Parachuting in Kazakhstan. Parachuting in Kazakhstan Actions in special cases - landing on obstacles

The parachute kit (Fig. 1, 2, 3) includes the following parts:

1.	1 PC.
2.	1 PC.
3.	Case 5	1 PC.
4.	Dome 82.5 m 2 7	1 PC.
5.	Hanging system with crossbar 8	1 PC.
6.	1 PC.
7.	2 pcs.
8.	1 PC.
9.	1 PC.
10.	1 PC.
11.	1 PC.
12.	Device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575	1 PC.
13.	1 PC.
14.	Flexible pin halyard	1 PC.
15.	Connecting link	1 PC.
16.	1 PC.
17.	Passport	1 PC.

Notes:

In fig. Figure 1 shows a set of parachute parts for forced deployment of the parachute with subsequent tightening of the canopy cover with a pull rope.
In fig. Figure 2 shows a set of parachute parts for forced deployment of the parachute.
In fig. Figure 3 shows a set of parachute parts for manual deployment of the parachute.

Fig. 1. A set of parachute parts for forced deployment of the parachute followed by tightening the canopy cover with a pull rope

Fig. 2. A set of parachute parts for forced deployment of the parachute

Fig. 3. A set of parachute parts for manual deployment of the parachute

The pull rope (Fig. 4) is designed to activate a semi-automatic parachute device when manually putting the parachute into operation or to force the parachute pack to open.

Fig. 4. Pull rope

It is made of nylon tape with a strength of 1200 kgf (LTKMkrP-27-1200). The length of the pulling rope is 3 m. At one end of the rope there is a carabiner 1 for connection to the cable inside the aircraft. At the other end there is a loop 3 for attaching a halyard with a flexible pin of a parachute semi-automatic device when manually deploying a parachute, or for attaching a loop of a ripcord when jumping from an airplane with forced unchecking of the backpack valves, or for attaching a bridle of the canopy cover when jumping with forced tightening of the cover from the dome. At a distance of 1.4 from this loop there is a second loop 4 for securing the pull rope when jumping with forced opening of the backpack or for attaching a loop of the pull rope when jumping with forced pulling of the cover from the canopy with a pull rope.

To protect the traction rope from burns, a cover 2 made of cotton tape (LHBMkr-35-230) in the form of a hollow hose is put on it. Such covers are placed on all rope loops and on the carabiner. To control the pulling rope on both sides, the carabiner has a red or orange tape.

The pilot chute (Fig. 5) is designed to pull the cover from the main canopy.

A pilot chute consists of two main parts: the parachute base 1 and the spring mechanism 2.

Fig. 5. Lineless pilot parachute

The upper part of the parachute base has a hemispherical shape and is made of orange nylon fabric (art. 56005krP).

The lower part of the parachute base, attached along the perimeter of the hemisphere to the upper one, also has a hemispherical shape, turning into a conical one.

The hemispherical part is made of nylon mesh fabric, and the conical part is made of nylon fabric (art. 56005krP).

On the outer surface of the parachute base, four nylon reinforcing tapes with a strength of 150 kgf (LTKP-25-150) or 200 kgf (LTKP-25-200) are sewn, evenly spaced along the surface in the meridional direction.

At the intersection of the ribbons on the pole there is a grommet with a sewing washer 3.

At the bottom, the tapes are brought together into thimble 7. A cover made of SHTKP-15-550 cord is put on the thimble. Using a thimble, the pilot chute is attached to the bridle of the canopy cover.

On one of the ribbons on the upper hemispherical part of the pilot chute, a gasyr 4 and a ribbon with a pin 5 are sewn.

The pin is designed to secure the spring mechanism of the pilot chute when folded.

The spring mechanism consists of eight meridionally located spokes ending with heads, which are secured at the pole with washers. The upper washer is located under the grommet mounted on the pole of the parachute base. Between the top washer and the eyelet there is a washer made of organic glass or nylon.

The conical spring has 5.8 working turns, with 2.9 of its turns located inside the spherical spring mechanism.

The spokes of the spherical spring mechanism wrap around the upper and middle turns of the conical spring, which are connected by a limiter made of nylon cord with a strength of 120 kgf (ShKP-120), which helps maintain the spherical shape of the parachute during its operation.

On the lower base of the conical spring there is a plate on which a cone 6 is located, intended for locking the spring mechanism in a compressed state. When pinning, the cone is passed through the holes of the upper and middle washer, brought out through the grommet and pinned with a pin-pin secured to the base of the parachute.

When stowing the parachute, the pilot chute pin is tucked into the gas cylinder using tape.

3. Case

The case is intended for placing the dome in it in order to streamline its implementation.

The cover (Fig. 6) is made of nylon fabric, article number 56005 KrP, orange, has the shape of sleeve 4, 5.31 m long, and is worn over the entire length of the dome, folded along the panels.

Fig. 6. Parachute canopy cover

In the lower base above the lower edge 13, the cover has 11 pairs of non-removable 10 and one pair of double removable 2 rubber honeycombs, a sling fuse 3, two tapes 9 for the stacking frame, an apron 11 to cover the lower edge of the dome and a sleeve 1 to prevent contact of the apron with the dome when the last one coming out of the case.

Non-removable rubber honeycombs are designed for inserting canopy lines into them, double honeycombs are designed for closing the cover apron with bundles of canopy lines.

The apron of the cover has two eyelets 12 with sewing washers for passing double removable honeycombs. Pockets are sewn above the eyelets for tucking bundles of slings into them.

The sling protector is sewn on at the junction of the base of the cover and the base of the apron and is designed to protect the slings laid in honeycombs from being blown out by the air flow during the opening process.

A bundle of lines, nested in double removable honeycombs, closes the apron and prevents the canopy from leaving the cover prematurely. When the slings jam in the double removable honeycombs that close the apron, the honeycombs break.

Broken honeycombs are not repaired, but replaced with new, spare ones.

Two tapes 9, located on both sides of the honeycomb, form pockets into which the laying frame is inserted before laying the slings into the honeycomb.

In the upper base, the cover has two pockets 8, which facilitate the release of the slings from the honeycomb and the pulling of the cover from the dome. The top of the cover is tightened with cord 6 from ShKP-60.

Along the entire length, the cover is reinforced with four nylon tapes 5 made of LTKOUP-25-150, which in the upper part of the cover form a bridle 7 for attaching a pilot chute or a pilot rope (depending on the method of putting the parachute into action).

4. Dome 82.5 m2

The canopy is designed to allow the parachutist to land safely in a given location.

The dome (Fig. 7) has a round shape and consists of four sectors. Each sector consists of five trapezoidal panels of 1 straight cut.

The sectors and panels are stitched together using a lock seam.

The dome is made of percale P art. 7019 or percale “P” arr. 704.

In the center of the dome there is a pole hole with a diameter of 0.43 m. The edge of the pole hole of the dome is reinforced on both sides with nylon tape with a strength of 185 kgf (LTKP-15-185), and the lower edge of the dome is reinforced with nylon tape with a strength of 150 kgf (LTKOUP-25-150) .

On the outside of the dome, a reinforcing frame 2 is sewn from nylon tape with a strength of 150 kg (LTKOUP-25-150). At the lower edge of the canopy it forms 28 loops to which the slings are tied.

Reinforcing tapes 3, stitched onto the seams connecting the sectors of the dome, form a bridle in the pole hole.

Fig. 7. Parachute canopy

There are 25 pockets stitched on the outside of the dome, at the bottom edge.

The canopy has 28 lines made of cotton cord with a strength of 125 kgf (SHKhBP-125). To facilitate installation of the canopy, the sling 14 is red. To determine the correct connection of the dome to the OSK locks of the suspension system, slings 1 and 28 are green.

Slings 1, 14, 28, made of undyed cord, with customized couplings at the edge of the dome and detachable buckles are allowed: for sling 14 - orange, for slings 1 and 28 - green.

On the lower edge of the canopy, to the left of the lines, their serial numbers.

All slings are the same length. In the free state, the length of the lines from the lower edge of the canopy to the detachable buckle or half-ring buckle of the suspension system is 8.87 m.

To ensure correct installation of the canopy, marks are placed on the slings at a distance of 0.45 m from the lower edge of the canopy. Using these marks, the laying of the lines into the first double checker (removable) rubber honeycombs of the canopy cover begins.

At a distance of 1.8 m from the detachable buckles or half-ring buckles of the free ends of the suspension system, marks are applied to the slings; these marks are used to secure the (removable) honeycomb pockets at the bottom of the backpack with slings.

On the canopy panels between slings 27-28 28-1 and 1-2 there are vertical holes 4. The edges of each hole are reinforced with nylon tape with a strength of 150 kgf (LTKOUP-25-150).

To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to lines 26, 27 28 and 3 2 1, the second ends of which are brought to the brakes and secured to the rear free ends of the suspension system.

5. Hanging system with jumper

The harness is the connecting link between the parachute (canopy with lines) and the parachutist. TO suspension system the backpack is attached, and the canopy slings are attached to the detachable buckles or half-ring buckles of the suspension system.

The suspension system (Fig. 8) is made of nylon tape with a strength of 1600 kgf (LTKkr-44-1600 or LTKNkr-44-1600) and consists of the following main parts:

two front straps, right and left 17,
8 circular straps with leg loops,
two adapter tapes 14 with carabiners 9,
two back-shoulder straps 4 with buckles 3,
two pairs of risers 2,
two chest straps 5 (right with a buckle and left with a carabiner) and 16 fuses.

The front straps, right and left, are the main power element of the suspension system. At the top of each front strap there is an OSK 18 lock for disconnecting the free ends of the harness system.

Fig. 8. Hanging system

The OSK lock (Fig. 9) has the following structural elements: body 3, lever 1, saddle body 5, spring 2, buckle 4 attached to the free ends of the suspension system, triggers 9 (left and right), safety button 7, safety lock 8 , pins 6.

Fig. 9. OSK Castle

The lock is closed when the buckle is inserted into the body and held by the teeth of the lever, the large arm of the lever lies on the cylindrical surface of the saddle, and the trigger pins are inserted into the holes of the large lever arm, while the cylindrical cutouts at the end of the large lever allow you to control the entry of the pins into the holes of the large lever, button The fuse must be set to its highest position.

To disconnect the free ends of the suspension system using a lock, you must press the fuse lock and lower the lock fuse lever to the lowest position. Then press both triggers and move the lock body with the lever down until it stops, while the lock lever will disengage with the cylindrical surface of the saddle and disconnect the lock buckle with the free end from the harness.

To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, there is a fastening bracket 15 with a lock at the bottom of each front strap. A circular strap with leg loops is attached to the braces. At the bottom, the circular strap is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn end to end, and an overlay 11 is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent. The circular strap and leg loops have 13 buckles for height adjustment.

Each adapter tape ends with a carabiner 9, which serves to close the leg loop.

The back-shoulder girths are mounted to the housings of the locks for detaching the free ends of the suspension system and, using buckles, form a waist girth 7.

The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached. The back and shoulder straps have 3 buckles for height adjustment.

On the right dorso-shoulder girth there is a belt loop 20 for a flexible hose of the exhaust cable for forced deployment of the parachute pack.

The free ends of the suspension system are attached to the suspension system using locks. Detachable buckles or half-ring buckles 1 are built into the free ends of the suspension system, and each of the two groups is connected by jumpers and ends with a lock buckle for releasing the free ends of the suspension system.

In order to prevent the brakes from getting into the canopy lines, two half-ring buckles are sewn on the rear free ends of the suspension system on the outer side, through which the control lines pass.

To ensure proper connection of the risers to the harness locks, the rear risers are marked with the words “LEFT”, “RIGHT”.

When the lock is installed correctly, the red signal dots on the lever and on the seat body (Fig. 10) should be closed.

Fig. 10. Signal points on the lever and seat body

The length of the free ends of the suspension system is 0.56 m.

7 slings are mounted to each detachable buckle or half-ring buckle.

The chest straps are mounted on the front straps of the harness system and are adjustable according to the height of the parachutist.

The suspension system has 16 chest bridge fuses, 19 lock fuses and 12 lower fuses, designed to soften the impact of metal parts when filling the dome. The OSK lock buckle has a cover and a belt loop to secure it.

Attention! Parachutes with harness systems without OSK locks are allowed.

The detachable buckle serves to disconnect the canopy from the suspension system and allows you to replace the suspension system without dismantling the canopy lines.

The detachable buckle (Fig. 10a) of the free ends of the suspension system consists of a bracket, a pin and a screw (locking). The bracket has two holes with external grooves for the heads of the pin and screw.

Fig. 10a Detachable buckle

The locking screw is placed on the cap to prevent it from being unscrewed.

6. Suspension system (without jumpers and OSK locks)

The harness is the connecting link between the parachute (canopy with lines) and the parachutist.

The suspension system (Fig. 11) is made of nylon tape with a strength of 1600 kgf (LTKkr-44-1600 or LTKNkr-44-1600) and consists of a main strap and two back-shoulder straps.

Fig. 11. Suspension system without jumpers and locks OSK

The main strap is stitched from a tape in two folds, the ends of which form two free ends 0.43 m long.

The main strap has two curved buckles designed to connect it to the back-shoulder straps at the top of the harness.

A pull ring pocket is sewn onto the main strap at chest level on the left side. A flexible hose is sewn above the pocket.

At the bottom, the main strap is bifurcated, the straps are sewn end-to-end and an overlay is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent.

To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, two fastening brackets with locks are built into the main strap.

The back-shoulder girths, right and left, passing through the curved buckles and windows of the main strap, form a chest bridge and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth, providing adjustment of the suspension system according to height.

The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached.

The back-shoulder girths, going down from the cross, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a carbine attached on the left side, and a buckle on the right.

The lower ends of the dorso-shoulder loops, passed between the main strap and bending around it in several places, form leg loops on which buckles are mounted to adjust them according to height. Three carabiners and three buckles, located on the leg loops and chest strap, are used to fasten the harness.

The backpack is attached to the harness, and the canopy slings are attached to the half-ring buckles of the harness.

The backpack is designed to accommodate a canopy in a case, part of the lines and free ends of the harness system, a lineless ball parachute and a semi-automatic device.

Fig. 12. Backpack with reserve parachute mount

The satchel (Fig. 12, 13) is made of avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of the bottom of the satchel and four valves: two side, one upper and one lower.

Fig. 13. Backpack with reserve parachute mount

Sewn to the upper valve 1 are two flexible hoses 2, a plate head 3 for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic device, and a tie-tape 4 intended for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic device.

At the base of the upper valve there are two windows 5 for the exit of the free ends of the suspension system.

To hold the valves in the closed position, there is a closing device on the backpack, consisting of a cord ring 7, two cones 8 located on the valves of the backpack, four eyelets with sewing washers 29 and one eyelet buckle 28.

The fifth eyelet 18, installed on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of the ball lineless pilot chute inside the backpack when folded.

Cord ring 7 is made of silk cord ShSh-80.

The quick opening of the backpack valves is ensured by eight backpack rubbers 9, of which seven are single and one is double.

The length of a single backpack rubber with pendants is 0.37 m, and a double one is 0.385 m. At one end, the backpack rubbers are permanently attached to the wire loops on the backpack valves.

On the side flaps of the backpack on the outer side along the perimeter tape are sewn two scarves with buckles 10, to which are attached fastenings of the reserve parachute 13, designed to attach it to the main parachute and to regulate the tightness of the parachute to the parachutist’s body.

The reserve parachute attachment consists of a tape (LRT-25-ch) and a carabiner.

The factory markings are placed on the outside of the left side valve.

Metal loops 12 are sewn on the perimeter tape of the backpack for fastening the double backpack rubber of the upper valve in order to prevent the pilot parachute from getting caught on the tail nut of the semi-automatic device and to protect the parachutist from being hit by the tail nut of the semi-automatic device.

On the right side flap 16 there is a device pocket 14 for placing a semi-automatic device, a carabiner pocket 15, which serves as a pocket for a substitute passport card and for stowing a carabiner of a traction rope, a tie-tie for attaching the device, a ring 20 for securing the traction rope, a hose fastening tape 21 for laying a flexible hose when jumping with manual opening of the backpack.

Safety valve 19, which is a continuation of the right side valve, is fastened with four turnstile buttons 17 after tightening the backpack.

The safety and bottom valves have metal plates 27 to provide rigidity.

The bottom of the backpack 23 on the outside has four pairs of loops 22 for attaching the suspension system to the backpack, and belt loops 11 for directing the backpack rubbers.

At the bottom of the backpack, on the inside, along the lateral and lower sides of the perimeter of the stiffening frame, there are sewn pockets, left and right 24, and a valve 31, which prevent the canopy placed in the cover from blowing off from the bottom of the backpack at the moment the parachute opens and ensure sequential pulling of the cover with the canopy placed in it.

There is a backpack cord running along the inner sides of the pockets.

At the top flap of the backpack, the pockets have 25 holes, under the facing of which metal rings are inserted for rigidity.

Rubber honeycombs 26 are passed into the holes, which are closed by bundles of slings. Rubber honeycombs are attached with a noose loop to a cord attached to the upper flap of the backpack near the stiffening frame. The cord and the place of attachment of the honeycomb with the cord are covered with belt loops.

Flexible hoses are designed to guide the movement of the three-pin pull ring cable and the pull rope or pull ring with cable loop as they are pulled out and to prevent accidental snagging.

The flexible hose (Fig. 14) is made of a flexible metal hose 1, covered with cotton tape (LXX-40-130) 2.

Fig. 14. Flexible hose

The ends of the hose with tape are tucked into caps 3.

Flexible hose length 0.515 m.

The flexible hose of a pull ring with three studs or a pull ring with a cable loop is sewn at one end to the top valve of the backpack, and the other end to the suspension system above the pull ring pocket.

A flexible hose for the forced opening traction rope is sewn at one end to the upper valve of the backpack, the other end is not sewn.

The exhaust ring (Fig. 15) is intended for manual deployment of the parachute backpack.

The pull ring consists of ring 1, cable 2, three pins 3 and limiter 4. The trapezoidal ring is made of steel wire with a diameter of 0.007 m.

Fig. 15. Pull ring

To quickly find the ring, the part protruding from the pocket is painted red.

Protrusions on two opposite sides of the ring hold it in the harness pocket. For ease of grip by hand, the handle of the ring in relation to the base is bent by 60° and thickened.

The ring has two guide holes through which a cable passes, ending with three studs.

The studs of the pull ring cable are designed to close the eyelets on the cones of the backpack.

The cable studs are located one from the other at a distance of 0.15 m.

The first pin, counting from the ring, has a length of 0.038 m, and the rest - 0.032 m. The length of the cable from the end of the last pin to the stop is 1.07 m.

The traction ring with a rope loop (Fig. 16) is designed to open the parachute in the event of a break or misalignment of the traction rope.

It fits into a pocket located on the left front strap of the harness.

Fig. 16. Pull ring with cable loop

The traction ring consists of ring 1, cable 2, loop 3, limiter 4.

The trapezoidal ring is made of steel wire with a diameter of 0.007 m. To quickly find the ring, the part protruding from the pocket is painted red.

Protrusions on two opposite sides of the ring hold it in a pocket on the harness. For ease of grip by hand, the handle of the ring in relation to the base is bent by 60° and thickened.

The ring has two guide holes through which the cable passes, ending in a loop into which, during installation, the first pin of the exhaust cable is threaded, closing the eyelet on the cone of the backpack.

The cable is secured in the ring using a limiter.

The length of the cable from the limiter, including the loop, is 0.785 m.

The pull rope (Fig. 17) is designed to force the parachute pack to open using a pull rope. The exhaust cable 1 has three pins 2 at one end, and a loop 3 at the other.

Fig. 17. Pull rope

The cable pins for closing the backpack valves are located one from the other at a distance of 0.15 m. The first pin, counting from the cable loop, has a length of 0.038 m, and the rest - 0.032 m.

The length of the pull cable from the last pin, including the loop, is 1.015 m.

The safety cover (Fig. 18) is used to protect the aircraft's lining from possible damage to it by the studs of the exhaust cable after the parachute pack is deployed.

Fig. 18. Protective cover

Cover 1 has the shape of a sleeve 1.44 m long and is made of raincoat fabric.

At one end of the cover there is a loop 2, which is attached with a noose loop to the loop of the exhaust cable.

When the parachute is stowed, the cover is assembled in the form of an accordion towards the cable loop.

After the cable pins come out of the cones, the safety cover straightens along the exhaust cable and completely covers it.

13. Device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575

The semi-automatic device is designed for automatic deployment of the parachute.

The characteristics, description and operating rules of the device are given in the technical description and instructions and in the passport for the device.

General form device is shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19. General view of the device

The length of the hose of the device is 0.575 m, the length of the loop is 0.019 m. The length of the cable is 0.732 m. The flexible pin halyard is not included in the kit of the device, but is included in the parachute kit.

The break sling (Fig. 20) is designed to connect the canopy bridle with the loop of the traction rope when putting the parachute into action with forced uncuffing of the backpack and tightening the canopy cover with the traction rope.

Fig. 20. Break line

The 0.9 m long break sling is made of cotton cord ShKhB-40. One end of the cord is stitched with a zigzag stitch, forming a loop 1 0.02 m. The break sling has a mark 2 for tying to the loop of the traction rope.

Reuse the breakaway sling prohibited.

15. Flexible pin halyard

The flexible pin halyard is the connecting link between the flexible pin of the semi-automatic device and the traction rope.

The length of the flexible pin halyard is 0.13 m.

The halyard is made of a nylon cord with a strength of 200 kgf (ShKP-200) in two folds and ends with loops, one of which is mounted as a noose loop to the flexible pin of the device, the other to the end loop of the traction rope.

The connecting link (Fig. 21a) is designed to connect a cover made of nylon fabric with the canopy loop-bridle and eliminate the possibility of losing the cover and the pilot chute connected to it during the descent process.

Fig. 21a. Connecting link

The connecting link, 1.6 m long, is made of SHTKP-12-450 cord. The ends of the link end in loops 0.11 m 1 and 0.4 m 3 long.

The connecting link is threaded into a rubber belt loop 2, into which the slack is removed during the parachute stowage process.

Use a connecting link with a cover made of percale, prohibited.

The portable bag is designed for storing a parachute during transportation and storage.

The carrying bag (Fig. 21) is rectangular in shape, has two handles 1 for carrying, a tape 2 and a loop with a tag 3 for sealing.

Fig. 21. Carrying bag

The upper base of the bag is tightened with a tightening cord 4.

The bag is closed with a flap 5 using two half-ring buckles 6 and a ribbon. The cord passes through the tag and is sealed with a mastic seal. The portable bag is made of avisent; the dimensions of the bag with the parachute packed in it are 0.59x0.26x0.74 m.

18. Passport

The passport (form 13a) is intended to record information about the reception, transfer, operation and repair of the parachute. The passport is an integral part of the parachute.

The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.

Abstract (D-1-5U, Z-6P)

D - 1 - 5 y (training, controlled)

Designed for training jumps.

The design provides the following tactical and technical data with a total weight of a parachutist with parachutes of 120 kg:

a) Reliable operation at an altitude of up to 2000 meters, both when it is immediately put into operation at a flight speed of a horizontally flying aircraft up to 250 km/h, and with any delay in opening the backpack, while maximum overload, arising at the moment of filling the dome, do not exceed 10 g

b) The minimum safe height for a jump from a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 180 km/h with immediate deployment of the parachute is 150 meters.

c) The average vertical speed of descent, normalized to the standard atmosphere, measured in an area 30-35 m from the ground - 5.11 m/sec

d) Stability during decline

e) Parachute control using two control lines,

f) Rotate the canopy 360 in any direction in no more than 18 seconds when tensioning one control line

g) Horizontal forward movement up to 2.47 m/sec.

h) Use of a semi-automatic opening device PPK-U-575 A

i) The force required to pull out the pull ring or cable does not exceed 16 kg.

j) Assigned (technical) resource - 200 jumps during the service life of the parachute, subject to timely military repairs.

k) Dimensions of the stowed parachute: length - 570 + 20 mm,

width - 377 + 20 mm

height - 262 + 20 mm

m) The weight of the parachute with PPK-U without a carrying bag is 17.5 kg.

PULL ROPE

Designed to turn on the belay device or for forced deployment

parachute backpack, made of tape weighing approximately 1200 kg, rope length 3 meters. At one end there is a carabiner, at the other end (for attaching a flexible hairpin halyard, or a sheath bridle

when jumping for forced opening, or loops of the traction rope during unclipping) and at a distance of 1.4 m (for securing, or for the traction rope during forced opening) there are two loops from it. To protect against burns, it is covered with a cover made of cotton tape in the form of a hollow hose. For control, the carabiner has a red tape.

BLOWER BALL PARACHUTE.

Designed to pull the cover from the main dome, it consists of a base and a spring mechanism. The upper part has the shape of a hemisphere and is made of nylon fabric.

The lower hemispherical part of the base is made of mesh fabric and turns into a conical part made of nylon.

Four nylon reinforcing tapes, approx. 150 kg, are sewn on the outer part of the base

evenly spaced along the surface in the meridian direction. At the intersection of the tapes, a grommet with a sewing washer is placed. At the bottom, the tapes are brought together into a thimble (for attaching to the bridle of the cover), on which the cover is put. On one of the tapes on the upper part there are sewn a gasket and a tape with a pin-pin (for securing the ball screw in the laid state). The spring mechanism consists of 8 meridianly located spokes ending with heads, which are fastened at the pole with washers. The conical spring has 5.8 working turns, with half inside the sphere. Inside there is a limiter made of ShKP-120 nylon cord. A plate with a cone is attached to the lower base for securing the spring mechanism in a compressed state. When stowing the parachute, the pin-pin fits into the gas.

DOME COVER.

Designed to streamline the process of filling the dome and reduce cases of overlap with slings, it is made of orange fabric, has the shape of a sleeve 5.28 m long and is worn over the entire length of the laid dome.

Along the entire length it is reinforced with tapes of approx. 150 kg, which in the upper part form a bridle for attaching an exhaust device. There are two pockets sewn into the upper part, which help tighten the cover and allow the slings to come out. The bottom has one pair of double rubber removable

honeycomb, eleven pairs of permanent honeycomb and two tapes for the laying frame. The apron has two windows with safety pockets for the passage of removable honeycombs. The line guard protects against snagging.

DOME 82.5 sq.m.

Designed for the safe landing of a parachutist in a given place, it has a round shape and consists of 4 sectors, each of which consists of 5 straight-cut trapezoidal panels. The sectors and panels are stitched together using a lock seam.

The dome is made of percale, in the center there is a pole hole with a diameter of 430 mm. The edge of the pole hole is reinforced on both sides with nylon tape weighing approximately 150 kg. On the outside of the dome, a reinforcing frame made of the same tape is sewn onto the dome, which forms 28 loops at the lower edge of the dome, to which the slings are tied. Reinforcing tapes stitched onto the seams connecting the sectors form a bridle in the pole hole. There are 25 pockets sewn on the outside of the canopy at the bottom edge between the slings. The canopy has 28 lines made of cotton cord with a strength of 125 kg. To facilitate installation, sling 14 is made of red color. To control the correct installation of slings 1 and 28, green. It is allowed to make slings 1,14,28 from undyed cord, but then they are sewn with couplings of the corresponding color. Along the lower edge of the canopy, to the left of the lines, the serial numbers of the lines are indicated. When free, the length of the lines is 8.97 mm. At a distance of 0.45 m from the lower edge of the dome, marks are applied to the slings (they begin to lay the slings into honeycombs). Marks are placed at a distance of 1.8 m from the buckles (the place where the removable pockets on the bottom of the backpack are secured with slings).

On the panels between slings 27-28, 28-1 and 1-2 there are vertical cutouts, the edges of which are reinforced with nylon tape approx. 150 kg. To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to lines 26, 27, 28, 1, 2, 3, the second ends of which are brought to the brakes and secured to the rear free ends of the suspension system.

SUSPENSION SYSTEM.

It is a connecting link between the canopy with lines and the parachutist, made of nylon tape LTK-44-1600 and consists of the following parts: - 2 front straps, right and left - circular strap with leg loops

Two adapter bands with carabiners

Two dorso-shoulder girths

Two pairs of risers

Two chest straps with buckle and carabiner

The front straps are the main strength element of the suspension system. On the left front strap, at chest level, there is a pocket for a pull ring, just above there is a loop for attaching a flexible hose

To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, at the bottom of each strap there is a fastening bracket with a lock, to which a circular strap with leg loops is attached. At the bottom, the circular strap is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn together, and an overlay is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent. The circular strap and leg loops have buckles for height adjustment.

Each adapter tape has a carabiner for closing the leg loop. The back-shoulder girths are mounted to the release locks and, with the help of buckles, form a waist girth, and the other ends are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached and have buckles for adjustment.

On the right dorso-shoulder girth there is a loop for a flexible hose.

The risers are secured to the suspension system using release locks

In order to prevent the brakes from getting into the canopy lines, two half-ring buckles are sewn onto the rear free ends, through which the control lines pass. The risers are marked with the words “Right” and “Left”

The length of the free ends is 560 mm. The front straps have built-in chest straps that are adjustable to the height of the parachutist. Fuses are sewn under all metal parts.

SUSPENSION SYSTEM without release locks.

Made from LTK-44-1600 tape and consists of a main strap and two back-shoulder straps.

The main strap is sewn from a tape in two folds, the ends of which form two free ends 430 mm long, there are two curved buckles on it (for connection with the back-shoulder girths., at chest level on the left side there is a pocket of a pull ring sewn, and above the pocket a flexible hose is sewn on.

At the bottom, the tape is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn end to end and an overlay is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent

To attach a reserve parachute, two fastening brackets with locks are built into the main strap.

The back-shoulder girths pass through the curved buckles and windows of the main strap and form a chest bridge and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth that provides adjustment of the harness system. The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached. The back-shoulder girths, going down from the cross, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a fastened carabiner and buckle. The lower ends of the back-shoulder loops, passed between the main strap and bending around in several places, form leg loops on which buckles for adjustment and a carabiner with a buckle are mounted.

SPACECRAFT with reserve parachute mount

Designed for placing a canopy in a case, slings and parts of the free ends of the harness system, an exhaust ball parachute without a sling, and placement of a belay device. It is made of avisent A and consists of the bottom of the backpack and 4 valves.

Two flexible hoses and a plate head for attaching the PPK-U hose are sewn to the top valve. At the base of the top flap there are two windows for the exit of the free ends of the suspension system. The top and side flaps of the backpack have flaps with pockets (to protect the canopy from contamination), which, after placing the canopy in the backpack, are filled with a laying ruler.

To hold the valves in the closed position, there is a closing device consisting of: a cord ring (made from silk cord ShSh-80), two cones located on the valves of the backpack, four eyelets with a sewing washer and one eyelet buckle. The fifth eyelet, installed on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of the lanyard-less ball parachute.

Quick opening of the backpack is ensured by seven single (370 mm) and one double (385 mm) elastic bands. With one ring of elastic bands, they are detachably attached to the wire loops on the valves of the backpack.

On the side flaps of the backpack on the outside, along the perimeter tape, two scarves with buckles are sewn, to which are attached the reserve parachute fastenings, consisting of a tape and a carabiner. The factory markings are placed on the outside of the left side valve.

On the right side flap there is a pocket for the device, a pocket for the carabiner, a ribbon = tie for fastening the device, a ring for securing the pulling rope, and a ribbon for fastening the flexible hose.

The safety valve, which is a continuation of the right side valve, is fastened with four turnstile buttons.

The safety and bottom valves have metal reinforcement plates.

The bottom of the backpack has 4 pairs of loops on the outside for attaching the suspension system to the backpack and belt loops for directing the backpack rubbers. Pockets are sewn on the bottom of the backpack to prevent the canopy, which is placed in a cover, from blowing off from the bottom of the backpack when the parachute opens. The pockets at the top flap have holes with metal rings. Removable rubber honeycombs are passed through the holes, which are attached with a noose loop to a cord stitched to the top valve of the backpack. The cord and the attachment point are covered with loops.

FLEXIBLE HOSE

Designed to guide the movement of the pull ring cable and the pull cable during the process of pulling them out and to protect against accidental snagging.

The flexible hose is made of a metal flexible hose covered with

cotton tape, the ends of which are tucked into the caps.

Flexible hose length 515 mm.

EXHAUST RING

Designed for manual deployment of the parachute backpack and consists of a ring (made of steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm), a cable, three pins and a limiter.

The protruding part of the ring is painted red for quick identification. The ridges on the two opposite ends hold the ring in the pocket. The ring has two guide holes through which a cable passes, ending with three pins, and which is secured in the ring with a stopper. Distance between studs

150 mm, length of studs: first - 38 mm, remaining 32 mm. The length of the cable from the end of the pin to the stop is 1070 mm.

EXTRACTION ROPE

The pull rope is designed to force the parachute pack to open using a pull rope. The pull rope has three pins at one end and a loop at the other.

SAFETY CASE.

It is used to protect the skin of the aircraft from possible damage by the studs of the exhaust cable. It has the shape of a sleeve 900 mm long and is made of raincoat fabric.

There is a loop at one end for attaching to a cable loop.

BREAKING SLING

Designed for attaching the dome bridle with a pull rope loop when forcibly tightening the cover, made of ShKhB-60. The cord is folded in half and stitched with a zigzag stitch, with a loop at one end and two ends of the cord 505 and 605 mm long at the other. The loop is attached to the canopy bridle, and the ends are tied to the loop of the pull rope so that the long end has a slack equal to a quarter of the length of the short one.

CARRYING BAG.

Designed for storing a parachute during storage and operation. It is made of avisent and has a rectangular shape.

The bag has: 2 handles, a flap with half-ring buckles, a cord for tightening the bag, a tag for sealing the bag, a ribbon for tightening and a pocket for the cord.

Bag weight - 0.725 kg. Bag dimensions 590 + 260+ 740.

PASSPORT

PARACHUTE 50 sq.m.

Designed for the safe descent and landing of a parachutist in the event of failure or abnormal operation of the main canopy.

The dome has a round shape and consists of four sectors, each of which consists of five straight-cut trapezoidal panels. All seams are sewn together.

The dome is made of nylon fabric, with panels 1 and 5 made of fabric with greater breathability.

Pole hole diameter 0.7 sq.m. On the outer side, the pole hole is covered with eight pockets (they facilitate quick pulling of the canopy with slings from the backpack and ensure partial filling of the parachute canopy in its central part before the lower edge comes into operation) made of dyed nylon fabric. The pockets are stitched for radial frame tapes. The pole hole and the lower edge are reinforced with nylon tape approx. 185 kg

On the outside, a reinforcing frame is sewn from tape weighing approximately 70 kg, which forms 24 loops at the bottom edge to which slings from ShKP-150 are tied. To facilitate laying the sling 12 is red. On the lower edge, to the left of the lines, serial numbers are indicated. In the free state, the length of the slings from the lower edge to the free ends of the suspension system is 4.99 m. At a distance of 1.4 m from the lower edge, there are marks on the slings, up to which the slings are laid in honeycombs. Tensioning tapes are sewn onto the lower edge above the slings (except 12 and 24).

For ease of stowage, there is a bridle in the center of the parachute. There is a marking on the outside of the canopy between lines 24 and 1.

PACK.

Designed for placing a dome with slings and part of the free ends of the suspension system, envelope-shaped, made of nylon avisent, has an overhead bottom with a cover and 4 valves: upper, lower, right (to which the valve-pocket is sewn) and left.

On the top flap there are: a knife pocket, a carrying handle, two loops for attaching backpack rubber, a valve for the backpack closing device (consists of: two eyelets with a sewing washer, a metal plate and a textile fastener.

On the right side flap there is a pocket flap for the manual opening link, a grommet buckle, a flexible hose for... 330 mm (to guide the movement of the opening link cable), a plate and a tie for fastening the device hose.

On the left side flap there is: a plate, a loop for attaching backpack rubber, a ring with a ribbon for fastening the system to the gusset of the main parachute. The lower flap has two loops (for attaching backpack rubber). two cones and a safety valve, markings, pockets for filling the valves during installation.

Length of backpack rubbers: side 0.37 m - 2 pcs., top and bottom - 0.525 m - 4 pcs.

At the bottom of the backpack on the outside there are: a pocket for a passport, 10 loops for attaching backpack rubbers, a hole on the side of the reinforcing tape for the exit of the stiffening frame protrusion, a pocket made of tapes for attaching PPK-U, a PPK-U cover cushion fastened with a textile fastener, tape tie for the device hose.

On the overhead bottom there are loops designed for the convenience of laying the free ends, the bottom of the backpack is double, a stiffening frame is inserted into it, consisting of: a rectangular base (consists of outer and inner frames made of steel wire D 4 mm connected to each other by crimps) and a folding frames (for throwing the parachute to the side when unchecking the backpack valves). On the right side of the inner frame there is a half-ring for connecting the reserve system to the suspension system of the main parachute. The left side of the base serves as an axis for the springs (the number of turns is 14). The folding frame is covered with a cover; a loop is sewn on the outer side for easy securing of the backpack.

MANUAL OPENING LINK

Designed for manual opening of the reserve system backpack and consists of a ring (made of steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm), a cable, two pins and a limiter.

The protruding part of the ring for quick finding is painted red, bent 60 degrees and thickened. The ridges on the two opposite ends hold the ring in the pocket. The ring has two guide holes through which a cable passes, ending with three pins, and which is secured in the ring with a stopper. The distance between the studs is 90 mm, the length of each stud is 32 mm. The length of the cable from the end of the pin to the stop is 615

CARRYING BAG.

Designed for storing a parachute during storage and operation. It is made of avisent and has a rectangular shape, closed with a lid that is fastened on three sides with seven turnstile buttons

The bag has: 2 handles, a pocket with a loop for tying and storing a tag. The lid and bag have blocks through which the locks are passed.

Bag dimensions 410+ 260+ 380

PASSPORT Designed to keep records of the receipt, transfer, operation and repair of the parachute, it is an integral part of the parachute.

The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.

Topic 3 Stowing parachutes ..

: Learn the rules for packing a parachute.

Accessories for laying (laying table, hooks, forks, laying frame, crutches for camping sheets, weights.

Laying rules. (according to the operating instructions).

Place for stowage (parachute class or place for stowing parachutes.)

Inspection before stowage (inspection of the parachute is the first stage of stowage)

Parachute stowage.

Control over installation (step-by-step control). Beginners are under constant supervision.

Rules for putting on and fitting a parachute. Main circular strap, waist girth, chest bridge, pull-up bands.

Preparing the parachute for the jump. Inspection in the “goats”.

Assembling the parachute after the jump. Pull out the canopy and lines, place the metal parts inside the backpack. Place the backpack in the bag so that the metal does not come into contact with the parachute canopy. Then, having collected the lines in an endless loop, put them in a portable bag and, carefully winding them up, place the canopy on the lines. Make sure that the safety devices are at the top of the bag.

n Shaking out the snow from the parachute in winter. Shaking out begins from the top of the canopy Carrying and transporting parachutes. Parachutes are transported only in portable bags and are protected from contact with contaminated surfaces and direct sunlight.

Rules for maintaining documentation for parachutes. The forms are filled out: technical inspection, drying, stowing and re-stowing - who and when, what organization the parachute belongs to and who is assigned to it, who jumped and who controlled the stowage.

Topic 4 Parachute safety devices .

Purpose: To study the design, principles of operation, rules of operation and storage of belay devices.

Purpose, principle of operation and design of devices.

The semi-automatic parachute combined, unified (PPK-U) is designed to put the parachute into action after a given period of time or at a given height (used as a safety device).

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA

n response range:

a) in height - 0.3 to 8 km

b) by time - from 2 to 5 seconds

operates at temperatures from minus 60 to plus 60 degrees Celsius at an altitude of up to 35 km.

The force of the power springs is 28 kg.

The operating time of the clock mechanism after the aneroid is released from the stop is 0.8 - 1.2 seconds.

The working stroke of the exhaust cable is 70 mm.

Device weight 950 g.

The device consists of the following main parts:

The device body is made of aluminum alloys,

clockwork,

aneroid device,

exhaust mechanism

The device is turned on by pulling out a flexible pin. When jumping from a height below the one set on the altitude scale, the clock mechanism ensures that the traction mechanism is activated after a period of time set on the time scale of the device.

If the jump height exceeds the height on the instrument scale, then the aneroid device blocks the clock mechanism until the parachutist reaches the height set on the instrument altitude scale. After this, the aneroid releases the clock mechanism, which completes the remaining 0.8 - 1.2 seconds and ensures the opening of the parachute pack.

The altitude scale is calibrated with an excess of 100 m to compensate for the parachutist’s loss of altitude during the time from the moment the device is triggered until the canopy is filled.

Checking the device.

1. Carry out an external inspection, insert the pin and cock the device, check for bleeding of the clock mechanism, check the operation of the clock mechanism.

2. Turn on the device and let it work, turning the glass downwards, see if there are any foreign objects on the glass.

Preparation and installation of the device on the parachute.

1. cock the device and check its operation, set the specified height and time, lock the flexible pin, insert the bayonet nut pin into the hole in the mounting plate and turn the device hose so that it aligns along the axis of the mounting plate. Insert the device into the pocket of the backpack and secure it with tapes, mount the loop of the device under the upper pin of the pull ring..

n Rules for jumping with belay devices

The use of the device is mandatory when performing all types of parachute jumps (canopy acrobatics jumps are allowed). When using only the time scale, set the time to less than 2 seconds PROHIBITED.

n Storage and transportation of devices.

A device that has been exposed to water, dirt, or has damaged housing and hoses cannot be used and will be sent for repair and maintenance. The parachute is placed in a carrying bag with the instrument facing up; the instruments are stored in special boxes or shipping boxes.

n Maintaining documentation.

All devices have passport forms, where all movements of the device are indicated: the date of its manufacture, stamp and signatures admissions committee, equipment, arrival and departure from organizations, maintenance and regulations, number of alarms.

Place of classes: parachute class.

Topic 5 Theoretical foundations of skydiving

Purpose: To study the theoretical foundations of parachute jumping.

Basic properties of air.

1. The air that makes up the atmosphere is a mixture of various gases and water vapor. In the lower part of the atmosphere, the composition of the air is almost constant: 78% by volume is nitrogen, 21% is oxygen, etc. The occurrence of aerodynamic forces is largely explained by the viscosity and compressibility of air. VISCOSITY is the ability of liquids and gases to resist shear forces.

2. According to the law of universal gravitation, all bodies are attracted to each other. Therefore, any body raised above the ground is affected by the force of gravity.

P = m g where m is body mass, g is gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/sec.

If such a body begins to move freely towards the ground, then it will increase its speed every second, but not by 9.81 m/sec, but somewhat less, since as soon as the body begins to move, air resistance will appear. Its strength depends on the shape of the body, largest area its cross section in a plane perpendicular to the oncoming air flow, air density and body movement

Time: 3 hours.

Location: model of aircraft cargo compartment, slipway.

Introduction

Skydiving by novice skydivers using exercises involving free fall is performed with the goal of acquiring the skills to control their body in the air. Skills in body control allow you to eliminate possible rotations, conduct visual observation of the ground and the surrounding environment, and take a body position that ensures reliable deployment of the parachute.

Jumps with a delayed parachute opening are performed in following cases:

· during forced parachute jumps at high flight speeds to reduce the dynamic load that occurs at the moment the parachute canopy opens;

· when forced to leave the aircraft at high altitude to quickly pass through the zone low pressures and air temperatures;

· when forced to leave an uncontrolled aircraft to move to a safe distance from the falling aircraft;

· when performing UTPP on exercises CAT, SPP;

· at skydiving competitions.

After separation from a horizontally flying aircraft, the body continues to move in the direction of flight by inertia, and under the influence of gravity it tends downward. As a result, it moves along a curve, gradually deviating from the horizontal direction of movement and approaching the vertical. In this case, the horizontal component of the speed, due to air resistance, will noticeably decrease, and the vertical component will increase. On average, if you do not use special techniques to reduce or increase the resistance force of the oncoming flow, the horizontal component will drop to zero by 10–12 seconds of free fall and the body will fly 300–350 meters behind the aircraft. The vertical component, under the influence of gravity, increases, but again, due to air resistance, by 10–15 seconds it reaches an equilibrium value, which is determined by the weight and size (area) of the parachutist and is about 50 m/sec.

In free fall, a parachutist, using the force of the oncoming air flow, using his arms and legs as “rudders,” can change his position, change the speed of the vertical fall, move horizontally in any direction, and rotate around the vertical or horizontal axes. Accordingly, falling in a group of two, three or more parachutists, move up and down relative to the group, approach any parachutist, move according to a pre-planned program. Many types of parachuting are based on this - individual and group acrobatics, freestyle and freefly. Free fall and evolutions in free fall is “skydiving”, this is why people come to parachuting.

Main part:

When conducting theoretical classes and ground training, it is necessary to teach the athlete how to properly adjust the equipment, which is of no small importance for mastering the methods of separation from the aircraft and practicing a stable fall.

For initial training in separation from the aircraft in modern parachuting, they mainly use “flowing” separation.

Training should begin on the ground, separated from the mock-up aircraft on a trampoline or on a stretched tarpaulin. The starting position of the athlete is the right leg parallel to the front edge of the door, left leg behind the right, the body is slightly bent, right hand holds the front edge of the door just above the hole for the latch. Left hand on the stopwatch button. Bringing your left leg overboard and giving a slight push right leg the athlete must separate and, turning on the stopwatch, lie down “on the stream” (tarpaulin, trampoline). In this case, the back should be slightly arched, the legs should be slightly bent at the knees and hip joint and separated, arms laid to the sides and bent at the elbow joints at an angle of approximately 90-120°.

Having practiced the “flying” separation method on the ground, you can move on to learning how to separate from an airplane in the air. At the same time, use all jumps according to the training program with stabilization of the fall, tightening the cover, unfastening the backpack.

After a stable separation “on the flow”, you can move on to learning to jump with a delay in opening the parachute.

Jumps with a delayed parachute opening must be preceded by special ground training, including practicing methods of separation from the aircraft and training in body control during free fall, orientation in the air and determining the timely and correct moment of parachute opening.

Parachutists who have well mastered a stable fall when separating from the aircraft in jumps with manual parachute deployment are allowed to perform TSPP with a delayed parachute opening.

Jumping with a delay in opening the parachute for more than 5 seconds. are carried out with the obligatory presence of a stopwatch on the parachutist, and if the delay is more than 10 seconds. with a stopwatch and altimeter.

Classes should be accompanied by a demonstration of exercises and training on parachute equipment (horizontal board, suspension system).

The most advantageous body position during a free fall with a parachute without a stabilizing device is considered to be one in which the parachutist falls face down with his arms and legs spread to the sides, while maintaining a deflection in the lower back and the position of symmetrically spread and slightly bent legs. The limbs of the body should be relaxed so as not to create conditions for a spin or a disorderly fall - this position of the body is considered to be “falling flat on your face.” The average vertical speed of fall, starting from the tenth second, is 48-50 m/sec.

The torso and thighs lie in the same horizontal plane, the shins are bent in knee joints at an angle of up to 90 degrees, toes pulled out. The angle between the thighs is up to 90 degrees. The elbows are bent 90 degrees. The angle between the body and the shoulder is 90 degrees. Shoulders and head raised. Fingers are brought together. The tips of your fingers and nose are on the same line. The muscles of the body are in a semi-relaxed state. Key points when taking a pose are deflection, symmetry And relaxation. This body position is “basic - neutral”, that is, all other body positions for maneuvers in free fall are made from it with the help of minimal body movements.

When practicing this pose on the ground, you should carefully remember which muscles of the body tense to maintain the pose and which should be relaxed. There should be only two points of tension: the area between the shoulder blades: the shoulder blades should be brought together, the head should be tilted back so that the eyes look parallel earth's surface, and the lumbar-femoral region: the pelvis must be moved forward, so that the navel (also the center of gravity of the body) is the most lowest point figures, hips should be raised, legs apart (not wide), toes pointed. The symmetry of the position of the legs and the absence of distortions of the body are the most important, since the legs and body account for most of the body surface and in the air flow they are powerful rudders. All other muscles should be relaxed.

Factors affecting novice parachutists after separation from the aircraft can lead to an inadequate reaction of the parachutist to what is happening. To reduce their impact, when separating from the aircraft, the parachutist needs to count down: “521, 522, 523, 524, 525” and comment on his actions with his voice. This also allows the novice skydiver to promptly use a reserve parachute in the event of an emergency. At the end of the countdown, the parachutist must pull out the main parachute ring. Increasing the free fall time before the safety device is activated is prohibited.

One of the reasons for a rotational fall may be an incorrect, excessively sharp separation of the parachutist from the aircraft. To take the most advantageous position during a free fall, you need to separate without sharp jolts, with a smooth transition to falling face down while simultaneously spreading your arms and legs to the sides. To maintain the most correct position in the air during a free fall or to eliminate an unfavorable (rotational) fall, the skydiver uses his arms and legs as control rudders.

The most common mistakes made by beginners are tense arms, incorrect bending point (chest instead of pelvis), lowering of the hips, and distortion of the body. Do not neglect practicing the free fall pose on the ground, “on stools”. Despite its apparent uselessness, this exercise is very effective. It is much more difficult to maintain such a position on land than in a stream. Therefore, the muscles involved in supporting the posture, which experience almost no such loads in Everyday life, work and develop intensively.

When the muscles remember this position and the body itself assumes it after any maneuver, then he is no longer in danger of a disorderly fall.

If the parachutist is tense in the air, strongly bent, then he feels the flow weakly, and then the free fall is accompanied by pecks, pitching, yaw, roll left and right, and can turn into a disorderly fall or a tailspin. Let's consider the causes of these phenomena and methods for eliminating them.

In summer the sun rises early. As soon as the evening dawn has time to pass its watch, it begins to turn red in the east, and soon the crimson-red disk of the daylight rolls out from behind the horizon.
Quiet, windless. Only in the heights does the lark sing, and grasshoppers chirp monotonously in the withered grass.
Despite the early hour, it was stuffy and hot. A group of headquarters officers led by General M.T. Tonkaev has just arrived in this deserted steppe. The officers crowd around a small table, where the navigator and tablet operator perch with their magazines and stopwatches. The general looked at his watch and quietly, as if to himself, noted:
- Now it starts...
The officers did not need to explain what exactly would begin. Today, on this plain, they had to receive from heavy Tu-4D airships flying at high speed, mass airborne assault. This was the first time such an experiment was carried out.

...Let's go aboard one of the approaching airships and see what's happening there now. On iron seats installed along the fuselage, pressed against each other, the paratroopers sit. One of them stands up and looks impatiently at his watch. There is a wary expectation in his gray eyes, his lips are tightly compressed. This is Vladimir Doronin, leading engineer for testing parachute equipment. Those sitting in the ship turned in his direction. Anxious seconds pass, and finally the green light comes on: “Get ready!” The bomb bays open immediately. Light splashed from below, illuminating the stern, concentrated faces of the paratroopers.
Everyone quickly rises from their seats. And here comes the familiar, but always alarming sounding signal: “Let’s go!”

The paratroopers, one after another, rush to the hatch and disappear into the gray void.
The moment has come for the releaser to jump. Vladimir Doronin takes one step, then another, and, habitually bending down, throws himself head down into the abyss whistling from the rushing stream of air. A tight wave immediately hit him in the face, turned his body and threw him forcefully to the side.
Then he felt a tug. But not like what happens when the main parachute canopy opens, but weak, barely noticeable. “Something is wrong!” - the thought burned. Doronin raised his head and saw above him white tongue panels The main part of the canopy, twisted into a rope, wriggled, clamped by the strong lines of the parachute.
Vladimir knew well what this meant.
“But if you open the reserve parachute now,” thought Vladimir, “then it, having escaped from the backpack, could wrap itself around the main parachute harness, and then it would be the end.”
Having waited for an opportune moment, Vladimir pulled the reserve parachute ring and heard a familiar pop sound. The parachute filled with air. The rapid decline stopped.
Having landed on a reserve parachute, Vladimir unfastened the harness and, happily stretching out on the warm ground, buried his face in the grass. My God, how nice these herbs smell, what a pristine aroma the earth itself exudes, how loudly the grasshoppers chirp. Why didn’t he notice this before, didn’t experience burning joy from both these smells and these sounds? And my heart beat loudly, with jubilation: alive, alive! After a while, he struggled to his feet and looked around. Not far away, three paratroopers lay in the grass, and nearby the faded and wrinkled panels of parachutes lay white. Has something happened to them?
But the paratroopers simultaneously, as if on command, rose up, collected parachutes and headed towards Doronin. Other paratroopers were also hurrying to the gathering place.
- What's happened? - the officer asked one of the paratroopers, who a minute ago was lying motionless in the grass. The guy stuttered and replied:
- The ku-pol ra-a-exploded...

The same story, it turns out, happened to his friend.
At this time, another nine aircraft appeared over the landing site. One after another, paratroopers fell from above. The sky turned white from parachutes. Something wrong happened to one of the paratroopers. Having overtaken his comrades, he continued to rapidly rush towards the ground. Behind him was a twisted rope of an unopened parachute.
Vladimir and the three paratroopers who approached him, holding their breath, watched as a man in trouble approached the ground.
- Tear the spare ring! - Doronin shouted, as if the paratrooper could hear his advice. But, to the joy of everyone watching, the canopy of the reserve parachute finally opened above the paratrooper.
When the last paratrooper landed on the ground, Vladimir headed to the collection point. The general was there. Doronin began to report to him about what had happened. But the general stopped him with a sharp gesture:
- I know. I know everything.
Vladimir detected irritation in the general’s tone. It's a joke: the landing almost ended in the death of several people.
What is the reason? Why did the canopies of the main parachutes fail to work in a number of cases, while Doronin’s main canopy was turned inside out, torn and almost completely twisted into a tight rope? For three people, the parachute lines were twisted to their entire length, and the canopies, as is commonly called, were “crushed.” In two cases, an unknown force rolled the panels of the main parachutes into a ball and tied them with lines.
Later it turned out that several people lost consciousness from the strong dynamic shock at the moment the parachutes opened; others received severe bruises to the head and face from the free ends of the suspension system.
In the evening, a group of officers and generals from the Airborne Forces headquarters arrived at the field site where the troops were landing. Such a phenomenon, when about ten parachutes failed to work at once, over the entire history of the Airborne Forces not noted. The headquarters became alarmed: the D-1, which had faithfully served the paratroopers for many years, suddenly misfired.
A commission was urgently created. Vladimir Doronin also joined it as a leading testing engineer. The specialists meticulously examined every fold of the parachutes, checked the lines by touch, opened and closed the backpacks, hoping to find at least the slightest clue. But in vain. No flaws were found in the parachutes.

What's the matter then? This issue was discussed at a meeting of specialists. They spoke heatedly, passionately, and sometimes argued. In the end they came to the conclusion: the speed at which the jumps were made from airplanes was to blame. The old, faithful D-1 was at odds with her.
- What do we do? - the general who led the landing operation asked the meeting participants. - Should we go back to the slow-moving vehicles? But this is not a solution. In the near future we will receive new, even faster aircraft. What is your opinion, Comrade Doronin?
The general knew Vladimir as a master of sports, the inventor of many devices that found wide application in the troops.
“I can’t give an explanation right away, Comrade General,” answered Vladimir. “I am firmly convinced of one thing - the D-1 is not suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.” We need to create something new. The development of a new parachute was carried out earlier. Even individual samples appeared. But practical application they didn’t find it: the parachutes turned out to be heavy and cumbersome.
The Doronins took up the creation of a new model. Logic prompted the inventors that since the D-1 behaves abnormally at high flight speeds in a highly disturbed air flow, it means that it is necessary to look for a fundamentally new, consistent scheme for its entry into action. The gradual entry of the parachute into operation should guarantee not only the trouble-free and normal opening of the main canopy, but also bring the large dynamic load experienced by the paratrooper to normal limits.
The Doronins made hundreds of various calculations, testing the developed structures in the air. To do this, we had to repeatedly jump from high-speed planes ourselves, and in especially dangerous cases, entrust the experiment to the trouble-free “Ivan Ivanovich”. In the end, the picture, as if on photographic paper dipped into a developer, appeared before them quite clearly.

As soon as the paratrooper leaves the plane, a small canopy of a stabilizing parachute opens behind his shoulders. In a strongly disturbed air flow, it immediately positions the person with his feet down during the flight, stops his random somersault, and reduces the speed of the fall.
At the same time, the stabilizing parachute also pulls out of the backpack the upper part of the main canopy, which is placed in a cover - a train, on which the paratrooper carries out a stabilizing descent to the desired height. Then the automatic device PPD-10 or KAP-3 is triggered, releasing the stabilizing parachute, and it, in turn, easily “takes out” the rest of the main canopy from the inner pocket of the backpack, pulls off the cover from it, and then the canopy fully comes into operation.
Now the parachutist could be firmly confident that the surprises that made themselves felt during the release of a mass landing at high flight speed would no longer lie in wait for him. A stabilizing parachute guarantees the normal opening of the main parachute, regardless of the aircraft's flight speed, and protects against strong dynamic shock and all kinds of injuries.
The use of a new landing parachute, named D-1-8, significantly contributed to the rapid development of high-speed transport aviation. He passed state and military tests and was accepted for airborne weapons and the Air Force. Its first testers were the inventors themselves and their friends V. G. Romanyuk, N. K. Nikitin, A. V. Vanyarho. The D-1-8 was used to jump from An-8, An-10, An-12, Tu-4D and other aircraft, and in all cases it behaved impeccably.
Tests, as well as mass landings at various military exercises from high-speed aircraft, led to the conclusion that the scheme proposed by the Doronins for the sequential introduction of landing parachutes into operation has no equal. Its advantage was that it prevented the pilot parachutes from getting caught in the lines of the main canopies. The lines of the pilot chute could no longer catch on the legs, head, weapons, or equipment of the paratrooper.
Previously, during jumps, the lines of the main canopy were often tied with so-called “mechanical knots”, pinching the lower edges of the canopies. Sometimes the lines overlapped the canopies and, naturally, did not allow them to work normally. And how people suffered when the free ends of the suspension system hit their face or head. Now such phenomena were no longer observed.
The sequential scheme for the entry into force of D-1-8 reduced the dynamic load on a person by two to three times, because the speed of the fall was gradually extinguished.
Of no small importance was the fact that the parachutist, immediately after separating from the plane, took a position with his feet downstream. He did not experience any somersaults or strong rotations, had a good view of the surrounding space and convenient access to the exhaust rings of the main and reserve parachutes, if he had to use them if necessary.
This circumstance was also very important. The new parachute did not exclude, but assumed the use of any previously produced serial canopies, because the stabilizing parachute took a significant share of the dynamic load on itself. The production domes remained the same.
All this gave great economic effect. If you calculate the cost of the material previously spent on the production of parachutes, and present the labor of the factory teams in monetary terms, you will get a figure of millions of rubles.
The main thing was that within two years all airborne and aviation units were provided with new parachutes suitable for jumping from high-speed aircraft.

The Doronins created not only the parachute itself. They developed an original two-cone lock for the stabilizing system, introduced automatic parachute deployment machines, and used the parachute pack as a power system that takes on dynamic loads. All this was a significant contribution to the development of domestic parachute equipment and confirmed the priority of our Motherland in this area.
The Doronins are primarily responsible for the development of the D-1-8. But together with them, other specialists worked on its creation: design engineer F. D. Tkachev, who had previously created a round dome for the D-1, designers A. F. Zimina, I. M. Artemov, S. D. Khakhilev , I. S. Stepanenko, who developed a lineless ball pilot chute, Colonels V. P. Ivanov, M. V. Arabin, A. V. Vanyarho, A. F. Shukaev, N. Ya. Gladkov, engineer-lieutenant colonel A. V Alekseev, head of the political department of the formation, Colonel I. I. Bliznyuk.
Tests of the new parachute were carried out under the leadership of generals S. E. Rozhdestvensky, A. I. Zigaev and I. I. Lisov.

The appearance of D-1-8 parachutes had an impact on increasing the combat readiness of the airborne troops. With them, paratroopers jumped from high-speed planes at the largest military exercises “Dnepr”, “Dvina”, “South”.

In the summer of 1967, an air parade took place at the Domodedovo airfield near Moscow. It was dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet state. Participants and spectators of this grandiose celebration probably remember this picture: an armada of heavy airships appeared on the western side of the airfield. They walked in tight battle formation. Soon the sky above the airfield was filled with bright domes.
And the planes kept coming and going. Some paratroopers left the planes, others, having landed, rushed to carry out the combat mission. Over a thousand people with weapons in their hands for a record short term then sank to the ground. It was a breathtaking and unforgettable sight.
Massive parachute landing from high-speed aircraft! It became possible due to the fact that new equipment entered service with the army. And also because the D-1-8 parachute appeared. He turned out to be high
reliability.

One document signed by the commander of the Airborne Forces, Colonel General V.F. Margelov on May 10, 1967, states:
“The D-1-8 landing parachute has a fundamentally new sequential scheme for putting it into operation, which allowed the Airborne Forces and VTA to conduct normally combat training personnel to perform jumps from all types of modern aircraft at flight speeds of up to 400 km/h according to the instrument and to be constantly in combat readiness for landing. This was convincingly demonstrated at the air parade in 1961 in Moscow and at many exercises of the Warsaw Pact countries and was twice praised by the Marshal of the Soviet Union, Comrade. Malinovsky R. Ya. in his speeches at the XXII and XXIII Congresses of the CPSU. Currently, more than three million jumps have been made on D-1-8 parachutes, and they “have shown high reliability in operation.”

Meanwhile, by chance, this parachute might not have seen the light of day if the commander of the airborne troops, V. F. Margelov, had not taken part in its fate. He showed foresight, determination, and took responsibility when the fate of a new product hung in the balance.

This happened at the first stage of military tests, when only one hundred and fifty jumps were included in the D-1-8’s track record. One of the paratroopers hurried to leave the plane and during the jump made a mistake that cost him his life. The free part of the main parachute canopy fell under his feet in the bend of his knees and grabbed him from below. The parachutist, falling backwards, did not take any measures to change his body position. Apparently he went into shock.
Everyone focused their attention on the black dot rapidly approaching the ground. Finally, the canopy of the reserve parachute rose above the man. But it was already too late. To stop the rapid fall, the paratrooper lacked some ten to fifteen meters of height.
What was the cause of the parachutist's death? The guy apparently lost consciousness, some said. Others suggested a different basis for the emergency: the parachute, they say, was not brought to full condition and it would be better to postpone military tests.

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Fedor Lushnikov

I. PACKING A PARACHUTE FOR A JUMP WITH FORCED OPENING OF THE KACK AND PULLING OFF THE COVER FROM THE DOME WITH AN EXTRACTION LINK

Stowing a parachute for a jump with forced opening of the backpack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pulling rope includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
3. Packing the parachute.
4. Attaching the traction rope to the bridle of the canopy cover and to the loop of the traction rope, tightening the backpack.
5. Laying a traction rope under the backpack rubbers.

1. Inspection.

Inspection and preparation of a parachute for a jump with forced opening of the backpack and pulling the cover from the canopy with a pulling rope should be carried out in the same order as indicated in paragraph I of Section IV, with the exception of subparagraphs c and f.

Before preparing the parachute for stowage, disconnect the lineless ball parachute from the bridle of the canopy cover. Attach the end loop of the traction rope to the bridle of the canopy cover using a noose loop. Further preparation for stowing the parachute is carried out in the same way as indicated in paragraph 2 of the section Stowing for uncrewing

3. Packing the parachute.

Laying the canopy, putting the cover on the canopy, checking and laying the slings in the honeycombs of the cover and placing the canopy in the cover on the backpack is carried out as indicated in paragraphs 3, 4, 5 of the section Laying for unfastening. Upon completion of laying the dome, tie a break sling to the top of the dome (Fig. 36).

4. Attaching the traction rope to the bridle of the canopy cover and to the loop of the traction rope, tightening the backpack.

After stowing the canopy with the cover on the backpack, move the parachute to the end of the table to the location of the parachute parts and accessories for stowage.

Attach the exhaust cable to the loop of the pull link, located in the middle of the rope, using a noose loop (Fig. 38). Tie both ends of the break sling to the loop of the traction link located at its end (Fig. 37, node A and B) so that when tensioned, one end of the break sling has a slack (Fig. 37, node B) equal to a quarter of the tensioned break slings.

Rice. 37

Rice. 38

Tighten the backpack as indicated in paragraph 6 of the Uncrewing section, excluding stowing the pilot parachute. Place the loop of the exhaust link, tied to the bridle of the canopy cover, between the right and top valves of the backpack so that the knot comes out from under the right valve (Fig. 39).

Rice. 39

5. Laying a traction rope under the backpack rubbers.

Tuck the traction rope from end loop to loop with the attached traction rope under the backpack rubbers so that the bends of the rope extend beyond the backpack rubbers by 40-60 mm.

Thread the pull-out link loop with the attached pull-out cable and the end of the flexible hose between the top and right side valves (Fig. 40, A).

The section of the pull link between the loop with the pull rope and the end loop, the length of which when folded is not enough to tuck it under the lower backpack rubber, is tightly tied with a safety thread in two folds at the point where the rope bends with a ring located on the right side flap of the backpack (Fig. 40, B).

Tuck the rest of the traction link under the upper and lower backpack rubbers. Insert the rope carabiner into the pocket (Fig. 40).

Rice. 40

After stowing the parachute, make the necessary entries in paragraph 11 of the parachute passport in accordance with the rules for maintaining the passport set out in it.

STACKING A PARACHUTE FOR JUMPING WITH FORCED OPENING OF THE KACK (ON CROSSING)

Stowing the parachute is carried out by two people - the packer (responsible for packing) and the helper.
The stages of packing the parachute are controlled by the instructor.
Before stowing, the parachute must be thoroughly inspected to determine its suitability for use.
Any unusable parts found should be replaced with spare parts or repaired by the organization that owns the parachute. Repair and replacement of parachute parts should be carried out in accordance with Instruction No. 008-62 for military repair of parachute equipment.

Packing a parachute for a jump includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
2. Preparing the parachute for stowage.
3. Laying the canopy and checking the lines.
4. Putting the cover on the canopy and laying the lines in the honeycombs of the canopy cover.
5. Stowing the canopy in the case on the backpack.
6. Laying the lanyardless ball parachute on the stowed canopy in the cover and tightening the backpack.
7. Attaching the traction rope to the traction rope and placing it under the backpack rubber.

1. Inspection.

Inspect the parachute in the following order:
a) canopy with slings;
b) dome cover;
c) a lineless ball parachute;
d) suspension system;
e) a backpack with flexible hoses and a reserve parachute mount;
e) a pull ring with a cable loop;
g) exhaust three;
h) pull rope;
i) protective cover;
j) carrying bag.
a) Inspection of the canopy with slings

Take slings No. 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18 and No. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and stretch the canopy along the table over the entire length of the panels (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2

Moving from the edges to the middle of the dome and lifting the panels, inspect them in the light over the entire width of the squares. At the same time, check that the stitching and fabric of the dome are not damaged. Thus, inspect the entire dome. Damage to the dome fabric and stains from liquids that destroy the fabric are not allowed.
Then proceed to inspect the canopy lines. Disassemble the slings, place them tightly one to the other and tighten. Inspect all the slings from all sides, starting from the bottom edge to the half-ring buckles, rolling them with the palms of your hands on the table. Pay attention to the places where the control lines are sewn.

b) Inspection of the dome cover
When inspecting the canopy cover, check whether the cover fabric, stitching, reinforcing tapes, bridle, rubber honeycomb, line guard, pockets for storing lines are damaged, and also check the rubber removable honeycombs.
If the rubber honeycombs protecting the apron of the base of the cover rupture, they must be replaced with new ones.
Repairing rubber honeycombs is strictly prohibited.

c) Inspection of a lanyardless ball parachute
When inspecting a lanyardless ball parachute, check for damage to the parachute fabric, tears in the parachute stitching and tension cords. Check the serviceability of the spring mechanism, the pins for securing the folded ball parachute and the reliability of its sewing.
Note. A lanyardless ball parachute that has a deformed spring mechanism is not allowed for use. It is necessary to straighten the springs of the spring mechanism and only then allow the parachute to be used.

d) Inspection of the suspension system
When inspecting the suspension system, check its metal parts: OSK locks, fastening brackets with clamps, half-ring buckles, carabiners, and also check the sewing of flexible hoses.
Check for damage to the straps of the half-ring buckles mounted on the free ends through which the control slings pass, for any broken stitching, and for any damage to the pull ring pocket.
On the textile parts of the suspension system, damage to the tapes and fabric and stains from liquids that destroy the fabric are not allowed.

e) Inspection of the backpack with flexible hoses and reserve parachute attachment
When examining the backpack Special attention pay attention to the serviceability of the cord ring, eyelets and cones, check the presence of wire loops, backpack rubbers and their attachment to the loops on the backpack valves, rubber honeycombs, ties, the pocket of the semi-automatic device and pockets on the inside of the bottom of the backpack, check the serviceability of flexible hoses and reliability their sewing, serviceability of carabiners for attaching the reserve parachute.
If the braiding of the cord ring is damaged, it must be replaced with a new spare one. It is strictly forbidden to use a cord ring with a damaged cord braid.
In case of rupture, rubber honeycombs are replaced with new ones. Repairing rubber honeycombs is prohibited.

f) Inspection of the pull ring with cable loop
Inspect the pull ring with the cable loop and check whether the seal of the cable loop and the stopper solder are secure.
Straighten sharp kinks in the cable. If it is impossible to straighten the pull rope of the pull ring, do not use it.

g) Inspection of the exhaust cable
When inspecting the exhaust cable, check whether the cable pins are securely sealed and whether the pins are bent.
Straighten sharp kinks in the cable. If it is impossible to straighten the pull rope, do not use it.

h) Inspection of the traction rope
When inspecting the traction rope, check for damage to individual threads of the tape and the cover, and also check the serviceability of the carabiner.

i) Inspection of the protective cover
When inspecting the safety cover, check for damage to the fabric of the cover and loop, as well as to the stitching.

j) Inspection of the carrying bag
When inspecting a portable bag, check for stains of unknown origin, tears, and also check for the presence of half-ring buckles.

2. Preparing the parachute for stowage.

After inspecting the parachute, insert the release ring cable into the flexible hose and the ring into the harness pocket.
Connect both buckles of the right and left free ends (if the free ends of the suspension system are disconnected) respectively with the OSK locks on the suspension system.
Make the connection as follows:
insert the lock buckle into the profiled cutouts of the lock body, observing the correct installation of the dome slings (first lift the buckle safety lock with the belt loop up), press the triggers and insert the lock lever into the slot in the cylindrical surface of the saddle;
Move the safety button to its extreme position by first pressing the safety lock. When the lock is installed correctly, the red signal dots on the lever and on the seat body should be closed. Lower the buckle guard down onto the lock buckle and secure it with a belt loop. Attention! Parachutes with harness systems without OSK locks are allowed.
Place all stowage equipment on the table next to the backpack.
Place the suspension system on the table as if it were put on a person standing facing the dome. The pull ring pocket on the hanging system should be located on the left side and facing the table surface. Place the free ends in pairs by stitching the half-ring buckles together inside.
A properly laid hanging system on a table has the rear risers at the top.
Place the parachute pack on the harness so that the top valve faces the canopy, bend the valves.
Attach (in case of replacing the cord ring) the cord ring to the ring on the backpack with a noose loop and fasten it with nylon threads.
Attach the loop of the safety cover to the loop of the exhaust cable with a noose loop (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3

Attach the thimble of the pilotless ball parachute to the bridle of the canopy cover with a noose loop (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4

Pass the laying tube through the holes of the grommet and the middle washer of the spring mechanism and put it on the cone located on the lower base of the conical spring. Using a laying tube, compress the springs of a ball pilot chute without a line, keep the parachute in a compressed state and, having removed the laying tube, secure it with a pin-pin fixed at the top of the ball parachute (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5

3. Laying the canopy and checking the lines.

Before laying the canopy, place the dome bridle on a table peg (or on a metal crutch when laying it on a camping surface in the field). Extend the dome to its full length. Take red sling 14, tighten it and, holding it on the table, throw the left half of the dome to the right side of the table. Place sling 15 on sling 14 (Fig. 6)

Rice. 6

Lay the panel from the bottom edge to the top of the dome so that the stitched frame tape lies in the middle of the table (Fig. 7). Similarly, lay all the panels of the left half of the dome up to the panel with markings and place weights along the entire length of the folded part of the dome (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7

Rice. 8

Transfer the right half of the dome onto the folded left half. Lay the right half of the dome on the right side of the table in the same way as laying the left half of the dome. A correctly laid dome should have a panel with markings on top (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9

Fold each half of the dome on both sides and overlap it along the width of the dome cover. Place weights on the folded dome along its entire length (Fig. 11).

Rice. eleven

Check that the slings are positioned correctly. To do this, tighten all the slings of the dome, pass the laying ruler near the free ends of the suspension system under the slings of the upper pair of free ends of the suspension system and pass from the suspension system to the lower edge of the dome (Fig. 10, 11). When installed correctly, the entire upper half of the dome rises.

Rice. 10

4. Putting the cover on the canopy and laying the lines in the honeycombs of the canopy cover.

Remove the weights from the dome and disconnect the dome bridle from the table peg. Place your hand inside the dome cover and grasp the top of the dome (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12

Unscrew the canopy cover strap fuse, grasp the lower edge of the canopy cover and pull the canopy cover onto the canopy.
Insert the stacking frame into the tape pockets on the cover. Grab all the slings at a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of the dome and place them in the middle of the cover between the honeycombs (Fig. 13, A).
Cover the bottom edge of the dome with an apron. Having threaded the double removable rubber honeycombs into the holes of the cover apron, bend a bunch of slings along the mark on the slings and, using a hook passed through the right rubber honeycomb, pull them into the cell of the rubber honeycomb.
Then remove the hook from the slings, similarly drag the slings into the left rubber honeycomb, tuck the bundles of slings coming out of the honeycomb into the pockets (Fig. 13, B).
After closing the apron with lines, it is necessary to leave slack in the lines to prevent the lines from being knocked out of the closing honeycombs when the canopy collapses in the cover at the beginning of the parachute operation.
Continue laying the slings from the right cell of the honeycomb cover (Fig. 13, B).

Rice. 13

During installation, do not allow the slings to twist! As the slings are laid in the honeycombs, pull the suspension system towards the canopy.
Place the slings in the honeycombs of the cover according to the mark on the canopy slings. After laying the lines in the honeycombs of the canopy cover, remove the laying frame from the pockets and close the laid lines with the line guard (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14

5. Stowing the canopy in the backpack case

Move the backpack towards the canopy placed in the cover. Place the free ends of the suspension system at the bottom of the backpack so that each pair of free ends is located between the rubber honeycomb and the pocket (Fig. 15, A). In order to eliminate the possibility of the brakes getting tangled in the canopy lines, make sure that when laying the brakes they do not get caught in the lines.

Rice. 15 A

Thread the rubber honeycombs into the holes of the pockets (Fig. 15, B).

Rice. 15 B

Seal the left rubber honeycomb with a common group of slings, paying attention that the stitching points of the slings do not fall into the securing honeycomb. Seal the right rubber honeycomb in the same way (Fig. 15, B).

Rice. 15 V

Place the canopy in the case on the bottom of the backpack for a length equal to the length of the bottom of the backpack, so that the lower edge of the case rests on the edge of the bottom from the side of the lower valve of the backpack, and the laid lines are on top (Fig. 16, A).

Rice. 16

Place the canopy in the case again to the length of the backpack and tuck it at the top flap into the pockets mounted on the bottom of the backpack, and then tuck it into the pockets on the side of the bottom flap.
Next, again grabbing the canopy in the case for the length of the backpack, continue laying it.
In this way, place the canopy in the case on the backpack, leaving the top of the case with the dome unpacked. After placing the canopy in the case on the backpack, the top of the case with the canopy and with the ball lineless pilot chute should be located on the side of the bottom valve of the backpack (Fig. 16, B).

6. Laying the lanyardless ball parachute on the stowed canopy in the cover and tightening the pack

Move the parachute to the edge of the table, where the stowage accessories are located, and tighten the pack.
Place the folded lanyardless pilot parachute on top of the cover with the canopy placed in it, shifting it downward so that the cone of the lanyardless ball pilot chute is against the third eyelet on the right valve of the backpack, and the hole in the cone is along the backpack (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17

Pressing the lanyardless ball parachute against the sides of the stowed canopy in the case, pull the right side flap of the backpack onto it, put the third grommet of the right side valve from the top onto the cone of the lanyardless ball parachute, after first removing the pin from the cone, and insert the auxiliary pin into the hole of the cone over the eyelet of the right side flap (Fig. 18). Place the pin-pin of the ball pilot parachute without a line into the honeycomb. Then thread the draw cord into the loop of the cord ring and use the draw cord to bring the cord ring out into the second eyelet of the right side flap from the top. Insert an auxiliary pin into the loop of the cord ring (Fig. 19) and carefully pull the tightening cord out of the loop.

Rice. 18

Rice. 19

Carefully pulling the cord out of the loop of the cord ring will increase the number of times it can be used.
Pass the flexible hose of the traction cable into the belt loop on the right back-shoulder girth of the harness. Then assemble the safety cover at the pull-cord loop and thread the pull-out cable into the hose for forced opening of the backpack (Fig. 20).

Rice. 20

After this, cover part of the flexible hose up to the belt loop with a protective cover. Pull the cone of the top valve under the grommet of the left side flap (Fig. 21) and put the grommet on the cone.

Rice. 21

Insert an auxiliary pin into the hole in the cone (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22

Place the upper eyelet of the right flap of the backpack onto the cone of the upper flap, remove the auxiliary pin from the hole in the cone and reinsert it into this hole on top of the right flap. Thread the first pull-out cable pin into the pull-out ring cable loop and insert it into the hole in the top valve cone, removing the auxiliary pin (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23

Insert the middle pin of the traction rope into the loop of the cord ring of the side flap of the backpack over the grommet, removing the auxiliary pin (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24

Place the fourth eyelet of the right side flap onto the cone of the left side flap (Fig. 25) and insert the auxiliary pin into the hole in the cone (Fig. 26).

Rice. 25

Rice. 26

Place the grommet buckle on the cone (Fig. 27) and insert the third pull-cord pin into the hole in the cone over the grommet buckle, having previously removed the auxiliary pin.

Rice. 27

Then remove the auxiliary pin from the cone of the pilot parachute (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28

After tightening the backpack, the hole in the eyelet of the pilot parachute must coincide with the hole in the grommet of the right side flap of the backpack, while the cone of the ball parachute must be visible through the holes in the eyelets.
Using a ruler, tuck the lapels with the pockets of the top and side flaps. When filling the valves, be careful not to damage the fabric of the pilot parachute, the canopy cover and the canopy with the laying ruler. Fasten the safety valve (Fig. 29). Tie the ends of the ribbon tie on the top flap with a bow.

Rice. 29

Then you should check whether the backpack rubber pendants are sufficiently clamped in the wire loops on the valves, whether the backpack rubbers are threaded into the belt loops, and fasten the backpack rubbers.
Fasten the backpack rubbers of the upper flap after all the backpack rubbers have been fastened.

7. Attaching the traction rope to the traction rope and placing it under the backpack rubber

After tightening the backpack, pass the end of the flexible hose with the pull cord under the right free ends of the harness. Thread the loop of the traction rope into the loop at the end of the traction rope, then pass the end of the rope with a carabiner into the loop of the cable and tighten the loop (Fig. 30).

Rice. thirty

Tuck the end of the flexible hose into the backpack under the right side valve. Tuck the traction rope under the upper and lower backpack rubbers on the right side flap and secure it by tying the loop of the traction rope with a safety thread in two layers with a ring attached to the right flap of the backpack (Fig. 31). The bends of the traction rope should extend beyond the backpack rubber by 40-60 mm. Insert the traction rope carabiner into the pocket on the right side flap.

Rice. 31

PACKING A PARACHUTE FOR JUMPING WITH MANUAL OPENING OF THE KACK

Packing a parachute for a jump with manual opening of the backpack includes the following operations:

1. Inspection.
2. Preparing the parachute for stowage.
3. Packing the parachute.
4. Installation of a semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575 on a backpack.
5. Laying a traction rope under the backpack rubbers.

1. Inspection

a) Inspection of the parachute.

Inspect and prepare a parachute for a jump with manual deployment in the same order as indicated in paragraph I of section IV, with the exception of subparagraphs f, g, i. In addition, inspect the exhaust ring with three studs.

When inspecting the pull ring, check whether the braiding and soldering of the cable pins are broken, and whether there are cracks on the ring body.

b) Inspection of the PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575 device.

It is allowed to install a serviceable device on the parachute, on which the following work has been performed:

1) external inspection with checking the position of the aneroid stop;

2) checking for “bleeding” of the clock mechanism and jamming of the flexible pin when it is slowly withdrawn from the shutter;

3) checking the operation of the clock and exhaust mechanisms;

4) checking the accuracy of the device on the time and altitude scales. The work is carried out in accordance with the technical description and installation and operating instructions for the device with the appropriate filling out of the passport for it.

2. Preparing the parachute for stowage

After inspecting all parts of the parachute, insert the cable with the pull ring pins into the flexible hose, and insert the pull ring body into the pull ring pocket on the harness.

Further preparation for stowing the parachute with manual opening of the backpack should be carried out as indicated in the section Stowing for uncrewing, paragraph 2, EXCEPT for the operation “Attach the loop of the safety cover with a noose loop to the loop of the traction rope” (Fig. 3).

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Attach the small loop of the flexible pin halyard to the flexible pin of the device using a noose loop and place the paperclip in accordance with the technical description and instructions for installation and operation of the device.

3. Parachute stowage

Laying the canopy and checking the slings, putting the cover on the canopy, laying the slings in the honeycombs of the canopy cover and tightening the backpack are carried out as indicated in paragraphs 3-6 of the section Laying for unchecking, except that instead of the pull-out rope studs, use the pull-ring studs, and Do not tie the ribbon-tie and do not fasten the backpack rubbers.

After tightening the backpack, pass the flexible hose for the exhaust cable for forced opening of the backpack under the right free ends and tuck it into the side valve hose fastening tape.

4. Installation of a semi-automatic device on a backpack

When jumping with manual deployment of the parachute pack, use a semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A or KAP-3P-575.

When installing the device you must:

a) attach a halyard with a flexible pin to the end loop of the traction rope using a noose loop;

b) insert the flexible pin into the device. The flexible pin should be inserted into the device with some braking in the shutter. In cases where the flexible pin, having passed the shutter, seems to encounter an obstacle, the device should be swung sharply in the plane of the time scale - the balance will take desired position and the obstacle will be removed. After this, smoothly (without jerking) cock the device (power springs);

c) set the specified height and specified time on the instrument scales and lock the flexible pin with a locking thread in one fold (Fig. 32);

Rice. 32

d) insert the bayonet nut pin into the hole in the plate head and turn the device hose so that it takes a position along the axis of the parachute pack cones (Fig. 33, A);

e) unscrew the screw with the loop from the special cable nut and remove the loop from the screw slot (Fig. 33, B);

f) put a loop on the parachute pull ring cable pin closest (first) to the device hose.
You cannot put a loop on the pull ring cable, as this will lead to the parachute pack not opening;

g) put a screw on the loop and screw a special nut onto it. Pay special attention to ensure that the screw is completely screwed into the special nut. If the screw does not screw in completely, you need to tighten the clamp in the special nut until the end, and then screw the special nut back onto the screw with a loop (Fig. 33, B);

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h) insert the device into the pocket of the parachute pack and tie it to the pack with ribbons;

i) adjust the slack of the cable within 10-15 mm by rotating the hose relative to the bayonet nut;

j) strengthen the device hose so that it fits tightly along the entire length to the parachute backpack, and the tip of the hose is located on the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the plate.

Fasten the safety valve of the backpack. Then you should check whether the pendant hooks of the backpack rubbers are sufficiently clamped in the metal loops on the valves, whether the backpack rubbers are threaded into the belt loops, and fasten the backpack rubbers.

Fasten the backpack rubbers of the upper flap of the backpack after all the backpack rubbers have been fastened.

Note. When setting the trigger altitude on the device, it is necessary to take into account atmospheric (barometric) pressure and the terrain in the area of possible landing. It is not recommended to use the 0.3 km mark on the PPK-U-575 device, since given height is within the range of changes in atmospheric pressure even in areas located at sea level.

A view of the stowed parachute is shown in Fig. 34.

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5. Laying the traction rope under the backpack rubbers

To do this you need:

a) tuck the traction rope under the upper and lower backpack rubbers on the right side flap and lock it, for which purpose tie the middle loop of the traction rope with a safety thread in two layers with a ring attached to the right valve of the backpack (Fig. 35). The bends of the traction rope should extend beyond the backpack rubber by 40-60 mm;

b) insert the carabiner of the traction rope into the pocket on the right side flap;

c) close the safety valve and fasten it with turnstile buttons.

Parachute system D-1-5U

PURPOSE AND TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA

The D-1-5U controllable training parachute is designed for training jumps.

1. The design of the parachute provides the following tactical and technical data with a total flight weight of the parachutist with parachutes of 120 kg:

a) reliable operation at an altitude of up to 1000 m, both when it is immediately put into operation at a flight speed of a horizontally flying aircraft up to 250 km/h, and with any delay in opening the pack, while the maximum overloads occurring at the moment of filling the canopy do not exceed 10 ;

b) the minimum safe height for a jump from a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 180 km/h with immediate deployment of the parachute - 150 m;

c) the average vertical speed of descent, normalized to the standard atmosphere, measured in a section 30-35 m from the ground - 5.11 m/s, with a standard deviation - 0.21 m/s;

d) stability during decline;
e) control of the parachute using two control lines;

f) reversal of the canopy and horizontal movement of the parachutist during the descent, and:
- turn the canopy 360° in any direction in no more than 18 s when one of the two control lines is tensioned;
- horizontal movement of the parachute forward with average speed 2.47 m/s;

g) use of a semi-automatic parachute deployment device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575;

h) disconnecting the canopy from the suspension system, which has OSK locks, both on the ground and in the air;

i) use of a reserve parachute type 3-2, 3-1P, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5;

j) the force required to pull out the pull ring or pull rope both during forced opening of the backpack and manually - no more than 16 kg;

k) assigned (technical) resource - 200 jumps during the service life of the parachute, subject to timely military repairs and replacement of the canopy cover from spare parts.

2. Dimensions of the stowed parachute:
length - 570 + 20 mm,
width - 377 + 20 mm,
height - 262 + 20 mm.

3. The weight of the parachute with a semi-automatic device without a carrying bag is no more than 17.5 kg.

DESCRIPTION

The parachute kit (Fig. 1, 2, 3) includes the following parts:

1. Pull rope (1)
2. Protective cover (2)
3. Pull rope (3)
4. Lineless pilot parachute (4)
5. Dome cover (5)
6. Break line (6)
7. Dome 82.5 m2 (7)
8. Hanging system with jumper (8)
9. Backpack with reserve parachute mount (9)
10. Pull ring (10)
11. Carrying bag (11)
12. Pull ring with cable loop (12)
13. Device PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575
14. Flexible hose
15. Flexible pin halyard
16. Passport

1. Pull rope (pull link, mommy)

The pull rope (Fig. 4) is designed to activate a semi-automatic parachute device when manually putting the parachute into operation or to force the parachute pack to open.

It is made of nylon tape with the strength 1200 kg(LTKMkrP-27-1200). The length of the pulling rope is 3 m. At one end of the rope there is a carabiner 1 for connection to the cable inside the aircraft. At the other end there is a loop 3 for attaching a halyard with a flexible pin of a parachute semi-automatic device when manually deploying a parachute, or for attaching a loop of a ripcord when jumping from an airplane with forced unchecking of the backpack valves, or for attaching a bridle of the canopy cover when jumping with forced tightening of the cover from the dome. On distance 1.4 m from this loop there is a second loop 4 for securing the traction rope when jumping with forced opening of the backpack or for attaching a loop of the traction rope when jumping with forced pulling of the cover from the canopy with a traction rope. To protect the traction rope from burns, a cover 2 made of cotton tape (LHBMkr-35-260) in the form of a hollow hose is put on it. Such covers are placed on all rope loops and on the carabiner. To control the pulling rope on both sides, the carabiner has a red tape.

2. Lineless pilot parachute (VSHBP)

The pilot chute (Fig. 5) is designed to pull the cover off the main canopy. The pilot chute consists of two main parts: the parachute base 1 and the spring mechanism 2.

The upper part of the parachute base has a hemispherical shape and is made of orange nylon fabric (art. 56005krP). The lower part of the parachute base, attached along the perimeter of the hemisphere to the upper one, also has a hemispherical shape, turning into a conical one.
The hemispherical part is made of nylon mesh fabric, and the conical part is made of nylon fabric (art. 56005krP).
On the outer surface of the parachute base there are sewn four nylon reinforcing tapes with the strength 150 kg(LTKP-25-150) or 200 kg(LTKP-25-200), evenly distributed over the surface in the meridional direction. At the intersection of the ribbons on the pole there is a grommet with a sewing washer 3.
At the bottom, the tapes are brought together into thimble 7. A cover made of SHTKP-15-550 cord is put on the thimble. Using a thimble, the pilot chute is attached to the bridle of the canopy cover. On one of the ribbons on the upper hemispherical part of the pilot chute there are sewn a honeycomb (gazyr) 4 and a ribbon with a pin - pin 5.
The pin is designed to secure the spring mechanism of the pilot chute when folded. The spring mechanism consists of eight meridionally located spokes ending with heads, which are secured at the pole with washers. The upper washer is located under the grommet mounted on the pole of the parachute base. Between the top washer and the eyelet there is a washer made of organic glass or nylon.
The conical spring has 5,8 working turns, while 2,9 its coils are located inside a spherical spring mechanism. The spokes of the spherical spring mechanism wrap around the upper and middle turns of the conical spring, which are connected by a limiter made of nylon cord with strength 120 kg(ShKP-120), which helps maintain the spherical shape of the parachute during its operation.
On the lower base of the conical spring there is a plate on which a cone 6 is located, intended for locking the spring mechanism in a compressed state. When pinning, the cone is passed through the holes of the upper and middle washer, brought out through the grommet and pinned with a pin-pin secured to the base of the parachute.
When stowing the parachute, the pilot chute pin is tucked into the honeycomb using tape.

3. Dome cover

The canopy cover is designed to streamline the process of filling the canopy and reduce cases of slings overlapping it.

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The dome cover (Fig. 6) is made of orange percale B (art. 7015cr), has the shape of a sleeve 1 length 5.28 m and is worn over the entire length of the folded dome.
The entire length of the cover is reinforced with 2 strength tapes 150 kg(LHB-25-150), which in its upper part form a bridle 3 for attaching a pilotless ball parachute.
There are two pockets 4 sewn into the upper part of the cover, which facilitate the release of the lines from the honeycomb and the pulling of the cover from the canopy.
At the bottom of the case there is one pair of double rubber (removable) honeycombs 5, eleven pairs of rubber (non-removable) honeycombs 6 and two tapes for the stacking frame 7.
The apron of the cover has two windows 8 for the passage of double rubber (removable) honeycombs.
Above the windows there are pockets for storing bundles of slings.
Bundles of slings, inserted into double rubber (removable) honeycombs, seal the lower part of the cover and prevent the canopy from leaving the cover prematurely.
Sling guard 9 is designed to protect slings laid in honeycombs from snagging.

4. Dome

Dome 82.5 m2 designed for the safe landing of a parachutist in a given place.
The dome (Fig. 7) has a round shape and consists of four sectors. Each sector consists of five trapezoidal panels of 1 straight cut.
The sectors and panels are stitched together using a lock seam.
The dome is made of percale P art. 7019.
In the center of the dome there is a pole hole with a diameter of 430 mm. The edge of the pole hole of the dome is reinforced on both sides with nylon tape for strength 185 kg(LTKP-15-185), and the lower edge of the dome is reinforced with nylon tape for strength 150 kg(LTKOUP-25-150).
On the outside of the dome, a reinforcing frame 2 is sewn from nylon tape with the strength 150 kg(LTKOUP-25-150). At the lower edge of the canopy it forms 28 loops to which the slings are tied.
Reinforcing tapes 3, stitched onto the seams connecting the sectors of the dome, form a bridle in the pole hole.
On the outer side of the dome, at the lower edge, there are stitched 25 pockets.
The dome has 28 sling made of cotton cord with strength 125 kg(SHKBP-125). To facilitate installation of the canopy, the sling 14 is red. To determine the correct connection of the canopy to the QCK locks of the green sling system 1 and 28,
Slings 1, 14, 28, made of undyed cord, with stitched couplings at the edge of the dome and half-ring buckles are allowed; for sling 14 - orange, for slings 1 and 28 - green.
On the lower edge of the canopy, to the left of the lines, their serial numbers are indicated.

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All slings are the same length. In the free state, the length of the slings from the lower edge of the canopy to the half-ring buckles of the suspension system is equal to 8.87 m.
To ensure correct installation of the canopy, marks are placed on the slings at a distance of 0.45 m from the lower edge of the canopy. Using these marks, the laying of the lines into the first double checker (removable) rubber honeycombs of the canopy cover begins.
On distance 1.8 m From the half-ring buckles of the free ends of the suspension system, marks are applied to the slings; these marks are used to seal the (removable) honeycomb pockets at the bottom of the backpack with slings.
On the canopy panels between slings 27-28, 28-1 and 1-2 there are vertical holes 4. The edges of each hole are reinforced with nylon tape for strength 150 kg(LTKOUP-25-150).
To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to lines 26, 27, 28 and 3, 2, 1, the second ends of which are brought to the brakes and secured to the rear free ends of the suspension system.

5. Hanging system with jumper

The harness is the connecting link between the parachute (canopy with lines) and the parachutist.

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The suspension system (Fig. 8) is made of nylon tape with the strength 1600 kg(LTK-44-1600) and consists of the following main parts:
two front straps, right and left 17,
circular strap 8 with leg loops 10,
two adapter tapes 14 with carabiners 9,
two back-shoulder straps 4 with buckles 3,
two pairs of risers 2,
two chest straps 5 (right with a buckle and left with a carabiner) and 16 fuses.

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The front straps, right and left, are the main power element of the suspension system. At the top of each front strap there is an OSK 18 lock for disconnecting the free ends of the harness system.

USC Castle(Fig. 9) has the following structural elements: body 3, lever 1, saddle body 5, spring 2, buckle 4 attached to the free ends of the suspension system, triggers 9 (left and right), safety button 7, safety lock 8, pins 6.
The lock is closed when the buckle is inserted into the body and held by the teeth of the lever, the large arm of the lever lies on the cylindrical surface of the saddle, and the trigger pins are inserted into the holes of the large lever arm, while the cylindrical cutouts at the end of the large lever allow you to control the entry of the pins into the holes of the large lever, button The fuse must be set to its highest position.
To disconnect the free ends of the suspension system using a lock, you must press the safety lock and lower the lock safety button to its lowest position. Then press both triggers and move the lock body with the lever down until it stops, while the lock lever will disengage with the cylindrical surface of the saddle and disconnect the lock buckle with the free end from the harness.

On the left front strap, at chest level, there is a pocket for the pull ring 6. Above the pocket, at the lock for disconnecting the free ends of the suspension system, there is a hose tape for attaching a flexible hose.
To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, there is a fastening bracket 15 with a lock at the bottom of each front strap. A circular strap with leg loops is attached to the braces. At the bottom, the circular strap is bifurcated, the tapes are sewn end to end, and an overlay 11 is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent. The circular strap and leg loops have 13 buckles for height adjustment.
Each adapter tape ends with a carabiner 9, which serves to close the leg loop.
The back-shoulder girths are mounted to the housings of the locks for detaching the free ends of the suspension system and, using buckles, form a waist girth 7.
The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached. The back-shoulder girths have 3 buckles for adjustment according to height.
On the right dorso-shoulder girth there is a belt loop 20 for a flexible hose of the exhaust cable for forced deployment of the parachute pack.
The free ends of the suspension system are attached to the suspension system using locks. The free ends of the suspension system are equipped with half-ring buckles 1, and each of the two groups is connected by jumpers and ends with a lock buckle for releasing the free ends of the suspension system.
In order to prevent the brakes from getting into the canopy lines, two half-ring buckles are sewn on the rear free ends of the suspension system on the outer side, through which the control lines pass.

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To ensure proper connection of the risers to the harness locks, the rear risers are marked with the words "LEFT", "RIGHT".
When the lock is installed correctly, the red signal dots on the lever and on the seat body (Fig. 10) should be closed.
The length of the free ends of the suspension system is 560 mm.
7 slings are mounted to each half-ring buckle.
The chest straps are mounted on the front straps of the harness system and are adjustable according to the height of the parachutist.
The suspension system has 16 chest bridge fuses, 19 lock fuses and 12 lower fuses, designed to soften the impact of metal parts when filling the dome. The OSK lock buckle has a cover and a belt loop to secure it.
Attention! Parachutes with harness systems without OSK locks are allowed.

6. Suspension system (without jumpers and OSK locks)

Rice. eleven

The suspension system (Fig. 11) is made of nylon tape with the strength 1600 kg(LTK-44-1600) and consists of a main strap and two shoulder straps.
The main strap is stitched from tape in two additions, the ends of which form two free ends of length 430 mm.
The main strap has two curved buckles designed to connect it to the back-shoulder straps at the top of the harness.
A pull ring pocket is sewn onto the main strap at chest level on the left side. A flexible hose is sewn above the pocket.
At the bottom, the main strap is bifurcated, the straps are sewn end-to-end and an overlay is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent.
To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, two mounting brackets with locks are mounted in the main strap.
The back-shoulder girths, right and left, passing through the curved buckles and windows of the main strap, form a chest bridge and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth, providing adjustment of the suspension system according to height.
The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached.
The back-shoulder girths, going down from the cross, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a carbine attached on the left side, and a buckle on the right.
The lower ends of the dorso-shoulder loops, passed between the main strap and bending around it in several places, form leg loops on which buckles are mounted to adjust them according to height. Three carabiners and three buckles, located on the leg loops and chest strap, are used to fasten the harness.
The backpack is attached to the harness, and the canopy slings are attached to the half-ring buckles of the harness.

7. Backpack with reserve parachute mount

The backpack is designed to accommodate a canopy in a case, part of the lines and free ends of the harness system, a lineless ball parachute and a semi-automatic device.
The satchel (Fig. 12, 13) is made of avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of the bottom of the satchel and four valves: two side, one upper and one lower.
Sewn to the upper valve 1 are two flexible hoses 2, a plate head 3 for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic device, and a tie-tape 4 intended for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic device. At the base of the upper valve there are two windows 5 for the exit of the free ends of the suspension system.

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The top and two side flaps of the backpack have flaps with pockets 6, which, after placing the canopy in the backpack, are tucked with a laying ruler under the bottom and side flaps. The flaps protect the dome from contamination.
To hold the valves in the closed position, there is a closing device on the backpack, consisting of a cord ring 7, two cones 8 located on the valves of the backpack, four eyelets with a sewing washer 29 and one eyelet buckle 28.
The fifth eyelet 18, installed on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of the ball lineless pilot chute inside the backpack when folded.
Cord ring 7 is made of silk cord ShSh-80.
The quick opening of the backpack valves is ensured by eight backpack rubbers 9, of which seven are single and one is double.

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The length of a single backpack rubber with pendants is equal to 370 mm, and double - 385 mm. At one end, the backpack rubbers are permanently attached to the wire loops on the backpack valves.
On the side flaps of the backpack on the outer side along the perimeter tape are sewn two scarves with buckles 10, to which are attached fastenings of the reserve parachute 13, designed to attach it to the main parachute and to regulate the tightness of the parachute to the parachutist’s body.
The reserve parachute attachment consists of a ribbon (LRT art. 159-T) and a carabiner. The factory markings are placed on the outside of the left side valve.
Metal loops 12 are sewn on the perimeter tape of the backpack for fastening the double backpack rubber of the upper valve in order to prevent the pilot parachute from getting caught on the tail nut of the semi-automatic device and to protect the parachutist from being hit by the tail nut of the semi-automatic device.
On the right side flap 16 there is a device pocket 14 for placing a semi-automatic device, a carabiner pocket 15, which serves as a pocket for a substitute passport card and for stowing a carabiner of a traction rope, a tie-tie for attaching the device, a ring 20 for securing the traction rope, a hose fastening tape 21 for laying a flexible hose when jumping with manual opening of the backpack.
Safety valve 19, which is a continuation of the right side valve, is fastened with four turnstile buttons 17 after tightening the backpack.
The safety and bottom valves have metal plates 27 to provide rigidity.
The bottom of the backpack 23 on the outside has four pairs of loops 22 for attaching the suspension system to the backpack, and belt loops 11 for directing the backpack rubbers.
At the bottom of the backpack, on the inside, along the lateral and lower sides of the perimeter of the stiffening frame, there are sewn pockets, left and right 24, and a valve 31, which prevent the canopy placed in the cover from blowing off from the bottom of the backpack at the moment the parachute opens and ensure sequential pulling of the cover with the canopy placed in it.
There is a backpack cord running along the inner sides of the pockets.
At the top flap of the backpack, the pockets have 25 holes, under the facing of which metal rings are inserted for rigidity.
Rubber honeycombs 26 are passed through the holes, which are closed by bunches of slings. The rubber honeycombs are attached with a noose loop to a cord attached to the upper valve of the backpack near the stiffening frame. The cord and the place of attachment of the honeycomb with the cord are covered with belt loops.

8. Flexible hose

Flexible hoses are designed to guide the movement of the three-pin pull ring cable and the pull rope or pull ring with cable loop as they are pulled out and to prevent accidental snagging. The flexible hose (Fig. 14) is made of a flexible metal hose 1, covered with cotton tape (LХХ-40-130) 2.

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The ends of the hose with tape are tucked into caps 3.
Flexible hose length 515 mm.
The flexible hose of a pull ring with three studs or a pull ring with a cable loop is sewn at one end to the top valve of the backpack, and the other end to the suspension system above the pull ring pocket.
A flexible hose for the forced opening traction rope is sewn at one end to the upper valve of the backpack, the other end is not sewn.

9. Pull ring

The pull ring (Fig. 15) is designed for manual deployment of the parachute pack. It fits into a pocket located on the left front strap of the harness.
The pull ring consists of a ring 1, a cable 2, three pins 3 and a limiter 4. The trapezoidal ring is made of steel wire with a diameter of Ø 7 mm.
To quickly find the ring, the part protruding from the pocket is painted red.
Protrusions on two opposite sides of the ring hold it in the harness pocket. For ease of grip by hand, the handle of the ring is bent in relation to the base 60° and thickened.

Rice. 15

The ring has two guide holes through which a cable passes, ending with three studs. The cable is secured in the ring using a limiter. The studs of the pull ring cable are designed to close the eyelets on the cones of the backpack.
The cable studs are located at a distance from one another 150 mm.
The first pin, counting from the ring, has a length 38 mm, and the rest - 32 mm. The length of the cable from the end of the last pin to the limiter inclusive is equal to 1070 mm.

10. Pull ring with cable loop

The traction ring with a rope loop (Fig. 16) is designed to open the parachute in the event of a break or misalignment of the traction rope.

Rice. 16

It fits into a pocket located on the left front strap of the harness. The pull ring consists of ring 1, cable 2, loop 3, limiter 5 and bushing 4.
Trapezoidal ring made of steel wire Ø 7 mm. To quickly find the ring, the part protruding from the pocket is painted red.
Protrusions on two opposite sides of the ring hold it in a pocket on the harness. For ease of grip by hand, the handle of the ring is bent in relation to the base 60° and thickened.
The ring has two guide holes through which the cable passes, ending in a loop into which, during installation, the first pin of the exhaust cable is threaded, closing the eyelet on the cone of the backpack.
The cable is secured in the ring using a limiter. The length of the cable from the loop to the limiter inclusive is equal to 785 mm.

11. Pull rope

The pull rope (Fig. 17) is designed to force the parachute pack to open using a pull rope. The exhaust cable 1 has three pins 2 at one end, and a loop 3 at the other.

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The cable pins are designed to close the grommets on the cones of the backpack, and the cable loop is designed to connect the pull rope with the loop of the pull rope; A rubber tube is placed on the cable loop.
The cable pins for closing the backpack valves are located at a distance from one another 150 mm. The first pin, counting from the cable loop, has a length 38 mm; and the rest - 32 mm.
The length of the pull cable from the loop to the last pin inclusive is equal to 1015 mm.

12. Protective cover

The safety cover (Fig. 18) is used to protect the aircraft skin from possible damage to it by the studs of the exhaust cable after deployment of the parachute pack.

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Case 1 has the shape of a sleeve length 990 mm, made from raincoat fabric. At one end of the cover there is a loop 2, which is attached with a noose loop to the loop of the exhaust cable.
When the parachute is stowed, the cover is assembled in the form of an accordion towards the cable loop. After the cable pins come out of the cones, the safety cover straightens along the exhaust cable and completely covers it.

13. Device PPK-U-575A

The semi-automatic device PPK-U-575A (or KAP-3P-575) is designed for automatic parachute deployment.
The characteristics, description and operating rules of the device are given in the technical description and instructions and in the passport for the device.
The general view of the device is shown in Fig. 19.
Device hose length 575 mm, loop length 19 mm. Rope length 732 mm. The flexible pin halyard is not included in the kit of the device, but is included in the parachute kit.

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14. Break line

The break sling (Fig. 20) is designed to connect the canopy bridle with the loop of the traction rope when the parachute is put into action by forcibly opening the backpack and pulling the cover from the main canopy with the traction rope.
The break lanyard is made of cotton cord (SHB-60). The cord is bent in half and stitched with a zigzag stitch, while a loop is formed at one end of the broken sling, and at the other - two ends of the cord length 505 And 605 mm. The loop is attached to the canopy bridle and the ends of the sling are attached to the pull rope loop. The ends of the break sling are connected so that when one end of the break sling is tensioned, the second end has a slack equal to a quarter of the tensioned end of the sling.

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15. Flexible pin halyard

The flexible pin halyard is the connecting link between the flexible pin of the semi-automatic device and the traction rope.
Flexible pin halyard length 130 mm.
The halyard is made of durable nylon cord 200 kg(ShKP-200) in two folds and ends with loops, one of which is mounted as a noose loop to the flexible pin of the device, the other to the end loop of the traction rope.

16. Carrying bag

The portable bag is designed for storing a parachute during transportation and storage.
The carrying bag (Fig. 21) is rectangular in shape, has two handles 1 for carrying, a tape 2 and a loop with a tag 3 for sealing.
The upper base of the bag is tightened with a tightening cord 4.

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The bag is closed with a flap 5 using two half-ring buckles 6 and a ribbon. The cord passes through the tag and is sealed with a mastic seal. The portable bag is made of avisent, the size of the bag with the parachute packed into it 590 x 260 x 740 mm.

17. Passport

The passport (form 13a) is intended to record information about the reception, transfer, operation and repair of the parachute. The passport is an integral part of the parachute. The rules for maintaining a passport are set out in the passport itself.

Parachuting in Kazakhstan. Parachuting in Kazakhstan Actions in special cases - landing on obstacles

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