1 the leading role in evolution is played by the following. Type, its criteria

Test on the topic “The Doctrine of Evolution” organic world»
1 OPTION

TASK No. 1

LEVEL "A" . When completing tasks at this level, choose one correct answer from the four proposed.

1. What species criterion does the following description meet: the great tit lives in the crowns of trees, feeding on large insects and their larvae?

A) geographical

B) environmental

B) morphological

D) genetic

2. Charles Darwin considered the most intense form of struggle for existence:

A) fight against unfavorable conditions

B) intraspecific

B) interspecific

D) all of the above forms equally

3. Natural selection operates at the level:

A) a separate organism

B) populations

B) type

D) biocenosis

4. What aromorphoses allowed reptiles to fully master ground-air environment

A) horny cover, developed lungs

B) five-fingered limb, viviparity

B) protective coloring, ability to regenerate

D) four-chambered heart, warm-blooded

5. The leading role in evolution is played by the following type of variability:

A) certain

B) modification

B) group

D) mutational

6. The main factor that unites individuals of the same species into a separate population:

A) free crossing of individuals with each other

B) similarity between appearance and internal structure individuals with each other

C) the same chromosome set of individuals: shape and number of chromosomes

G) general territory(area) occupied by individuals in nature

7. Large systematic groups in the process of evolution arise, as a rule, by:

A) aromorphosis

B) idioadaptations

B) general degeneration

D) directed evolution

8. An example of the action of a stabilizing form of natural selection:

A) the existence of the relict lobe-finned fish coelacanth

B) the appearance of a dark-colored form in the population of the birch moth butterfly

C) the appearance of early-flowering and late-flowering races of the greater rattle in mowed meadows

D) the appearance of long-winged and wingless insects on oceanic islands blown by winds

9. The driving form of selection usually results in:

A) to the destruction of individuals with deviations from the previous norm of reaction

B) narrowing of the previous form of reaction

B) expansion of the previous norm of reaction

D) a shift in the previous norm of reaction

10. Microevolution leads to the formation of new:

A) family groups

B) subspecies and species

B) childbirth

D) units and families

11. An increase in the number of species in nature indicates its

A) biological progress

B) development along the path of degeneration

B) biological regression

D) development along the path of aromorphosis

12. Combating unfavorable environmental conditions as a result of evolution:

A) reduces the resistance of organisms

B) leads to the survival of the most viable individuals

B) leads to the extinction of the species

D) helps improve the properties of the species

13. Hereditary variability in the process of evolution:

A) creates new species

B) populations

B) type

D) biocenosis

14. Isolation is an evolutionary factor that:

A) does not affect the rate of speciation

B) slows down the process of fitness formation

C) does not prevent population mixing within a species

D) accelerates the evolutionary process

15. The result of natural selection is not:

A) the adaptability of organisms to their environment

B) diversity of the organic world

B) struggle for existence

D) improving the organization of living beings

TASK No. 2

LEVEL "B". Choose multiple answers from six. Write down the selected letters in alphabetical order.

B 1. Adaptations to life in water, formed in the process of evolution in whales:

A) transformation of the forelimbs into flippers

B) breathing oxygen dissolved in water

B) breathing oxygen from the air

D) streamlined body shape

D) developed thick subcutaneous fat layer

E) constant body temperature

AT 2. Establish a correspondence between the directions of evolution of systematic groups and the characteristics that characterize them:

CHARACTERISTICS: DIRECTIONS OF EVOLUTION:

1) diversity of species A) biological progress

2) limited area B) biological regression

3) small number of species

4) broad ecological adaptations

5) wide range

6) population decline

2 OPTION

TASK No. 1

LEVEL "A". When completing tasks of this level, choose one correct answer out of four

1. Give an example of idiomatic adaptations:

A) the appearance of seeds in gymnosperms

B) the appearance of fruit in flowering plants

C) the appearance of flower nectaries that attract insects

D) the appearance of photosynthesis in plants

2. Homologous organs different organisms formed as a result

A) convergence

B) idioadaptations

B) divergence

D) aromorphosis

3. In geographic speciation, the formation of a new species occurs as a result of:

A) disintegration or expansion of the original area

B) artificial selection

C) isolation of populations within the old range

D) genetic drift

4. What are the consequences of driving selection?

A) preservation of old species

B) maintaining reaction norms

B) the emergence of new species

D) elimination of individuals with new mutations

5. The formation of new species in nature occurs as a result of:

A) methodical selection

B) artificial selection

B) human activity

D) interactions driving forces evolution

6. Indicate the incorrect statement: “In the process of evolution, the fight against unfavorable conditions leads. . ."

A) increasing the resistance of organisms

B) extinction of a species

B) survival of the most viable individuals

D) improvement of the species

7. The factor of evolution, the basis of which is the emergence of barriers to the free crossing of individuals, is called:

A) modification

B) natural selection

B) isolation

D) population waves

8. What are the consequences of stabilizing selection?

A) preservation of old species

B) maintaining the reaction norm

B) the emergence of new species

D) preservation of individuals with unchanged characteristics

9. Among the driving forces of evolution leading to the emergence of adaptations in individuals to their environment, the guiding ones are:

A) natural selection

B) artificial selection

B) isolation

D) struggle for existence

10. An example of aromorphosis is:

A) flattening of the body bottom fish

B) protective coloring

D) the occurrence of the sexual process

11. Idiomatic adaptations include:

A) multicellularity

B) four-chambered heart of mammals

B) needle-like leaves of desert plants

D) all of the above evolutionary changes

12. As a result of the interaction of the driving forces of evolution, the following occurs:

A) reproduction of organisms

B) the formation of new species in nature

B) mutation process

D) isolation of populations

13. Natural selection is considered the guiding factor of evolution, since as a result, individuals are preserved:

A) with neutral changes

B) various changes

B) minor hereditary changes

D) changes corresponding to the environment

14. The ability of living things to produce a large number of descendants and limited habitats and life resources are the immediate causes:

A) hereditary variability

B) struggle for existence

B) extinction

D) speciation

15. The struggle for existence plays a big role in evolution:

A) preserves individuals predominantly with useful traits

B) preserves individuals with any hereditary changes

B) supplies material for selection

D) aggravates relationships between individuals

TASK No. 2

LEVEL "B"

Q 1. Choose several answers from the six and write them down in alphabetical order.

The result of evolution is:

A) the emergence of new species in changed environmental conditions

B) the emergence of new drought-resistant plant varieties

C) breeding highly productive breeds of cattle

D) the formation of new adaptations to life in changed conditions

D) preservation of old species in stable habitat conditions

E) obtaining highly productive broiler chickens

Q 2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of selection and its type:

CHARACTERISTICS TYPE OF SELECTION

1) acts constantly in nature A) natural

2) preserves individuals with characteristics, B) artificial

of interest to a person

3) preserves individuals with traits useful to them

4) ensures the formation of fitness

5) leads to the emergence of new species

6) promotes the creation of new breeds of animals

KEY TO COMPLETE TASKS ON THE TOPIC

"FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TEACHING OF EVOLUTION"

OPTION 1

TASK No. 1.

LEVEL “A” ANSWER: 1B, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5G, 6G, 7A, 8A, 9G, 10B, 11A, 12G, 13B, 14G, 15B

TASK No. 2.

LEVEL "B".

B1 – A, D, D

B2 - 1A, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5A, 6B

TASK No. 3.

LEVEL "C".

C 1. Answer elements:

1) made it possible to use different foods for food;

2) contributed to the weakening of competition;

3) due to the divergence of characters and isolation of populations, new species were formed.

OPTION No. 2

TASK No. 1.

LEVEL “A” ANSWER: 1B, 2B, 3A, 4B, 5D, 6B, 7B, 8A, 9A, 10D, 11B, 12B, 13G, 14B, 15G

TASK No. 2.

LEVEL "B"

B 1 – A. G, D

B 2 - A1, B2, B1, D1, D1, E1

TASK No. 3

LEVEL "C"

C 1. Answer elements:

1) type of coloring – protective – merging with the background of the sea day;

2) the ability to change the color of the upper side of the body makes the fish invisible against the background of the ground, allowing it to hide from enemies and from possible prey;

3) fitness is disrupted when the fish moves, it becomes accessible to enemies. This is relative character devices.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

For each correctly completed “A” level task, one point is given. Maximum amount The points you can get are fifteen.

For correctly completed task B1 you can get three points, i.e. One point for each answer. For completing task B2, you can also get a maximum of three points, i.e. for six answers 0.5 points each. Total correct execution assignments in part “B” give six points.

For completing task No. 3 (level “C”), you can get three points if the answer is correct and complete, includes all elements of the answer, and does not contain biological errors.

“5” - 24 – 21 points

“4” - 20 – 16 points

“3” - 15 – 10 points

“2” - 9 points or less

Biology test OPTION – 1. 1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is: A) the formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection; B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series. 2. Charles Darwin considered the most intense form of struggle for existence: A) struggle with unfavorable conditions; B) interspecific; B) intraspecific; D) all of the above forms equally. 3. Natural selection operates at the level of: A) an individual organism; B) type; B) populations; D) biocenosis. 4. Homologous organs are: A) a cat’s paw and a fly’s leg; C) reptile scales and bird feathers; B) human eye and spider eye; D) butterfly wing and bird wing. 5. Ape-men include: A) Cro-Magnon man; B) Pithecanthropus; B) Australopithecus; D) Neanderthal. 6. An environmental factor that goes beyond endurance is called: A) stimulating; B) abiotic; B) limiting; D) anthropogenic 7. Eukaryotes: A) capable of chemosynthesis; C) do not have many organelles; B) have circular DNA; D) have a core with its own shell. 8. A common feature plant and animal cell is: A) heterotrophy; B) the presence of chloroplasts; B) the presence of mitochondria; D) the presence of a rigid cell wall. 9. Biopolymers are: A) proteins; IN) nucleic acids; B) polysaccharides; D) all of the above. 10. Uracil forms a complementary bond with: A) adenine B) cytosine B) thymine D) guanine. 11. Glycolysis is called: A) the totality of all processes energy metabolism in a cage; B) oxygen-free breakdown of glucose; B) complete breakdown of glucose; D) polymerization of glucose to form glycogen. 12. The order of the mitosis stage is as follows: A) metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase; B) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase; B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; D) telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase; 13. Chromosome duplication occurs in: A) interphase B) metaphase B) prophase D) telophase 14. In anaphase of mitosis, divergence occurs: A) daughter chromosomes C) non-homologous chromosomes B) homologous chromosomes D) cell organelles. 15. Of the listed animals, the largest egg is in: A) sturgeon B) lizard B) frog D) chicken. 16. The following are formed from the ectoderm: A) muscles B) skeleton B) lungs D) sensory organs. 17. In a Mendeleev monohybrid cross, the proportion of individuals with at least one recessive gene in the second generation will be equal to: A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%

18. Genes located on: A) one chromosome B) sex chromosomes B) homologous chromosomes D) autosomes are called linked genes. 19. Mutations manifest themselves phenotypically: A) always B) only in a homozygous state B) only in a heterozygous state D) never. 20. Polyploidy consists of: A) a change in the number of individual chromosomes B) a change in the structure of chromosomes B) a multiple change in the haploid number of chromosomes; D) changes in the structure of individual genes. ANSWER: 1 – C, 2 – B, 3 – B, 4 – C, 5 – C, 6 – B, 7 – D, 8 – B, 9 – D, 10 – A, 11 – B, 12 – B, 13 – A, 14 – A, 15 – D, 16 – D, 17 – B, 18 – A, 19 – C, 20 – B. OPTION – 2 1. According to Charles Darwin, the driving forces of evolution are: A) struggle for existence; B) natural selection; B) hereditary variability; D) all of the above. 2. The leading role in evolution is played by the following type of variability: A) certain; B) group; B) modification; D) mutational. 3. The driving form of selection usually leads to: A) destruction of individuals with deviations B) expansion of the previous norm of reaction; from the previous norm of reaction; B) narrowing of the previous norm of reaction; D) a shift in the previous norm of reaction. 4. Similar organs are: A) gills of crayfish and gills of fish; C) birch leaves and cactus needles; B) a dog’s paw and a bird’s wing; D) all of the above pairs. 5. During the Ice Age lived: A) Cro-Magnons; B) synanthropes; B) Neanderthals; D) all of the above. 6. The productivity of an ecosystem is called: A) its total biomass; B) total biomass of producers; B) the increase in this biomass per unit of time; D) total biomass of consumers. 7. Prokaryotic cells have: A) nuclei; B) mitochondria; B) ribosomes; D) all of the listed organelles. 8. Leukoplasts are cell organelles in which: A) protein synthesis occurs; C) there are red and red pigments yellow color; B) the process of photosynthesis is carried out; D) starch accumulates. 9. Nucleotides in a strand of a DNA molecule are connected by the following bond: A) covalent; B) peptide; B) hydrogen; D) disulfide bridges. 10. Transcription is: A) synthesis of an mRNA molecule B) delivery of amino acids to ribosomes along the matrix of one of the DNA chains; during protein synthesis; B) transfer of information from mRNA to protein D) process of assembly of a protein molecule. during its synthesis; 11. ATP synthesis in the cell occurs in the process of: A) glycolysis; B) cellular respiration; B) photosynthesis; D) all of the above. 12.The longest phase of mitosis is:

A) prophase; B) anaphase; B) metaphase; D) telophase. 13. Reduction in the number of chromosomes occurs during: A) anaphase of mitosis; B) II division of meiosis; B) I division of meiosis; D) in all of the above cases. 14. Biological significance meiosis is to ensure: A) genetic stability; B) genetic variability; B) tissue regeneration and increase D) asexual reproduction. number of cells in the body; 15. The nervous system is formed from: A) ectoderm; B) mesoderm; B) endoderm; D) there is no correct answer. 16. The following are formed from the mesoderm: A) lungs; IN) circulatory system; B) nervous system; D) sense organs. 17. How many types of gametes are formed by diheterozygous individuals: A) one; At four; B) two; D) there is no correct answer. 18. Mutational variability includes: A) changes in chromosomes; B) changes that are inherited; B) changes in genes; D) all of the above. 19. The main source of combinative variability is: A) chromosome crossing B) independent chromatid divergence In prophase I of the meiotic division; in anaphase II of meiotic division; B) independent divergence D) all of the above processes to an equal extent. homologous chromosomes in anaphase I of meiotic division; 20. Interline hybridization of cultivated plants leads to: A) preservation of the same productivity; B) increasing productivity; B) the emergence of new characteristics; D) consolidation of signs. ANSWER: 1 - G, 2 - G, 3 - G, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - B, 7 - B, 8 - G, 9 - A, 10 - A, 11 - G, 12 - A, 13 – B, 14 – V, 15 – A, 16 – V, 17 – V, 18 – D, 19 – D, 20 – V.

OPTION 1.

1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is:

A) formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection;

B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series.

2. Charles Darwin considered the most intense form of struggle for existence:

A) combating unfavorable conditions; B) interspecific;

B) intraspecific; D) all of the above forms equally.

3. Natural selection operates at the level of:

A) a separate organism; B) type;

B) populations; D) biocenosis.

4. Homologous organs are:

A) a cat’s paw and a fly’s leg; C) reptile scales and bird feathers;

B) human eye and spider eye; D) butterfly wing and bird wing.

5. Ape people include:

A) Cro-Magnon; B) Pithecanthropus;

B) Australopithecus; D) Neanderthal.

6. An environmental factor that goes beyond endurance is called:

A) stimulating; B) abiotic;

B) limiting; D) anthropogenic

7. Eukaryotes:

A) capable of chemosynthesis; C) do not have many organelles;

B) have circular DNA; D) have a core with its own shell.

8. A common feature of plant and animal cells is:

A) heterotrophy; B) the presence of chloroplasts;

B) the presence of mitochondria; D) the presence of a rigid cell wall.

9. Biopolymers are:

A) proteins; B) nucleic acids;

B) polysaccharides; D) all of the above.

10. Uracil forms a complementary bond with:

A) adenine B) cytosine

B) thymine D) guanine.

11. Glycolysis is called:

A) the totality of all processes of energy metabolism in a cell;

B) oxygen-free breakdown of glucose;

B) complete breakdown of glucose; D) polymerization of glucose to form glycogen.

12. The order of the mitosis stage is as follows:

A) metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase; B) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase;

B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; D) telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase;

13. Chromosome duplication occurs in:

A) interphase B) metaphase

B) prophase D) telophase

14. In anaphase of mitosis, divergence occurs:

A) daughter chromosomes B) non-homologous chromosomes

B) homologous chromosomes D) cell organelles.

15. Of the animals listed, the largest egg is in:

A) sturgeon B) lizards

B) frogs D) chickens.

16. from the ectoderm are formed:

A) muscles B) skeleton

B) lungs D) sense organs.

17. In a Mendeleev monohybrid cross, the proportion of individuals with at least one recessive gene in the second generation will be equal to:

A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%

18. Genes located in:

A) one chromosome B) sex chromosomes

B) homologous chromosomes D) autosomes.

19. Mutations manifest themselves phenotypically:

A) always B) only in a homozygous state

B) only in a heterozygous state D) never.

20. Polyploidy consists of:

A) change in the number of individual chromosomes B) change in the structure of chromosomes

B) multiple change in the haploid number of chromosomes; D) changes in the structure of individual genes.

ANSWER: 1 – C, 2 – B, 3 – B, 4 – C, 5 – C, 6 – B, 7 – D, 8 – B, 9 – D, 10 – A, 11 – B, 12 – B, 13 - A, 14 - A, 15 - G, 16 - G, 17 - B, 18 - A, 19 - B, 20 - B.

Biology test for grade 11. (1)

OPTION – 2

1. According to Charles Darwin, the driving forces of evolution are:

A) struggle for existence; B) natural selection;

B) hereditary variability; D) all of the above.

2. The leading role in evolution is played by the following type of variability:

A) certain; B) group;

B) modification; D) mutational.

3. The driving form of selection usually leads to:

A) destruction of individuals with deviations; B) expansion of the previous norm of reaction;

from the previous norm of reaction;

B) narrowing of the previous norm of reaction; D) a shift in the previous norm of reaction.

4. Similar bodies are:

A) crayfish gills and fish gills; C) birch leaves and cactus needles;

B) a dog’s paw and a bird’s wing; D) all of the above pairs.

5. During the Ice Age there lived:

A) Cro-Magnons; B) synanthropes;

B) Neanderthals; D) all of the above.

6. The productivity of an ecosystem is called:

A) its total biomass; B) total biomass of producers;

B) the increase in this biomass per unit of time; D) total biomass of consumers.

7.Prokaryotic cells contain:

A) kernels; B) mitochondria;

B) ribosomes; D) all of the listed organelles.

8. Leukoplasts are cell organelles in which:

A) protein synthesis occurs; C) there are red and yellow pigments;

B) the process of photosynthesis is carried out; D) starch accumulates.

9. Nucleotides in a strand of a DNA molecule are connected by the following bond:

A) covalent; B) peptide;

B) hydrogen; D) disulfide bridges.

10. Transcription is:

A) synthesis of mRNA molecules B) delivery of amino acids to ribosomes

according to the matrix of one of the DNA chains; during protein synthesis;

B) transfer of information from mRNA to protein D) process of assembly of a protein molecule.

during its synthesis;

11. ATP synthesis in the cell occurs in the process:

A) glycolysis; B) cellular respiration;

B) photosynthesis; D) all of the above.

12.The longest phase of mitosis is:

A) prophase; B) anaphase;

B) metaphase; D) telophase.

13. Reduction in the number of chromosomes occurs during:

A) anaphase of mitosis; B) II division of meiosis;

B) I division of meiosis; D) in all of the above cases.

14. The biological significance of meiosis is to ensure:

A) genetic stability; B) genetic variability;

B) tissue regeneration and increase D) asexual reproduction.

number of cells in the body;

15. The nervous system is formed from:

A) ectoderm; B) mesoderm;

B) endoderm; D) there is no correct answer.

16. From the mesoderm are formed:

A) lungs; B) circulatory system;

B) nervous system; D) sense organs.

17. How many types of gametes are formed by diheterozygous individuals:

A) one; At four;

B) two; D) there is no correct answer.

18. Mutational variability includes:

A) changes in chromosomes; B) changes that are inherited;

B) changes in genes; D) all of the above.

19. The main source of combinative variability is:

A) chromosome crossing B) independent chromatid segregation

In prophase I of the meiotic division; in anaphase II of the meiotic division;

B) independent divergence D) all of the above processes to an equal extent.

homologous chromosomes

in anaphase I of the meiotic division;

20. Interline hybridization of cultivated plants leads to:

A) maintaining the same productivity; B) increasing productivity;

B) the emergence of new characteristics; D) consolidation of signs.

ANSWER: 1 - G, 2 - G, 3 - G, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - B, 7 - B, 8 - G, 9 - A, 10 - A, 11 - G, 12 - A, 13 – B, 14 – V, 15 – A, 16 – V, 17 – V, 18 – D, 19 – D, 20 – V.

OPTION 1.

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the level of organization of living nature:

A) cellular; B) molecular;

B) organismic; D) population

2. The science of cytology studies:

A) the structure of cells of unicellular and multicellular organisms;

B) the structure of organs and organ systems of multicellular organisms;

C) the phenotype of organisms of different kingdoms;

D) morphology of plants and features of their development.

3. Proteins are synthesized in cells:

A) in the cytoplasm; B) in lysosomes;

B) on ribosomes; D) in the Golgi complex.

4. Proteins that can accelerate chemical reactions, perform the following function in the cell:

A) hormonal B) signaling

C) enzymatic D) informational.

5. Transfer RNA is:

A) protein B) fat

C) enzyme D) nucleic acid.

6. Chromosome conjugation is characteristic of the process:

A) fertilization B) prophase of the second division of meiosis

C) mitosis D) prophase of the first division of meiosis

7. The blastula consists of a cavity and:

A) two layers of cells B) connective tissue

C) one layer of cells D) epithelial tissue.

8. Which cells transmit mutations to their offspring during sexual reproduction:

A) epithelial B) muscle

C) gametes D) neurons.

9. Ancient people include:

A) Neanderthal B) Pithecanthropus

C) Sinanthropus D) Cro-Magnon.

10. There is competition between elk and bison because they:

A) eat similar foods; B) have approximately the same body parameters

B) have few offspring; D) belong to the class of mammals.

11. Agroecosystems include:

A) mixed forest B) water meadow

C) an overgrown lake D) a wheat field.

12. Adaptation in the process of evolution arises as a result of:

A) geographic isolation B) interaction of the driving forces of evolution

C) mutational variability D) artificial selection.

13. Cytoplasm in a cell does not fulfill function:

A) transport of substances B) internal environment

C) communication between the nucleus and organelles; D) photosynthesis.

14. Ability plasma membrane surrounding a solid food particle and moving it inside the cell is the basis of the process:

A) diffusion B) osmosis

C) phagocytosis D) pinocytosis.

15. Where does the anaerobic stage of glycolysis take place?

A) in mitochondria B) in the lungs

C) in the digestive tube D) in the cytoplasm.

16. An individual with the Aabv genotype produces gametes:

A) Av, vv B) Av, av

B) Aa, AA D) Aa, vv.

17. When crossing heterozygous plants with red and round fruits with individuals recessive for both characteristics (red A and round IN– dominant traits) offspring will appear with genotypes AaBb, aaBb, AaBb, aaBb in the ratio:

A) 3:1, B) 9:3:3:1

C) 1:1:1:1 D) 1:2:1.

18. A girl develops from an egg if, during the process of fertilization, the following chromosomes are found in the zygote:

A) 44 autosomes +XY B) 23 autosomes +X

C) 44 autosomes +XX D) 23 autosomes +Y.

19. A significant portion of mutations does not appear in the phenotype of the offspring, since they6

A) not associated with gene changes B) not associated with chromosome changes

C) are dominant in nature D) are recessive in nature.

20. A body of water inhabited by various species of plants and animals is:

A) biogeocenosis B) noosphere

C) biosphere D) agroecosystem.

Answers: 1 – B, 2 – A, 3 – B, 4 – C, 5 – G, 6 – G, 7 – B, 8 – C, 9 – A, 10 – A, 11 – G, 12 – B, 13 – G, 14 – B, 15 – G, 16 – B, 17 – B, 18 – C, 19 – G, 20 – A.

Biology test for grade 11. (2)

OPTION – 2

1. To identify general anatomical features characteristic of the kingdom of living nature, use the method:

A) microscopy B) forecasting

C) comparison D) modeling

2. according to cell theory Eukaryotic cells must have:

A) cell wall B) nucleus

C) vacuoles D) plastids

3. During the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:

A) ribosomes B) chromosomes

C) mitochondria D) lysosomes

4. The structure of a DNA molecule is:

A) two polynucleotide strands twisted helically around each other

B) one helically twisted polynucleotide strand

B) two helically twisted polypeptide strands

D) one straight polypeptide strand.

5. On preparatory stage energy metabolism energy:

A) absorbed as heat B) released as heat

C) is absorbed by the cytoplasm of the cell D) is released due to the breakdown of ATP.

6. “The predominant characteristic of one of the parents” G. Mendel called:

A) recessive B) dominant

C) homozygous D) heterozygous

7. When crossing a heterozygote with a homozygote, the proportion of homozygotes in the offspring will be:

A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%

8. Changes that are not transmitted inherited and arise as adaptations to external environment, are called:

A) uncertain B) individual

C) mutational D) modification.

9. Law homologous series in hereditary variability was established:

A) V.I. Vernadsky B) I.V. Michurin

B) N.I. Vavilov D) T. Morgan.

10. The presence in humans, like other mammals, of viviparity and feeding of young with milk indicates:

A) about more high level human development; B) about their divergent evolution

C) about the historical development of the class of mammals; D) about their relationship.

11. Metabolism in a cell consists of the following processes:

A) excitation and inhibition B) plastic and energy metabolism

C) growth and development D) transport of hormones and vitamins.

12. Producers in ecosystems include:

C) saprophytic bacteria D) fungi.

13. New species in nature arise as a result of interaction:

A) hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection

B) non-hereditary changes and seasonal changes in nature

B) fitness of organisms and artificial selection

D) abiotic environmental factors

14. The main reason for the biological regression of many species at present is:

A) climate change B) economic activity person

C) change in relief D) increase in the number of predators.

15. The nucleus plays an important role in the cell, as it participates in the synthesis of:

A) glucose B) fiber

C) lipids D) nucleic acids.

16. Substances capable of forming with water in a living organism hydrogen bonds or enter into electrostatic interaction are:

A) hydrophobic B) hydrophilic

C) neutral D) alkaline.

17. In the oxygen-free stage of energy metabolism, molecules are broken down:

A) glucose to pyruvic acid B) protein to amino acids

C) starch to glucose D) pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water

18. When dividing animal and plant cells, the main source of energy is molecules:

A) ATP B) tRNA C) mRNA D) DNA.

19. Diversity of underwater and above-water arrowhead leaves - example:

A) modification variability B) actions of mutagens

C) combinative variability D) differences in the genotypes of different cells

20. In human evolution, the initial milestones in the development of art were found among:

A) Neanderthals B) Cro-Magnons

B) Australopithecus Pithecanthropus

Answers: 1 – C, 2 – B, 3 – B, 4 – A, 5 – B, 6 – B, 7 – C, 8 – D, 9 – C, 10 – D, 11 – B, 12 – A, 13 – A, 14 – B, 15 – D, 16 – B, 17 – A, 18 – A, 19 – A, 20 – B.

The theory of evolution by C. Darwin and A. Wallace.

Key points:

1. All types of living organisms arose naturally.

2. Organisms slowly and gradually transformed and improved.

3. The basis for the transformation of species is variability, heredity and natural selection. Selection occurs through the interactions of organisms with each other and environmental factors. These interactions are called the struggle for existence.

4. Individuals that are most adapted to changing environmental conditions survive and produce full-fledged offspring.

Synthetic theory of evolution is a rethinking of a number of Darwinian provisions from the standpoint of genetics (S. Chetverikov, J. Haldane, N. Timofeev-Resovsky, R. Fisher). It is characterized as a theory of evolution occurring through natural selection of genetically determined traits.

Key points:

1. The elementary unit of evolution is the population.

2. The material for evolution is mutational and combinational variability.

3. Natural selection is seen as main reason development of adaptations, speciation and origin of supraspecific taxa.

4. A species is a group of populations that are reproductively isolated from populations of other species.

5. Speciation consists of the emergence of genetic isolating mechanisms and is carried out in conditions of geographic isolation.

The process of formation of new genera from species, from genera - families, from families - orders, etc. called macroevolution. Unlike microevolution, which occurs within a population, macroevolution is supraspecific and very long-term evolution.

Evidence of evolutionary processes is provided by paleontological, morphological, embryological and biochemical data.

There are three main directions of evolution.

Aromorphosis – evolutionary changes leading to a qualitatively new level of organization (multicellularity, central nervous system, photosynthesis). Thanks to aromorphosis, new large taxonomic units arise: types (divisions), classes.

Idiomatic adaptation – small evolutionary changes expressed in adaptation to the environment. In this case, the level of organization does not increase. Thanks to idioadaptation, small taxonomic groups are formed: species, genera, families.

Mutations constantly arise in populations under the influence of factors and cause changes in its gene pool. Population waves is a phenomenon of fluctuations in population numbers that are associated with periodic changes in the intensity of environmental factors (change of seasons, amount of precipitation, temperature fluctuations).

Insulation helps prevent individuals from different parts of the population from crossing with each other and leads to divergence of characteristics within the same species.

Geographical isolation leads to the rupture of a single habitat of a species into parts separated from each other and prevents interbreeding. The reasons for its appearance are the emergence of mountains, new rivers, straits, etc.

Environmental insulation based on differences in dispersal or timing of reproduction. For example, some species of salmon spawn every other year, and in the same rivers one population of fish spawns in one year and another in another.

Biological isolation associated with differences in the structure of the genital organs, mating songs, courtship rituals, secreted odors, etc.

The highest value in evolutionary process It has natural selection. It plays a creative role in nature, selecting from undirected hereditary changes only those that lead to the formation of new groups of individuals that will be more adapted to new environmental conditions.

Soviet biologist I.I. Schmalhausen (1946) developed the idea of group selection - the survival of populations, species, genera, families, orders, etc. But because group selection occurs on the basis of the experiences of the organisms that make up these groups; individual natural selection also plays a leading role in evolution - the selection of the most adapted individuals.

1 the leading role in evolution is played by the following. Type, its criteria

Biology test for grade 11. (1)

Biology test for grade 11. (2)

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