What is the minimum temperature. Yakut frosts and other temperature records of the earth

In this article we bring to your attention a variety of Interesting Facts about temperature. Perhaps every schoolchild knows that temperature is a fundamental concept in physics. In general, temperature plays a big role for everyone. life forms on the ground. It turns out that at very low or, on the contrary, very high temperatures, different things behave in a rather strange way. The most heat was created by human hands and amounted to 4 billion C 0 . It’s hard to believe, but scientists managed to reach such an unimaginable temperature level, which is 250 times higher than the core temperature of the Sun. This kind of record was achieved thanks to the RHIC ion collider, which is located at the Brookhaven Natural Laboratory (New York). The length of this RHIC collider is 4 kilometers. During the research, we tried to recreate the conditions big bang. To do this, they forced gold ions to collide with each other, creating a quark-gluon plasma.

Most extreme temperature in our solar system. The Sun star is very hot. At the very center of the Sun, the temperature reaches approximately 15 million Kelvin, and the surface of the Sun itself is heated to 5700 Kelvin. By the way, the temperature of the Earth's core is approximately the same as on the surface of the Sun. Jupiter is considered the hottest planet in our solar system. Since the temperature of its core is five times higher than the temperature on the surface of the Sun.

The most cold temperature recorded on the Earth's satellite, the Moon. In some craters that are in the shade, the temperature reaches only 30 Kelvin - above absolute zero.

There are peoples who live almost extreme conditions and the most unusual places that seem in no way suitable for life. So there is the coldest village on earth - Oymyakon and also the city of Verkhoyansk, which is in Yakutia (Russia). In this area in winter average temperature drops to minus 45C 0 . This is perhaps the most extreme temperature of the human environment. The coldest city is also located in Siberia - Yakutsk (population 270 thousand). Winter temperature there it reaches minus 45 C 0, but in the summer it can rise to 30 C 0.

The most extreme temperatures were recorded in the Mponeng gold mines ( South America). At a depth of 3 kilometers, the temperature reaches plus 65 C 0. And people work in such conditions. To somehow reduce this incredible heat, insulating wall coverings and ice are used.

The most low temperature was achieved under artificial conditions - 100 pico Kelvin (0, 0000000001 K). Such results were achieved thanks to magnetic cooling. Something similar can be achieved with lasers. At such abnormally low temperatures, any material or substance behaves differently from its usual environment.

Temperature in space. What is she like? IN outer space The temperature is kept above absolute zero due to radiation that is still left over from the Big Bang. For example, if you leave a thermometer in space for some time and away from radiation sources, it will show 2.73 Kelvin (minus 270 C 0). This temperature is considered the lowest natural temperature in the Universe. Although space is quite cold, as it is for us. But it turns out that the astronauts are faced with the most important issue- heat. The metal from which objects in orbit are made sometimes heats up to 260 C 0 . This happens due to the free rays of the Sun. And in order to reduce the temperature of the ship, it wrapped in a special material that reduces the temperature by half.

But, nevertheless, the temperature in space is falling. Thus, studies have shown that every 3 billion years our Universe cools by approximately 1 degree. The temperature on planet Earth is in no way related to the cosmic temperature. Moreover, the Earth Lately warms up slowly.

Is there a highest temperature? There is a concept of absolute zero, this is a temperature below which it is impossible to fall. But which is the highest, science cannot yet answer.

In fact, the highest is called the Planck temperature. She was in the Universe at the time of the Big Bang, so says modern science. And this temperature reached 10 ^32 Kelvin. In simple terms, this is billions of times higher and greater than the highest temperature ever achieved artificially. And today it remains the highest of all possible.

Recently, scientists working in Antarctica recorded a temperature record - the lowest temperature for the entire period of meteorological observations.

The new record was minus 91.2 degrees. The previous record stood for thirty years. In 1983, meteorologists recorded a temperature of minus 89.2 degrees in Antarctica. It should be noted that the 1983 record was recorded by Soviet researchers in Antarctica at the Vostok station.

The latest record set by nature was certified by Japanese polar explorers at the Fuji Dome station and was confirmed by satellite data. Antarctica fully lives up to the name “Pole of Cold” - the coldest part of the Earth.

The North Pole in this regard is significantly inferior to the South Pole, where temperature minimum only reached about minus 70 degrees.

The fact of the temperature record is somewhat out of the theory global warming land. While there is abnormal heat in the northern hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere may suffer from abnormal cold weather. Scientists do not deny this fact.

The temperature record also thwarted the plans of one of the heirs to the British crown, Prince Harry, to reach the South Pole on foot. Because of weather conditions the prince and his companions were forced to cancel the event. The prince was preparing to travel to freezer with a temperature of minus 35 degrees, and here it’s minus ninety. They didn’t take risks with someone of royal blood.

What's the weather like? In principle, it is possible to live at +50°C and -50°C, and even in a greater range. Air conditioners, fans and jackets will help us with this. Well, someone, of course, will die and nothing can be done about it, because we don’t live in a terrarium.

What is the lowest air temperature ever recorded on Earth?

The lowest air temperature on Earth was recorded at the Soviet Antarctic Vostok station on July 21, 1983, when the platinum thermometer at the weather site showed -89.2°C. This is the lowest temperature ever recorded meteorological observations.

The lowest temperature recorded in our country is -78°C. Incredible frost occurred in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River.

The lowest air temperature in inhabited areas of the planet was recorded in 1964 in Yakutia in the village of Oymyakon - -71.1°C. The entire interfluve of the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka rivers is considered to be the region of the Pole of Cold Northern Hemisphere.

What is the highest air temperature ever recorded on Earth?

The highest temperature on Earth recorded in Libya in 1922 is +57.8°C.

The highest soil temperature was recorded at Shurchi station in Uzbekistan. The temperature of irrigated light gray soils here reaches 79°C. At the Repetek station in Turkmenistan, the sand is heated to 77°C.

What is the maximum outdoor temperature a person can withstand?

A person may be exposed to dry air at very high temperatures for a short time. A person can tolerate temperatures of 160°C. This was proven by English physicists Blagden and Chantry, who conducted an experiment on themselves. A person can tolerate a temperature of 104°C for 26 minutes, 93°C for 33 minutes, 82°C for 49 minutes, and 71°C for 1 hour; This was established during experiments with healthy human volunteers.

What is the minimum outdoor temperature that a person can withstand?

It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - on the speed of the wind. In Yakutia in winter, people spend hours in the cold, with air temperatures below -50°C, but they are dressed appropriately, and in the conditions of the central part of the Siberian anticyclone there is usually no wind. In Antarctica, winterers from continental stations are also happy long time you have to go outside, but there severe frosts are often accompanied by strong winds. Therefore, warm, windproof clothing is not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or cover their faces with the hood of a fur jacket (“parkas”). Staff scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, due to the nature of his occupation he is forced to systematically be outdoors, sometimes he uses electrically heated clothing, which has less weight than ordinary warm clothing, is less bulky, and less restricts movement. The minimum temperature at which people were briefly exposed to air is -88°C.

And two more facts

Maximum temperature hard objects, with which people can contact for a long time - about 50 degrees Celsius (at a higher temperature a burn occurs).

At a constant body temperature of more than 42°C, a person dies.

Photo: Bochkareva Bolota/RIA Novosti

Starting from Sunday January 14 Severe frosts came to the territory of Yakutia. In Oymyakon the temperature on Sunday dropped to -59 degrees Celsius. The republican authorities canceled classes in schools in 13 districts. Forecasters expect a further drop in temperatures in the coming days, brought by the Arctic anticyclone. The level is called - 65 degrees. There are already victims. On January 14, the press service of the Investigative Directorate of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Sakha disseminated information that the circumstances of the death of two men who froze on the road as a result of a car breakdown were being studied.

How to count correctly

Temperature records are usually recorded using a thermometer. It is understood that this must be done in the process of observation with recording of temperature changes using instruments. Data obtained by some other method will have to be classified as unofficial records.

So, December 9, 2013 At a conference of the American Geophysical Union, a group of American researchers reported that on August 10, 2010, the air temperature at one point in Antarctica dropped to −135.8 degrees Fahrenheit (−93.2 degrees Celsius). This information was identified as a result of analysis of NASA satellite data. But the speaker himself, Ted Sambos, made a reservation that this temperature record cannot be recorded as official.

Oymyakon or Verkhoyansk

Verkhoyansk weather station. Photo: V. Yakovlev/RIA Novosti

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) remains a unique region for the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. Its territory, 40% of which is located beyond the Arctic Circle, is a supplier of temperature records. Suffice it to say that The temperature difference between the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 degrees in the republic.

Two Yakut settlements are fighting for the right to be called the “pole of cold” of the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere – Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. Lowest temperature – minus 77.8 degrees Celsius - was recorded in 1938 in Oymyakon. But these data did not receive official status. In Verkhoyansk in January 1892, the temperature dropped to -69.8 degrees. Therefore, the authorities of the republic give it the title of the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, the largest amplitude was noted in Verkhoyansk annual temperatures: the maximum summer temperature here reached +37 degrees(temperature difference is almost 107 degrees).

Earth's absolute pole of cold

Antarctic station "Vostok". Photo: G. Kolosov/RIA Novosti

The title of the absolute pole of cold of the Earth belongs to the Antarctic Russian station"Vostok", where weather observations are carried out regularly.On July 21, 1983, a record low temperature was recorded there: −89.2 degrees Celsius. True, meteorologists point out that the station is located at an altitude 3488 meters above sea level. If we bring temperature indicators to sea level, then Antarctica will lose to both Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. But here in terms of average annual temperature, which at the station is −60.2 degrees Celsius, Vostok has no equal.

For those who want to warm up

Death Valley. USA. Photo: Zuma/TASS

If someone is frozen from reading such a text, urgently go to the hottest places on the planet . On September 13, 1922, in the town of Al-Aziziya, Libya, a temperature of +58.2 degrees Celsius was recorded. But today this result is not considered sufficiently reliable. Therefore, the World Meteorological Organization considers the temperature recorded July 10, 1913 at the Greenland Ranch in Death Valley (California, USA) - plus 56.7 degrees. It is difficult to find a name more suitable for being considered the hottest place on the planet. Again, according to unofficial data, on the same day Saudi Arabia(location unknown) +58.4 degrees Celsius was recorded. But unofficial ones are unofficial.

The most warm place on Earth can be considered Dallol village in Ethiopia. For 7 years, from 1960 to 1966, it was recorded average annual temperature equal +34.4 degrees Celsius.

But the hottest place in Russia is the Utta weather station in Kalmykia . On July 12, 2010, the temperature was recorded here +45.4 degrees Celsius, which is a record high temperature in the history of weather observations in Russia.

Naturally, the practice of recording results only using stationary instruments is not entirely correct. Many scientists believe that there are places on Earth where above-zero temperatures are much higher than the current records. But there are no meteorological observations there. So, as the possible hottest place on the planet it is called Dasht-Lut desert in the central part of the Iranian Plateau in eastern Iran. Some experts, citing satellite observation data, claim that temperatures in the area reach 70 degrees Celsius. It remains to confirm this using a regular thermometer.

Sergey Anisimov

IN last years The climate has changed a lot, and not only in the direction of warming. Such changes occur especially noticeably in zones of sharply continental climate. Here the summers are impossibly hot, the winters are very frosty. Let's look for answers to the questions: where is the lowest temperature on Earth? Where is it coldest?

Climate of the Northern Hemisphere in the 19th century

It would seem that the coldest should be Northern and South pole, as the farthest from the equator. In reality, things are not so simple.

There are several in the Northern Hemisphere settlements, which can rightfully be called “poles of cold”. All of them are located in Russia. And this is not surprising, since it owns a huge part of the northern territories.

Long ago, in the 19th century, in one of these villages (Verkhoyansk) a critical temperature was recorded - 63.2 degrees below zero. It is located in the northeast direction from Yakutsk, 650 kilometers from it. In the same area in January 1885, an even greater minus temperature was recorded - 67.8 degrees. At that time, this was the lowest temperature on Earth.

Verkhoyansk at that time was a place of exile for political prisoners. The measurements were carried out, as expected, at an equipped weather station by one of the political exiles, I. A. Khudyakov. In this regard, in Verkhoyansk there is a monument called “Pole of Cold”. There is also an interesting local history museum called the Ulus Museum with the same name.

Frosts of the 20th century, modernity

In the middle of the 20th century, temperature measurements were made in Oymyakon, a village located just south (4 degrees) of Verkhoyansk. This was done by S.V. Obruchev (son of the author of the works “Sannikov’s Land” and “Plutonium”). According to his data, it turned out that a minus mark of 71.2 degrees is possible here. And this was the lowest temperature on Earth at that time.

The Oymyakon depression is located higher in level than the Verkhoyansk depression. In addition, it is surrounded by mountains, trapping frosty and dry air in the depression. However, such a temperature has not been observed in practice. And yet, Oymyakon became famous as the frostiest place.

Oymyakon. The fight for the title of “Pole of Cold”

In fact, Obruchev’s calculations were made near another village - Tomtor, located 30 kilometers from Oymyakon. Since almost everything geographical features This region (plateaus, depressions, etc.) are called Oymyakon, which is why Oymyakon became so famous.

In Tomtor itself, already in February 1933, the weather station recorded a temperature mark of minus 67.7 degrees. That is, until the record for the lowest temperature on Earth (Verkhoyansk, 1885) is broken with a lag of 0.1 degrees. The residents of Tomtor themselves believe that the weather station was built later, when climate warming began to occur. Otherwise, most likely, they would have broken the record long ago.

Based on average temperatures for 15 years in Verkhoyansk minimum temperature was only minus 57, and in Tomtor it was minus 60.0 degrees. And according to the absolute minimums for the same period of time, the temperatures are as follows: Verkhoyansk - 61.1, and Tomtor - 64.6 degrees. It turns out that it is colder in Tomtor than in Verkhoyansk.

The Oymyakon weather station, due to record data, is noted in the Guinness Book. But the Yakut authorities changed everything. They decided and recognized Verkhoyansk as the “pole of cold”. Perhaps in order to attract more tourists.

Vostok station. Lowest temperature on Earth

The achievements of the above-mentioned Verkhoyansk and Tomtor pale in comparison to the temperature values ​​of the Vostok station, located in East Antarctica. This is the real “Pole of Cold”.

This station is located at an altitude of almost 3.5 kilometers above sea level, on the ice dome itself. The lowest temperature was recorded there - minus 89.2 degrees. It is amazing! Even in summer, the temperature here stays between 20-40 degrees below zero! It’s worth feeling and seeing it to understand what real cold means.

East Antarctica has the coldest temperatures on Earth.

Dashti Lut, Libyan desert

The hottest air on Earth was recorded in 2005 in Libya in the Dashti Lut desert. The thermometer showed plus 70 degrees Celsius.

At this temperature, you can cook food without using fire, since the surfaces of objects become so hot in the Sun that you can safely fry eggs on them. And it is impossible to walk barefoot on the ground. The air even in the shade warms up to 60 degrees.

There is another desert in Libya - Al Azizia. In September 1922, a positive temperature of 57.8 degrees was noticed there.

There is Death Valley in the USA. The hottest temperature was recorded there at 56.7 degrees. And the average summer temperature here is +47 degrees.

Universe. The coldest place

The lowest temperature in the Universe is in the Boomerang Nebula. It is believed that this is the coldest place in the entire Universe. Its temperature is minus 272 °C. This is despite the fact that minus 273°C is taken as the lowest temperature - the lowest accepted limit of all temperatures.

Where does this temperature come from? What's happening?

In the very center of this nebula is located dying star, which for 1,500 years has been emitting gases in the form of wind, moving at an unimaginably high speed of 500,000 kilometers per hour. The gas coming out of the nebula is cooled in the same way as the air that people exhale. The temperature of the gas itself is two degrees higher less temperature places where it then expands. Due to rapid expansion, it cooled to 272 Celsius.

This amazing nebula got its name due to its similarity in appearance with a boomerang, although it is believed that it looks more like a butterfly. This is due to the fact that Australian scientists who discovered this place in 1980 did not have such powerful telescopes as they have now, and saw only isolated fragments of the nebula. The modern Hubble telescope took the most accurate picture.

Thus, the places on Earth with the highest and lowest temperatures are, respectively, the Libyan Dashti Lut Desert and East Antarctica. And there is no limit to such natural phenomena.