Presentation "The impact of environmental factors on the human body." Environmental factors

Ecology -

the science of the relationships of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology there may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Ecological tasks

Studies the impact environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studies the structure of the population and their numbers

Studies the interaction of living organisms with each other

Studies the influence of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic are types of influence on organisms from other animals

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

A predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors –

these are the forms human activity which have an impact on wildlife(every year these factors increase

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors constantly changing

Variability of factors

Regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flood, Forest fires)

The body is simultaneously influenced by numerous and varied factors.

Each species has its own limits of endurance

Wide range endurance Animals living in high latitudes are susceptible to temperature fluctuations. Thus, arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 ° C

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some types ocean fish capable of existing at temperatures from -2 to +2

EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance Range

body

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, what makes people's lives worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death - these are the limits of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich

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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY

Results of scientific research work in natural science

Completed by: 1st year student, gr. 102

Bazhov Nikita Sergeevich

Scientific adviser:

Efremov Alexander Yurievich,

Ph.D., Associate Professor

Federal state budget educational institution higher education

"RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE"

Faculty continuing education for training specialists for the judicial system

Department of General Educational Disciplines

Voronezh – 2015

Introduction

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY.

Conclusion

List of used literature.

Introduction.

Research topic:

"The impact of environmental factors on the human body."

Research objectives:

Determination of the most acute environmental problems Russian Federation and analysis of the effectiveness of existing laws in the field of environmental law.

Russia's environmental problems are vast and multifaceted.

Object of study:

Ecology.

Subject of study:

The impact of environmental factors on the human body.

Research methods:

Search, accumulation, analysis and systematization of necessary information.

The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction

The problem of unauthorized solid waste dumps is relevant both for rural areas...

Research objectives:

1. Compiling a thesaurus scientific terms included in the name of the topic, object and subject of research.

2. Identification of the most pressing environmental problems based on state statistics and theoretical studies.

3. Determining the most effective ways to solve environmental problems.

The impact of environmental factors on the human body. Introduction

... and for large cities.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY

Heliocentric system of the world

It is known that human health and the state of the environment are closely interconnected. Interaction, harmony of factors surrounding nature and factors that make up human health, ensure the normal functioning of the body and the preservation of human health. Violation of the functioning of any of these components entails a failure in the “person - environment” system.

Index of environmental efficiency of some regions of Russia.

Environmental problems arose simultaneously with the advent of man and developed in proportion to the pace of civilization. Long years man provoked their development and the preconditions for the ecological apocalypse are already clearly visible. In our country, due to the low pace of development of environmental legislation, ecological situation even more critical.

Environmental problem is change natural environment, as a result of anthropogenic impact or natural Disasters, leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of nature.

Ecology is the science of the relationships of living organisms and the communities they form among themselves and with the environment.

The solution to the first task of the study involved compiling a Thesaurus of scientific terms included in the title of the topic and purpose.

Its solution showed that in the topic under study: “The impact of environmental factors on the human body” it is necessary scientific concepts are:

Activity;

Study;

Human organism; Right;

Problem;

Ecological problem;

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution of 1 problem.

Treatment plants Wastewater. Voronezh

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution of 1 problem.

The key term of the Thesaurus is the concept of environmental problem (the definition is given above). From a cognitive point of view of specificity future profession, the meaning of the term “Law” is also important - a description of stable connections in nature between repeating processes under certain conditions in the surrounding world. In the natural science understanding, the term “Theory”: a doctrine, a system of ideas or principles, is also an important concept.

NLMK is the largest “exporter” of environmental problems in the Lipetsk region.

The solution to the second problem of the study showed that environmental problems are one of the main, difficult to eliminate and most current problems modernity. In our country, environmental problems are the most pronounced, numerous and pressing. Despite the fact that in Lately The Russian government pays great attention problems of environmental pollution, their severity and relevance is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is growing. This greatly complicates their solution, but the search for the most effective ways to eliminate problems of environmental pollution can bring society and science to a new qualitative level, since the search for a solution to the problem stimulates the development of natural science (ecology), society, and law enforcement practice.

Consequences of an accident at a processing and storage plant nuclear fuel"Lighthouse" - ecological catastrophy, which entailed no less catastrophic consequences

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL FEATURES OF THE IMPACT OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE HUMAN BODY. Solution to problem 2.

And ordinary citizens, including those in power, especially do not feel remorse, in one case - organizing unauthorized landfills, in another - signing documents establishing new testing ground Solid waste or even a repository for any hazardous substances.

One of characteristic features environmental problems is that they not only give rise to a number of others, no less important issues, but are also generated by them ( shining example impact on the economy is that due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, our country loses about 4-6% of GDP annually - this was the conclusion made by the minister natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation Sergei Donskoy).

CHAPTER II. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS NEGATIVELY AFFECTING THE ORGANISM AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTION.

It is worth noting that the difficulty of solving environmental problems lies in the fact that they have many of their own unique features, which consist in the peculiarities of the economy, society, culture, worldview, national composition and other spheres of life of Russians. For example, one of the features that complicates the solution of environmental problems is, oddly enough, the vast territory of our homeland. Strictly speaking, the problem here is not in the size of our country, but in the worldview of Russians.

The solution to the third problem showed that an unfavorable environmental situation affects physical and mental performance, and a person’s resistance to diseases. In adolescents living in conditions of severe environmental pollution, the process of puberty and body growth are delayed, and they get sick more often colds, study worse. Every person should be involved in solving environmental problems. Regulatory regulations also play a huge role. legal acts, protecting the health of citizens, including children and adolescents.

CHAPTER II. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FEATURES OF THEIR SOLUTIONS. Solution of problem 3.

The only honest and incorruptible defender of the environmental well-being of Russia.

Conclusion

The study was aimed at identifying the most critical environmental problems for human health and analyzing the consequences of exposure to adverse environmental factors on the human body. The relevance of the problem determined the choice of research topic in the subject area of natural science and socio-psychological aspects of the influence of ecology on human health. The research was carried out as part of a creative assignment when studying the discipline “Natural Science”, as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer in the specialty: “Law and Organization” social security"and involved solving the following problems: compiling a thesaurus of scientific terms included in the name of the topic, object and subject of research; identification of the most pressing environmental problems based on statistics and theoretical studies; identifying the characteristic features of their solution.

Solid waste processing plant (Khlevnoe village, Khlevensky district, Lipetsk region).

Problems were solved using natural scientific methods of searching, accumulating and systematizing the necessary information.

Scientific analysis practical research on this topic allowed us to identify distinctive features environmental problems and the degree of their impact on the human body.

Question 4. Conclusion

President of Russia V.V. Putin not only accepts Active participation in the creation and provides support in promoting environmental regulations, but also finds time to provide all possible physical assistance in preserving the ecology of our Motherland. This fact confirms that Russia’s environmental problems are urgent and require utmost attention and urgent solutions.

The relevance of the problem was considered in the subject plane of natural science aspects of the impact of unfavorable environmental environmental factors on the human body.

The research was carried out as part of a creative assignment in the study of the discipline “Nature-Knowledge”, as an integral component of the general educational training of a lawyer in the specialty: “Law and organization of social security”.

Question 4. Conclusion

Norilsk is the most polluted city in Russia and one of the most polluted cities in the world.

Used Books

1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science: Textbook. – M.: RAP, 2012. – 463 p. 2. Researched in Russia [ Electronic resource]: multi-subject. scientific magazine / Moscow Phys.-Techn. int. - Electron. magazine – Dolgoprudny: MIPT, 1998. –. – Log access mode: http://zhurnal.mipt.rssi.ru. - Cap. from the screen. – State No. registration 0329900013 (date of access: 03/01/2015). 3. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/r/rossija.html, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 4. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/i/1-issledovanie.html, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 5. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/d/dejatelnost.html, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 6. The largest collection of online dictionaries [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. Theory. - Access mode: http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/bes/e/ekologija.html, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 7. Laptukhin M.S. School Dictionary Russian language: A manual for students / M.S. Laptukhin; Ed. F.P. Owl. – M.: Education, 1981. – 463 p. 8. Linkenko S.N. Ecological state of the natural environment and human health. - Krasnodar, 2007. - 126 p. 9. Monitoring, control and management of environmental quality. Environmental control [Electronic resource]: tutorial/ A.I. Potapov [and others]. - Electron. text data. – St. Petersburg: Russian State Hydrometeorological University, 2004. – 290 p. - Access mode: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/12504. – EBS “IPRbooks”, by password. 10. Morozova L.A. Theory of state and law [Text]: textbook. for university students / L.A. Morozova. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 15 p.

Used Books

11. Social studies: textbook. A manual for law school applicants / ed. A.V. Opaleva. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2013. – 359 p. 12. Russian State Library [Electronic resource] / Information Center. RSL technologies; ed. Vlasenko T.V.; Webmaster Kozlova N.V. - Electron. Dan. – M.: Ros. state b-ka, 1997. – Access mode: http://www.rsl.ru, free. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/01/2015). 13. Rumyantsev N.V. Environmental law of Russia: textbook / Rumyantsev N.V., Kazantsev S.Ya., Myshko F.G. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2010. – 431 p. 14. Sarkisov O.R. Environmental safety and environmental and legal problems in the field of environmental pollution: textbook / Sarkisov O.R., Lyubarsky E.L., Kazantsev S.Ya. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012. – 231 p. 15. Sergeev K. A., Slinin Ya. A. Nature and mind: an ancient paradigm. – L.: Leningrad State University, 1991. 238 p. 16. Sizova M.G. Social ecology and human ecology in the light of modern environmental problems // Almanac modern science and education. 2009. No. 5. 239 p. 17. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on “Akademik” [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy/873/definition, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 18. Dictionaries and encyclopedias on “Akademika” [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Encyclopedia. Definition. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/psihologic/1415/definition, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. rus. (date of access: 01/31/2015). 19. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) [Electronic resource] / Results at-a-Glance. Global overview – Access mode: http://epi.yale.edu/epi, free mode. - Cap. from the screen. - Yaz. Russian, English (date of access: 03/26/2015).

Subject ecology Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.

The objectives of ecology are to study the interrelationships of organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows you to predict consequences economic activity human, to use correctly and rationally natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for development Agriculture, medicine, for the development of environmental protection measures.

Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use energy to synthesize organic substances. sunlight. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, breaking them down into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. K. Linnaeus () - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J. B. Lamarck () - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important reasons evolution. C. Roulier () - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin () - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel () German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) – English scientist – founder population ecology. A. Tansley () English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V. N. Sukachev () Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K. A. Timiryazev () is a Russian scientist who devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev () - Russian scientist - soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky () Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.

Aquatic environment B aquatic environment great importance have factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, soil properties. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the body’s water; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e., they have different tolerances - a range of stability. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living at different conditions environment (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

The intensity of the factor that is most favorable for the life of the body is called optimal. Environmental factors that negatively affect the life activity and complicate the existence of a species are called limiting. German chemist Yu. Liebig () formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting or limiting factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species can exist in nature is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, often impossible, to fully characterize the ecological niche of an organism.
Morphological adaptations Morphological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised under low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Often general features structures are endowed by organisms with different evolutionary origins. Convergence is a convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations are manifested in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions 25 Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle . Reaction of organisms to duration daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 10 am; dandelion - from 5-6 to pm; calendula - from 9 to 1; rose hips - from 4-5 to 1 p.m.

Environmental factors

1. Abiotic(factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
2. Biotic(factors of living nature) – intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
3. Anthropogenic(human influence factors) – direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat

A biotic factors (inanimate nature)

1.temperature
2.light
3.humidity
4.salt concentration
5.pressure
6.precipitation
7.relief
8.movement of air masses

Temperature

Animal organisms are distinguished:
1. with constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).

Light

visible rays infrared ultraviolet

radiation

(primary main source wavelength 0.3 µm,

thermal energy light source, 10% radiant energy,

on Earth), 45% of radiant energy in non- large quantities

wavelength 0.4 – 0.75 µm, required (vitamin D)

45% of the total

radiant energy on earth

(photosynthesis)

Plants in relation to light

1. photophilous– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.
2. shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, located horizontally, with fewer stomata.
3. shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading.

Groups of plants in relation to water

1. aquatic plants

2. semi-aquatic plants ( terrestrial-aquatic)

3. land plants

4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought

5. succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body

Groups of animals in relation to water

1. moisture-loving animals

2. intermediate group

3. dry-loving animals

Laws of action

environmental factors

The positive or negative impact of an environmental factor on living organisms depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor negatively affects the life activity of individuals.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Environmental factors are quantifiable

Any factor has certain limits positive influence on organisms.

In relation to each factor we can distinguish:

-optimum zone (zone of normal life activity,

-pessimum zone (zone of oppression),

- upper and lower limits of endurance of organisms .

Law of Optimum

The intensity of the environmental factor that is most favorable for the life of an organism is called optimum.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of organisms is impossible.

The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the tolerance zone.

Species with a wide tolerance zone are called eurybionts,

with a narrow - stenobionts.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Organisms that can tolerate significant temperature fluctuations are called eurythermic , and adapted to a narrow temperature range – stenothermic.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Tolerance curves

The position of the vertex indicates optimal conditions by this factor for this species.

Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions for the normal existence of a species is very narrow.

Flat curves correspond to a wide range of tolerance.

Laws of action

environmental factors

Towards pressure distinguish:

eury- and stenobate organisms;

In relation to

to the degree of salinity of the environment :

eury- and stenohaline.

Law of the minimum

In 1840, J. Liebig suggested that the endurance of organisms is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs.

Justus Liebig

(1803-1873)

Law of the minimum

Yu. Liebig found that the grain harvest is often limited by the wrong nutrients, which are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, and those that are needed in small quantities and which are not enough in the soil.

Justus Liebig

(1803-1873)

Law of limiting factor

Plant growth is limited by the deficiency of at least one element, the amount of which is below the required minimum.

Liebig called this pattern

law of the minimum.

"Liebig Barrel"

Law of the minimum

In a complex of environmental factors, the one whose intensity is closer to the limit of endurance (to a minimum) is stronger.

Justus Liebig - German chemist and agricultural chemist.

Law of the minimum

The general formulation of the law of the minimum has caused much controversy among scientists. Already in the middle of the 19th century. it was known that excess exposure could also be a limiting factor, and that different age and sex groups of organisms react differently to the same conditions.

Law of the minimum

Thus, not only a deficiency (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of an environmental factor can be limiting.
The idea of the limiting influence of the maximum, along with the minimum, was developed

W. Shelford in 1913

Ecological valency of the species

Property of species

adapt

to this or that

range

environmental factors

called

ecological plasticity

(or environmental valency) .

The ecological valence of a species is broader than the ecological valence of an individual.

The miller moth - one of the pests of flour and grains - critical minimum temperature for caterpillars - 7  WITH,

for adults - 23  C, for eggs - 27  WITH.

Acclimatization –

This is a definite restructuring

getting used to new climatic and geographical

conditions.

The position of the optimum and endurance limits can shift within certain limits.

Adaptation of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:

1 . warm-blooded animals maintaining a constant body temperature
2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in winter
3. suspended animation – a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slow and all visible signs life
4. frost resistance b – the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures
5. state of rest - fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by cessation of visible growth and vital activity
6. summer peace– an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.

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The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and correctly and rationally use natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

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Methods of ecology observation comparison experiment math modeling forecasting

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Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) Holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, breaking them down into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

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History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) – English scientist – founder of population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, and organic.

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Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Soil environment Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts; for them, structure, chemical composition and soil moisture.

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Ground-air environment For inhabitants ground-air environment especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, light.

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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerances - a range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

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Presentation "The impact of environmental factors on the human body." Environmental factors

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