.

In both cases, “smooth” is a noun, the words are heard and written the same. We can conclude that, in fact, the word “smooth surface” is a homonym.

Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms

Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word “homograph” from Greek is “same spelling.” In turn Homographs are identical in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.

Most famous example, the word "castle". When the accent is on the letter a, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “LOCK” is a device that locks the door.

Or the word "organ". When we stress the first vowel, we get the word “Organ” - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When the second vowel is stressed, we get the word “organ” - a musical instrument.

The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means “similar sound.” Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that are similar in sound but different in spelling. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings” the verbs sound exactly the same, but when written, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.

It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that are the same when written and pronounced not in all contexts of sentences.

For example, in the expressions “glass of water” and “glass of glass”, the word “glass” is a homoform.

Homonyms - examples of words

For children, homonyms are shown very clearly in the following pictures.

This concept can be explained to a 5-6 year old child, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language

They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. The dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, fully and fully presents the classification of homonyms and information about them.

The dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N.P. Kolesnikov, contains translations of homonyms into 3 languages.

What helps to distinguish between words and homonyms

Homonym words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?

These are words that have a number of meanings that are interconnected in meaning. For example, the word hat.

The hat can be women's, nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.

Grammatical homonyms

These are words that are similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word “flying”. It can mean the action of “treating” the first person, singular or “fly”.

Also good example This type of homonym is the word “three”. "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.

Functional homonyms

These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.

The most obvious example of this type of homonym is the word “exactly”. It can be either a comparative particle or an adjective.

“To notice accurately” is an adverb. “It’s like a hurricane has flown by” - this is comparative particle. “Precisely defined” is an adjective.

Lexical homonyms

Words that have different meanings, but are the same when pronounced and written in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.

A good example is the word “flog”. This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing stitch or beating.

Morphological homonyms

These are words that are written identically, but depending on the context they are different parts of speech.

The word "oven" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.

Examples:

“Ilya lit the oven so that grandma could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
“Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.

Homonymous endings

To understand this concept, you first need to remember what case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P. .p.). Among case endings There are also homonym endings.

Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.

For example, the words “sisters” and “water”. In the first case, the word “sisters” is plural. h., I. p, and the word “water” is singular. h., R. p.

To summarize, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of types. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with and understand all types of homonyms and their differences.

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but differ in lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.

Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.

Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source, ) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block ( building material) - block (sports technique).

Incomplete homonyms do not coincide in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - onion (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" has no form plural.

Types of homonyms

In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a lot of phenomena close to them. Highlight the following types homonyms:

1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely differently. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street it soars - the eagle soars;

2) homophones - words that are pronounced the same but spelled completely differently. Examples: company - campaign; stories - to be lucky; rinse - rinse; mascara - mascara; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;

3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: when I am treating a patient, I am flying on an airplane; young man - caring for a young mother.

Thus, homonymy is a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressive speech.

There are many words in the Russian language that sound the same, but have nothing in common in meaning. For example: a bow is a plant and a bow is a weapon for throwing arrows.

This phenomenon is called homonymy. Let us give several definitions of this phenomenon according to different authors.

Homonymy is:

Similarity of words in terms of sound but different meanings.
Sound coincidence of words with different meanings.
Coincidence in sound of words that have different meanings.

The phenomenon of homonymy is found in many languages; in the Russian language it was studied most deeply by Abaev V.I., Vinogradov V.V., Shvedova N.Yu.

Homonyms are called:

The science that studies the phenomenon of homonymy
A set of homonyms of a language.
The branch of lexicology that studies homonyms.
Sound coincidence of words with different meanings.

The connection between different lexical-semantic variants of the same word, synonymy, antonymy - all these are types of semantic connections between lexical units based on the commonality, coincidence or opposition of meanings of lexical units. But there is another type of connection between them, which is based not on the similarity or opposition of the meanings of different words, but on the coincidence of their external form. This type of connection is homonymy, and words connected by such a connection are called homonyms.

The term homonym goes back to the Greek elements: “omos” - identical, and “onyma” - name. There are many homonyms in the Russian language, for example: a scythe is an agricultural tool, a braid is hair woven into one strand, a braid is a narrow strip of land running from the shore, a sandbank; a key is a source gushing out of the ground and a key is a metal rod that is used to lock and unlock a lock.

Let's look at various definitions of homonyms.

Homonym in linguistics:

1. A word that is similar to another, but different in meaning. For example: “edge” - fur trim and “edge” - edge of the forest.

2. A word that has the same sound as another word, but different in meaning. For example: “tank” is the bow of a ship’s deck and “tank” is a vessel.

3. A word that coincides with another word in sound and spelling, but diverges in meaning and system of forms. For example: “course” is the direction of movement of the ship and “course” is a completed training cycle.

4. A word that has the same pronunciation as another, but a different meaning. For example: “nose” is a part of the body, part of a ship, a geographical term.

Types of homonyms

Homonyms, homophones, homographs, homoforms - all this different manifestations homonymy in language. We bring

1. Lexical homonyms are two or more words with different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical format. For example, “bloc” is an alliance, an agreement of states, and “bloc” is the simplest machine for lifting weights.

In lexicology, two types of homonym words are distinguished - complete and incomplete.

Full lexical homonyms include those words of the same part of speech in which the entire system of forms coincides.

Incomplete lexical homonyms include words of the same part of speech, which do not have the same entire system of forms. For example, the word plant is an industrial enterprise and plant is a device for operating a mechanism; world - the totality of all forms of matter in the earthly and outer space and peace - harmonious relationships, calmness, absence of hostility, war, quarrels.

2. Homophones, – ov; pl. ling. Words that are different in meaning and spelling but have the same pronunciation. For example, fruit and raft.

3. Omoforms. Among homophones there are many pairs that do not coincide in all their forms. Really; As soon as you start changing the words pond and rod according to cases and numbers, the difference in their sound will immediately become apparent: at the pond, to the pond - two rods, hit with a rod.

If you say: “Three!”, then this can be understood both as a numeral and as a verb. But not all forms of these words coincide: rub, rub - three, three. Identical forms of different words are called homoforms.

Homoforms, – forms; pl. ling. words that have the same sound in individual forms.

4. Homographs, - ov; pl. ; words that have different meanings and pronunciations, but have the same spelling... For example, flour is a product and flour is torment, depending on the emphasis.

Most often, homonyms are found among nouns. But there are quite a few of them among the verbs, for example, to drown - to maintain a fire in something, to drown - by heating, to melt and drown - to make one drown. There are homonyms among adjectives, for example, glorious - worthy of glory and glorious - good.

The emergence of homonyms

Homonyms arise in a language for various reasons. Sometimes a borrowed word and a native Russian word have the same sound. Thus, the word club in the meaning of “organization, society” came to us from English language, coincided in sound with the old Russian word club.

In other cases, two words come from different languages with different meanings, but the same sound. This is how the words raid - raid and raid - water space appeared in the Russian language; trick and trick - trick and others. In some cases, both words come from the same language: mina and mina are both words from French.

Many homonyms arose in the Russian language as a result of disintegration, splitting of a polysemantic word. If two meanings of one word diverge in meaning so much that they become different words, homonyms arise. For example, dashing is bad, causing grief, dashing is brave, brave. There are other ways in which homonyms arise.

So, homonyms in the language appear as a result of:

borrowing words from other languages;
transforming one of the lexical meanings of a polysemantic word into an independent word;
word formation.

The difference between homonyms and other types of words

Homonyms should be distinguished from other types of words. The main thing is not to confuse them with ambiguous words.

Polysemous words are words that have several lexical meanings. In a polysemantic word, one meaning is related to another in meaning.

The word satellite in modern Russian has several meanings related to each other:

A person who travels with someone else
Something that accompanies something
Celestial body orbiting a planet

There are ambiguous words among all independent parts speech, except numerals.

Homonyms should also be distinguished from polysemantic words, which are used in their figurative meaning.

Girl's hat, nail head.

Golden rye and golden hands.

The figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word. When the name of one object is transferred as a name for another object, the word forms a new lexical meaning, which is called figurative. The transfer of names occurs on the basis of the similarity of objects in some way.

Determining where there are different meanings of the same word and where are homonyms is sometimes difficult even for scientists. Therefore, in doubtful cases, you should consult a dictionary.

Use of homonyms

Use of homonyms different types can enhance the effectiveness of speech, since the collision of “identical but different words” attracts special attention to them.

Homonyms give special poignancy to both proverbs and aphorisms. Homonymy lies at the heart of many mysteries. For example: Which bulls have neither tails nor horns? . What cats don't catch mice? They cut down in battle, and after the battle they entertain. Weapons, fruits, gemstones, one name - different objects. I drive everyone away from the road if I run away. And I’m stuck on the roof, not moving. I cut the ice on the river lengthwise and crosswise, but at the bottom of the sea I’m tiny... Who?

Some riddles play on homophones: The old man ate dry bread... Where did the fish bones come from? .

The phenomenon of homonymy is used in jokes and anecdotes to create paradoxical meaning.

However, homonyms can not only delight and entertain us, giving speech bright expressive colors. IN special cases homonymy is the cause of annoying misunderstandings, speech errors. Homonyms require us to be careful when handling words. We cannot ignore the possibility of erroneous or ambiguous understanding of what we are talking about. For example, the meaning of the sentence: “Able students are transferred” is unclear, because the verb here can mean transfer to the next grade, and can be perceived as meaning “disappearing, there are fewer and fewer of them.” How to interpret the remark of a woman who holds a frightened boy by the hand and excitedly says: “He’s not mine, I don’t know anything about him...”

Accidental homonymy can lead to inappropriate comedy. For example, a sports observer writes: “The football players left the field today without goals,” “The goalkeeper couldn’t hold the ball, but there was no one to finish it off...”.

Homonym dictionaries

Homonymy is quite fully represented in modern explanatory dictionaries. However, not all cases of homonymization of words are given equally consistently and clearly, which is explained by the lack of development of many theoretical issues of homonymy and the lack of generally accepted criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy.

In 1974, the first in Russian lexicographic practice, “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language,” compiled by O. S. Akhmanova, was published. The dictionary includes over 2000 dictionary entries containing pairs of homonyms. Each article contains:

indication of one of the three main types of formation and its types: derived homonymy of words with a pronounced morphological structure, originally different words, divergent polysemy;
grammatical information about words;
stylistic characteristics;
etymological data;
translation of each homonymous word into three languages: English, French, German;
examples of the use of homonyms in phrases or sentences.

The dictionary contains a large amount of interesting material, for the first time a translation of homonymous words into other languages is given, an attempt is made to distinguish between the phenomena of homonymy proper and functional homonymy, etc. It is supplemented by the “Index of the attribution of homonyms to various types homonymy" and two appendices. The first appendix provides a dictionary of so-called functional homonymy, i.e., words whose homonymization occurs during their functioning in speech. The second appendix provides a dictionary of homographs.

In 1976, the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” was published in Tbilisi, compiled by N.P. Kolesnikon, containing four thousand homonym words. N.P. Kolesnikov understands the phenomenon of homonymy somewhat more broadly and includes all words “with different lexical and/or grammatical meaning, but with the same spelling and/or pronunciation”, i.e. lexical homonyms, homoforms, homophones and homographs. The dictionary identifies various groups of absolute and relative homonyms, which take into account the homonymy of significant and function words. All given words are provided with an interpretation of the meaning, etymological marks, and stresses. There are no examples of their use in the text or phrases. There are also no stylistic marks.

In 1978, the 2nd edition of this dictionary was published, which differs significantly from the previous one. Homoforms like oblique and oblique have been excluded from the dictionary, but many new homonym words have been introduced. Interpretations of the meanings of words are clarified, emphasis is placed in homographs, and stylistic notes are given. The new edition of the dictionary will be very useful to everyone who is actively mastering and creatively using the lexical riches of the Russian language.

According to linguists, the Russian language has more than 150,000 words, and this number is constantly growing. However, despite the richness of our language, there are often cases in which one lexical unit can denote several different concepts. Such words are classified as homonymous. We will talk about what homonyms are in the Russian language, what their types and varieties are.

The term “homonymy” is also known from Ancient Greece, is formed from the combination of two Greek words homos and onyma, which literally translates as “same name, title.” Consequently, scientists became interested in this problem many centuries ago. Homonyms are words that are identical in pronunciation and writing, but have different, unrelated meanings. In speech, the meanings of these words are usually easily determined from the context due to the conversational situation.

Below are sentences with homonyms, in which the meaning of homonymous words will be clear from the context:

In our club Today admission is free for everyone. – High rises rose from behind the houses clubs smoke.
The boat moored to cool bank of the river. – My grandmother always made tea cool boiling water
Vanya under any pretext drove to the neighboring village. - Telegrams are written without prepositions and alliances to save money.

Emergence

Scientists name many reasons for the emergence of homonymy. As a rule, this is due to the development and change of language.

Let's look at the main ones:

In the process of diverging meanings of one polysemantic word. Example: belly is part of the body or life.
Accidental consonance of a Russian word with a borrowed one or two borrowed words (from different languages or one language, but in different times). Examples: Goal- from English "a ball scored into a goal" or from Holland. "ship hull"; pump- from fr. XIX century - “pump” or from French. XX century - “pomp.”
Accidental identity in the sound of a dialect word with a literary one. Example: stitch- liter. quilt or dial. path.
The same sound is a consequence of phonetic and orthographic transformations occurring in the language. Example: " onion" as a vegetable and "onion" like weapons came from different words that were once written differently: one with the combination “ou” in place of the “u”, and the other with an “o” nasal.
As a result of the emergence of new words through word formation. Example: the word " key" in the meaning of an unlocking instrument, comes from noun. stick, and the word “ key" as the name of a water source - from Ch. bubble.

Onions as a vegetable and onions as a weapon

Types

There are 2 main types of homonymous words:

Complete, having a coincidence in the entire paradigm of grammatical forms. For example, the words “chapter” (books) and “chapter” (states) are the same in all cases and numbers.
Incomplete (partial), having discrepancies in one or more grammatical forms. For example, the word “baika” (story) is declined in all cases and numbers, but “baika” (fabric) does not have plural forms. h.

Remember! Full and partial homonyms are always expressed by one part of speech.

Useful video: homonyms

Phenomena of homonymy

There are phenomena that have a close resemblance to homonymy. However, such words are not homonymous in the full sense of the term. They reflect random coincidences of words at different levels of language.

The following types are distinguished:

homoforms,
homographs.

Types of homonyms

Homoforms are a type of homonyms in which there is a coincidence in only one (sometimes several) grammatical forms. They usually belong to different parts of speech.

pigeons(noun in R.p. or V.p.) drive - the sky becomes pigeons(adj. comparative degree);
division (noun) of property - division (verb in the past tense) of the property.

Homophones are a type of homonyms that differ in meaning and spelling, but are identical in sound.

The following words can be homophones:

expressed by one part of speech: rinse - caress; mushroom - flu; lick - climb;
belonging to different parts of speech: climb - flattery; young - hammer; old-timer - guarded;
phrases that have a sound match: by kalach - I will beat you; with fire - we will bend, to grow to a hundred - to old age.

Homographs- words that differ in meaning and pronunciation (mainly due to stress), but have the same spelling.

Example: mugs – mugs; fall asleep - fall asleep; Iris - iris.

Ambiguous words

One of the difficult tasks is the distinction between homonymy and polysemy. The table below will help you distinguish homonyms from polysemantic words.

Method of differentiation	Polysemantic words, examples	Homonyms, examples
1. Lexical (carried out by selecting synonyms)	Form identical rows of synonyms. Copy(paintings) - copy(father). Common synonyms: double, dubbing.	They form various synonymous series. Escape (from home) – leaving, flight. Shoot (of a plant) – stem, branch.
2. Morphological (by form of education)	One form of education.	Various forms of education. The word “thin” (about a person’s physique) forms the comparative form of “thinner,” and the word “thin” (bad) has another form of the comparative degree, “worse.”
3. Word formation (according to methods of forming new words)	New words form identical word-formation chains. A mask (a covering that hides the face) and a mask (cosmetic product) have the following chain: mask - disguise - disguise - disguise.	Different word-formation series. Escape (from home) is derived from the word run or run; Escape (about a plant) has no word formation options.
4. Semantic (according to the degree of homogeneity of meanings)	All meanings of a polysemantic word are united in meaning and have common features. Word house(building): it is assumed that people live in it; Word house(family): implies that some community of people lives in the same building.	The values are not related to each other. Checker as a "figure for board game"is in no way related in meaning to the word checker meaning "cold weapon".
5. Dictionary (according to the article in the explanatory dictionary)	They have one dictionary entry. Dictatorship – 1) state power, based on the political dominance of one group of people; 2) unlimited power based on violence.	Divided into separate dictionary entries. Shah1- title of the monarch in Iran. Shah2- a position in chess when there is a direct attack on the opponent's king.

Attention! There are special dictionaries in which you can find full list homonyms, for example, “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by N.P. Kolesnikova. You can also use online dictionaries to search for them, the most complete is Homonyms.

Applications

Homonymy is a special linguistic phenomenon, and therefore the question arises: why are homonyms needed? They are widely used in speech and often become a tool for playing on words, especially when both of their variants are present in one statement. By combining words that are different in meaning and sound the same, the speaker achieves the desired effect - contrast or comedy.

The use of homonyms is one of the favorite techniques of writers and poets. Most often these words are played out in puns or jokes. Here interesting example epigrams to the teacher: “Loved the students fall asleep he, apparently, because they loved fall asleep at his lectures."

Often homonyms “rhyme” in poetic lines:

Breaking away from Earth

On a big rocket

They took a handful land

In memory of the planet.

Some proverbs and sayings are also built on the basis of the contrast in the meanings of homonyms: “Mow with a scythe, if you yourself are not a scythe,” “Whatever you are, you want to eat.”

It is usually clear from the context which word from a homonymous pair (group) is used, but often the inept use of these words leads to a change in meaning and unwanted comedy. For example: The player's absent-mindedness led to the loss of points. Similar ambiguity can be found in the works famous writers: “With the fire of Prometheus” (shall we bend?); “Beautiful impulses of the soul” (from the word choke?).

Advice! It is necessary to use homonyms in speech with caution, avoiding ambiguity and unnecessary comedy. To be sure, say the statement out loud.

Useful video: grammatical homonyms of the Russian language

Conclusions

Homonymy is one of these phenomena that makes our language richer and more interesting. Familiarity with these words helps you avoid mistakes in your own speech and better understand someone else’s. This knowledge will be especially useful for those who work in advertising or want to become a good writer.

Homonymy and polysemy

In relation to words belonging to the same parts of speech, in linguistics they often distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. Homonymy is a random coincidence of words, while polysemy- the presence of different historically related meanings for a word. For example, the words “boron” in the meaning “ pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning " chemical element" are homonyms, since the first word is of Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian "Bura" - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, the words “ether” in the sense organic matter and “ether” in the sense of “radio broadcasting and television” are called by linguists the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from ancient Greek. αἰθήρ - mountain air.

However, another part of linguists draws the line between polysemy and homonymy in a different way. Namely, if the majority of people see in two coinciding words a common shade of meaning (as linguists say, “a common semantic element”), then this is polysemy, and if they do not see, then this is homonymy, even if the words have common origin. For example, in the words “braid” (tool) and “braid” (hairstyle), the common semantic element noticed by most people is “something long and thin.”

Finally, some linguists consider all individual meanings of polysemantic words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.

All or almost all Russian linguists certainly classify coinciding words belonging to different parts of speech as homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are “flow” (leak) and “flow” (leakage).

Classification

Complete (absolute) homonyms are homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, outfit (clothing) - outfit (order), forge (blacksmith) - bugle (wind instrument).
Partial homonyms are homonyms in which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) And caress (show of tenderness) diverge in shape genitive case plural ( caresses - caress).
Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms, are words that coincide only in certain forms (of the same part of speech or different parts speech). For example, the numeral three and verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).

Omomorphemes

Along with homonyms, that is homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.

Homonyms, homophones, homographs, and homoforms

Homonyms - words that sound the same at the same time And spelled, but different in meaning.
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings.
Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that are the same in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.
Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in individual grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the 1st person singular form of the present tense - I'm flying.

Examples

Words

3: Braid - on the girl’s head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a body of water or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
7: Key - musical sign; key - from the door; key - natural spring water; wrench - wrench; key - information that allows you to decrypt a cryptogram or verify a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to a task, key - closing device in an electrical circuit
3: Butterfly is an insect; bow tie; butterfly knife
2: Onion is a plant; bow is a weapon.
3: Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); pen - human hand; handle - door handle.
4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; hand - hands; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for painting).
2: Trot - running (eg horse); lynx is an animal.
4: Troika - horses; three - mark; three - judicial body NKVD; three-piece suit.
2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, hostility.
2: Messenger - giving news, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: a private for sending parcels on service matters.
3: Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms.
2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
2: Zebra is a beast; zebra crossing - pedestrian crossing.
He mowed with a scythe (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners).

Homonyms in poetry

You are the white swans fed,
Throwing away the weight of black braid…
I was swimming nearby; agreed fed;
The sunset ray was strange braid.
Valery Bryusov

Getting into a taxi, I asked dachshund:
“What is the fare? dachshund?»
And the driver: “Money from dachshunds
We don’t take it at all, here we go yes sir».
Yakov Kozlovsky

From the inside, like a ball chamber,
I burst, but hardly poem,
if my partner chamber
hears my prisoner poem
and a motive from the heart chamber.
Aydin Khanmagomedov

Homonymy in taxonomy

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Synonyms:

See what “Homonym” is in other dictionaries:

Greek homonymos, from homos, similar, and onoma, a name. A word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but different meaning. Explanation 25000 foreign words, which came into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D.,... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

homonym- a, m. homonyme m. gr. homonyma homos identical + onyma name. 1. A word that has the same sound as another word, but different in meaning. MAS 2. The game of Homonyms... consists in the fact that one leaves the company in which, without him... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

homonym- (incorrect homonym) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

HOMONYM, homonym, husband. (from Greek homos identical and onyma name) (Ling.). A word that is identical to another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. city city and city meteorological phenomenon. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

HOMONYM, ah, husband. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but is completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. "flow 1" and "flow 2", "mow 1" and "mow 2". | adj. homonymous... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary Terms of botanical nomenclature

homonym- Borrowing. from French lang., where omonyme lat. homonymus, rendering Greek. homōnymos, the addition of homos “one and the same, identical” and onyma “name”. Homonym literally “of the same name” (meaning the same sound of words denoting different... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language