Abstract: Earth is a planet in the solar system. Earth as a planet in the solar system

Our planet is a huge ellipsoid, consisting of rocks, metals and covered with water and soil. Earth is one of nine planets that orbit the Sun; It ranks fifth in size of planets. The sun, together with the planets revolving around it, forms. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, its diameter is approximately 100 thousand light years (this is how long it will take light to reach the last point of a given space).

The planets of the Solar System describe ellipses around the Sun, while also rotating around their own axes. The four planets closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are called internal, the rest (Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) are called external. IN Lately Scientists have found many planets in the Solar System that are equal in size or slightly smaller than Pluto, so in astronomy today they only talk about eight planets that make up the Solar System, but we will adhere to the standard theory.

The Earth moves in its orbit around the Sun at a speed of 107,200 km/h (29.8 km/s). In addition, it rotates around its axis of an imaginary rod passing through the northernmost and most southern point Earth. The earth's axis is inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 66.5°. Scientists have calculated that if the Earth stopped, it would instantly burn up from the energy of its own speed. The ends of the axis are called the North and South Poles.

The Earth describes its path around the Sun in one year (365.25 days). Every fourth year contains 366 days (extra days accumulate over 4 years), it is called a leap year. Because the earth's axis is tilted, North hemisphere It is most inclined towards the Sun in June, and most inclined to the south in December. In the hemisphere which is this moment It is most inclined towards the Sun, it is summer now. This means that in the other hemisphere it is winter and now it is least illuminated by the sun's rays.

Imaginary lines running north and south of the equator, called the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, show where Sun rays fall vertically onto the Earth's surface at noon. In the northern hemisphere this happens in June (Tropic of Cancer), and in the southern hemisphere in December (Tropic of Capricorn).

The solar system consists of nine planets orbiting the sun, their moons, many minor planets, comets and interplanetary dust.

Earth movement

Earth makes 11 various movements, but of these, the daily movement around the axis and the annual revolution around the Sun are of important geographical significance.

At the same time, the following definitions are introduced: aphelion - the most distant point in orbit from the Sun (152 million km). The earth passes through it on July 5th. Perihelion is the closest point in orbit from the Sun (147 million km). The earth passes through it on January 3rd. The total length of the orbit is 940 million km.

The Earth's movement around its axis goes from west to east; a full revolution is completed in 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. This time is taken as a day. The diurnal movement has 4 consequences:

Compression at the poles and the spherical shape of the Earth;
Change of day and night, seasons;
Coriolis force (named after the French scientist G. Coriolis) - the deflection of horizontally moving bodies in the Northern Hemisphere to the left, in the Southern Hemisphere to the right, this affects the direction of movement air masses, sea currents, etc.;
Tidal phenomena.

The Earth's orbit has several important points corresponding to the equinoxes and solstices. June 22 - day summer solstice, when in the Northern Hemisphere it is the longest, and in the Southern Hemisphere
- the shortest day of the year. In the Arctic Circle and within it, this day is a polar day; in the Antarctic Circle and within it, it is a polar night. December 22 - day winter solstice, in the northern hemisphere - the shortest, in the southern - the longest day of the year. Within the Arctic Circle there is polar night. Southern Arctic Circle - polar day. March 21 and September 23 are the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, because the rays of the Sun fall vertically on the equator; on the entire Earth (except for the poles) day is equal to night.

The tropics are parallels with latitudes of 23.5°, in which the Sun is at its zenith only once a year. Between the Northern and Southern tropics the Sun is at its zenith twice a year, and outside them the Sun is never at its zenith.

Polar circles (Northern and Southern) - parallels in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres with latitudes of 66.5°, at which the polar day and night last exactly 24 hours.

The polar day and night reach their maximum duration (six months) at the poles.

Time Zones. In order to regulate time differences resulting from the rotation of the Earth around its axis, the globe is conventionally divided into 24 time zones. Without them, no one would be able to answer the question: “What time is it in other parts of the world?” The boundaries of these belts approximately coincide with lines of longitude. In each time zone, people set their clocks according to their own local time, depending on the location on Earth. The gap between the belts is 15°. In 1884, Greenwich Mean Time was introduced, which is calculated from the meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory and having a longitude of 0°.

The 180° lines of east and west longitude coincide. This common line is called the International Date Line. Time at points on Earth located west of this line is 12 hours ahead compared to time at points east of this line (symmetrical with respect to the international date line). The time in these neighboring zones is the same, but traveling east takes you to yesterday, traveling west takes you to tomorrow.

Earth parameters

Equatorial radius - 6378 km
Polar radius - 6357 km
Earth ellipsoid compression - 1:298
Average radius - 6371 km
The circumference of the equator is 40,076 km
Meridian length - 40,008 km
Surface - 510 million km2
Volume - 1.083 trillion. km3
Weight - 5.98 10^24 kg
Gravity acceleration - 9.81 m/s^2 (Paris) Distance from the Earth to the Moon - 384,000 km Distance from the Earth to the Sun - 150 million km.

Solar system

Planet	Duration of one revolution around the Sun	Period of rotation around its axis (days)	Average orbital speed (km/s)	Orbit deviation, degrees (from the plane of the Earth’s surface)	Gravity (Earth value =1)
Mercury	88 days	58,65	48	7	0,38
Venus	224.7 days.	243	34,9	3,4	0.9
Earth	365.25 days.	0,9973	29,8	0	1
Mars	687 days	1,02-60	24	1,8	0.38
Jupiter	11.86 years	0,410	12.9	1,3	2,53
Saturn	29.46 years	0,427	9,7	2,5	1,07
Uranus	84.01 years	0,45	6,8	0,8	0,92
Neptune	164.8 years	0,67	5,3	1,8	1,19
Pluto	247.7 years	6,3867	4,7	17,2	0.05

Planet	Diameter, km	Distance from the Sun, million km	Number of moons	Equator diameter (km)	Mass (Earth = 1)	Density (water = 1)	Volume (Earth = 1)
Mercury	4878	58	0	4880	0,055	5,43	0,06
Venus	12103	108	0	12104	0,814	5,24	0,86
Earth	12756	150	1	12756	1	5,52	1
Mars	6794	228	2	6794	0,107	3,93	0,15
Jupiter	143800	778	16	142984	317,8	1,33	1323
Saturn	120 LLC	1429	17	120536	95,16	0,71	752
Uranus	52400	2875	15	51118	14,55	1,31	64
Neptune	49400	4504	8	49532	17,23	1,77	54
Pluto	1100	5913	1	2320	0,0026	1,1	0,01

That's a very difficult question. And it is hardly possible to give an exhaustive answer to it. At least for now. The Earth itself preserves its past, but there is no one to tell about this past - it was so long ago.

Scientists are slowly “questioning” the Earth through the study of radioactive rocks and are getting some answers. But the known past of the Earth is not final, but goes into an even more distant past - what happened before it solidified? Scientists compare planets with each other in their present state and try to judge from them the evolution of the Earth. Understanding the world is a long and not so easy process.
There are many hypotheses about the origin of the Earth and other planets, some of which we will consider separately on our website.
Modern hypotheses about the origin of the solar system must take into account not only mechanical characteristics Solar system, but also take into account numerous physical data on the structure of the planets and the Sun.
In the field of cosmogony, a stubborn ideological struggle has constantly been and is being waged, since the worldview of scientists is dramatically affected here. Proponents of the theory of creationism, for example, believe that the age of the Earth is no more than 10,000 years, and supporters of the theory of evolution measure the age of the Earth in billions of years.

Thus, there is not yet a hypothesis that answers all questions about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the solar system. But scientists increasingly agree that the Sun and the planets were formed simultaneously (or almost simultaneously) from a single material medium, from a single cloud of gas and dust.
There are the following hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system (including the Earth): the hypothesis of Laplace, Kant, Schmidt, Buffon, Hoyle, etc.

Basic modern scientific theory

The emergence of the Solar System began with the gravitational compression of a gas and dust cloud, in the center of which the most massive body, the Sun, was formed. The matter of the protoplanetary disk gathered into small planetesimals, which collided with each other and formed planets. Some planetesimals were ejected from internal regions to the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud.
Kuiper Belt- the region of the Solar System from the orbit of Neptune to a distance of about 55 AU. e. from the Sun. Although the Kuiper Belt is similar to the asteroid belt, it is about 20 times wider and more massive than the latter. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies, that is, material left over from the formation of the Solar System. Unlike asteroid belt objects, which are primarily composed of rocks and metals, Kuiper belt objects are composed primarily of volatile substances(called ices) such as methane, ammonia and water. This region of near space contains at least three dwarf planets: Pluto, Haumea and Makemake. It is believed that some satellites of the planets of the solar system (Neptune's satellite Triton and Saturn's satellite Phoebe) also arose in this area.
Oort cloud- a hypothetical spherical region of the Solar System that serves as a source of long-period comets. The existence of the Oort cloud has not been instrumentally confirmed, but many indirect facts indicate its existence.
The Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from the solar nebula. Volcanic degassing created the primary atmosphere on earth was created as a result of volcanic activity, but it had almost no oxygen, it would have been toxic and not suitable for life. Much of the Earth was molten due to active volcanism and frequent collisions with other space objects. One of these large impacts is believed to have tilted the Earth's axis and formed the Moon. Over time, such cosmic bombardment ceased, allowing the planet to cool and form a solid crust. The water delivered to the planet by comets and asteroids condensed into clouds and oceans. The earth finally became hospitable to life, and its earliest forms enriched the atmosphere with oxygen. For at least the first billion years, life on Earth took small and microscopic forms. Well, then the process of evolution began.
As we said earlier, there is no consensus on this matter. Therefore, hypotheses about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the solar system continue to arise, and old ones also exist.

J. Buffon's hypothesis

Not all scientists agreed with the evolutionary scenario for the origin of the planets. Back in the 18th century, the French naturalist Georges Buffon expressed a hypothesis, supported and developed by the American physicists Chamberlain and Multon. The hypothesis is this: once upon a time another star flew in the vicinity of the Sun. Its gravity caused a huge tidal wave on the Sun, stretching in space for hundreds of millions of kilometers. Having broken away, this wave began to swirl around the Sun and disintegrate into clumps, each of which formed its own planet.

F. Hoyle's conjecture

The English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle proposed another hypothesis in the 20th century: the Sun had a twin star that exploded. Most of the fragments were carried away into space, the smaller one remained in the orbit of the Sun and formed planets.

Creation theory

Creationism- a theological and ideological concept according to which the main forms of the organic world (life), humanity, planet Earth, as well as the world as a whole, are considered as directly created by the Creator, or God. The term "creationism" became popular around late XIX centuries, meaning concepts that recognize the truth stated in Old Testament stories of the creation of the world. It should be noted that there are several directions in the theory of creationism itself, but, for example, Templeton Prize-winning geneticist, evolutionist and former Dominican Catholic priest Francisco Ayala believes that there are no significant contradictions between Christianity and evolutionary theory, and evolutionary theory, on the contrary, helps to explain both the perfection of the world created by God and the cause of evil in the world.

Protodeacon A. Kuraev in the book “Orthodoxy and Evolution” he writes: “Those who vaguely think that God becomes unnecessary if we extend the process of creation are naive. Equally naive are those who believe that the creation of the world in more than six days diminishes the greatness of the Creator. It is only important for us to remember that nothing interfered or limited creative action. Everything happened according to the will of the Creator. But whether this will was to create the world instantly, or in six days, or in six thousand years, or in myriads of centuries, we do not know.”

Abstract on the topic

“Earth is a planet of the solar system”

1. Structure and composition of the Solar system. Two groups of planets

2. Terrestrial planets. Earth–Moon system

3. Earth

4. Antique and modern research Earth

5. Exploring the Earth from space

6. The emergence of life on Earth

7. The only satellite of the Earth is the Moon

Conclusion

1. Structure and composition of the Solar system. Two groups of planets.

Our Earth is one of the 8 major planets revolving around the Sun. It is in the Sun that the bulk of the matter in the Solar System is concentrated. The mass of the Sun is 750 times the mass of all the planets and 330,000 times the mass of the Earth. Under the influence of its gravity, the planets and all other bodies of the solar system move around the Sun.

The distances between the Sun and the planets are many times greater than their sizes, and it is almost impossible to draw a diagram that would maintain a single scale for the Sun, planets and the distances between them. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times greater than that of the Earth, and the distance between them is approximately the same number of times greater than the diameter of the Sun. In addition, the distance from the Sun to last planet The solar system (Neptune) is 30 times greater than the distance to Earth. If we depict our planet as a circle with a diameter of 1 mm, then the Sun will be at a distance of about 11 m from the Earth, and its diameter will be approximately 11 cm. The orbit of Neptune will be shown as a circle with a radius of 330 m. Therefore, they usually do not give a modern diagram of the Solar system, but only a drawing from Copernicus’s book “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Circles” with other, very approximate proportions.

According to their physical characteristics, large planets are divided into two groups. One of them - the terrestrial planets - consists of the Earth and similar Mercury, Venus and Mars. The second includes the giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Until 2006, Pluto was considered the furthest major planet from the Sun. Now it, together with other objects of similar size - long-known large asteroids (see § 4) and objects discovered on the outskirts of the Solar system - is classified as a dwarf planet.

The division of planets into groups can be traced according to three characteristics (mass, pressure, rotation), but most clearly - according to density. Planets belonging to the same group differ only slightly in density, while the average density of terrestrial planets is approximately 5 times greater than the average density of giant planets (see Table 1).

Most of the mass of the terrestrial planets comes from solid matter. The Earth and other terrestrial planets consist of oxides and other heavy compounds chemical elements: iron, magnesium, aluminum and other metals, as well as silicon and other non-metals. The four most abundant elements in the solid shell of our planet (lithosphere) - iron, oxygen, silicon and magnesium - account for over 90% of its mass.

The low density of the giant planets (for Saturn it is less than the density of water) is explained by the fact that they consist mainly of hydrogen and helium, which are mainly in gaseous and liquid states. The atmospheres of these planets also contain hydrogen compounds - methane and ammonia. Differences between the planets of the two groups arose already at the stage of their formation (see § 5).

Of the giant planets, Jupiter is the best studied, on which even with a small school telescope numerous dark and light stripes are visible, stretching parallel to the planet’s equator. This is what cloud formations look like in its atmosphere, the temperature of which is only -140 °C, and the pressure is approximately the same as at the surface of the Earth. The reddish-brown color of the stripes is apparently explained by the fact that, in addition to the ammonia crystals that form the basis of the clouds, they contain various impurities. Images taken by spacecraft show traces of intense and sometimes persistent atmospheric processes. Thus, for over 350 years, Jupiter has been observed atmospheric vortex, called the Great Red Spot. In the earth's atmosphere, cyclones and anticyclones exist on average for about a week. Atmospheric currents and clouds have been recorded by spacecraft on other giant planets, although they are less developed than on Jupiter.

Structure. It is assumed that as it approaches the center of the giant planets, hydrogen, due to increasing pressure, should pass from a gaseous to a gas-liquid state, in which its gaseous and liquid phases coexist. At the center of Jupiter, the pressure is millions of times higher than the atmospheric pressure that exists on Earth, and hydrogen acquires properties characteristic of metals. In the interior of Jupiter, metallic hydrogen, together with silicates and metals, forms a core that is approximately 1.5 times larger in size and 10–15 times larger in mass than the Earth.

Weight. Any of the giant planets exceeds in mass all the terrestrial planets combined. The largest planet in the solar system - Jupiter is larger than itself major planet terrestrial group - the Earth is 11 times in diameter and more than 300 times in mass.

Rotation. The differences between the planets of the two groups are manifested both in the fact that the giant planets rotate faster around their axis and in the number of satellites: for 4 terrestrial planets there are only 3 satellites, for 4 giant planets there are more than 120. All these satellites consist of the same substances like terrestrial planets - silicates, oxides and sulfides of metals, etc., as well as water (or water-ammonia) ice. In addition to numerous craters of meteorite origin, tectonic faults and cracks in their crust or ice cover were discovered on the surface of many satellites. The most surprising thing was the discovery of about a dozen active volcanoes on the closest moon to Jupiter, Io. This is the first reliable observation of volcanic activity earth type outside of our planet.

In addition to satellites, giant planets also have rings, which are clusters of small-sized bodies. They are so small that they are not visible individually. Thanks to their orbit around the planet, the rings appear solid, although through the rings of Saturn, for example, both the surface of the planet and the stars are visible. The rings are located in close proximity to the planet, where large satellites cannot exist.

2. Terrestrial planets. Earth–Moon system

Due to the presence of a satellite, the Moon, the Earth is often called a double planet. This emphasizes both the commonality of their origin and the rare ratio of the masses of the planet and its satellite: the Moon is only 81 times smaller than Earth.

Sufficiently detailed information will be given about the nature of the Earth in subsequent chapters of the textbook. Therefore, here we will talk about the rest of the terrestrial planets, comparing them with ours, and about the Moon, which, although it is only a satellite of the Earth, is by its nature a planetary type body.

Despite the common origin, the nature of the Moon differs significantly from that of the Earth, which is determined by its mass and size. Due to the fact that the force of gravity on the surface of the Moon is 6 times less than on the surface of the Earth, it is much easier for gas molecules to leave the Moon. Therefore our natural satellite lacks a noticeable atmosphere and hydrosphere.

The absence of an atmosphere and slow rotation around its axis (a day on the Moon is equal to an Earth month) lead to the fact that during the day the surface of the Moon heats up to 120 °C, and at night it cools down to -170 °C. Due to the lack of an atmosphere, the lunar surface is subject to constant “bombardment” of meteorites and smaller micrometeorites, which fall onto it at cosmic speeds (tens of kilometers per second). As a result, the entire Moon is covered with a layer of finely crushed material - regolith. As described by American astronauts who visited the Moon, and as photographs of lunar rovers’ footprints show, in its physical and mechanical properties (particle sizes, strength, etc.) regolith is similar to wet sand.

When large bodies fall onto the surface of the Moon, craters up to 200 km in diameter are formed. Craters with a meter and even centimeter diameter are clearly visible in panoramas of the lunar surface obtained from spacecraft.

In laboratory conditions, samples of rocks delivered by our automatic stations “Luna” and by American astronauts who visited the Moon on the Apollo spacecraft were studied in detail. This made it possible to obtain more complete information than when analyzing the rocks of Mars and Venus, which was carried out directly on the surface of these planets. Lunar rocks are similar in composition to terrestrial rocks such as basalts, norites and anorthosites. The set of minerals in lunar rocks is poorer than in terrestrial rocks, but richer than in meteorites. On our satellite there is not and never was either a hydrosphere or an atmosphere of the same composition as on Earth. Therefore, there are no minerals that can form in an aquatic environment and in the presence of free oxygen. Compared to terrestrial rocks, lunar rocks are depleted in volatile elements, but have a higher content of iron and aluminum oxides, and in some cases titanium, potassium, rare earth elements and phosphorus. No signs of life even in the form of microorganisms or organic compounds not found on the Moon.

The light areas of the Moon - the "continents" and the darker ones - the "seas" differ not only in appearance, but also by topography, geological history and the chemical composition of the substance covering them. On the younger surface of the “seas”, covered with solidified lava, there are fewer craters than on the more ancient surface of the “continents”. In various parts of the Moon, relief forms such as cracks are noticeable, along which the crust shifts vertically and horizontally. In this case, only fault-type mountains are formed, and there are no folded mountains, so typical of our planet, on the Moon.

The absence of erosion and weathering processes on the Moon allows us to consider it a kind of geological reserve, where all the relief forms that arose during this time are preserved for millions and billions of years. Thus, studying the Moon makes it possible to understand geological processes events that took place on Earth in the distant past, of which there are no traces left on our planet.

Abstract on the topic

“Earth is a planet of the solar system”

1. Structure and composition of the Solar system. Two groups of planets

2. Terrestrial planets. Earth–Moon system

3. Earth

4. Ancient and modern exploration of the Earth

5. Exploring the Earth from space

6. The emergence of life on Earth

7. The only satellite of the Earth is the Moon

Conclusion

1. Structure and composition of the Solar system. Two groups of planets.

The distances between the Sun and the planets are many times greater than their sizes, and it is almost impossible to draw a diagram that would maintain a single scale for the Sun, planets and the distances between them. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times greater than that of the Earth, and the distance between them is approximately the same number of times greater than the diameter of the Sun. In addition, the distance from the Sun to the last planet of the solar system (Neptune) is 30 times greater than the distance to Earth. If we depict our planet as a circle with a diameter of 1 mm, then the Sun will be at a distance of about 11 m from the Earth, and its diameter will be approximately 11 cm. The orbit of Neptune will be shown as a circle with a radius of 330 m. Therefore, they usually do not give a modern diagram of the Solar system, but only a drawing from Copernicus’s book “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Circles” with other, very approximate proportions.

Most of the mass of the terrestrial planets comes from solid matter. The Earth and other terrestrial planets consist of oxides and other compounds of heavy chemical elements: iron, magnesium, aluminum and other metals, as well as silicon and other non-metals. The four most abundant elements in the solid shell of our planet (lithosphere) - iron, oxygen, silicon and magnesium - account for over 90% of its mass.

Of the giant planets, Jupiter is the best studied, on which even with a small school telescope numerous dark and light stripes are visible, stretching parallel to the planet’s equator. This is what cloud formations look like in its atmosphere, the temperature of which is only -140 °C, and the pressure is approximately the same as at the surface of the Earth. The reddish-brown color of the stripes is apparently explained by the fact that, in addition to the ammonia crystals that form the basis of the clouds, they contain various impurities. Images taken by spacecraft show traces of intense and sometimes persistent atmospheric processes. Thus, for over 350 years, an atmospheric vortex has been observed on Jupiter, called the Great Red Spot. In the earth's atmosphere, cyclones and anticyclones exist on average for about a week. Atmospheric currents and clouds have been recorded by spacecraft on other giant planets, although they are less developed than on Jupiter.

Weight. Any of the giant planets exceeds in mass all the terrestrial planets combined. The largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter, is 11 times larger in diameter and more than 300 times larger in mass than the largest terrestrial planet, Earth.

Rotation. The differences between the planets of the two groups are manifested both in the fact that the giant planets rotate faster around their axis and in the number of satellites: for 4 terrestrial planets there are only 3 satellites, for 4 giant planets there are more than 120. All these satellites consist of the same substances like terrestrial planets - silicates, oxides and sulfides of metals, etc., as well as water (or water-ammonia) ice. In addition to numerous craters of meteorite origin, tectonic faults and cracks in their crust or ice cover were discovered on the surface of many satellites. The most surprising thing was the discovery of about a dozen active volcanoes on the closest moon to Jupiter, Io. This is the first reliable observation of terrestrial-type volcanic activity outside our planet.

2. Terrestrial planets. Earth–Moon system

Due to the presence of a satellite, the Moon, the Earth is often called a double planet. This emphasizes both their common origin and the rare ratio of the masses of the planet and its satellite: the Moon is only 81 times smaller than the Earth.

Despite the common origin, the nature of the Moon differs significantly from that of the Earth, which is determined by its mass and size. Due to the fact that the force of gravity on the surface of the Moon is 6 times less than on the surface of the Earth, it is much easier for gas molecules to leave the Moon. Therefore, our natural satellite is devoid of a noticeable atmosphere and hydrosphere.

In laboratory conditions, samples of rocks delivered by our automatic stations “Luna” and by American astronauts who visited the Moon on the Apollo spacecraft were studied in detail. This made it possible to obtain more complete information than when analyzing the rocks of Mars and Venus, which was carried out directly on the surface of these planets. Lunar rocks are similar in composition to terrestrial rocks such as basalts, norites and anorthosites. The set of minerals in lunar rocks is poorer than in terrestrial rocks, but richer than in meteorites. On our satellite there is not and never was either a hydrosphere or an atmosphere of the same composition as on Earth. Therefore, there are no minerals that can form in an aquatic environment and in the presence of free oxygen. Compared to terrestrial rocks, lunar rocks are depleted in volatile elements, but have a higher content of iron and aluminum oxides, and in some cases titanium, potassium, rare earth elements and phosphorus. No signs of life, even in the form of microorganisms or organic compounds, have been found on the Moon.

The light areas of the Moon - the “continents” and the darker ones - the “seas” differ not only in appearance, but also in relief, geological history and the chemical composition of the substance covering them. On the younger surface of the “seas”, covered with solidified lava, there are fewer craters than on the more ancient surface of the “continents”. In various parts of the Moon, relief forms such as cracks are noticeable, along which the crust shifts vertically and horizontally. In this case, only fault-type mountains are formed, and there are no folded mountains, so typical of our planet, on the Moon.

The absence of erosion and weathering processes on the Moon allows us to consider it a kind of geological reserve, where all the relief forms that arose during this time are preserved for millions and billions of years. Thus, studying the Moon makes it possible to understand the geological processes that took place on Earth in the distant past, of which no traces remain on our planet.

3. Earth.

Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system. It orbits the star at an average distance of 149.6 million km over a period of 365.24 days.

The Earth has a satellite, the Moon, orbiting the Sun at an average distance of 384,400 km. The inclination of the earth's axis to the ecliptic plane is 66033`22``. The period of rotation of the planet around its axis is 23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 seconds. Rotation around its axis causes the change of day and night, and the tilt of the axis and revolution around the Sun causes the change of seasons. The shape of the Earth is a geoid, approximately a triaxial ellipsoid, a spheroid. The average radius of the Earth is 6371.032 km, equatorial - 6378.16 km, polar - 6356.777 km. Surface area globe 510 million km², volume - 1.083 * 1012 km², average density 5518 kg/m³. The mass of the Earth is 5976 * 1021 kg.

The earth is magnetic and electric fields. The Earth's gravitational field determines its spherical shape and the existence of an atmosphere. According to modern cosmogonic concepts, the Earth was formed approximately 4.7 billion years ago from scattered in the protosolar system gaseous substance. As a result of the differentiation of matter, the Earth, under the influence of its gravitational field, in the conditions of heating the earth's interior, arose and developed different in chemical composition, state of aggregation and physical properties shells - geosphere: core (in the center), mantle, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere, magnetosphere. The composition of the Earth is dominated by iron (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%), magnesium (12.7%). The Earth's crust, mantle and inner core are solid (the outer part of the core is considered liquid). From the surface of the Earth towards the center, pressure, density and temperature increase.

The pressure in the center of the planet is 3.6 * 1011 Pa, the density is about 12.5 * 103 kg/m³, the temperature ranges from 50,000ºС to 60,000ºС.

The main types of the earth's crust are continental and oceanic; in the transition zone from the continent to the ocean, crust of an intermediate structure is developed.

Most of the Earth is occupied by the World Ocean (361.1 million km²; 70.8%), land is 149.1 million km² (29.2%), and forms six continents and islands. It rises above the level of the world's oceans by an average of 875 m (the highest height is 8848 m - Mount Chomolungma), mountains occupy more than 1/3 of the land surface. Deserts cover approximately 20% of the land surface, forests - about 30%, glaciers - over 10%. The average depth of the world's oceans is about 3800 m ( greatest depth 11020 m - Mariana Trench (trench) in Pacific Ocean). The volume of water on the planet is 1370 million km³, the average salinity is 35 g/l. Earth's atmosphere, total weight which is 5.15 * 1015 tons, consists of air - a mixture of mainly nitrogen (78.08%) and oxygen (20.95%), the rest is water vapor, carbon dioxide, as well as inert and other gases. Maximum temperature land surface 570º-580º C (in tropical deserts Africa and North America), the minimum is about -900º C (in the central regions of Antarctica). The formation of the Earth and the initial stage of its development belong to pre-geological history. The absolute age of the most ancient rocks is over 3.5 billion years. The geological history of the Earth is divided into two unequal stages: the Precambrian, which occupies approximately 5/6 of the entire geological chronology (about 3 billion years) and the Phanerozoic, covering the last 570 million years.

About 3-3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter, life arose on Earth and the development of the biosphere began. The totality of all living organisms inhabiting it, the so-called living matter of the Earth, had a significant impact on the development of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and sedimentary shell. A new factor that has a powerful impact on the biosphere - production activity a person who appeared on Earth less than 3 million years ago. High tempo growth of the Earth's population (275 million people in 1000, 1.6 billion people in 1900 and approximately 6.3 billion people in 1995) and the increasing influence of human society on natural environment raised problems rational use everyone natural resources and nature conservation.

4. Ancient and modern exploration of the Earth.

For the first time, the ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Eratosthenes managed to obtain fairly accurate dimensions of our planet in the 1st century BC (accuracy of about 1.3%). Eratosthenes discovered that at noon itself have a long day summer, when the Sun in the sky of the city of Aswan is in its highest position and its rays fall vertically, in Alexandria at the same time the zenith distance of the Sun is 1/50 of the circle. Knowing the distance from Aswan to Alexandria, he was able to calculate the radius of the Earth, which, according to his calculations, was 6290 km. An equally significant contribution to astronomy was made by the Muslim astronomer and mathematician Biruni, who lived in the 10th-11th centuries AD. e. Even though he used geocentric system, he was able to quite accurately determine the size of the Earth and the inclination of the equator to the ecliptic. Although he determined the sizes of the planets, it was with a big error; the only size he determined relatively accurately was the size of the Moon.

In the 15th century, Copernicus put forward a heliocentric theory about the structure of the world. The theory is known to be quite long time had no development, as it was persecuted by the church. The system was finally refined by I. Kepler at the end of the 16th century. Kepler also discovered the laws of planetary motion and calculated the eccentricities of their orbits, and theoretically created a model of a telescope. Galileo, who lived somewhat later than Kepler, designed a telescope with a magnification of 34.6 times, which allowed him to even estimate the height of mountains on the Moon. He also discovered a characteristic difference when observing stars and planets through a telescope: the clarity of the appearance and shape of the planets was much greater, and he also discovered several new stars. For almost 2000 years, astronomers believed that the distance from the Earth to the Sun was equal to 1200 Earth distances, i.e. allowing for an error of about 20 times! For the first time, these data were clarified only at the end of the 17th century as 140 million km, i.e. with an error of 6.3% by astronomers Cassini and Richet. They also determined the speed of light as 215 km/s, which was a significant breakthrough in astronomy, since they previously believed that the speed of light was infinite. Around the same time, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, and the decomposition of light into a spectrum, which marked the beginning spectral analysis in a few centuries.

The Earth seems so huge to us, so reliable and means so much to us that we do not notice its secondary position in the family of planets. The only faint consolation is that the Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets. In addition, it has an atmosphere of medium thickness; a significant part of the earth's surface is covered with a thin, heterogeneous layer of water. And around it revolves a majestic satellite, the diameter of which is equal to a quarter of the earth’s diameter. However, these arguments are hardly sufficient to support our cosmic conceit. Tiny on an astronomical scale, Earth is our home planet and therefore deserves the most careful study. After the painstaking and persistent work of dozens of generations of scientists, it was irrefutably proven that the Earth is not the “center of the universe” at all, but the most ordinary planet, i.e. a cold ball moving around the Sun. According to Kepler's laws, the Earth revolves around the Sun with variable speed along a slightly elongated ellipse. It comes closest to the sun in early January, when winter reigns in the Northern Hemisphere, and moves farthest away in early July, when we have summer. The difference in the distance of the Earth from the Sun between January and July is about 5 million km. Therefore, winter in the Northern Hemisphere is slightly warmer than in the Southern Hemisphere, and summer, on the contrary, is slightly cooler. This is most clearly evident in the Arctic and Antarctica. The ellipticity of the Earth's orbit has only an indirect and very minor effect on the nature of the seasons. The reason for the change of seasons lies in the tilt of the earth's axis. The Earth's rotation axis is located at an angle of 66.5º to the plane of its movement around the Sun. For most practical problems, it can be assumed that the Earth's rotation axis always moves in space parallel to itself. In fact, the Earth's rotation axis describes celestial sphere a small circle, making one full revolution every 26 thousand years. In the next hundreds of years North Pole the world will be close to the Polar Star, then it will begin to move away from it, and the name of the last star in the handle of the Ursa Minor bucket - Polaris - will lose its meaning. In 12 thousand years, the celestial pole will approach the brightest star in the northern sky - Vega from the constellation Lyra. The described phenomenon is called precession of the Earth's rotation axis. The phenomenon of precession was already discovered by Hipparchus, who compared the positions of stars in the catalog with the star catalog of Aristillus and Timocharis compiled long before him. A comparison of catalogs indicated to Hipparchus the slow movement of the axis of the world.

There are three outer shells of the Earth: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. The lithosphere is understood as the upper solid cover of the planet, which serves as the bed of the ocean, and on the continents coincides with the land. The hydrosphere is The groundwater, waters of rivers, lakes, seas and, finally, the World Ocean. Water covers 71% of the entire Earth's surface. The average depth of the World Ocean is 3900 m.

5. Exploring the Earth from space

Man first appreciated the role of satellites in monitoring the state of agricultural land, forests and other natural resources of the Earth only a few years after the advent of the space age. It began in 1960, when, with the help of the Tiros meteorological satellites, map-like outlines of the globe lying under the clouds were obtained. These first black-and-white TV images provided very little insight into human activity, but it was nonetheless a first step. Soon, new technical means were developed that made it possible to improve the quality of observations. Information was extracted from multispectral images in the visible and infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum. The first satellites designed to take full advantage of these capabilities were the Landsat type. For example, Landsat-D, the fourth in the series, observed the Earth from an altitude of more than 640 km using improved sensors, allowing consumers to receive significantly more detailed and timely information. One of the first areas of application of images of the earth's surface was cartography. In the pre-satellite era, maps of many areas, even in developed areas of the world, were drawn inaccurately. Landsat images have allowed some of the images to be corrected and updated. existing maps USA. In the mid-70s, NASA and the US Department of Agriculture decided to demonstrate the capabilities of the satellite system in forecasting the most important agricultural crop, wheat. Satellite observations, which turned out to be extremely accurate, were later extended to other crops. The use of satellite information has revealed its undeniable advantages in estimating the volume of timber in vast areas of any country. It has become possible to manage the process of deforestation and, if necessary, make recommendations on changing the contours of the deforestation area from the point of view of the best preservation of the forest. Satellite imagery has also made it possible to quickly assess the boundaries of wildfires, especially the crown fires that characterize western North America, as well as the Primorye region and southern regions of Eastern Siberia in Russia.

Of great importance for humanity as a whole is the ability to observe almost continuously the vastness of the World Ocean. It is above the strata ocean water Hurricanes and typhoons of monstrous force arise, causing numerous casualties and destruction for coastal residents. Early warning to the public is often critical to saving the lives of tens of thousands of people. Determining the stocks of fish and other seafood is also of great practical importance. Ocean currents often bend, change course and size. For example, El Nino, warm current in a southern direction off the coast of Ecuador, in some years it can spread along the coast of Peru up to 12º S. When this happens, plankton and fish die in huge quantities, causing irreparable damage to the fisheries of many countries, including Russia. Large concentrations of unicellular marine organisms increase fish mortality, possibly due to the toxins they contain. Observation from satellites helps to identify the “vagaries” of such currents and give useful information to those who need it. According to some estimates by Russian and American scientists, fuel savings, combined with the “additional catch” due to the use of satellite information obtained in the infrared range, gives an annual profit of $ 2.44 million. The use of satellites for survey purposes has facilitated the task of plotting the course of sea vessels .

6. The emergence of life on Earth

The emergence of living matter on Earth was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as “building blocks” for the formation of living matter. According to modern data, planets are formed from a primary gas-dust cloud, the chemical composition of which is similar to the chemical composition of the Sun and stars; their initial atmosphere consisted mainly of the simplest compounds of hydrogen - the most common element in space. The majority of the molecules were hydrogen, ammonia, water and methane. In addition, the primary atmosphere must have been rich in inert gases - primarily helium and neon. Currently, there are few noble gases on Earth, since they once dissipated (evaporated) into interplanetary space, like many hydrogen-containing compounds. However, plant photosynthesis, which releases oxygen, played a decisive role in establishing the composition of the earth's atmosphere. It is possible that some, and perhaps even a significant, amount organic matter was brought to Earth by meteorites and perhaps even comets. Some meteorites are quite rich in organic compounds. It is estimated that over 2 billion years, meteorites could have brought to Earth from 108 to 1012 tons of such substances. Organic compounds can also small quantities arise as a result of volcanic activity, meteorite strikes, lightning, due to radioactive decay some elements. There is fairly reliable geological evidence indicating that already 3.5 billion years ago the earth's atmosphere was rich in oxygen. On the other hand, the age of the earth's crust is estimated by geologists at 4.5 billion years. Life must have arisen on Earth before the atmosphere became rich in oxygen, since the latter is mainly a product of plant life. According to a recent estimate by the American planetary astronomer Sagan, life on Earth arose 4.0-4.4 billion years ago. The mechanism of increasing complexity of the structure of organic substances and the appearance in them of properties inherent in living matter has not yet been sufficiently studied. But it is already clear that such processes last for billions of years.

Any complex combination of amino acids and other organic compounds is not yet a living organism. One can, of course, assume that under some exceptional circumstances, somewhere on Earth a certain “proto-DNA” arose, which served as the beginning of all living things. This is unlikely to be the case if the hypothetical “proto-DNA” was similar to modern DNA. The fact is that modern DNA by itself is completely helpless. It can function only in the presence of enzyme proteins. To think that purely by chance, by “shaking up” individual proteins - polyatomic molecules, such a complex machine as “praDNA” and the complex of protein-enzymes necessary for its functioning could arise - this means believing in miracles. However, it can be assumed that DNA and RNA molecules evolved from a more primitive molecule. For the first primitive living organisms formed on the planet, high doses of radiation may represent mortal danger, since mutations will occur so quickly that natural selection will not keep up with them.

Another question that deserves attention is: why doesn’t life on Earth arise from inanimate matter in our time? This can only be explained by the fact that previously existing life will not provide the opportunity for a new birth of life. Microorganisms and viruses will literally eat the first sprouts of new life. The possibility that life on Earth arose by chance cannot be completely ruled out. There is one more circumstance that may be worth paying attention to. It is well known that all “living” proteins consist of 22 amino acids, while more than 100 amino acids are known in total. It is not entirely clear how these acids differ from the rest of their “brothers”. Is there some deep connection between the origin of life and this amazing phenomenon? If life on Earth arose by chance, then life in the Universe is a rare phenomenon. For a given planet (like our Earth, for example), the emergence of a special form of highly organized matter, which we call “life,” is an accident. But in the vast expanses of the Universe, life arising in this way should be a natural phenomenon. It should be noted once again that the central problem of the emergence of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from “non-living” to “living” - is still far from clear. No wonder one of the founders of modern molecular biology Professor Crick at the Byurakan Symposium on the Problem of Extraterrestrial Civilizations in September 1971 said: “We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One may come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance.”

8. The only satellite of the Earth is the Moon.

Long gone are the days when people believed that the mysterious forces of the moon influenced them. daily life. But the Moon really has a diverse influence on the Earth, which is determined by the simple laws of physics and, above all, dynamics. The most amazing feature The motion of the Moon is that the speed of its rotation around its axis coincides with the average angular speed of revolution around the Earth. Therefore, the Moon always faces the Earth with the same hemisphere. Since the Moon is the closest celestial body, its distance from the Earth is known with the greatest accuracy, up to several centimeters as measured using lasers and laser rangefinders. The shortest distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon is 356,410 km. The greatest distance of the Moon from the Earth reaches 406,700 km, and the average distance is 384,401 km. Earth's atmosphere bends light rays to such an extent that the entire Moon (or Sun) can be seen before sunrise or after sunset. The fact is that the refraction of light rays entering the atmosphere from airless space is about 0.

5º, i.e. equal to the apparent angular diameter of the Moon.

Thus, when the upper edge of the true Moon is just below the horizon, the entire Moon is visible above the horizon. Another surprising result was obtained from tidal experiments. It turns out that the Earth is an elastic ball. Before these experiments it was generally believed that the Earth was viscous, like molasses or molten glass; with small distortions, it would probably have to retain them or slowly return to its original shape under the influence of weak restorative forces. Experiments have shown that the Earth as a whole is swayed by tidal forces and immediately returns to its original shape after their action ceases. Thus, the Earth is not only harder than steel, but also more elastic.

Conclusion

We got acquainted with the current state of our planet. The future of our planet, and indeed the entire planetary system, if nothing unexpected happens, seems clear. The likelihood that the established order of planetary motion will be disrupted by some wandering star is small, even within a few billion years.

In the near future, we cannot expect major changes in the flow of solar energy. Possibly likely to happen again ice ages. A person can change the climate, but in doing so he can make a mistake. Continents will rise and fall in subsequent eras, but we hope that the processes will occur slowly. Massive meteorite impacts are possible from time to time. But basically, planet Earth will retain its modern appearance.

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Now most people think it obvious that the sun is in the center solar system, but the heliocentric concept did not appear immediately. In the 2nd century AD. Claudius Ptolemy proposed a model with the Earth at the center (geocentric). According to his model, the Earth and other planets are stationary, and the sun revolves around them in an elliptical orbit. The Ptolemaic system was considered correct by astronomers and religion for several hundred years. It was only in the 17th century that Nicolaus Copernicus developed a model of the structure of the solar system in which the sun was at the center instead of the Earth. New model was rejected by the church, but gradually gained acceptance because it provided a better explanation for observed phenomena. Oddly enough, Copernicus's initial measurements were no more accurate than Ptolemy's, they just made a lot more sense. Astronomical Models of Ptolemy and Copernicus

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http://ggreen.chat.ru/index.html http://astro.physfac.bspu.secna.ru/lecture/PlanetsOfSolarSystem/ Additional information You can find information on this topic on the following sites:

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Planets of the solar system

Solar system Sun Jupiter Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Mars Pluto The most, the most, the most Control questions

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Sun The solar system is a group of astronomical bodies, including Earth, orbiting and gravitationally bound to a star called the Sun. The Sun's retinue includes nine planets, approximately 50 moons, more than 1000 observed comets and thousands of smaller bodies known as asteroids and meteorites). SOLAR SYSTEM

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto The Sun is the central celestial body of the solar system. This star is a hot ball - I myself am close to the Earth. Its diameter is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. It is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Earth. The temperature inside it reaches 15 million degrees. The mass of the Sun is 750 times greater than the mass of all the planets moving around it combined. Sun

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Jupiter Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter has 16 satellites, as well as a ring about 6 thousand km wide, almost closely adjacent to the planet. Jupiter does not have a solid surface; scientists suggest that it is liquid or even gaseous. Due to the great distance from the Sun, the temperature on the surface of this planet is -130 degrees.

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Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. The surface of Mercury, covered with basalt-type material, is quite dark, very similar to the surface of the Moon. Along with craters (usually shallower than those on the Moon) there are hills and valleys. The height of the mountains can reach 4 km. Above the surface of Mercury there are traces of a very rarefied atmosphere containing, in addition to helium, also hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon, oxygen and noble gases (argon, neon). The proximity of the Sun causes the surface of the planet to heat up to +400 degrees. Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, the second largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter; belongs to the giant planets, consists mainly of gases. Almost 100% of its mass consists of hydrogen and helium gas. The surface temperature is approaching -170 degrees. The planet does not have a clear solid surface; optical observations are hampered by the opacity of the atmosphere. Saturn has a record number of satellites, about 30 are now known. It is believed that the rings are formed by various particles, potassium, blocks different sizes covered with ice, snow, frost. Saturn

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Venus Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is the twin of Earth in the solar system. These two planets have approximately the same diameter, mass, density and soil composition. Craters, faults and other signs of intense tectonic processes occurring on it were discovered on the surface of Venus. Venus is the only planet in the solar system whose own rotation is opposite to the direction of its revolution around the Sun. Venus has no satellites. In the sky it shines brighter than all the stars and is clearly visible to the naked eye. The temperature on the surface is +5000, because atmosphere consisting mainly of CO2

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Uranus Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Uranus, the seventh planet from the Sun, belongs to the giant planets. For many centuries, astronomers on Earth knew only five “wandering stars” - planets. The year 1781 was marked by the discovery of another planet, named Uranus, which became the first to be discovered using a telescope. Uranus has 18 satellites discovered. The atmosphere of Uranus is mainly composed of hydrogen, helium and methane.

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Earth is the only planet in the solar system with an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Thanks to its unique in the Universe natural conditions, became the place where organic life arose and developed. According to modern ideas, the Earth was formed approximately 4.6-4.7 billion years ago from a protoplanetary cloud captured by the gravity of the Sun. The formation of the first, most ancient of the studied rocks took 100-200 million years.

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto ____ Based on seismic studies, the Earth is conventionally divided into three regions: the crust, the mantle and the core (in the center). The outer layer (crust) has an average thickness of about 35 km. The Earth's mantle, which is also called the silicate shell, extends to a depth of approximately 35 to 2885 km. It is separated from the bark by a sharp boundary. Another boundary between the mantle and the outer core discovered by seismic methods is located at a depth of 2775 km. Finally, at depths greater than 5,120 km there is a solid inner core, which accounts for 1.7% of the Earth's mass.

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Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Autumn Winter Summer Spring The rotation of the Earth around its own axis occurs in 23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 s. The linear speed of the Earth's surface at the equator is about 465 m/s. The axis of rotation is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 66° 33" 22". This inclination and the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun determine the change of seasons, which is extremely important for the Earth's climate, and its own rotation - the change of day and night. ____

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Moon Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto The Earth has only one satellite - the Moon. Its orbit is close to a circle with a radius of about 384,400 km. The special role of the Moon in astronautics is due to the fact that it is already achievable not only for automatic, but also for manned spaceships. The first man to set foot on the Moon on July 21, 1969 was American astronaut N. Armstrong.

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Neptune Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. It has a magnetic field. Astronomers believe that below the atmosphere, at a depth of about 10,000 km, Neptune is an "ocean" made up of water, methane and ammonia. There are 8 satellites orbiting around Neptune. The largest of them is Triton. This planet is named after ancient Roman god seas. The location of Neptune was calculated by scientists, and only then was it discovered using a telescope in 1864.

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Mars Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. Qualitatively new level Mars research began in 1965, when spacecraft began to be used for these purposes, which first flew around the planet and then (since 1971) landed on its surface. The mantle of Mars is enriched with iron sulfide, noticeable amounts of which were also found in the studied surface rocks. The planet got its name in honor of the ancient Roman god of war. There is a noticeable change of seasons on the planet. Has two satellites.

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Pluto Sun Mercury Saturn Venus Uranus Earth Neptune Jupiter Mars Pluto Pluto is the ninth major planet from the Sun in the solar system. In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto close to one of the regions predicted by theoretical calculations. Pluto's mass, however, is so small that the discovery was made by chance as a consequence of intensive exploration of the part of the sky to which the predictions had drawn attention. Pluto is about 40 times farther from the Sun than Earth. Pluto spends almost 250 Earth years on one revolution around the Sun. Since its discovery, it has not yet managed to make a single full revolution.

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The most, the most, the most...

Mercury is the planet closest to the sun Pluto is the planet farthest from the sun Venus has the highest surface temperature Only on Earth does life exist On Venus a day is longer than a year Jupiter is the largest planet Saturn has the most a large number of satellites Pluto - the smallest planet Jupiter - the “coldest” planet Saturn has the most unusual and colorful appearance.

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Control questions

Name the most big planet? Name the smallest planet? Closest planet to the sun? A planet that supports life? The planet that was first discovered using a telescope? Which planet was named after the god of war? Which planet has the brightest rings? A celestial body that emits light and heat? Which planet was named after the goddess of war and beauty? The planet that was discovered “at the tip of a pen” answer

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