Climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is arctic and subarctic. The climate formation is strongly influenced by the location of the district, a small amount of solar radiation, a large distance from warm air and water flows, gentle flat terrain, bays cutting deeply into the land, permafrost, the cold waters of the Kara Sea, a large number of rivers and many swamps. The Asian continent has no less influence; this is manifested in well-defined winter-summer features of the transformation of air masses and an increase in continental climate from northwest to east. Long winters, short cool summers, strong winds, insignificant snow cover - all this contributes to the freezing of the soil to a great depth. In general, the district is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Magnetic storms accompanied by aurora are frequent. Average annual temperature air temperature is negative, and in the Far North it is below -10 degrees.

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The territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug occupies a huge territory, in comparison, it is approximately one and a half territories of France. Most of the territory lies on the West Siberian Plain, with its powerful rivers and impassable swamps, a smaller part is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. Almost 90% of the low-plain part lies within altitudes of up to 100 meters above sea level, which is why it is the region of many lakes and swamps. The mountainous part of the district occupies a narrow strip along the Polar Urals and consists of large mountain ranges with a total length of over 200 kilometers. Large navigable rivers Ob, Nadym, Pur, and Taz flow through the territory of the district. There are no bridges across the Ob; in summer there are ferries, and in winter people travel on ice.In addition to the four seasons, the district has a clearer division of time into periods - polar day and polar night.

Winter in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the longest climatic season, lasting about 7 months. Winter is characterized as extremely frosty and with little snow. Winter begins in early October and ends in the middle of the third decade of May, that is, it lasts about 230 days. In the southern part of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, within the forest-tundra zone (Salekhard), winter is shorter by about 40 days: mainly due to its earlier end. The duration of the period with stable frosts in Salekhard reaches 200 days. A feature of the Yamalo-Nenets winter is quite frequent magnetic storms, which, in winter, are often accompanied by aurora. In winter there are often strong storms and snowstorms. Hail and ice are rare.

In winter, the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug experiences polar night. There is intense cooling of the surface layer of air due to the presence of the polar night and the high reflectivity of the snow cover. As a result of frequent cyclones, day-to-day variability of air temperature and other climatic indicators is high.

October, in most of the territory, is the first winter month. Stable snow cover forms between October 1 and October 10. At this time, the average daily air temperature passes through -5°C, and real winter. Snow cover lasts about 240 - 270 days and usually breaks down in mid- or late May. Relative humidity in winter is very high, its highest value occurs in October and November. A characteristic feature of the district is also the predominance of cyclonic weather, and this is especially noticeable at the beginning of winter. In this regard, from December to February, fogs can be observed very often.

The coldest month is January, and the lowest temperatures are observed in the southeast of the district, with distance from the sea and an increase in continental climate. The average daily January air temperature near Novy Port is -24°C, on the Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas - -27°C. The absolute minimum temperature often reaches -61°C. The severity of weather is determined more by wind speed than by temperature. In winter, winds from the south prevail; On the coast of the Kara Sea there are frequent snowstorms with wind speeds of up to 30 m/sec or more. The equivalent effective temperature, which characterizes a person’s thermal sensation resulting from the combined influence of temperature, humidity and wind speed, is very low (below -45°C).

The thickness of the snow cover reaches its maximum value at the end of March, and is, on the eastern slopes of the Urals - 60 -70 cm, in the basin of the middle reaches of the Taz River - 80 -85 cm.

In most of the district, the last winter month is April. He doesn’t indulge in either better weather or warmer temperatures. The same snowstorms, winds and storms, active cyclonic activity - in short, no hints of weather at the beginning of spring. At this time, especially acutely, it seems that winter will never end here...

Spring in Yamalo-Nenets District begins in the northern taiga on May 11-20, in the tundra - no later than June 1. The beginning of spring is taken to be the dates when average daily temperatures cross 0°C. The Yamalo-Nenets spring is characterized by the return of cold weather, and even snowfalls in early June. In May, the northern part of the district is pierced by arctic cold.

The average daily temperature in May in Salekhard is -2.1°C, in Tambay -7.4°C. In the southern part of the district, the average dates for the end of frosts practically coincide with the dates when the average daily air temperature passes through +5°C, and in the northern half, frosts stop at a lower positive temperature of +2 - +3°C. In spring, the direction of air flows changes sharply compared to the winter period. Northeast and north winds prevail. The radiation balance becomes positive due to the influx of large amounts of solar radiation. During this period, the most intense rise in air temperature is observed - from negative to positive values. As a result of melting and disappearance of snow cover, the underlying surface becomes heterogeneous, and the albedo sharply decreases. The duration of the spring period decreases from 45 days in the south to 35 days in the north.

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Summer in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug begins on June 10-20 in the northern taiga, June 21-30 in the forest-tundra, and on the peninsulas summer comes only in July. The transition date is taken as the beginning of summer average monthly temperature air through +10°С. The Yamalo-Nenets summer is characterized as cool and very short. The duration of the summer period in the south of the peninsula is about 90 days, and in the north – about 50 days. Such a large difference is mainly due to the later start of summer in the north of the peninsula. The duration of the period with an average daily air temperature above 0°C in the extreme northern regions of the district is only 105-110 days. The approximate date of transition of the average daily air temperature over +5°C on the Mammoth Peninsula is July 11, on the Javai Peninsula - July 21, on Shokalsky Island - in August. The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +15°C is less than 10 days, and in the north there is no such period at all.

Air masses freely penetrate across the plains from north to south. The Ural Mountains transform atmospheric flows of heat and moisture from the west. In June and July there are a lot of midges and mosquitoes, but after the first frost they disappear. In early summer there are frequent thunderstorms, but in general it is quite dry and sunny. With a small amount of heat and excess moisture, a relatively dense network of rivers and lakes is formed on vast plains with aquifers of frozen rock. In some areas (laida, river valleys) lakes occupy up to 40% of the area.

The warmest summer month in the south of the district is July, in the north it is August. Average daily air temperatures in July often reach +5°C on the Kara Sea coast, and up to +10°C in the south of the Yenisei Bay; on some summer days, daytime air temperatures can rise to +20°C and above. Despite the fact that in summer time, polar day prevails throughout the entire territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, sunlight and the region receives little heat. This is mainly due to the presence of long-lasting snow cover and strong reflectivity of the region, as well as predominantly cyclonic cloudy summer weather.

August is often very rainy. This is the time when there are mushrooms, berries, and a lot of fish in the lakes. During the summer, the soil thaws by approximately 50 cm. This is quite enough for nature to dress the territory of the district in a meager summer outfit. During the entire summer period, a wide variety of weather is observed on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Autumn in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug begins in the north of the peninsula - in the last ten days of August, and in the south - in the first ten days of September, and ends in the first and second ten days of October. The duration of the autumn period, in contrast to the spring, increases when moving from south to north from 35 to 50 days. The beginning of autumn is considered to be the transition of daily temperatures through +10°C, towards a decrease. In the 20th of August, in mountainous areas and in the tundra, frosts on the soil are observed. In September, cyclonic activity increases sharply, and southwestern winds become the dominant winds. In this regard, cloudiness and wind speed increase, air temperature drops sharply, and predominantly slightly and moderately frosty weather with wind prevails. In the second half of September, daytime air temperatures in most of the region, as a rule, remain fixed below 0°C.

The end of autumn, throughout the entire territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, occurs at approximately the same time, with a difference of less than 10 days, but it begins in the south of the region, more than 20 days later than in the northern regions. A short, cold autumn is followed by a long, frosty winter...

On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, during the year, only 400-500 mm of precipitation falls, but this amount is quite enough for the entire region to be saturated with moisture. 50-55% of precipitation falls in the warm season. The share of summer precipitation in July-August, of the annual amount, is 44% in Salekhard, 40% in Tambay. In the tundra, maximum precipitation occurs in August.

In winter, on average, there are 15-18 days of precipitation, in summer - 12-15. The duration of sunshine in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is, on average, 1050 hours per year.

When to go to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an amazingly harsh region! Organized tourism appeared here relatively recently. This region is visited to get acquainted with the unique nature of the North, to hunt and fish in rivers and lakes.

Due to the harsh climate of this region, it is better to travel here during the short summer months - June, July and August. The best time for hiking, water and other sports will be the end of July and August. It is worth considering that at the end of June, after the snow has melted and the ground has sufficiently warmed up, mosquitoes and midges appear in huge numbers! There are fewer insects at night and in cold and windy weather. Be sure to take a mosquito net and mosquito repellent with you on your trip! Also, warm clothes, a rain cape and waders will come in handy, since the tundra is a large and damp swamp.

For lovers of skiing, and those who want to saddle a reindeer, ride in a sled and see the northern lights, it is worth going on a trip in the second half of winter - in March and April. In March, a festival of reindeer herders is held in Nadym, and during national wrestling competitions, people come to the district to see the multicolored embroidered fur clothes and folklore performances. Keep in mind that the climate is extremely difficult to tolerate; in winter, strong winds often blow, and snowstorms and blizzards occur. Or frosts go beyond -50°C. You need to be prepared for all this, both mentally and physically.

It is also worth noting that moving around the region is extremely difficult, and sometimes simply impossible. There are practically no roads here. All movement of local residents occurs in reindeer and dog sleds, and in the summer, due to the fact that large territory region is a swamp, travel is only possible in groups, by helicopter, which in itself, too, is not a cheap pleasure. In this regard, you must be prepared for the fact that the necessary medical assistance will not arrive soon, if at all, the necessary medications are not available, and the doctor often talks to patients on the radio. All these arguments must be carefully considered and weighed before the trip.

Climate of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

The climate of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra occupies the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, stretching from west to east for almost 1,400 km - from the Ural ridge to the Osko-Yenisei watershed. The territory of the district is a vast, weakly dissected plain, with absolute elevations rarely reaching 200 m above sea level. The formation of the climate is significantly influenced by the protection of the territory from the west by the Ural ridge, and the openness of the territory from the north, facilitating the penetration of cold Arctic masses, as well as the flat nature of the area, with a large number of rivers, lakes and swamps. The climate is characterized by rapid changes in weather conditions, especially during transition periods - from autumn to winter, and from spring to summer, as well as during the day.

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Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is located within one natural zone - forest. The main part of the district's territory is occupied by heavily swampy taiga. There are more than 25 thousand lakes among swamps and forests. The water regime of the rivers is characterized by extended spring-summer floods. In winter, in the district, the atmospheric pressure is much lower than within the Asian anticyclone. Average atmospheric pressure in July is lower than in the Arctic, but higher than in Central Asia. The climate of the region is characterized by harsh and long winters, with stable snow cover, and short and relatively warm summers.

Winter in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in the third ten days of October. Winters are harsh and long, with stable snow cover. The period with negative air temperatures in the district lasts about 7 months, from October to April. Winter begins with the establishment of stable frosts, which, in most parts of the territory, begin in the third ten days of October. The beginning of winter is characterized by a further drop in temperature. Its most intense decrease is observed in late October - early November, after the appearance of snow cover, as a result of which the difference in average temperatures in October and November is 10-12°C. The radiation balance in November reaches the lowest negative values ​​of the year, due to the smallest heat influx of the year and the high reflectivity of the snow cover, its average daily air temperature is -7- -10°C. But sometimes November can be very cold, with frosts down to -40°C in the southwest, and up to -50°C in the northeast of the district.

November and December are characterized by strong winds and snowstorms. Every third or fourth day there may be a snowstorm. The average daily temperature in December is -10°C, sometimes dropping to -40°C. The weather in December is the most unstable, with many cloudy days and very strong winds. The most intense increase in snow cover occurs in the period from the second half of November to the beginning of January, when the amount of precipitation increases due to the highest frequency of cyclonic weather.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in January in the district ranges from -18 to -24°C, depending on the area. Low air temperatures (up to -60 - -62 ºC) were recorded in the Vakh River valley, in the Nizhnevartovsk region.

The lowest temperatures are observed in the east of the district, and most often, in depressions of the relief, where cold air flows from the slopes. Day-to-day variability during the winter months averages 5ºC. February temperatures are 1-2°C higher than January temperatures.

March, due to the state of the snow cover, low temperatures and their distribution, is still a typical winter month. The snow height reaches its maximum at the end of March and is 50-60 cm, and in the east it increases to 80 cm. The large accumulation of snow cover is facilitated by the absence of strong thaws and the duration of occurrence (190-210 days). From April, under the influence of an increase in solar radiation, the snow begins to settle, but due to its high power and high reflectivity, its melting proceeds slowly and the air temperature also slowly rises.

Spring in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins only in the second half of April. The spring period lasts about 40 days. Spring is the shortest, windiest, clearest and driest season of the year. In April, the temperature difference between the western and eastern regions, characteristic of winter, still remains. But at the end of the month, spring phenomena rapidly develop, so that, in terms of temperature, its last ten days differ significantly from the first. By the end of the month, there is a strong and rather sharp increase in air temperature - about +10 ºC.

Such high temperatures are associated with the removal of warm air from the south (advection), and with the processes of transformation of air masses, since most of the territory only begins to be free of snow from mid-April. The snow melts during the day, and freezes again at night, and does not yet provide any significant runoff. Snow melting occurs much faster than its accumulation. Melting occurs unevenly; open places are exposed earlier, forests are cleared of snow later. The snow cover is completely destroyed within 11-15 days. As the snow melts, the amount of reflected radiation decreases, since the sun's rays no longer fall on the snow, but on the soil. Also, in April, severe frosts down to -25ºC - -30 ºC are possible, due to breakthroughs of arctic air from the north, but such sharp drops in temperature occur only in years with long winters.

In May, the air temperature becomes even higher. May is an unpredictable month, characterized by alternating cold intrusions and heat outflows. A rapid increase in temperature may give way to a sharp cold snap and even snowfall. At the end of May, the weather is usually sunny and warm.

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Summer in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in early June. Summer is warm but short, lasting up to 80 days. At this time, the summer regime is established, the peculiarity of which is large reserves of solar heat and light, and in June, the number of hours of sunshine reaches 309. Due to the maximum influx of solar radiation, with clear skies or cumulus clouds, in June favorable conditions for the formation of the largest values ​​of the radiation balance. Despite the largest heat expenditures of the year for evaporation, for heating the soil and air, a significant amount of heat remains. However, almost until the middle of the month, night and morning frosts can be observed on the soil. With the cessation of frosts, in the second ten days of June, there is an intensive increase in air temperature, its average daily value at this time reaches +15°C.

The warmest summer month is July. This is the only month of the year when there is no frost. Its average daily air temperature is +20°C, and maximums can reach +30°C, which happens, however, rarely. In July, the temperature increase continues, despite a decrease in the height of the sun and the amount of incoming heat, which is explained by the heating of the underlying surface and the removal of warmer air masses from the south. July and August differ little in average daytime temperatures, however, night temperatures in August drop noticeably. By the end of August, the average daily air temperature drops through +10°C, frosts begin on the ground, and only in the Khanty-Mansiysk - Laryak regions and further south, the onset of these phenomena shifts to the beginning of September.

Autumn in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra begins in late August - early September. By the end of August, frosts on the soil begin, which is an indispensable attribute of the onset of autumn, and at the beginning of September, the average daily temperature transitions through +10°C, towards a decrease. In September, the arrival of solar radiation decreases threefold compared to July, and the frost-free period ends. By the end of the month, severe cold snaps down to -7 - -15°C are possible, associated with intrusions of continental Arctic air from the northwest, and snowfalls occur quite regularly.

In October, the temperature drops further, negative temperatures set in, a stable snow cover forms, and freezing occurs on the rivers. The wind takes a southern and southwestern direction, speeds increase. The cooling in October comes very quickly. In the third ten days of the month, the formation of stable snow cover is completed and the average daily temperature passes through -5°C, after which a period of stable frosts sets in for a long time. At this time, cloudiness and frequency of fog increase, creating favorable conditions for ice and frost phenomena. By the end of the third ten days of October, the snow height reaches 8-10 cm.

The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra belongs to the zone of excess moisture. Annual precipitation in the region ranges from only 400 to 620 mm. Maximum precipitation occurs in the warm season. But even with such a relatively small amount of precipitation, the amount of evaporation is very insignificant, as a result of which the entire territory of the region is located in a zone of excess moisture. Waterlogging, low temperatures, late spring, summer and early autumn frosts - all this hinders the cultivation of most agricultural crops. Therefore, the development of agriculture in the region is very risky. However, the region receives a large number of hours of sunshine, with an annual duration of 1600 -1900 hours, which is more than many other areas located further south (for example, St. Petersburg - 1563 hours, Kursk - 1775 hours, Kiev – 1843 hours).

When to goin Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. The best time to visit the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is the warm summer months - from June to September. Here amazing nature. The region may well compete with Karelia in terms of the abundance of rivers and lakes; mighty rivers such as the Ob and Irtysh will be especially interesting for tourists. The taiga, with all its Siberian treasures, from cedars and larches to a great variety of birds and animals, and extraordinary clean air, simply attracts the eyes of travelers and environmentalists. In the region there are two nature reserves and a dozen reserves, the most famous are the ecological parks “Numto”, “Shapshinsky cedar trees” and “Samarovsky Chugas”, which is a natural island right in the middle of the capital of the district. It is worth noting that the region is quite “wild” in terms of tourism, and problems may arise with free movement through forests and fields, the roads here are poor, and in many places they are completely absent, while the region is replete with all kinds of lakes, rivers and swamps. You should be careful not to deviate from your planned route when traveling on your own.

In addition to the extraordinary harsh beauty of northern nature, industrial tourism is very popular here. Few people know how oil is extracted or what it is. Here you have the opportunity not only to see what oil looks like, but also to smell it, and also watch oil production. The production looks very impressive - rocking chairs, drilling rigs, factories in an open field - all this is a kind of romance of our time. Tourists here are taken to some oil facilities, shown, told and given a taste of what “black gold” smells like.

If you are planning a more exotic holiday in the bosom of northern nature, you should think about a trip to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in winter, the months of February-March would be more preferable. For tourists, the “Ugra Safari” is held here: deer, snowmobiles, sleighs, even dog sleds, hunting and all winter Siberian fun, it will be very interesting and fun, and most importantly unforgettable! It is worth noting that winter here is quite harsh, so you need to take the warmest clothes, good practical warm shoes and try not to get too cold.

The remaining months of the year are not best time to visit the region. Cold spring, dank autumn, and severe frosts in the first half of winter are the times when you don’t want to watch anything, and sometimes it’s simply impossible to get anywhere.

Climate of the Tyumen region

The climate of the Tyumen region is continental. The region is characterized by harsh long winters, warm summers, short transition seasons (spring - autumn, 6-7 weeks), with late spring and early autumn frosts. The flat nature of the region's relief, its openness from the north and south, contributes to the deep penetration of cold Arctic air masses and the free removal of continental temperate and even tropical air masses from south to north. The amplitude of fluctuations in average summer and winter temperatures is, on average, about 35°C, which is quite high at this latitude. For comparison, in the Baltic countries, located at the same latitude, the amplitude of fluctuations in average temperatures is only 22 -23°C. Tyumen is not protected by mountains either from the north, from the sudden invasion of cold Arctic air, or from the south, from the hot breath of the dry Kazakh steppes and deserts of Central Asia. Warm, humid winds from the Atlantic Ocean often break through the low Ural Mountains from the west. As a result, the weather in Tyumen is unstable in any season of the year.

Cheap flights to Tyumen

The Tyumen region is the “oil barrel” of Russia. In addition, the region has great recreational opportunities, there are mighty forests here, huge rivers flow, numerous lakes sparkle in the sun, and even hot springs have been discovered in the region. In a word, the Tyumen region is a fertile land. On the territory of the Tyumen region, four seasons of the year are clearly distinguished: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Tyumen region is the longest season of the year. Winter begins in early November and ends only in early April. Tyumen winter is characterized as very frosty and snowy, which is typical for a continental climate. As a rule, the temperature in winter decreases in the direction from west to east, or from southwest to northeast. In early November, a stable snow cover forms everywhere in the region, and average negative temperatures are observed.

January is the coldest winter month. The average daily air temperature in January is -20°C. On some days, almost every year, the temperature at night drops to -36°- -44°C. Along with low temperatures, high temperatures can also be observed. Thus, in January, thaws are often observed, with daytime air temperatures up to +2 - +6°C, but thaws in winter are a short-term phenomenon, and they usually last no more than three days.

During all winter months, strong winds with snowstorms (up to 15 - 20 m/s) are observed in the Tyumen region. The most snowstorms occur in February. March, the last winter month, also surprises with persistent frosts and heavy snowfalls. In the middle of the month, snow cover reaches its maximum, on average 70 - 80 cm, and in some places up to 1 m and higher.

Real spring in the Tyumen region comes only in April. There are more sunny days, the air temperature is rapidly increasing, and snow is beginning to melt. Spring is quite short and passes very quickly. As a rule, from the third ten days of April spring rains begin, which wash away the last snow cover, saturating the earth with life-giving moisture.

May begins with good sunny weather, the daytime temperature averages around +18°C. The grass is turning green, the leaves are blooming, the first flowers are blooming, and birdsong is heard everywhere. This is a wonderful daylight time, nature comes alive these days. The air temperature is still increasing, but, as a rule, in the third ten days of May there is a return of frosts, this is especially noticeable in the morning. From the fourth ten days of May, hot sunny weather sets in in the Tyumen region - a real Siberian summer!

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Summer in the Tyumen region begins at the end of May and lasts until September. Tyumen summer is sunny and hot. The hottest summer month is July, its average daily air temperature is +25°C. Several times during the summer season, real heat comes to the Tyumen region, when the daytime air temperature rises to +35 - +40°C. And with the invasion of cold arctic air masses, very sharp drops in temperature are possible, even in July and August, down to -1 - 4°C. Precipitation in summer predominates mainly in the form of rain showers. August is a cooler and rainier month than July; at the end of the month, frosts on the soil may occur at night.

Autumn in the Tyumen region begins in early September. It was during this time that there was a steady decrease in the average daily air temperature. September is characterized as a moderately cold month, nature dresses the forests in colorful, colorful outfits, and all the trees stand sparkling with different colors. At the beginning of the month there are often autumn rains, although the second half of September is more favorable in terms of weather conditions - this is a warm sunny season, popularly called “Indian summer”. The last warm days of the year are accompanied by an increase in daytime air temperature to +20 - +23°C, and at night they drop to slightly negative temperatures.

October is perhaps the most unpleasant month. It is characterized by heavy, prolonged rains, strong winds and a sharp drop in air temperature. Gray sky, incessant rain, and a strong gusty wind, tearing off the last leaves from the trees - this is Tyumen October. In the second half of the month it becomes even more “fun”, the average daily air temperature is often negative, and snow replaces rain. However, stable snow cover is formed only in November.

The Tyumen region belongs to the territory of sufficient moisture. Precipitation falls 400 - 500 mm per year, mainly in the warm season - from May to October. The duration of sunshine in the Tyumen region is quite high, averaging about 2,017 hours per year. It should be noted that this figure is much higher than in the same latitudes of the European part of the country, or cities located much further south (for example, Kyiv).

When to goto the Tyumen region. For lovers of resort holidays, the best summer months are June, July and August. Throughout the Tyumen region there is a large number of different boarding houses, holiday homes and sanatoriums where you can spend a weekend or even a vacation. In addition to banal swimming in clean rivers and lakes, hiking for mushrooms and berries, and various ecological routes, the region is pleased to surprise travelers with an abundance of thermal springs, where you can treat your health, or simply relax with maximum benefit.

For traveling around cities and sightseeing, it is better to choose the short period of “Indian summer” in September - at this time the surrounding landscapes are especially beautiful, and the flat, flat terrain is full of autumn colors. Also, the month of May is wonderful for active recreation - when everything around is blooming and fragrant, and the sun does not burn as much as in summer. It is worth remembering that in early autumn and late spring, the region annually experiences a peak in tick activity, you must be careful and take the necessary measures.

The winter months - from December to April - are suitable both for lovers of winter sports and for lovers of hunting tourism, when hunting for ungulates is open. In winter, hunting safaris on snowmobiles are possible here. If you want to travel to the Tyumen region in winter, you should take a lot of warm clothes with you, since the winters here are very frosty, often the temperature on the thermometer shows -35°C.

You should not visit the Tyumen region in October - November, as well as in April. All 3 months are transitional and are characterized by unstable, changeable weather, in addition, during these months it can be very muddy and some roads may be impassable.

Climate of the Omsk region

The climate of the Omsk region is continental, and its continentality is much more pronounced than in other cities located at the same latitude, for example, in Minsk, Moscow or even Chelyabinsk. The Omsk region is located on a vast low-lying plain, in the center of the Asian continent, far from the seas, and is open from both the north and south, so the climate here is formed under the strong influence of the physical properties of the land, which warms up quickly and strongly in summer, and in winter, It also cools quickly. Not only arctic cold air masses, but also warm dry winds from Kazakhstan freely penetrate into this territory. Because of this, a characteristic feature of the climate of the Omsk region is hot summers and cold winters.

Cheap flights to Omsk

Western and northwestern cyclones have the highest frequency in the Omsk region. With westerly flows from the Atlantic, deep and active cyclones often move, causing rain and thunderstorms in summer, and snowfalls and snowstorms in winter. In winter, the anticyclone causes partly cloudy, frosty weather, often with fog and frost, and in summer – dry and hot weather.

During the year, the air temperature experiences large fluctuations - the annual amplitude of average air temperatures exceeds 37°C. The lowest air temperature usually occurs in the morning, before sunrise, and the highest - 2 - 3 hours after noon. Temperatures change sharply from month to month, especially during transition periods. The temperature rise in spring is very intense. In the climate of the Omsk region there are clearly defined seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn.

Winter in the Omsk region begins in early November and lasts until early April. Omsk winter is characterized as severe, long, with stable snow cover. In any winter month, intrusions of cold waves are possible or, conversely, the temperature can rise sharply on certain days, or even during the day, although thaws in winter are a rare phenomenon. The appearance of the first snow in the Omsk region usually occurs in mid-October, but it happens earlier. Usually, the first snow does not remain lying throughout the winter, but melts as a result of thaws and liquid precipitation. A stable snow cover is formed 20 days after the first snow appears, the average date is November 8. The coldest winter month is January. Its average daily air temperature is -19°C. On some days, minimum air temperatures can drop to -49 °C.

In February and March, snowstorms occur more often than in other months in the Omsk region. Blizzards usually occur when a front passes through. The most powerful of them are associated with deep cyclones, which cause significant wind increases. The most severe snowstorms covering large areas, occur when southern cyclones break through and merge with depressions of western origin. Snowstorms can occur at any time of the day, but they are most common in the afternoon. Blizzards lasting 12 hours or more are especially dangerous. Most often, snowstorms are observed at temperatures of -5 - -15°C. At low temperatures (-25°C), blizzards occur rarely (3% of cases), but are the most dangerous, since at low temperatures the snow becomes fine-grained, loose and easily transported, even by a weak wind with a stable direction.

However, the winter months are characterized by relatively little cloud cover, little precipitation, weak winds, frosty, clear sunny weather. In March, the snow cover reaches its maximum height. On average, in the Omsk region, during the winter there are 159 days with snow cover, its stable occurrence usually lasts for 149 days, which is almost 5 months. Snow cover protects the soil from freezing, promotes normal overwintering of winter crops, and is a source of moisture in the soil.

Despite the long, harsh winter, intense snowfalls in the Omsk region are not observed every year, approximately once every 6-7 years. Snowfalls producing more than 5 cm of snowfall occur, on average, slightly more than once per winter, which is about 3% of the total number of days with solid precipitation. The duration of heavy snowfalls is usually at least 4 hours; in more than half of the cases, their duration is more than 12 hours.

Spring in the Omsk region begins only in early April. Spring is short, passes quickly, and air temperatures rise rapidly. If, during the transition from January to February, the temperature rises by 1.4°C, then the change in the average monthly temperature from March to April is already 13°C, from April to May – 9°C. The average daily air temperature crosses the mark of 0°C, on average, on April 5, and the mark of +10°C on May 8. In spring, there are significantly fewer days with precipitation than in winter, and the relative air humidity is lower (66% in April and 53% in May).

Omsk spring is characterized by clear sunny weather. At the same time, spring weather is characterized by instability and is characterized by strong winds, especially in May. May winds often raise dust storms, which are most often observed in dry years.

Cheap hotels in Omsk

Summer in the Omsk region begins in late May - early June. Omsk summer is characterized by warm or hot weather, with a lot of sunny days. On clear, sunny days, the air temperature during the day often rises to +30 - +35°C. In the first half of summer, dry winds (strong, hot winds that scorch plants and cause severe drying out of the soil) are a frequent occurrence. The temperature increase continues until July, but not so intensely, from June to July - only by 1.7°C.

The hottest summer month is July, with an average daily temperature of at least +25°C. Thunderstorms are common in summer. The maximum thunderstorms per year are observed in July, when the average number of days with thunderstorms is eight, but in some years it ranges from two to sixteen days. Most often, thunderstorms occur in the afternoon, less often at night and, especially rarely, in the morning. The formation of thunderstorms is associated with the presence of an unstable moist and warm air mass, and the processes of cold air spreading over a warm layer, air rising along the frontal surface.

Often, in the summer, dust storms are observed in the Omsk region. Dust storms are the transfer of large amounts of thick dust, particles of dry earth or sand, by strong winds, as a result of which clouding of the atmosphere occurs and visibility is significantly reduced. On average, there are 10 days with a dust storm per season. From August, a slow decrease in air temperature begins, with a gradual increase in the intensity of the decrease towards autumn, when the thermal regime changes to winter.

Autumn in the Omsk region begins in early September. The autumn period in the Omsk region lasts two months (September and October), is characterized by warm, dry weather, but is often cloudy and rainy. At the beginning of September, daytime temperatures drop below +15 °C. The fall in temperature in autumn is somewhat less intense than its rise in spring, and in mid-September the daytime air temperature drops below +10 °C. At the end of the month, the first frosts are observed in the air.

October is a rainy, gloomy month. In October there is a significant cooling and a sharp temperature drop. If at the beginning of the month, the average daily air temperature is +5°C, then in the second half of October, the temperature can drop to -30°C, and snowfalls are observed. The greatest decrease in temperature is observed from October to November – by 10 - 11°C. November is already a month with consistently negative average daily values, and it belongs to the winter period.

Atlantic air reaches the territory of the Omsk region significantly dried out; it loses most of its moisture when passing over Western Europe and when crossing through the Ural Mountains. And precipitation associated with arctic air masses coming from the north and tropical air masses coming from the south is insignificant, since arctic air contains little moisture. In this regard, the total amount of precipitation in the Omsk region is less than at those latitudes in the European part: for example, 1.5 times less precipitation compared to Ufa, 1.7 times less compared to Moscow, almost 2 times less compared to Minsk. The steppe lands suffer greatly from a lack of moisture: on average, 250 - 300 mm of precipitation falls here per year, which is 1.5 - 2 times less than in the central regions of Russia. The Tara north, on the contrary, is a zone of abundant moisture; 400 - 450 mm of precipitation falls here per year, that is, twice as much as in the south of the region. In the Omsk region, over 80% of the annual precipitation falls in the warm season, and only about 20% in the cold season.

When to goto the Omsk region. The best time for a holiday in the Omsk region is the hot summer months - from June to September. In summer there is quite a lot of entertainment here: hiking, horseback riding, rafting or kayaking, and much more. Pleasant coolness in the summer heat will be provided by numerous rivers and lakes, on the picturesque banks of which there are comfortable and cozy Omsk recreation centers. Here you can walk through the forest, which is replete with mushrooms and berries. And avid fishermen can go to the taiga river Artyn, lakes Shaitan or Lenevo, and sit with a fishing rod in specially equipped places.

If you want to improve your health, you can go to Lake Uljay. Lake Uljay is famous for its healing mud and mineral thermal springs located not far from it. The waters of these sources help in the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, and also have a positive effect on the peripheral nervous system, which is why thousands of tourists come here every year.

Winter time - December - March - is also a good time to relax in the Omsk region. Numerous boarding houses and sanatoriums offer visitors a wide range of wellness programs, diagnostic capabilities and various types of active recreation, such as swimming pools, gyms, winter skating rinks, billiards, ski slopes, roller coasters, saunas, baths and much more.

Lovers of romance and thirsty naturalists should go to the Omsk region in May. At this time, right before our eyes, nature comes to life, flowers bloom, butterflies and insects begin to vigorously activity. Everything around is full of bright spring colors, there are stable warm days, although sometimes there are May thunderstorms. This is the most wonderful time to relax in nature. True, a piquant situation at this time is created by the rather abundant presence of ticks, spreading tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis, which are dangerous to humans and animals. The end of April - beginning of May is the peak of tick activity. If you plan to visit the Omsk region at this time of year, you should think about methods of protection against ticks. It is recommended to wear overalls or simple, but plain and light-colored clothing, which will allow you to quickly detect a tick on your body. Trousers must be tucked into boots, and sleeve cuffs must fit snugly to the arm. You must put a hood on your head or tuck your hair under a scarf or hat. It is also worth thinking about vaccination.

Fans of sightseeing tours can be advised to come to the Omsk region in September. A mild, slightly cool month will greet you with rainbow autumn colors, colorful vegetation, and sightseeing at this time of year will not be so difficult, since the bulk of tourists have already left.

The stormiest months are October, November and April, and are not suitable for a pleasant, relaxing holiday. All three months are extremely unstable in weather conditions, and are characterized by sharp temperature fluctuations, which, for example, is difficult for a European resident to endure.

Climate of the Tomsk region

The climate of the Tomsk region is sharply continental. The surface and openness of the territory of the Tomsk region, from all sides except the southeast, facilitates the penetration of air masses of the Arctic, Atlantic and Central Asia. Therefore, arctic and temperate air masses, and in summer, also tropical ones, participate in circulation processes over Western Siberia at all times of the year. In general, the climate of the region is characterized by long cold winters, short warm summers, uniform moisture, and rather abrupt changes in weather elements in relatively short periods (a few hours).

Cheap flights to Tomsk

The climatic conditions of the southern and northern regions of the Tomsk region differ markedly due to the fact that the distance between the northern and southern borders of the region, along the meridian, reaches 600 kilometers. The climatic characteristics of the northern regions of the region are characterized by greater severity and duration of the winter season. Almost the entire territory of the Tomsk region is located within the taiga zone.

The terrain is mainly composed of flat, swampy plains. The Ob River, in its middle course, divides the Tomsk region practically into two equal parts, crossing it from the southeast to the northwest, and the river valleys account for, in general, 1/5 of the territory of the Tomsk region. In the Tomsk region, all four seasons of the year are well expressed: winter, summer, spring, autumn.

Winter in the Tomsk region begins in early November. It is at this time that a stable snow cover with a height of 10 centimeters or more forms everywhere in the region. The average daily air temperature in November in the Tomsk region is - 10°C. In the northern part of the region, the average daily air temperature in November is 4 degrees lower and amounts to -14°C (in Aleksandrovsky). By the end of the month, the lakes freeze, ice cover is established on the Tom River, and birds that do not winter here go to winter.

In December, the average daytime air temperature is noticeably colder, and is already -15 - -17°C. At the beginning of December, rhythmic fluctuations of heat and cold are often observed, when several days of cold are followed by days of comparatively warmer weather. December is also characterized by a large number of snowstorms - there are up to 11 snowstorms per month. December has the shortest days; the day begins at ten o'clock in the morning and lasts only until four o'clock in the afternoon. During all winter months, there is a high probability of the arrival of anticyclones, which “lower” air temperatures in the Tomsk region to -35 - -40°C, and this is more a pattern in this region than an exception to the rule.

January – the coldest month of the year. Its average air temperatures are 2 degrees lower than in December and amount to, on average, -19°C for the region. The depth of snow in January already reaches 60 cm or more. Most of nature is in deep sleep. Trees, shrubs and grasses sleep, insects, and some mammals sleep. But nature, at this time of year, is not lifeless; even in 30-degree frosts, summer physiological processes take place in plants, for example, photosynthesis and formation continue in lichens. organic matter. The grass continues to turn green under the snow.

January is followed by February, an equally cold winter month. The average daily temperature in February is -16°C, which is the third coldest month after December and January. The month is also characterized by heavy snowfalls, especially in the second half. At this time, the snow cover reaches its maximum value, which, on average, is 1 m or more.

March is the last winter month in the Tomsk region. Perhaps March is the most unpredictable, as the weather often changes: there are snowstorms and heavy snowfalls, then there is a thaw and puddles appear. Then suddenly a strong anticyclone suddenly comes, and the region experiences bitter frosts. You can't guess or predict the weather in March. According to the phenological calendar, the first thaws come to the region on March 7, and then the Root Winter ends, and winter begins the third period of the end of colds and frosts, and this period is called Pre-Spring. But winter will still show its character in March.

Spring in the Tomsk region begins in late March - early April. At this time, throughout the region, the end of persistent frosts is observed and increased snowmelt begins. The transition of the average daily air temperature through -5°C, which occurs in the south at the end of March, and in the north at the beginning of April, serves as a characteristic boundary between winter and spring. With the beginning of spring, the frequency of southern winds decreases and the frequency of northern ones increases slightly. In April, snowfalls give way to liquid ones, and at the end of April the stable snow cover is completely destroyed. Ice drift on the rivers begins in mid-April.

In the first ten days of May, the topsoil thaws. The beginning of May often coincides with the appearance of the first thunderstorms and spring heavy rain showers in the region. It is they who nourish the earth with life-giving moisture, and after these showers the nature around turns green and blooms even faster. In mid-May, there is a steady transition of the average daily air temperature through +5°C, which coincides with the beginning of the plant growing season. But spring is never smooth, either in the weather, or in the phenomena of organic life, or in time and space. Spring is characterized by the return of cold weather. In May, and even in early June, frosts are observed, which are dangerous for cultivated plants. Spring returns of cold weather are common for the climate of the Tomsk region. They are sometimes even tied to some noticeable phenological phenomena that coincide in time, for example, with the flowering of bird cherry. And then such a cold snap is called bird cherry. And sometimes the temperature in May jumps to +30°C, and it’s a real sunny summer. But spring cooling and warming, as a rule, take short periods of time.

Cheap hotels in Tomsk

Summer in the Tomsk region begins in early June and ends in early September. In the southern regions of the region, summer lengthens, as it sometimes includes the last ten days of May and the first ten days of September. Summer begins with the transition of the average daily air temperature through +15°C, which determines the development of plant vegetation. At this time the vegetation cover reaches full development: leaves reach their optimal size, most trees and shrubs are blooming or preparing for this, tiers of grass cover are forming, and large grasses are blooming. This is the most fertile time: everything is full of life, in the forest, in the meadows, near the water. The average daily air temperature in June in the Tomsk region is +22°C.

July is the peak of summer; it is the warmest month of the year. Its average daily air temperature is +24°C. Sometimes real heat comes to the area, and then the thermometer reaches +30 - +35°C. In July, the berries ripen, chicory and tansy bloom. Summer has the highest rainfall of the year. In the north of the region, in summer, there is a significant frequency northern winds, in the south, winds from northern and southern directions have approximately the same frequency.

August is the last month of summer, good, kind, calm, peaceful, and besides, rich - plenty of everything. The surrounding landscape begins to gradually change in August. As a rule, until August 12, the summer is as hot as in July, and after this date the third period begins, which is called the “Summer Recession”. In the second half of the month, swifts fly away, and the number of flying insects noticeably decreases: butterflies, beetles, dragonflies and bees. The day is shortened by half of what it was in June. An indicator of the transition from summer to autumn is the date of transition of the average daily temperature through +10°C, towards a decrease. The end of summer, as a rule, also coincides with the average date of the first autumn frost, which is observed in early September.

Autumn in the Tomsk region begins in early September. Autumn is characterized by a decrease in air and soil temperatures, an increase in relative air humidity, and a sharp decrease in evaporation. Cloudy weather occurs more often, the soil dries out slowly after rains. Frosts occur. But even after the first autumn frosts, there is often good warm weather in September, popularly called “Indian summer”, when the thermometer rises to +25°C. In the second half of the month, everywhere in the Tomsk region, the most colorful time of the year begins - golden autumn. The first birch trees, painted in autumn colors, appear. September is the period of harvesting agricultural crops, a crucial season when “the day feeds the year.”

October is the second autumn month, or rather, it is autumn only at the very beginning, and the end of the month is already winter. This month is very wet, there is a lot of precipitation. The average daily air temperature in the first half of October is only +6°C. Deciduous trees and shrubs, completing the ash– This is autumn, the leaves drop in October. Migratory birds fly to warmer regions. In the middle of the month, as a rule, the first snow falls, but it does not last long. By the end of the month, as a rule, the average daily air temperatures are already negative, and it snows more and more often instead of rain. At the end of October - beginning of November, stable snow cover indicates the beginning of a long, cold winter...

In count atmospheric precipitation Most of the territory of the Tomsk region belongs to the zone of excess and sufficient moisture. 450-700 mm of precipitation falls annually. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in June, July or August. The least precipitation falls in February.

When to goto the Tomsk region. The best time to travel to the Tomsk region is summer, from June to September. The Tomsk region in summer is a green sea of ​​taiga with vast yellowish bald patches of swamps, along which necklaces of lakes are scattered. The rivers and lakes of the region are home to 33 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance: nelma, muksun, sturgeon, sterlet, and peled. Therefore, we can safely say that the Tomsk region is a paradise for fishermen. The fauna of the Tomsk region is also rich: 28 species of commercial wild animals live on its territory - elk, deer, roe deer, brown bears, lynx, wolverine, sable, foxes, squirrels, wolves and more than 40 species of birds, all this allows for the development of hunting tourism here . In addition, there are a large number of tourist centers and holiday homes in the region. Here you can have a great rest on the magnificent sandy beaches of the Ob River, visit several national reserves areas.

May and September are a great time for city tours and sightseeing. At this time it is not so hot, but the weather is quite comfortable for staying both outdoors and in large cities.

Winter, from November to mid-March, is also a great time to relax in the Tomsk region. Almost all available winter activities are available here: skiing, skating, snowmobiling, ice fishing, hunting. In addition, a mandatory attribute in many holiday homes is a bathhouse or sauna, where you can also spend time usefully. Winter nature is fascinating, and sometimes an ordinary walk through the winter forest brings a lot of pleasure and positivity. Just remember that the Tomsk region is, after all, Siberia, and winters in Siberia are cold. It is worth taking the warmest things with you on vacation.

April and October are perhaps not the best time to travel to the Tomsk region. These are unstable transition months with large temperature fluctuations throughout the day. The weather during these months is extremely difficult to predict, so there is a chance that the weather will still take you by surprise. In addition, nature at this time does not appear in its best form, damp, cold, dirty and slushy, so it is recommended to avoid these months when visiting the Tomsk region.

Climate of the Novosibirsk region

The climate of the Novosibirsk region is sharply continental, with cold, long winters and short but warm summers. The geographical location of the region determines its continental climate, more severe than in regions of Europe and America located at the same geographical latitude. This is explained by the location of the Novosibirsk region in the center of a huge continent, far from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Cheap flights to Novosibirsk

The geographic location also determines the characteristics of atmospheric circulation over Western Siberia. Due to the fact that the plain is open to the north, it is easily exposed to arctic air masses, which are characterized by great dryness and low temperatures at all times of the year. In the cold season, the territory of the Novosibirsk region is occupied by the Asian anticyclone, which is a vast center of cold, dry air. In the warm half of the year, the center of cold continental air is destroyed and cyclonic activity prevails throughout the region. Atlantic air comes here already highly transformed and often completely degenerates here into dry continental air, which affects the rather small amount of precipitation.

Another characteristic consequence of the distance from the Atlantic is the significant number of hours of sunshine for these latitudes. The city of Novosibirsk is located at the latitude of cities such as Moscow, Copenhagen, Hamburg, but the number of sunny days here is about 20% more than at the corresponding latitude in Europe. For comparison, the duration of sunshine hours is 1582 hours in Moscow, 1843 hours in Kyiv, 2146 hours in Krasnodar.

On the territory of the Novosibirsk region there are clearly 4 seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. The transition seasons (spring and autumn) are short and characterized by unstable weather, returns of cold weather and frosts.

Winter in the Novosibirsk region is the longest time of the year, it lasts 5 months - from the beginning of November to the end of March. The Novosibirsk winter is harsh and long, with stable snow cover from 20 cm in the southwest to 50-70 cm in the north. November is the first winter month. In early November, stable snow cover can be observed everywhere in the region. The thickness of the snow cover reaches 10 cm by mid-November. Snowfall is often accompanied by strong winds, which leads to its uneven distribution. Snow cover lasts from 150 days in the south to 180 in the north. Thaws are possible, but they are short-lived and are not observed every year. Already in November, winter unfolds “to its fullest” and the first month of winter greets everyone with frosts down to -20°C. December is the darkest month of the year, with only 7 hours of daylight.

January is the coldest month of winter. Its average daily air temperature is - 20°C. The minimum temperature recorded during long-term observations in the region is -55°C (!), but such a low temperature is extremely rare. Usually the thermometer does not fall below -35°C. It is worth noting here that in a continental climate the air is drier, and low temperatures are more easily tolerated by humans. For example, if you compare the temperatures, for example, in St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk, then the feeling of cold -10°C in St. Petersburg is almost the same as -20°C in Novosibirsk. Therefore, do not be afraid of such low air temperatures. February is also a very cold winter month, it is only 3 degrees warmer than January.

After frosty January and February comes sunny March. March is the last winter month. The month is characterized by large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations within one day. In March, it is usually warm during the day, but at night the mercury drops to -30°C. In March, in the central regions of the region, 50-70 cm of snow accumulates; in the steppe Kulunda zone - much less (20-30 cm). The soil in the Novosibirsk region freezes deeply, in some years up to 200-230 cm, less in forest areas and deeper in steppe areas.

Spring in the Novosibirsk region begins only in early April and lasts two months. Spring is characterized by a sharp increase in air temperature during the transition from March to April (by about 10°C), and from April to May (also by 10°C). In spring there are many sunny days, and there is less precipitation than in other seasons. At the beginning of April, the snow begins to melt intensively and streams run. In mid-April, the average daily temperature is above 0°C, and by the end of April it reaches more than +5°C. At the end of the third ten days of April, daytime air temperatures reach +15 - +20°C. In spring, all nature awakens; many species of migratory birds arrive from the south. This is also the time of active growing season for fruit and berry plants.

At the beginning of May, grass begins to grow and young leaves bloom on the trees. The Siberian forest-steppe is characterized by a phenomenon called “naked spring.” It consists in the fact that after the snow has completely melted, the grass does not begin to grow immediately, but after about two weeks. There is no snow, it’s warm, but the grass doesn’t grow. This is explained by the fact that in winter the soil freezes up to 2 meters deep, and it takes time for plant roots to thaw. In general, May is a dry, warm, sunny month, daytime air temperatures often rise to +20 - +25°C, but warm periods are sharply replaced by cold ones. Often daily temperature fluctuations reach 20°C, and after hot, dry days cold ones come and snow falls. This happens because cold arctic air penetrates these latitudes. Cold snaps are usually accompanied by frosts, which often occur in the second half of May and even in early June. Frosts occur on clear, cold nights, when heat is intensely radiated from the surface of the earth and the soil cools down greatly. Dry soil cools especially quickly, and in moist areas the effect of frost is weakened.

Cheap hotels in Novosibirsk

Summer in the Novosibirsk region begins in early June and lasts about three months. Summer is hot, but relatively short - from 90 to 100 days in the north, and up to 120-130 days in the south. The first ten days of June is the beginning of summer, when the average daily air temperature is above +15°C and the soil warms up well. June is the brightest month of the year - daylight hours reach 17 hours. In summer, a thick and varied grass cover forms in the Siberian forest-steppe, and all animals are very active. Insects are active in the meadows, birds are chirping in the forests, and rivers and lakes are full of fish. By the end of June the temperature rises significantly.

The hottest month of the year is July, and this is the only month of the year when there is no frost. The average daily air temperature in June is +25°C. Usually, in June or July there are 1-2 weeks when the temperature is around +30°C. The maximum temperature recorded in the region is +40°C. In June and July, western cyclones bring rain, often torrential. In summer the greatest amount of precipitation falls - up to 70% of the annual norm. The largest amount of precipitation occurs in July (sometimes in June).

In early August, as a rule, there are cold snaps, the air and water temperatures in reservoirs drop. In the second half of the month, frosts are possible on the soil surface. At the end of August - beginning of September, the influx of solar radiation decreases, and the average daily temperature drops to + 15°C. That's it, summer is on the decline, a cold autumn is ahead, and then a long winter...

Autumn in the Novosibirsk region begins in early September. In September it is still quite warm - up to +20 - +25°C, at this time the autumn color of the forests is very beautiful. Warming periods in September can be long - sometimes up to two weeks, which has a beneficial effect on the preparation of fruit and berry plants for winter. Migratory birds are flying south, and other animals are preparing for a harsh and long winter.

At the beginning of October, the average daily air temperature drops sharply to +5°C, which indicates the end of the growing season. It gets cold, the leaves completely fall off the trees, it rains often, and the first snow usually falls at the end of October, which quickly melts. Air humidity in October is high, which prevents the evaporation of precipitation, so the soil accumulates a lot of moisture by winter. The snow finally falls at the end of October - beginning of November, and from this moment the winter period begins.

The Novosibirsk region belongs to the zone of unstable moisture. In the central regions, an average of 400 - 440 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the Kulunda steppe - only 300 mm. 20% of precipitation occurs in May June, in particular, in the period from April to October, an average of 330 mm of precipitation falls, in the period from November to March - 95 mm. Up to 70% of precipitation falls in the form of rain, mostly showers with thunderstorms.

When to go to the Novosibirsk region. The best time to travel to the Novosibirsk region is, of course, summer, the months from June to September. The climatic conditions of the Novosibirsk region, due to the large number of sunny days and relatively low air humidity, are quite favorable for human health. In general, there are excellent opportunities for treatment and recreational recreation. In the region there are many deposits of thermal radon and iodine-bromine waters, there are unique salt and mud lakes, which gave impetus to the development of sanatorium and resort tourism, because the waters and mud of some lakes are not inferior in their healing properties to the Dead Sea.

Extremely popular in summer and active tourism. There are mountains and hills, caves and rocks, there are many large and small rivers and lakes, and even its own sea - the Novosibirsk Reservoir. Steppes, birch groves, ribbon forests and taiga, where nuts, berries and mushrooms of the most diverse types grow in abundance, beckon you to pick up baskets full of these forest riches. In the Novosibirsk region, tourists are offered a variety of walking and horse riding routes, river walks and rafting. Fans of extreme sports can recommend parachute jumping, kiting, hot air ballooning, walking on glass and burning coals.

September and May are the best months for excursion tours to the cities of the region, and visiting local attractions and museums. The cities of Novosibirsk, Kolyvan, Kuibyshev and Suzun are included in the list of historical places in Russia. But, besides these cities, there are many settlements in the Novosibirsk region where there are interesting architectural monuments, for example, the Church of the Intercession on Karakan in Zavyalovo, the Church of Seraphim of Sarov in Turnaev and others.

Winter holidays, from November to mid-March, also have their own twist. All lovers of skiing and alpine skiing, as well as those who want to skate, sled and snowboard, should go here. Vacationers can enjoy comfortable recreation centers in Novosibirsk, modern ski resorts, ski resorts, skating rinks, roller coasters, baths and saunas and much more. But remember, the Novosibirsk frost bites, be sure to dress warmly!

You should not go to the Novosibirsk region in April and October. These are transitional months when the weather is extremely unstable and unpredictable, with large temperature changes. It is unlikely that at this time you will be able to appreciate the beauty of these places.

Climate of the Kemerovo region

The climate of the Kemerovo region is sharply continental. The Kemerovo region is located far from the seas and oceans, at the junction of large climatic regions (West Siberian, East Siberian, Central Asian and Central Asian), which determine the circulation of these air masses. It is fenced off from the winds blowing from the east and south by mountains, but is open to all winds from the north and west. Westerly winds forming over the North Atlantic Ocean bring cool, rainy weather in summer and snow and blizzards in winter. Northern winds blowing from the Arctic Ocean throughout the year bring cooling. Southwest winds forming over the central Atlantic Ocean bring thaws in winter and hot weather in summer. But southeast winds that form over the steppes and deserts of China and Mongolia bring severe frosts in winter. There are cold and long winters and warm but short summers.

Cheap flights to Kemerovo

A common characteristic feature of the climate of the Kemerovo region is its continentality, that is, sharp fluctuations in air temperature over the seasons, within a month and even a day. Such fluctuations are most typical for the forest-steppe and taiga; they are somewhat less in the mountains. Located in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, the territory of the Kemerovo region receives a relatively large amount of solar heat per year. The seasons in the Kemerovo region are clearly defined.

Winter in the Kemerovo region begins in early November. Winter is the longest season of the year, it lasts about 5.5 months, and according to weather conditions it is divided into three periods. The beginning of winter (November and the first half of December) is characterized by unstable weather with snowfalls, winds, and short-term warmings. At this time, more than half of the winter precipitation falls. The amount of snow cover on the territory of the Kemerovo region is very different, both in height and structure, and in the time of its formation. Stable snow cover in Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria falls in the twentieth of October, and in the highest places a little earlier - in mid-October. In the Kuznetsk Basin, permanent snow cover forms in early November.

In the second period (from half of December to half of February), cold, partly cloudy weather with southwest winds sets in. The coldest winter month is January. The average daily air temperature in January is -20°C. January is the middle of winter, therefore, it is a real winter month with frosts and snowstorms. The main process that determines the weather in January is the preservation of the Siberian anticyclone, and cyclonic activity develops, most often, in the north of Western Siberia, where cloudy weather prevails, with frequent snowfalls and blizzards, sometimes spreading to the territory of the region. Features of winter circulation, combined with a negative radiation balance, lead to a significant cooling of the region, at which minimum air temperatures can reach -46 - -57°C. Such low temperatures can occur in any winter month, but they are more typical in the middle of winter. The height of the snow cover, by the end of the month, reaches 20-47 cm, in some places up to 50-89 cm.

February is practically the same cold winter month as January. The main process that determines the weather in February is the preservation of the Siberian anticyclone. In February, more often than in January, the destruction of the anticyclone occurs when deep cyclones enter Western Siberia, and the displacement of “diving” cyclones from the areas of the Barents Sea. When warm air masses enter Western Siberia from the regions of the middle Volga and Kazakhstan, and an increase in the influx of solar radiation (especially in the second half of the month), in extremely warm years it is possible to increase daytime temperatures to +8 - +13°C. Snowstorms are more common in February than in January. The average number of days with a snowstorm is 3-10 days. The average monthly wind speed is 1-6 m/s. Wind increases of up to 15 m/s or more are observed annually, in some years 22-25 m/s. The height of the snow cover, by the end of the month, reaches 20-40 cm, in the foothills up to 60-100 cm. The increase in the height of the snow cover, due to newly fallen precipitation, is compensated by compaction, blowing, evaporation and melting of the snow.

The third period of winter lasts from mid-February to early April, during which time there are many more sunny days. March is the first spring month according to the calendar, but in the Kemerovo region it is a winter month, with frosts and snowstorms. Snow cover cools the air and slows down the onset of spring. The instability of the weather in March is expressed in the fact that cold, windy weather is quickly replaced by warm weather. on sunny days, and vice versa. In protected places of the northern forest-steppe, the thickness of the snow cover in mid-March (before the start of melting) reaches 50 cm, in the southern forest-steppe - about 40 cm, in the flat taiga - 80-120 cm, and in the mountain taiga - 200-250 cm. in mountain and river valleys, in ravines and ravines, the height of the snow cover reaches 300 cm. In the forest-steppe in open areas, the thickness of the snow is established at the height of the grass cover. In open areas, without vegetation, the snow cover is unstable: during the winter it is repeatedly blown away by strong winds. In such areas, dense dunes of snow-earth dust are formed. The height of the snow cover here does not exceed 10-15 cm; it melts with the onset of the first March thaw. Relatively smooth and stable snow cover in open forest-steppe is formed in the zone of forest shelterbelts. From March to April, the largest increase in average monthly air temperature over the year is observed: by 8-10°C.

Spring in the Kemerovo region begins in early April. At this time, there is a large influx of warm air masses from the south, and an intense increase in solar radiation; clear, dry but windy weather prevails. In the third ten days of April, the average daily air temperature increases through +5°C, and the growing season begins.

In May there is a restructuring of atmospheric processes to the summer regime. The Asian anticyclone is weakening. But at this time, there are often returns of cold weather and late frosts, sharp fluctuations in weather conditions. Cold waves are most likely in the second half of May, just as air temperatures up to +30°C and above, hot winds and dust storms are most likely at this time. During periods of cold weather, the absolute minimum air temperature can reach -16 - -20°C. Precipitation in May falls in the form of rain, but with intrusions of arctic air, it is likely to turn to snow in some places.

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Summer in the Kemerovo region begins in early June. Summer is short, but the weather is stable and deviates little from the long-term average norms. Already in early June, warm summer weather sets in, the sky is clear and partly cloudy, and there is a light wind. It doesn’t rain too often; sometimes, at this time, a drought may even occur in the region.

July is the hottest summer month. The average daily temperature in July is +23°C. Sometimes, on some days, the thermometer goes over +35°C. The July heat is characterized by large amounts of precipitation in the form of showers and thunderstorms. Prolonged bad weather is unusual for this area. It can rain every day, but it passes quickly and is replaced by sunny, quiet weather. Dew falls at night, and frost falls at the end of August. In August, frosts are possible at night, especially in low places, although daytime temperatures can be quite high.

Autumn in the Kemerovo region begins in early September. Autumn, like spring, is short-lived. At the end of August - beginning of September there is a rather sharp drop in temperature, but in September it is still relatively warm and the weather is clear and sunny, although there are constant night frosts. In the second, and often in the third ten days of September, there is a return of heat, popularly called “Indian summer”. This is the best time of autumn: the weather is dry, clear and warm for several days. Then, “Indian summer” quickly gives way to cloudy, rainy and windy days.

In October, the restructuring of atmospheric processes to the winter weather regime continues. The Asian anticyclone continues to form. The air temperature drops even more, the number of cloudy days increases (on average 14-17 days with precipitation). In the second half of the month, precipitation begins to fall in the form of pellets and snow, and at the beginning of November, a stable snow cover has already formed and winter begins.

In the Kemerovo region there is great unevenness in the amount of precipitation. Along the main ridge and western slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, more than 1,000 mm of atmospheric precipitation falls per year, and in high areas of the mountains - even up to 1,800 mm. This is one of the most humidified regions of Siberia. In the southern forest-steppe precipitation amounts to about 350 mm, and on the eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau it is even less. The average annual precipitation in the Kuznetsk Basin is 400-500 mm. Total days with precipitation are quite large; over the past 50 years in the city of Taiga, on average, in one year there were 185 of them, in the city of Mariinsk - 171, and in the city of Novokuznetsk - 162 days.

During a significant part of the year (from September to April), Western Siberia is under the influence of a high pressure area, or more precisely, under the influence of the western spur of the Asian maximum pressure, which passes, on average, at 50° N. w. The Kemerovo region, by location, is closest to the center of this anticyclone, which affects the direction prevailing winds southern and southwestern directions, bringing cold and dryness. The anticyclone fences off the area from the Atlantic Ocean; as a result, only in summer do sea air masses from the Atlantic penetrate here.

When to goto the Kemerovo region. The best time to travel to the Kemerovo region, of course, is summer period. The Kemerovo region is a beautiful taiga, mountain rapids rivers, cascades of crystal waterfalls with clear water, snowy peaks, numerous historical and cultural monuments. Coastal mountain spurs will certainly be of interest to lovers of active recreation. And the main river of this region, the Tom, has become a popular route for water tourists. Camp sites in the Kemerovo region invite active recreation enthusiasts to go river rafting. Lovers of ecotourism can visit the Kuznetsky Alatau nature reserve. It includes huge taiga massifs, high-mountain systems, high-mountain swamps, dozens of high-mountain lakes, and the sources of large and small rivers.

Hunting is also popular in the summer. Kemerovo tourist centers offer vacationers exciting tours with participation in exciting and interesting hunting. Hunting in the Kemerovo region is mainly for upland, waterfowl and swamp game, as well as bear, fox, roe deer, and white hare. This is also a paradise for fishermen - the area has enormous water potential, with a wide variety of fish in its rivers and lakes. The largest lake among the many in this area is Lake Bolshoi Berchikul.

Winter time from December to mid-March is the best time for winter sports. The greatest wealth of the tourism industry of the Kemerovo region is Gornaya Shoria, where one of the largest ski resorts in Siberia is located on Mount Zelenaya. The nature of Mountain Shoria fascinates with the grandeur of the mountains covered with taiga, enchants with transparent mountain rivers, enchants with mysterious caves with amazingly beautiful halls, winding passages and spacious galleries. Just keep in mind that sometimes in winter it can be very cold here.

May and September are a good time for sightseeing tours and local sightseeing. At this time the weather is sunny, as a rule, not too hot, not too cold, travel will not be so tiring.

October and November, as well as April, are not the best time to travel to the Kemerovo region. These are quite cloudy months, with a lot of precipitation, unstable weather conditions that can ruin your entire vacation and disrupt all your plans.

Climate of the Altai Territory

The climate of the Altai Territory is sharply continental. Altai region is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, thousands of kilometers away from the oceans, therefore, in the warm season the land is very hot, temperatures are high, and summers are hot. In winter, on the contrary, the entire continent rapidly cools; a high pressure area is formed here - the Siberian anticyclone. A high pressure band runs from it to the west, through the territory of the region, and in connection with it, clear frosty weather with low temperatures sets in in winter. The region has cold winters and hot summers, which causes significant temperature fluctuations characteristic of a sharply continental climate.

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Over the mountains, local air masses are formed that differ from the air masses of the plains. The complex arrangement of ridges, highly dissected relief, and significant fluctuations in altitude create conditions for the formation of several types of climate and diverse microclimatic conditions. Pressure and temperature decrease with altitude, cloudiness and precipitation increase. Throughout the year, the air of the plains and mountains collides in the foothill zone, where a cyclonic region occurs, with very unstable weather and heavy precipitation. In the Altai Territory, four seasons are clearly distinguished: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Altai Territory begins in late October - early November. Winter is the longest season of the year, lasting on average from 5 (on the plains) to 7 months (in the mountains). Altai winter is characterized by clear, frosty weather. In early November, snow cover forms everywhere in the Altai Territory. An increased influx of arctic air at the beginning of winter leads to a sharp drop in temperature, frequent blizzards and snowfalls. Often, already in the second half of November, daytime air temperatures drop below -10 - -14°C.

The coldest month of winter is January. Its average daily air temperature on the plain increases from north to south, to the foothills of Altai and ranges from -18 to -25°C and above. At this time the weather is usually clear, partly cloudy and frosty. Sometimes real frosts come to the Altai Territory, and the air temperature drops sharply to -40 - -45°C, and sometimes even lower. Such sharp drops in temperature, as a rule, are short-lived and are possible in any of the winter months, but most often occur in January and February.

The height of the snow cover reaches its maximum in early March and averages 40-60 cm on the plains. On the border of the plains and mountains there is a pre-ascent zone, where local cyclones dominate and there are years when the snow cover there reaches more than one and a half meters. On calm, windless days, heavy flakes of snow accumulate on trees, branches break under its weight, and wires break. On the steep slopes of the mountains, the accumulated snow rushes down in an all-destroying snow avalanche, uprooting trees and smoothing out rocks. The depth of soil freezing is 50-80 cm; in steppe areas bare of snow, freezing to a depth of 2-2.5 m is possible.

March in the Altai Territory is considered a full-fledged winter month, with fairly low air temperatures, sometimes blizzards and heavy snowfalls. But still, March is noticeably different from the two previous winter months. The fact is that in March the daylight hours noticeably increase, and accordingly, the number of hours of sunshine also increases, due to which, already in early March, active snow melting begins in the Altai Territory during the daytime. Thanks to the bright sun, the snow melts even at subzero daytime air temperatures, and at night when it’s freezing, it becomes covered with an ice crust.

Spring in the Altai Territory, in the flat areas, begins in early April, and in May spring begins in the mountainous part of the region. When the weather is clear and there is an abundance of solar heat, the snow melts quickly, the soil thaws and warms up, and on the flat part of the Altai Territory, as a rule, by mid-April, the snow cover completely disappears. Such transience of spring is characteristic only of the flat part of the region. Daytime temperatures can be quite high, but at night it is cold and slight frosts are possible.

But still, spring weather is characterized by great variability, this is especially noticeable in April. Rain gives way to snow, warm weather often turns into cold weather, in short, spring is the most unpredictable time of the year. Unstable spring weather complicates the first field work. It takes great skill and a good understanding of nature to start sowing on time, carry out planting, and other field work that is important to carry out in a short time. At the end of spring, southwest winds usually dominate and bring dry weather.

In the mountainous part of the Altai Territory, full-fledged spring begins only in early May. Depending on the height of the mountains, the snow cover is completely destroyed in different time– in the foothills, as a rule, in the first half of May, in the mountains – at the end of May, in June. Spring in the mountains is cold, there are often frosts at night, and there is frequent wind and rain. In addition, from a safety point of view, this is a rather dangerous time of year, when avalanches from the mountains are most likely.

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Summer in the Altai Territory begins in early - mid-June. As the terrain rises and the mountains rise, the duration of summer shortens. The average annual temperature rises in the southwest of the region. Due to the presence of a mountain barrier in the southeast of the region, the dominant west-east transport of air masses acquires a southwestern direction. During the summer months, northerly winds are frequent. In 20 - 45% of cases, the speed of winds in the southwestern and western directions exceeds 6 m/s. In the steppe regions of the region, the occurrence of dry winds is associated with increased winds.

The influx of solar energy in the summer is maximum, the days become longer, and on June 22, when the Earth reaches its climax in low-Earth orbit, the day length exceeds 17 hours.

The warmest summer month is July. The average daily air temperature in July is +23°C. Towards the south, into the mountains, the temperature drops. In the intermountain basins the temperature in summer is +30 - +35°C, while on the ridges surrounding the valley there can be negative temperatures. There are often very hot days in the summer, when the daytime air temperature is +38°C and above. In summer, due to the warming of the continent, the pressure decreases, and warm air often comes from Antarctica. This is associated with cloudy, rainy weather. In the second half of summer the amount of precipitation increases. Heavy downpours with thunderstorms and winds are frequent. July accounts for up to 70% of annual precipitation. Summer rains give way to clear sunny weather.

August – the last month of summer is decisive for the ripening of grains and vegetables. At this time, winter and spring crops are being harvested in the region. When arctic air invades, cold temperatures occur with rain, and in the mountains - with snowfall. By the end of August, frosts occur and a new climate cycle begins.

Autumn in the Altai Territory begins in early September, and in the mountains already in mid-August. September is the time of change of southern warm northern air currents, which is why the weather is sometimes stormy and rainy, sometimes warm, sometimes dry. The invasion of Arctic air brings cold snaps and frosts, and the influx of solar heat decreases. The average temperature in September is positive almost throughout the entire territory of the region, with the exception of the highlands. In the second half of September there is a return of heat, popularly called “Indian Summer”.

October - a completely autumn month. Constant gray skies, bad weather, and incessant drizzle at the beginning of the month herald the middle of autumn. During the day, the air temperature reaches only + 5 - + 7 ° C, but night frosts begin to get stronger. Frosts occur when Arctic air comes from Eastern Siberia. The average daily temperature passes 0 degrees. In the middle of the month, the first snow cover appears, often short-term and unstable. In the mountains, October is a real winter month with blizzards and snowfalls. On the flat part of the Altai Territory, the winter period begins in early November.

The Altai Territory belongs to a zone of uneven moisture. Temperate sea air coming to Altai from the Atlantic Ocean brings the main precipitation to the region. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in mountainous areas - up to 1,500 mm, as well as in steppe areas with ribbon forests. In some areas on the flat territory of the region (Kulundinskaya steppe), no more than 300 mm falls per year. In the steppe part, the most precipitation is observed in July, and the minimum amount is observed in February and March. In winter there is a lot of precipitation in the foothills, this is explained by the extensive forests.

The territory of the Altai Territory is simply spoiled by sunlight. The annual duration of sunshine in the region varies between 1800-2100 hours. In this regard, the Altai Territory is equal to the Crimea and the North Caucasus.

When to go to the Altai region. The best time to travel to the Altai Territory is the warm summer months - from June to September. The Altai region is deservedly called the pearl and pride of Siberia. In summer, here you can spend an unforgettable holiday on the magnificent lakes - Kulundinsky, Mikhailovsky and Kuchuksky. Kolyvan Lake is amazingly beautiful, on the shores of which there are bizarre granite rocks. The forests of the Altai Territory are home to deer, bears, moose, foxes, wood grouse, and wild boars in abundance - these are excellent hunting grounds. Holidays in the Altai Territory in the summer are also an opportunity to receive medical treatment at the local resorts, famous for their healing springs with mud and radon waters. For lovers extreme species Sports Altai region is simply a paradise. Rafting and motor rafting, rock climbing, jeeping, paragliding and much more await extreme sports enthusiasts in this corner of the planet.

On the territory of Altai there are more than 5 thousand monuments of archaeology, architecture, history and culture. Some of them are recognized as objects of world significance. Of great interest to tourists are the Denisova Cave, the valley of the Sentelek River with the Scythian burial site “Tsar’s Mound”, the archaeological park “Crossroads of the Worlds”, as well as mining sites in Altai associated with the activities of Akinfiy Demidov.

May and September are perhaps the best months for excursion trips to the cities and villages of the Altai Territory: Biysk is the oldest city in Altai, built by the personal decree of Peter I; the place of formation of the Ob - one of the greatest rivers on the planet; the village of Srostki, where actor Vasily Makarovich Shukshin was born and raised; arboretum "Blooming Valley" in the village of Altaiskoye, with exotic plants And medicinal herbs; The federal resort city of Belokurikha is the only center of restorative medicine beyond the Urals, a recognized innovator in balneology, and much, much more.

The winter months from December to mid-March are a great time for winter sports. Skiing, skates, snowboarding, and snowmobiles, and much more - you can have a great time here in winter. Numerous holiday homes and tourist centers will provide the most comfortable conditions. But, it’s worth remembering that this is Siberia, after all, the winter here is fierce, so you should worry about warm clothes in advance.

The spring months - the second half of March and April - are not the best time to travel to the Altai Territory. This transitional time of year, with large daily temperature fluctuations and extremely unpredictable weather, can cause you a lot of trouble. It is highly not recommended to climb the mountains at this time of year, as there is big risk avalanches

October and November are also unlucky months for traveling to this unique region. October is a cold autumn rainy month, with cold rains and frosts at night. November is a winter month, but at this time the weather is also still unstable - this month is not suitable for winter sports due to the rather small snow cover.

Climate of the Altai Republic

The climate of the Altai Republic is sharply continental. Being located at a considerable distance from the oceans, the region has many climate-forming factors: continental Arctic air freely reaching the interior throughout the year, warm and humid western air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, warm southwestern and southern winds, and local winds formed by the mountainous terrain of the country. cyclones and fan-like air currents.

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A significant influence on the climate of the Altai Republic is exerted by the relief, which forms a vertical climatic zonation - a low-mountain climate zone (up to 500-600 m), a mid-mountain climate zone (from 500 to 1500 m, or more), a high-mountain climate zone (over 2,000-2,500 m). ). The southeastern regions of the region (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky districts) have the most severe natural and climatic conditions; the climate of the northern and northeastern parts (Choisky, Maiminsky, Turachaksky districts) is milder. On the territory of the Altai Republic there are clearly four seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Altai Republic begins in early November, this is the longest time of the year. In winter, the territory of the Altai Republic is dominated by continental Arctic masses, which bring cold air with low temperatures, northwestern and western air masses of low pressure are a source of heavy snowfall, southwestern and western winds bring partly cloudy and dry weather.

The beginning of winter is a time of rather unstable weather. Thaws with snowfalls and blizzards are replaced by partly cloudy frosty weather. At the end of September - beginning of November, a stable snow cover forms in the region; the date and timing depend on the height of the mountain peaks (the higher, the earlier the snow cover forms). The distribution of snow cover is determined by the topography, wind strength and direction.

January and February - the central months of winter - are very different from the previous two. These are the coldest months of winter, especially January. The average daily air temperature in January ranges from -19 to -25°C. At this time, the weather is usually clear and frosty.

In winter, the Altai mountains are slightly warmer than the lowlands. In some places, warm winters in the Altai Mountains are explained by the high frequency of foes, that is, relatively warm and dry winds that blow from the slopes of the valley. They arise when different pressures are established over the opposite slopes of the ridge. Descending from the slopes, the air, as a result of compression, becomes very hot and becomes dry. In Altai, these winds are observed in the area of ​​Lake Teletskoye, and on the northern slopes of the Terektinsky ridge. For example, on the shores of Lake Teletskoye the winter temperature is 2 times higher than at the same altitudes in the Katun River valley. Winters are especially harsh in intermountain basins, where cold air stagnates. This is caused by cold, heavier air rolling down the slopes and filling the lower part of the valley, forming a “cold lake.” In different valleys, nighttime cooling varies widely, depending on local conditions. In humid closed valleys, on the slopes it is 10-15°C warmer than below. In the morning, as the sun rises, the air warms up, begins to rise, and temperature inversions are destroyed.

Snow cover reaches its maximum in early March. The greatest height of snow cover is observed in the northeast (up to 1 m), the lowest in the Chui steppe (8 cm - Kosh-Agach). At the end of winter, under the influence of the removal of warmer air masses and sunlight, the snow settles, becomes compacted and becomes granular. During the day it melts a lot, and at night it freezes and becomes crusty. The air becomes warmer compared to January, the sun shines longer, and the dense snow does not fall underfoot, which makes the transition easier.

The Altai Republic is located at 50-52 degrees northern latitude. This determines, first of all, the amount of radiant energy from the sun arriving at the surface of the earth. Already in February - March there is so much of it that snow begins to melt and evaporate on the treetops, although the air temperature is still very low. Thawed patches can be found around sun-heated trees and other dark objects.

Spring in the Altai Republic begins in early April. Spring is the shortest and driest season of the year. Clear, windy weather and plenty of sunshine accompany the rapid melting of snow, drying and warming of the soil and air. It is in spring that there is an intense rise in temperature from month to month. In the mountains, at an altitude below 1,000 meters, the air temperature rises by 10-11°C by April, and even above 2,000 meters, although it continues to remain below zero, it rises by 5-7°C. Stable snow cover in river valleys, at an altitude of up to 1,000 meters, and on the shores of Lake Teletskoye melts by mid-April. But at night, the air temperature can still drop to -20°C or even -30°C, but during the day the air heats up to +5 - +7°C.

In May, the weather on the territory of the Altai Republic gradually begins to worsen and is often gloomy and cool. May is a transition month; cold air masses come from the northwest and north. Then, to replace them, warm air from low latitudes penetrates from the south, as a harbinger of summer. As a result of changing air masses, sunny, warm summer and dry weather is replaced by cloudy weather, with cold, drizzling rain, or even snow. This continues until the beginning of June.

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Summer in the Altai Republic begins in early - mid-June. In the mountains below 2,000 meters, the average June temperature does not exceed +10°C. In the steppe valleys of Altai, located at an altitude of up to 1,200 meters, the average air temperature in June is already + 15°C. It should be noted here that June is a fairly warm, sunny and dry month. Abundance of sunshine is generally the calling card of the Altai Republic. There is more sunshine in the Altai Mountains than in Yalta, Sochi, the Swiss resort of Davos and Bayram Ali in southern Turkmenistan. The influx of total solar radiation per year reaches enormous values, comparable to the total radiation received by the resorts of the Caucasus, Crimea, and Switzerland.

The Katanda steppe, located at an altitude of 900 m above sea level, receives 112 kcal/cm² per year, the Chui steppe - 142 kcal/cm² of total solar radiation, while the Caucasian resort of Abastumani (Southern Georgia) receives 93 kcal/cm², Sochi - 111 kcal /cm², Yalta – 117 kcal/cm², Davos – 130 kcal/cm². 20% of solar radiation reaching the Earth is reflected by the atmosphere. The rest reaches the surface - this is direct solar radiation. The maximum monthly amounts of direct solar radiation on the horizontal surface occur in June, which is explained by an increase in the height of the Sun and an increase in the length of the day (June 22 - 17 hours), as well as a decrease in cloudiness.

The warmest month of summer is July, which is also the rainiest month. In the foothills, the average air temperature this month is +20°C, at an altitude of 1,000-1,200 meters it drops to + 15°C, and above 2,000 meters it is generally 5-8°C. But, on some summer days, the daytime air can heat up to +25°C, even in those places that are located above 2,000 meters, and at lower altitudes the heat can reach +35°C or more. In such heat, it seems incredible that eternal snow lies very close by, and a strong wind blows the snow headlong from the overhanging eaves. But the next day it may rain heavily and leaden clouds will hang in the sky.

In August, the amount of rain decreases sharply. But the amount of heat also decreases. Frosts that become more frequent towards the end of August serve as the first sign of the approach of autumn, and their onset is somewhat preceded by a drop in the average daily temperature below +10°C. Snowfalls are already possible on passes above 2000 meters.

Autumn in the Altai Republic begins in early September. Already in September it gets noticeably colder, especially in the mountains. Thus, in the Katun Valley the average September temperature is +4 - +5°C; above 3,000 meters it drops below zero and snow falls. The second half of September can bring joy with a warm anticyclone, when sunny, dry weather, popularly called “Indian Summer,” sets in for several days. But this doesn't happen every year.

October is a real autumn month, characterized by strong winds and often snowstorms. Every third day there can be a snowstorm. Strong winds combined with low temperatures create a feeling of extreme cold. The air temperature drops significantly compared to September. High in the mountains - October is already a winter month, there has been snow cover for a long time, and the air temperature remains below zero. At the end of October - beginning of November, the winter period sets in throughout the region.

The Altai mountain system is a powerful moisture condenser throughout the year. In the middle mountains, 500-600 mm of precipitation falls per year. The most precipitation falls on the southwestern ridges. In the upper reaches of Malaya Ulba and the Katunsky squirrels, more than 1,500 mm of precipitation falls per year. Besides, Altai Mountains represent an area of ​​intense glaciation. Currently, the total area of ​​glaciation reaches 800 km². The annual change in relative air humidity is opposite to the temperature change. The lowest relative humidity (35-40%) is observed in April-May, and the highest (up to 70-80%) in December-January.

When to goto the Altai Republic. The Altai Republic is an amazing and mystical land, the fame of its beauty has long spread far beyond the borders of Russia. The best time to travel to this wonderful region is the warm summer months. Here, the semi-deserts of Mongolia, the Kazakh steppes, the Siberian taiga and the Altai Mountains organically unite into one whole, creating excellent conditions for all types of tourism of varying complexity.

For those who want to plunge into a wonderful world untouched nature, we can recommend going on a multi-day horseback riding trip to the very heart of the Altai Mountains. Such tours take place along the most beautiful trails of the mountain ranges of this region. The routes are designed in such a way as to cover as many natural attractions of these fabulous places as possible.

For extreme sports enthusiasts, the stunning Argut Gorge awaits. Here, a lover of thrills and natural beauty will be fully satisfied: passes in the sky-high heights, gloomy deep gorges that are not found anywhere else in Altai, mountain paths that sometimes zigzag at dizzying heights, sometimes diving into the chaos of stone piles, crossings over roaring streams, sparkling glaciers. In addition, the unique Altai Mountains can offer rafting along wayward mountain rivers, overcoming rapids, rapids and waterfalls, climbing inaccessible mountain peaks and rock climbing, caving and off-road jeeping, paragliding and hang gliding, parachute jumping and much more.

The time from December to mid-March is a great time for winter sports lovers. Camp sites, ski bases and modern ski complexes, located in the most picturesque places of the Altai foothills, are equipped with everything necessary for a full-fledged winter holidays. There are trails of any difficulty category, including illuminated ones for skiing in the dark, modern lifts, and equipment rental. Those who wish can go not only skiing, but also sledding, snowboarding, and also snowmobiling.

Perhaps the worst time to travel to the Altai Republic is the autumn months - September, October and November. Autumn in these places is an extremely cold and uncomfortable time of year, the weather is unstable, mostly gloomy days prevail.

Spring time - from mid-March to the end of May - is also not the best time to travel to this amazing region. The weather also ranges from heat to frost; in addition, being in the mountains in the spring is extremely dangerous; avalanches are often observed here at this time of year.

Tours to Altai

In May, in Western Siberia, atmospheric processes undergo a restructuring to the summer regime. The Asian anticyclone is weakening.

Temperature contrasts between the Arctic basin and the southern regions are very large, which contributes to an increase in the frequency of meridional (transfer of air masses along the meridian) processes, as a result of which heat is carried out from the regions of Asia to the north of Western Siberia and the penetration of cold Arctic air masses deep to the south.

In May 2018

over the southern regions of Siberia, northern, northwestern air transport from the areas of the Arctic Ocean basin prevailed. As a result, an exceptionally large negative temperature anomaly formed over the vast Ural-Siberian region in May.

The average daily temperature was 1-7 o C below the norm, it was especially cold on May 17, 19, 27 and 28, on these days the average daily temperature was 8-12 o C below the norm.

What was remarkable for May was that the maximum temperature was not distinguished by its extremely high values, but, on the contrary, by its lowest.

Thus, on May 17, in the Novosibirsk region, a record low maximum air temperature was recorded almost everywhere for the entire observation period, which at some stations amounted to negative values, for example, in Bolotnoye - minus 0.6 o C, and the previously observed low maximum temperature (plus 5. 9 o C) was here in 1966.

At night, the minimum temperature in the first two decades had negative values ​​everywhere; at some stations they were recorded until the end of the month (on May 31 in Kyshtovka it was minus 4o C, in Ust-Tarka - minus 2.3 o C).

And only in the third decade, on May 21-22, 26-27 and 30, when the direction of the air flow shifted to the southwest, the southern regions of Siberia were influenced by heated air from the regions of Kazakhstan, the temperature rapidly increased in the daytime to plus 23...29 o C, in the Altai Territory, Altai Mountains up to plus 31...33 o C.

The average monthly temperature in the management area was plus 5...11 o C, which is 2-5 o C below the norm.

The cold center was located in the Novosibirsk region, where the average temperature was 3-5 o C below normal.

Last May 2018 is ranked among the five coldest, in the Novosibirsk region in most areas it ranks first, ahead of 1969.

by 0.1 – 1o C.

Frequent passage of cyclones and associated atmospheric fronts through the southern regions of Siberia was accompanied by heavy precipitation in the form of sleet, snow and rain, and the establishment of temporary snow cover 1-9 cm high. On some days, records for daily precipitation totals were broken. In general, during the month in the management area the amount of precipitation exceeded the norm by 1.5-3.5 times. Moreover, the largest number was again noted in the Novosibirsk region.

The cold weather of April-May with frequent precipitation prevented the drying out of the upper layers of the soil, making it difficult and often impossible for equipment to enter the fields.

Unfavorable weather conditions led to the emergence of a dangerous agrometeorological phenomenon - waterlogging of the upper layers of soil in the Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions and Altai Territory from April 28 to May 31.

The condition of the soil at a depth of 10-12 cm was assessed as sticky or fluid. Carrying out field work in the regions is extremely difficult, the sowing campaign is delayed. Decisions were made to reorient to sowing crops with more short term ripening, such as barley, oats.

According to the forecast of weather forecasters of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "West Siberian Hydrometeorological Service" in June 2018.

The temperature background in the south of Western Siberia will be within the climatic norm (plus 15...20 o C), in the southeast of the Altai Territory, the south of the Kemerovo region and in the Altai Republic - above the norm by 1 o C.

Precipitation is within the long-term average range, from 36 to 71 mm, in foothill and mountainous areas 75-93 mm.

Deficiency of precipitation is expected in the southwest of the Novosibirsk region and most of the Altai Territory.

Head of the Hydrometeorological Center A. M. Lapchik

Leading meteorologist of the climate department T. N. Sazonova

The temperate climate in Western Siberia is characterized by greater continentality compared to European Russia.

The influx of solar radiation increases, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases, and in the southern regions the climate becomes arid. To the east of the Ural ridge, the influence of the Atlantic completely weakens and continental air masses predominate here. Climate of Western Siberia more homogeneous than on the other side of the Urals on European territory.
During the cold period, cyclonic activity resumes in the north and cold continental air arrives from Central Siberia, which does temperature regime is unstable.

In January, in most of Western Siberia, temperature fluctuations from day to day average 5°. (This phenomenon occurs in other regions globe almost never observed.) Winter is cold, the average temperature in January varies from -18° in the south to -28, -30° in the northeast.

With light winter precipitation in the southern regions, the height of the snow cover is less than 30 cm. In the northeast, in the area of ​​the Upper Taz and Lower Yenisei uplands, where cyclones are frequent, it increases to 80 cm.

Their number decreases from north to south. Cyclones from the European part of Russia and the Atlantic invade the northern regions. Cyclones come to the southern regions from the west and southwest (from the lower reaches of the Volga, from the Caspian and Black seas). The most intense cyclonic activity is observed between 54 and 60° N. w. During the summer period, 300 to 400 mm of precipitation falls here. To the north and south of this area, precipitation decreases.

In most of Western Siberia the climate is humid.

Climate of Siberia: features, description and interesting facts

The zero isoline of the difference between precipitation and evaporation, which is the southern border of the forest, runs approximately along the Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk line (56° N.

sh.). The forest region of Western Siberia is the most waterlogged territory in Russia. There is a significant accumulation of surface water here, forests swampy. Precipitation, the annual amount of which is 600 mm, in most parts of the territory exceeds evaporation by 100 - 200 mm. Much of the sun's heat is lost to evaporation.

Average air temperatures vary from north to south from 14 to 18°. South of 56° N. w. cyclonic activity weakens and annual precipitation decreases to 350 - 400 mm. Possible evaporation exceeds precipitation, and the climate becomes arid. Steppe landscapes dominate.

The temperate climate in Western Siberia is characterized by greater continentality compared to European Russia. The influx of solar radiation increases, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases, and in the southern regions the climate becomes arid. To the east of the Ural ridge, the influence of the Atlantic completely weakens and continental air masses predominate here. The climate of Western Siberia is more uniform than on the other side of the Urals on European territory.
During the cold period, cyclonic activity resumes in the north and cold continental air comes from Central Siberia, which makes the temperature regime unstable.

In January, in most of Western Siberia, temperature fluctuations from day to day average 5°. (This phenomenon is almost never observed in other regions of the globe.) Winter is cold, the average temperature in January varies from -18° in the south to -28, -30° in the northeast. With light winter precipitation in the southern regions, the height of the snow cover is less than 30 cm.

In the northeast, in the area of ​​the Upper Taz and Lower Yenisei uplands, where cyclones are frequent, it increases to 80 cm.
In summer, cyclones develop over the entire territory of Western Siberia.

Their number decreases from north to south. Cyclones from the European part of Russia and the Atlantic invade the northern regions. Cyclones come to the southern regions from the west and southwest (from the lower reaches of the Volga, from the Caspian and Black Seas). The most intense cyclonic activity is observed between 54 and 60° N. w. During the summer period, 300 to 400 mm of precipitation falls here. To the north and south of this area, precipitation decreases.

In summer, Arctic air comes to Western Siberia, which turns into continental temperate air. The influx of Arctic air increases the dryness and enhances the continental climate to the south.

In most of Western Siberia the climate is humid. The zero isoline of the difference between precipitation and evaporation, which is the southern border of the forest, runs approximately along the Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk line (56° N.

sh.). The forest region of Western Siberia is the most waterlogged territory in Russia.

Climate of Western Siberia

There is a significant accumulation of surface water here, and the forests are swampy. Precipitation, the annual amount of which is 600 mm, in most parts of the territory exceeds evaporation by 100 - 200 mm. Much of the sun's heat is lost to evaporation. Average air temperatures vary from north to south from 14 to 18°.

South of 56° N. w. cyclonic activity weakens and annual precipitation decreases to 350 - 400 mm. Possible evaporation exceeds precipitation, and the climate becomes arid. Steppe landscapes dominate.

Climate of Western Siberia Wikipedia
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For many of our compatriots and even for most foreigners, the concept of Siberia is associated with a very harsh climate. Like many other brands, this statement is partly true. Of course, weather conditions in Siberian countries do not spoil their residents, but they are not as extreme as is commonly believed. Besides, climate is a property of change, and Siberia is nowhere near as bad as it was 100 years ago.

It should be noted that Siberia occupies vast territories.

The geographical boundaries of the region are still being discussed (you can read more about this here - “Geography and borders of Siberia”), so the characteristics of climatic conditions in the region are limited by the borders of the Siberian Federal District, conventionally dividing them into western, eastern and northern parts,

Climatic characteristics of Western Siberia

In the western part of Siberia, we carried out the following regions: Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and Altai. Perhaps this part of Siberia has the mildest climate.

The Altai Mountains cover the aforementioned areas of Kazakh winds and vast Vasyugan wetlands moderate the summer thermal characteristics of the continental climate. The average winter temperature ranges from -15 °C to -30 °C. Due to strong winds, the frost felt a little sharper in these places.

Snow cover is established, as a rule, at the end of November and reaches a thickness of 15-20 cm. In summer, it is characterized by a range from + 15 ° C to 35 ° C, which is slightly softer than the Kazakh pace. Thus, the climate of Western Siberia cannot be called ideal, but we cannot call it a nightmare.

Climate and weather conditions in Eastern Siberia

Eastern Siberia in the Siberian Federal District is the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Tyva and Burdzhatia, the Trans-Baikal territories, as well as the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The climate of Eastern Siberia can be described as acute continental.

Western Siberia

The average annual temperature is 0 °C. In winter, temperatures can reach -40 °C, but due to the lack of winds, the cold can be relatively tolerable.

During the winter season, in the north of Eastern Siberia, you can experience polar nights. The bloom resin is dark, the sun can't see the moon or even more. The climate of Eastern Siberia is very sunny summers with a small amount precipitation. The maximum temperature in July and August does not exceed + 15 ° C.

Snow starts in October, about 20-25 centimeters in height. During the year, precipitation falls from 300 to 500 mm per year, and in mountainous areas about 900-1000 mm.

Climate of the northern regions of Siberia.

The northern Krasnoyarsk Territory, including the Dolgan-Nenets and Evenki districts, is almost a real tundra. Here the climatic conditions are so severe that they may simply become the prototype of the prototype that evolved around the Siberian climate. Summer is practically non-existent in these areas, and winter is not only long, but also icy.

The duration of the period with air temperature >10 °C in practice is less than one calendar month. The thermometer can easily drop below -40°C in winter and rarely rises above +10°C in summer. In the mountains and in the northern regions there is snow cover all year round.

Perhaps this is the real Siberia, whose climate is a true test of human will and endurance.

Weather conditions in various regions of Siberia.

In addition to general characteristics climatic conditions in Siberia, we have prepared descriptions of climate and weather for each of the 12 regions of the Siberian federal land.

Find out more about the weather on various SFO websites here:

• Weather in Omsk and the region, climatic conditions >>>
• Weather in Novosibirsk, climate in the region>>>
• Weather in the Tomsk region, climatic conditions >>>
• Weather in the Altai Territory (Barnaul), its climate >>>
• Weather in Kemerovo and in the region, forecast for 3 days >>>
• Weather in the Altai Republic, climatic conditions >>>
• Weather in Tyva (Kyzyl), climatic conditions >>>
• Weather in Khakassia, Abakan climate >>>
• Weather in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, climate in northern Siberia >>>
• Weather in Irkutsk and the region, Baikal climate >>>
• Weather in Buryatia, weather forecast Ulan-Ude >>>
• Weather in Transbaikalia, climate in Chita and the region >>>

Southern Siberia- a part of Siberia, allocated for various reasons.

1. According to physical and geographical conditions Southern Siberia is:

• South Siberian mountain agrolandscape (physiographic) region (country).

2. According to the relief This is a mountainous area with alternating ridges and intermountain basins.

3. According to tectonic and geological structure, the mountains of Southern Siberia are reborn mountains. The territory is characterized by high seismicity.

4. According to the historical and ethnographic principle- a historical and cultural region in North Asia, the indigenous population of which, due to their common historical destinies, socio-economic development and mutual influence, have developed similar cultural and everyday characteristics.

Relief

The relief of Southern Siberia is divided into:

• Alpine highland terrain;
• Mid-mountain terrain;
• Low mountainous terrain;
• Ancient leveling surfaces;
• Intermountain basins.

Climate of Southern Siberia

The climate is sharply continental.

Winter is cold, the average temperature in January is -15 - -30.

Summer is warm, the average July temperature is +10 - +25.

The volume of precipitation decreases from west to east, and from south to north - from 100 mm to 800 mm.

Relief type - geosyncline.

Fauna

Mountain views

• Animals: about 120 species of mammals.
• Birds: more than 400 species.

Steppe species

• Animals: gazelle antelope, tolai hare, jumping jerboa, Transbaikal marmot, Daurian ground squirrel, Mongolian vole, ferret, ermine, wolf, fox, manul cat, solongoi, red wolf.
• Birds: red duck, bar-headed goose, demoiselle crane, Mongolian lark, rock sparrow, Mongolian finch.

Mountain taiga species

• Animals: deer, musk deer, elk, mountain goat, chipmunk, shrew, vole, squirrel, hay pika, bear, lynx, wolverine, sable, weasel, ermine, ferret.
• Birds: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpecker, blackbird, nutcracker.

Alpine species

• Animals: there are roe deer, mountain goats, argali, musk deer, deer, marmots and pikas, and in the mountain tundra there are herds of wild reindeer.
• Birds: partridge, Altai snowcock, alpine and red-billed jackdaw.

Game animals

• speakers;
• ermine;
• fox;
• marmot;
• capercaillie;
• grouse;
• partridge.

Acclimatized species

• Far Eastern deer;
• raccoon dog.

Inland waters

• Rivers: Yenisei, Argun, Biya, Katun, Ob, Selenga, Shilka, Tom, Angara
• Lakes: Baikal, Teletskoye
• Reservoirs: Bratskoye, Krasnoyarskoye, Sayano-Shushenskoye, Irkutskoye

Natural areas

The most typical are mountain taiga, larch and dark coniferous forests (about 3/4 of the entire territory), above 2000-2500 meters - mountain tundra.

Steppe vegetation is developed on southern-facing slopes and in depressions. The fauna combines elements of the fauna of taiga Siberia and the semi-deserts of Central Asia.

Resources

On the territory of Southern Siberia there are: copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver, tin, mercury, tungsten, molybdenum, precious and semi-precious stones and minerals, iron ores, mica, graphite, asbestos.

Less common are manganese, titanium, brown coal, and hard coal (Kuznetsk coal basin).

see also

Links

• Mikhailov N.

  I. Mountains of Southern Siberia. - M., 1961.

• Mountains of Southern Siberia // Gvozdetsky N. A., Mikhailov N. I. Physical geography of the USSR. - M.: Mysl, 1978.

Western and central parts of the mountainous country

Central Siberia

Siberia has been and remains a unique part of planet Earth. The unique scale of its territory, the diversity of natural and climatic conditions, flora and fauna found in the depths of mineral resources, the energy capacity of rivers and the purity of lake waters, the original history and culture of the peoples inhabiting it. It is no coincidence that Siberia was originally called a land or a country. The annexation of Siberia became the most valuable acquisition of the Russian state during its entire existence and the most important milestone in the formation of the Russian Empire.

The first information about the nature of Central Siberia - its rivers, climate characteristics and fur riches - was obtained as a result of the campaigns of Russian “service people” at the beginning of the 17th century. Their observations were used to compile maps and drawings that contained a fairly accurate image of the most important geographical objects of the country for that time. In the 19th century, reconnaissance scientific studies were carried out in many areas of Central Siberia. At the beginning of the 20th century, mineral deposits of Central Siberia (gold, coal, iron ores), navigation conditions on rivers and climate were studied. Expeditions of the Resettlement Administration undertook large-scale research of soils and vegetation in the southern regions of the country.

Currently, the nature and natural resources of Central Siberia have been studied relatively well. Deposits of various minerals have been discovered in the depths of the region. Hydropower resources and conditions for the construction of powerful hydroelectric power stations on the Angara, Lena and other rivers were studied.

Central Siberia has its own distinctive features of flora and fauna and its own contribution to the overall structure of life on Earth.

Nature of the Central Siberian Plateau

Geographical location, geological structure, tectonics and history of development of the territory

The Central Siberian Plateau is located between the Yenisei and Lena rivers. In the north, the plateau drops steeply to the North Siberian Lowland, and in the south it approaches the foothills of the Eastern Sayan Mountains, the Baikal region and the North Baikal highlands. The average heights of the plateau reach 500 – 700 meters. The most elevated areas are 1500 – 1700 meters (Putorana Plateau).

The most ancient section of the plateau is the Siberian Platform. The most important feature The structure is the high position of the Argian and Lower Proterozoic folded foundation and the overlying sedimentary Upper Proterozoic and Paleozoic deposits, penetrated by volcanic rocks and exposed to the ancient surface in most of the territory. Anteclises and syneclises were created by oscillatory movements on the platform; the depth of the foundation in the latter reaches 5000 - 7000 meters.

The Siberian platform has two large uplifts of the Argian basement - the Anabar and Aldan shields. The Anabar Shield is located in the upper part of the Anabar River basin. The folded foundation is most elevated in the central part and comes to the surface, and at the edges the surface of the foundation sinks under sedimentary deposits.

In the west of the Siberian Platform, dislocated Riphean rocks emerge (crystalline schists, tess, marbles, quartzites, all of them are intruded by intrusions), forming protrusions of the Baikal platform foundation - the Yenisei and Turukhansk uplifts.

The sunken sections of the foundation form syneclises and troughs. In the basins of the Angara, Kureika, Nizhnyaya and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers there is the Tunguska syneclise, which is filled with Cambrian sediments and marine lagoonal sediments of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous. Upper Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic rocks fill the entire Tunguska syneclise and consist of the so-called Tunguska suite, which is formed by thick continental sediments (sands, sandstones, gray clays and coal layers), tuffaceous suite and traps. Coal-bearing strata belong to the Carboniferous and Permian systems, forming the Tunguska basin. Its area is 1 million km2.

Eruptions and intrusions of basic rocks (diabases and basalts) began in the Permian period and continued until the beginning of the Jurassic. Volcanic processes on the Central Siberian Plateau manifested themselves in the form of powerful effusions that formed colossal lava covers, sheet intrusions and laccoliths in the thickness of the Upper Paleozoic rocks. The main distribution of traps is associated with the Tunguska syneclise, but they are also found beyond its borders. Under the influence of trap intrusions, some of the coals turned into graphite High Quality. The largest graphite deposits are concentrated in the lower parts of the Kureika and Nizhnyaya Tunguska river basins.

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The Vilyui syneclise is located between the Anabar and Aldan shields. At its base is the Ura aulacogen, filled with Proterozoic rocks. In place of the aulacogen, the Vilyui syneclise developed with a thick layer of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments, among which there are deposits of Cambrian salt, Jurassic and Cretaceous coals.

In the Carboniferous and Permian, the northwestern part of the platform subsided - the Tunguska syneclise was formed. Its surface was covered with lakes and swamps, and coal accumulated.

During the Jurassic period, due to tectonic activity, the formation of the main morphostructures occurs; in zones of stable subsidence, negative morphostructures emerged (Vilyui syneclise, Angara-Vilyui and Prisayan troughs), and in zones of uplift - positive ones (straight lines - Anabar anteclise; reverse ones arose in the Tunguska syneclise, Putorana plateau, etc.).

From the end of the Paleogene to the beginning of the Pleistocene, due to neotectonic movements, further changes in the relief and the formation of modern morphostructures occur.

By the beginning of the development of the continental branch, the Central Siberian Plateau rose again, due to which the rivers cut in and lower basement and accumulative terraces formed in their valleys. In the valleys of large rivers there are up to 8-10 terraces. Simultaneously with the incision of the rivers, the ledges of the Byrranga and Putorana plateaus were formed, facing the North Siberian Plain, which sagged and was filled with the waters of the Borgal transgression. Marine Quaternary deposits of this transgression are now located at altitudes of 200-220 meters.

In the Pleistocene, under the influence of glacial gouging and accumulation, erosion, nivation, frost weathering, solifluction and permafrost, morphosculpture is formed. The northwestern part was covered by Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene glaciations, the centers of which were located in the Byrranga, Putorana and Anabar shield mountains. To the south of the glaciation boundaries, severe perigmatic conditions existed.

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In general, Central Siberia is confined to the Central Siberian Plateau, a country of traps and Tunguska coals. It has a fire-breathing past, although now there are no active or extinct volcanoes here. At the beginning of the Mesozoic era, nature was different: interstratal and vein intrusions of magmatic masses penetrated the body of the platform and the structures of adjacent troughs, and in some places lavas flowed onto the surface. A complex system of frozen volumes of magma survived in the depths; erosion revealed them in the form of armor layers on vast plateaus with an area of ​​up to a million km2. Where strata intrusions were located in several tiers, stepped slopes arose (these lava layers are called traps - from Swedish “stairs”). The vents of many Mesozoic volcanoes are explosion tubes; during their formation, rare conditions arose that were necessary for the birth of diamond crystals. Two outcrops of the deep foundation of the Siberian Platform - the Anabar Shield and the Yenisei Ridge - are built by Precambrian rocks, and the Anabar structures are older than the Yenisei ones. In other areas, the platform is two-tiered - the foundation is covered by horizontally lying sedimentary strata of Paleozoic age, the extensive basement trough is the Tunguska depression. Here, in the thick thickness of continental strata, the coal-bearing Tunguska formation was concentrated in the Upper Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. This is how one of the richest coal basins in the country, the Tunguska, arose.

In the south the platform is bordered by the Pre-Sayan trough, in the north there is the North Siberian depression. Only in the east is the border devoid of certainty - the structures of the platform gradually sink towards the Vilyui depression, and the relief of the plateau just as imperceptibly turns into a plain.

Millions of years of erosion would have long ago turned the territory into a residual plain, but the newest uplifts, cracking, humping and tilting the surfaces, revived the incision of the valleys, and in the salt-bearing and limestone strata, karst was powerfully formed over vast areas - caves and tunnels with underground rivers arose.

The geographical position of the Central Siberian Plateau on the ancient Siberian Platform determined the complexity and diversity of the geological structure, the development of physical and geographical processes, the nature of minerals and the formation of natural complexes. The territory of the region is composed of rocks of Precambrian (Archaean, Proterozoic), Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic age, that is, ranging from ancient to modern formations.

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Relief

Compared to the rest of the predominantly mountainous High Siberia, Middle Siberia seems relatively flat, like an intermediate step between the plain of the west and the mountains of the south and east. But its surface can hardly be called a plain. More than a quarter of the territory is characterized by complex mountainous terrain. The word “plateau” itself is more of a tribute to tradition. Geographers' acquaintance with this country began with its flat parts, and horizontally lying strata were visible in the cliffs of the outskirts.

Along the meridian, Central Siberia is elongated, like Western Siberia, but the differences between the latitudinal zones recede into the background here. Almost the entire plateau is dominated by a variety of landscapes, this is facilitated by differences in the structure of the subsoil, the recent uplift of the protrusions of the ancient foundation and the high mobility of the younger margins of the plateau. Its northern and middle parts are more stable - the platform is stable here, while the south lies beyond it - these are ancient foothill troughs. The strata in them are disturbed by long-standing processes of folding, and the latest erosion creates not only table and stepped plateaus, but also beveled ridges, and in the Cis-Baikal trough even ridges.

The Central Siberian Plateau formed in the western part of the Siberian Platform, the structures of which were rigidly welded together as a result of trap magmatism. This entire territory in the Meso-Cenozoic steadily rose as a single structure and is represented in relief by the largest orographic unit. The Central Siberian Plateau is characterized by significant elevation and contrast of relief. The altitude within its boundaries ranges from 150-200 to 1500-1700 meters. The average height is 500-700 meters. A distinctive feature of the plateau is the combination of a predominantly flat or gently undulating stepped relief of the interfluves with deeply incised steep-slope (often canyon-like) river valleys.

In terms of the nature of the distribution of heights and dissection, the Central Siberian Plateau is very heterogeneous. Within its boundaries, more fractional orographic units are distinguished. The plateau reaches its maximum heights in the north-west, where the Putorana plateau (up to 1701 meters) and Syverma (more than 1000 meters) rise. They are adjacent to the Anabar Plateau, the Vilyui and Tunguska plateaus with altitudes of up to 850-950 meters.

From the Central Yakut Plain, located east of the Central Siberian Plateau, and confined to the Vilyui syneclise and the Predverzhoyansky trough, a lowland strip (300-500 meters) stretches through the territory of the plateau to the foot of the Sayan Mountains. Within its borders are the Angara and Central Tunguska plateaus. To the southeast of this strip the surface rises. Here are the Angara Ridge and the Leno-Angarsk Plateau with an altitude of up to 1000-1100 meters. To the northeast they pass into the Lena Plateau, limiting the Central Yakut Plain from the south. Thus, according to the altitude position, the Central Siberian Plateau is clearly divided into three parts: the northwestern - the most elevated, the central - lower, the southeastern - elevated.

The Central Siberian Plateau is characterized by the development of a multi-tiered stepped relief, the formation of which is due to the structural features of the Siberian Platform, long-term continental denudation since pre-Jurassic times, the lithology of the constituent rocks - dense traps and less stable sedimentary rocks of Pamozoic and Mesozoic age and recent tectonic movements that intensified the denudation process. Watershed spaces take the form of either isolated mesas or elongated ridge-like hills. In some places, under uniformly leveled surfaces, individual ridges composed of volcanic rocks (diabase and basalt) rise. The flat areas are swampy in some places. In the northwest is the Putorana plateau, composed of traps and volcanic tuffs. In its middle part, in the upper reaches of the Katanga River, the maximum heights are concentrated (1701 meters). To the west and east, the height of the mountains gradually decreases to 600-700 meters. Traces of ancient glaciations are widespread in the mountains. The bottom of the intermountain depressions is occupied by rivers (the upper reaches of the Pyasina, Kheta and others) and lakes (Keta, Khantaiskoe). In the upper reaches of the Anabar and Olenek rivers there is the Anabar Plateau with glacial processing. Its maximum heights reach 700-900 meters. From the southwest, the Central Siberian Plateau borders the Yenisei Ridge; it extends from the mouth of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River almost to the Eastern Sayan, which is separated by a tectonic depression. The highest height of the Yenisei Ridge is Mount Epashimsky Polkan (1104 meters).

Thus, the relief of the Central Siberian region was formed under the influence of internal and external forces manifested on our planet. Of course, he is quite unique.

At the base of the Central Siberian Plateau lies a rigid array of ancient crystalline rocks that are weakly compressible, which determined the nature of the relief of the plateau. From above these rocks are covered with traps.

Climate of Central Siberia

The climate of the territory is sharply continental. The continental climate is determined by geographical location and relief. The territory is located in the center of the northern part of Asia, elevated, removed from the warm seas, fenced off from them by mountain barriers. In most of the territory, except for the south, the radiation balance is negative from October to March. The formation of climate is significantly influenced by orographic conditions. Large mountain ranges and deeply incised river valleys determine local climatic differences, uneven distribution of precipitation during winter temperature inversions. In terms of the annual number of hours of sunshine, the southern part exceeds many southern regions of the country: in Irkutsk it reaches 2099 hours. Compared with the climate of other territories located at the same latitudes, the continental climate is expressed in the coldest and coldest winters, the warmest summers and the least annual precipitation. Therefore, the climate is characterized by a large temperature amplitude and negative annual air temperature (Bratsk –2.60C).

Precipitation falls mainly in summer, 4-5 times more than in winter, which is twice as long as summer. On the Central Siberian Plateau, the annual precipitation is 300-400 millimeters. The continental climate increases towards the east, which is expressed in a decrease in precipitation, and in the mountains the amount of precipitation increases.

In winter, the entire territory is greatly cooled, which contributes to the development of a stable powerful anticyclone from October to March. From the center of the Asian anticyclone, a spur of high pressure actually extends to the north and northeast, filling almost the entire territory. Cold continental arctic and temperate air masses dominate. The weather is mostly clear, windless, with low temperatures.

In winter, precipitation is occasionally brought by cyclones coming from the west. The long stay of slow-moving anticyclones over the territory causes a strong cooling of the surface and ground layer of air, and the occurrence of powerful temperature inversions. This is also facilitated by the nature of the relief: the presence of deep river valleys and basins in which masses of cold, heavy air stagnate. The continental air of temperate latitudes that prevails here is characterized by very low temperatures and low moisture content. Therefore, January temperatures are 6-200C lower than mid-latitude ones. The lowest temperatures in January are typical for the northeastern part of the Central Siberian Plateau (-42...-430C). There is little precipitation in winter, about 20-25% of the annual amount.

Summer is relatively warm. Total solar radiation in July in the north reaches 12-13 Kcal/cm2, in most of the territory – 13-14 Kcal/cm2.

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In summer, due to warming up, low pressure is established over the territory. Air masses from the Arctic Ocean rush here, and westerly transport intensifies. But cold Arctic air, arriving on land, very quickly transforms (warms up and moves away from the saturation state) into continental air of temperate latitudes. July isotherms run sublatitudinally within the Central Siberian Plateau; this pattern is obscured by the influence of relief. The high hypsometric position causes less surface heating, so in most of its territory the average July temperature is 14-160C and only in the southern outskirts reaches 18-190C (Irkutsk 17.60C). As the altitude of the area increases, summer temperatures decrease, that is, on the territory of the plateau, a vertical differentiation of temperature conditions can be traced, especially clearly expressed on the Putorana plateau.

The continental climate naturally increases in the eastern direction, especially in the northern part. Thus, the average air temperature in January at the northwestern limit of the zone is –320С, and at the eastern limit –380С, average July temperatures are +14 and +180С. at the southern border, the January average is 260C, and the July average is +180C. Average temperatures for the year are negative everywhere: at the northern border - about -100C, and at the southern border - about -40C. In the eastern direction, the amount of precipitation decreases from 500 to 250 mm, as well as evaporation from 250 in the southwest to 150 mm in the northeast.

The cooling of the continent in winter creates stable anticyclonic weather with severe frosts, low wind speeds and an abundance of calm conditions with moderate, and in other years, thin snow cover. An anticyclone begins to form in October, reaches its maximum in January, and collapses in March. The surface layers of air are intensively cooled, sometimes becoming colder than Arctic air masses. Throughout the entire territory, they can annually drop to -50, and sometimes to -620C, once every 15-20 years in January they increase to 3 and even to 00C, but there is no thaw.

Winter moves from the northeast to the southwest, where it lasts a total of 5 months. Characterized by stable temperature inversions with an increase of 1-30C for every 100 meters of altitude. In this regard, “lakes” of cold form in depressions not only in winter, but also in transition seasons. Therefore, plants in depressions suffer from frosts, while more productive and species-rich forests grow on hills and slopes compared to forests in depressions.

When the temperature drops below –350C, frosty fogs usually appear over populated areas - condensation of water vapor occurs. Fogs rise up to 40-50 meters, and sometimes up to 100 meters. The maximum annual cloudiness varies in November with up to 25 cloudy days. The sunniest month is March, when there are no more than 14-15 cloudy days.

During the long, almost six-month cold period, only about 15% of the annual precipitation falls. Snow lasts from October to May (from 250 days in the northwest to 230 days in the northeast and 185 in the south). Its distribution largely depends on the topography. If in the valleys its thickness does not exceed 30-40 centimeters, then on the hills it reaches 60-80 centimeters. In general, the greatest thickness of snow cover is observed in the Katanga basin in accordance with November snowfalls. Snow cover growth continues until January, then slows down. This depends on the increase in snow evaporation on sunny days. Persistent and severe frosts with little snow cover create conditions for maintaining, and in some places increasing, permafrost in soils.

The transition from winter to spring in the southern part of the zone is usually abrupt with a significant difference in low nighttime and high daytime air temperatures, especially on cloudless days. Sometimes, when warm air masses are transported from Central Asia, positive average daily temperatures are observed already in the first ten days of April. However, frosts occur until June.

In spring, air humidity is minimal (50-60%) and the least cloudiness of the year. Combined with low precipitation (about 12% of the annual total), droughts occur, especially in the southern part. This contributes to the dominant distribution of larch. Spring is also the windiest time of the year with fickle winds that change direction. Their speed often exceeds 15m/s. The snow, which has evaporated considerably during sunny March, melts quickly, with the exception of elevated shady places. But constant night frosts inhibit the thawing of soils, which prevents them from being moistened with melted snow water, which quickly slides into rivers without benefit for future harvests.

The predominant transport of air masses in the warm part of the year is from the west. Cold masses of it come from the north less often. Cyclonic activity is developing. Cyclones usually bring rain, except those that originate in Central Asia. However, the influence of the latest sharp cyclones is limited only to the southern part of the zone. Cold arctic air flows into the rear of western cyclones, causing cold snaps and even frosts.

The frost-free period naturally decreases from west to east and from south to north. Its average duration in the valleys of the southern rivers is 90-100 days, in the northwest - 70 days, and in the northeast - no more than 60 days. Daytime temperatures in summer are quite high everywhere and often exceed 300C. evaporation increases greatly. Cyclonic activity sharply increases the amount of precipitation. In 2-3 months, more than half of the annual amount falls, maximum in July - the first half of August.

Autumn, like spring, is very short and comes immediately, turning from warm summer days to constant night frosts. Everywhere at the beginning of autumn the weather is usually dry and clear. By the end of autumn, cyclonic activity subsides. An anticyclone begins to form. Frequent frosts occur at the end of August. In the valleys of small rivers, frosts occur at the end of August. In the valleys of small rivers, frosts occur at the end of August. In the valleys of small rivers, frosts begin almost a month earlier than in the valleys of large ones. In October-November the cloudiness is the greatest of the year, but the fogs decrease, the maximum of which occurs in August-September. IN different years The change of seasons of the year deviates up to two weeks in one direction or another.

As a result, we can conclude that the climate of the Central Siberian Plateau is formed under the influence of solar radiation arriving at the earth’s surface, the circulation of air masses and moisture circulation, as well as the underlying surface. The close interaction of these factors determined the formation of a sharply continental climate with cold long winters, low precipitation, relatively hot and humid summers, short transitional hot and humid summers, and short transition periods from winter to summer.

Inland waters

The largest rivers of Russia - the Lena, the Yenisei and their numerous tributaries - flow through Central Siberia.

The watershed between the Yenisei and Lena runs along the Central Siberian Plateau from south to north. In the northern part of the plateau, a watershed stretches from west to east, separating the rivers Pyasina, Khatanga, Anabar and Olenek from the upper reaches of the tributaries of the Lower Tunguska, Kureika and Vilyuya rivers. All rivers carry their waters to the Laptev and Kara seas. Some rivers begin in the mountains, in the middle reaches their valleys have a transitional character and, finally, in the lower reaches they enter the plains and become typical lowland rivers. These include the Yenisei, Lena and the left tributaries of the Angara, Uda, Oka, Irkut and others. Other rivers - and most of them - begin on the Central Siberian Plateau. Their upper sections approach lowland rivers. In the middle reaches they cut deeply into the plateau, flowing through a narrow rapids valley, and in the lower reaches they become flat (for example, Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska, Vilyui).

Large rivers flow within the permafrost through the taiga. The headwaters of the rivers are located in the southern regions: here they have many tributaries that bring large amounts of water to the main rivers. The rivers are fed by rain and snow; part of the water in the rivers comes from the melting of ice and permafrost. Ground nutrition is insignificant. Spring-summer flood. During 4-6 warm months, more than 90-95% of the annual runoff occurs. The minimum flow of all rivers is observed in winter. Due to the long cold winter, ice cover on the rivers is very long. For example, in the northern part of the Irkutsk region, rivers freeze in the first half of November and open at the end of April. In winter, as a result of weakened flows and low temperatures, some rivers freeze. Water flows into frozen sections of rivers from the upper reaches and spreads over the surface of the ice, forming powerful ice dams. At the same time, there are polynyas where powerful groundwater springs emerge, for example on the Lena River below Kachug. The freezing of Central Siberian rivers occurs in a very unique way. Ice first forms not on the surface of the water, but at the bottom on supercooled pebbles, and then rises to the surface. Freeze-up on rivers occurs in October, and on southern rivers - in early November. The ice thickness on the rivers reaches 1-3 meters. Small rivers freeze to the bottom.

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All major rivers are important transport routes and are used for shipping and timber rafting. The Angara River is navigable from Lake Baikal to the city of Bratsk and in the lower reaches - from the mouth upward at a distance of 300 km. The Lower Tunguska is a floatable river, navigable from the village of Turukhansk to the village of Tura. The Podkamennaya Tunguska is navigable only in its lower reaches.

Rivers have enormous reserves of electricity. A cascade of powerful hydroelectric power stations has been built and is being built on the Angara and Yenisei, but these large stations also have huge reservoirs, although with the relatively great depth and narrowness of the valleys they flood and less land than their "counterparts" on the Western plains. And yet, about 5 ½ thousand went under the waters of the Bratsk Sea, and a little less than 2 thousand km2 under the waters of the Ust-Ilimsk Sea. The Bratsk Sea stretches along the river for almost 550 km, and its bays that penetrate up the Oka River and its tributary - another 370 and 180 km, respectively. The Ust-Ilimsk reservoir raised the Angara by 300 km. in length, and the bay in the lower reaches of the Angarsk tributary of the Ilim turned out to be shorter by only 1 km. Still, the width of the new “seas” is significant. Large reserves of timber, primarily timber timber, were saved from flooding; timber was removed from more than 3 thousand km2. But the part of the forest that remains uncut down harms water bodies. As wood decomposes, it depletes water, and the lack of oxygen increases winter fish kills.

The Central Siberian Plateau has a well-developed river network. This is due to the significant elevation and difference in altitude of the territory, fracturing of rocks, a long period of continental development, the waterproof effect of permafrost, and deep and long-term ozone freezing of soils.

Permafrost not only prevents moisture from seeping into the ground, but also reduces evaporation due to the low temperature of river and groundwater. All this determines the features of the water balance - an increase in the table and, above all, its surface component and a decrease in evaporation compared to similar latitudes of the Russian Plain and Western Siberia.

The rivers are rich in a variety of fish. The main commercial species are sterlet, sturgeon, omul, whitefish, and grayling. Salmon fish make up 97% of the catch. The largest number of these fish are concentrated at the mouths of the Yenisei and Lena rivers.

Soils, vegetation and fauna

Due to the appearance of perennial soils in the eastern Yenisei Ridge, soil formation is noticeably different from the western territories. The soil profile is more often loosened from the western territories. The soil profile is often loosened by the seasonal introduction of ice, causing its mobility.

The podzolic process is suppressed and occurs mainly on deeply thawed sandy clay soils, especially on river terraces. In the interfluves, soils are formed on massively crystalline or woody sedimentary rocks. As a result of orthoeluvium, the usually rocky amount of fine earth rapidly decreases with depth and height and becomes highly gravelly.

Due to the low-temperature substrate, the humification of litter proceeds extremely slowly, and the organocumulative horizon A1 becomes coarse-humus and often peaty. Easily soluble substances, and especially fulvic acids, are quickly washed out of it. The looseness and gravelly content of the soil profile accelerates the migration of most substances, including silica. Humus is found throughout the soil profile, although in lower proportions. If in the upper part its content reaches 8-10%, then at a depth of 50 cm it is about 5%, and at a depth of 1 meter there may be 2-3% humus.

The A2 podzolic horizon is not always formed, especially in the northern half of the Central Siberian taiga. In general, podzolization here is typical on those parent rocks that contain light, weathering-resistant minerals - quartz, feldspar, micaceous silicates, i.e. mainly on sands and Mesozoic sandstones, developed precisely in the southern half of the plateau. But a podzolic or simply brightened horizon is never thicker than 3-5 cm; it is usually underlain by a bright brown horizon. This is due to the leaching of iron and fulvic acids. With depth, humic substances gradually precipitate around mineral grains in the form of humus-iron oxide compounds, coloring the soil brown. The brightness of the color decreases downwards, although the glandular compounds increase. The slight differentiation of the soil profile is influenced by the frozen screen, which moistens the soil during the growing season. The high content of fulvic acids causes a strongly acidic reaction of soils with a pH of water extract of 4-6. A small amount of humus and high acidity do not ensure soil fertility.

In the south, in the Angara River basin, clayey, slightly podzolic and sod-forest soils without a podzolic horizon are more common. A dark gray upper humus horizon and a transitional horizon to the parent rock are distinguished. In soils on traps rich in sesquioxides, where humic acids predominate over fulvic acids, calcium and magnesium are leached, and an iron film is formed around the primary minerals, inhibiting podzol formation. Such soils are called soddy-ferruginous-aluminum soils.

On the carbonate rocks of the lower Paleozoic plain there are soddy-carbonate soils with a poorly differentiated profile, but with a dark gray humus horizon, containing 5-6% humus and about 9% calcium carbonate. Humic acids predominate in humus. The reaction is neutral or even slightly alkaline.

In the northern taiga, a new type of soil on traps - granuzems - has recently been studied. They are formed under conditions of a sharply continental climate on rocks that, when weathered, produce minerals with framework structures, pyroxenes, and glasses, under which clay minerals are not transformed. Rapid physical crushing promotes the accumulation of amorphous compounds of iron and aluminum and the rapid removal of products of the interaction of humic acids with minerals. A thin soil (about 20 cm) is formed with an unexpressed differentiation into genetic horizons, a chemical composition close to the parent rock, but with a high humus content of the fulvate composition and unsaturation of the absorbing complex.

Vegetation.

The vegetation cover of the taiga zone, which occupies more than 70% of the territory, has the most unique character. Despite this relative homogeneity and the vast spaces occupied by the taiga, it is not always the same. Differences in the thickness of the permafrost layer, in appearance, in drainage and other factors create some diversity in the plant world.

Within Central Siberia, light coniferous forests of Siberian larch (in the west) and Dahurian larch (in the east) predominate. The dark coniferous taiga is pushed to the extreme western regions. Warm and not very humid summers cause more significant advance of forests to the north than anywhere else.

Animal world

The fauna of Central Siberia differs from the fauna of Western Siberia: it is more ancient; the sharp continentality of the climate contributes to the large movement of taiga species to the north in the summer; In harsh climatic conditions, the hair of fur-bearing animals acquires special splendor, tenderness and silkiness.

Taiga has a more diverse and rich fauna. Common predators include brown bear, wolverine, fox, weasel, ermine, and sable. Wolverine lives everywhere. This nocturnal predator lives under tree roots, in rock crevices, in soft soil and in snow. Colonel with brown fluffy silky fur. It is widespread in the Vimoya basin in dense taiga with undergrowth. Sable is rare and is distributed in the rocky areas of the dense taiga. The lynx is the only animal from the cat family; its habitat is dense taiga forests. The most common ungulates in the taiga are elk and musk deer, and bighorn sheep are found on the Putorana Plateau. Maral and roe deer are common in the southern part of the pre-Denisei taiga.

Rodents are numerous in the taiga, especially the squirrel, which occupies a prominent place in the fur trade; It is found throughout the territory, but its main habitat is the central dark coniferous taiga. Other common rodents include the chipmunk, the mountain hare, and the vole. Common birds include hazel grouse, white partridge and many others.

Since 1930, muskrats have been released into the Irkutsk region. Its habitats are ponds, slow-flowing rivers, where there is a lot of wetland vegetation. In the western part of the Irkutsk region, the brown hare and American mink were acclimatized.

It is important to note that many animals of Central Siberia are wrapped in warm coats of fur and feathers, especially necessary in winter; they are much larger than their relatives living in milder climates, which is an advantage in conditions where it is necessary to keep warm (the larger the animal, the less surface that loses heat relative to its size).

Thus, the formation and distribution of soils, vegetation and fauna throughout the plateau is greatly influenced by its specific harsh, sharply continental climate and the associated almost universal distribution of permafrost. The preservation of permafrost is favored by low average annual temperatures and the peculiarities of the cold period inherent in this climate: low temperatures, low cloudiness, promoting night radiation.

The diversity of the soil cover of the Central Siberian Plateau is closely dependent on the heterogeneity of rocks, topography, moisture conditions, temperature conditions and the nature of vegetation. The species composition of animals, their number, lifestyle, and external color depend on the characteristics of the surrounding geographic environment.

Natural resources

The territory of the Central Siberian Plateau is rich in natural resources, it is especially endowed with minerals, hydropower and forest resources.

Thus, in the west of the Siberian Platform there are dislocated Riphean rocks (crystalline schists, gneisses, marbles, quartzites), here is one of the largest iron ore basins in Siberia - the Angara-Pitsky - located in the Yenisei Ridge; it is confined to a large synclinorium. Iron ores of sedimentary origin are noticed in the upper Proterozoic strata.

Here is also one of the largest coal basins in Russia; its coal-bearing strata belong to the Carboniferous and Permian systems. Under the influence of trap intrusions, some of the coals turned into high-quality graphite. The largest graphite deposits are concentrated in the lower parts of the Kureyka and Lower Tunguska river basins.

The Lena coal basin is located in the Vilyui syneclise and the Verkhoyansk trough.

Most of the Central Siberian Plateau is covered with taiga, including the Angara region which belongs to the forest surplus zone.

The fauna is rich in game and fur-bearing animals, for which Central Siberia occupies a leading place in the production.

The rivers of the Central Siberian Plateau have significant hydropower potential, for example, on the Angara River there is the Ust-Ilimsk Hydroelectric Power Station (4.3 million kW) and the world's largest Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station (4.5 million kW), as well as on the Vilyui River - the Vilyuiskaya Hydroelectric Power Station.

Thus, the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau is provided with all types of natural resources, as a result, the following industries are developed in the region’s economy: fuel, non-ferrous, forestry, energy, fur.

Current state of landscapes and geoecological problems, possible ways to solve them

The economic basis for the development of the economy of Central Siberia is bringing industry closer to sources of raw materials. But the development of natural resources in the harsh Siberian climate is very expensive and requires careful treatment of nature in the process of exploiting its resources. In the last decade, more and more centers of local changes in nature have appeared during the extraction of minerals during transport and energy construction.

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Man actively invades nature and often changes the permafrost regime, which entails not only a change in soil and vegetation cover, but often also in relief. These changes turn out to be irreversible, although they do not yet cover large areas. A striking representative of areas of human influence on nature is the Angara basin. To preserve unique and typical natural complexes and to protect animals, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was created in 1985 in the lower reaches of the Lena on an area of ​​about 1.5 million hectares, and in the Tunguska province - the Central Siberian Nature Reserve with an area of ​​slightly less than 1 million hectares.

It is important to preserve and protect as much as possible the Central Siberian taiga, not only for ethical and moral reasons, as a unique habitat, but also because, apparently, coniferous forest plays a significant role in regulating CO2 reserves in the Earth’s atmosphere. This has become clear from recent research. The regeneration of the taiga is painfully slow. When layers of soil are removed, permafrost rises to the surface and prevents new trees from growing. It is now obvious that it is human impact that is causing the most dramatic changes in the taiga ecosystem.

Large-scale mining of iron ore, gold and minerals has left its mark on large areas of the region. Roads, settlements and all infrastructure have completely changed the local environment. Moreover, steel mills and pulp and paper mills seriously pollute the air.

Impact factors include:

deforestation;

water and air pollution;

Forest fires;

roads, dams, hydroelectric power stations, pulp and paper mills, metallurgical plants, mining and so on.

The pine and pine-deciduous forests of the Angara basin are especially valuable, where over 35 million hectares are concentrated. Pine forests.

Forest is an important physical and geographical factor that creates a special climate, retains moisture, and weakens wind speed. The vast majority of the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau belongs to forest surplus areas.

Today, the anthropogenic pressure on the fauna of Central Siberia has increased many times over, although today we can be proud of the world leadership in the production of valuable fur-bearing animals, a variety of birds and river fish, but soon without the organization of cultural hunting and fishing farms, without the creation of reserves and reserves, nothing of this will not be.

Physico-geographical zoning of Central Siberia

Natural areas

Throughout Central Siberia there are 3 zones: tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. The taiga is most fully represented, occupying 70% of the area. The Central Siberian Plateau includes only forest-tundra and taiga.

The forest-tundra stretches in a narrow strip (up to 50-70 km); The border of the zone runs along the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The climate of the zone is assigned to B.P. Alisov to subarctic with a predominance of continental air of temperate latitudes in the cold period and transformed arctic air in the summer. The combination of a polar position with continentality with insignificant radiation and the dominance of anticyclonic weather determines the severity of the winter period, which lasts about 8 months, from October to May. Snow cover lasts 250-260 days. Its thickness is 30-50 cm, increasing slightly to the west. In summer, the soil and ground layer of air warm up intensively. The average temperature in July is 12-13°C.

Quite high temperatures during the growing season and a decrease in the strength of winter winds favor the growth of not only grass and shrub vegetation, but also trees. The dominant tree species here is Dahurian larch. The vegetation cover of the forest-tundra is dominated by shrub thickets of lean birch, alder, and willow. Trees are scattered in individual specimens or groups.

The taiga zone stretches from north to south for more than 2000 km from the northern edge of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The specific features of the Central Siberian taiga, which sharply distinguish it from the taiga of Western Siberia, are the sharply continental climate and the almost universal distribution of permafrost, insignificant swampiness, the dominance of monotonous deciduous taiga and frozen-taiga soils.

The climate of the zone is sharply continental, with harsh winters with little snow and moderately warm and cool, moderately humid summers. Cold winter with persistent and severe frosts lasts 7-8 months. On the western slopes of the Central Siberian Plateau, the greatest amount of precipitation falls, which contributes to the formation of snow cover up to 70-80 cm thick. The relief and features of atmospheric circulation determine the variegated distribution of precipitation in the zone.

Zonal soils of the taiga are permafrost-taiga. In the central part of the taiga, the density of the tree layer and the height of the trees increase. In the undergrowth, in addition to shrubs and birch trees, there are bird cherry, rowan, elderberry, juniper, and honeysuckle. The grass and moss cover is typically taiga. Under the forests, acidic permafrost-taiga soils develop. In the southern taiga the diversity of coniferous forests is increasing. In the space of the taiga zone, intrazonal differences associated with the nature of the lithogenic base are clearly visible.

The distribution of forests across the territory is most influenced by an increase in the severity of winter and a decrease in the thickness of the snow cover from west to east. In this regard, dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests predominate in the Yenisei part. To the east they are replaced by dark coniferous-deciduous and pine-deciduous ones.

Physiographic provinces and regions

There are two main provinces on the territory of Central Siberia:

1. The province of mountain-glacial tundra and forest-tundra mid-mountains and moraine-sea plains occupies the northern part of Central Siberia. The province is characterized by significant differentiation of neotectonic uplifts. The greatest uplifts appeared in the folded-block mountains of Byrranga, where, in connection with the rise of the territory, local centers of ancient and modern glaciations arose. Moraine-marine accumulative plains formed on the site of territories with minor subsidence and uplift. The province is located within the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the north-west of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Arctic deserts and tundras of Taimyr - the northernmost physiographic continental region Soviet Union. It occupies the northern half of the Taimyr Peninsula. The Byrranga Mountains extend from the Yenisei Bay to the Laptev Sea almost the length of the Caucasus (1000 km) and are divided into three parts: the western, located between the Yenisei Bay and the Pyasina River with altitudes up to 400 m; central between the Pyasina and Nizhnyaya Taimyra rivers with altitudes up to 700 m; the eastern part is the highest, the highest height reaches 1146 m. ​​The mountains gradually descend to the shores of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, forming a series of low hills, and fall steeply to the North Siberian Lowland. The ridges and massifs are separated by deep longitudinal and transverse river valleys. The mountains are composed mainly of Paleozoic rocks: in the north of the highlands there are outcrops of Precambrian (metamorphic shales of the Proterozoic) and acidic intrusions of pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic age. The northern part of the highlands was created in the Caledonian folding, and the southern - in the Hercynian.

The relief is characterized by the widespread development of stone placers and a complex of exaration (“ram’s foreheads”, Kara, troughs) and frozen-solifluction forms. In the central and western parts, the mountain peaks are dome-shaped, and in the eastern part, dissected glacial relief predominates: moraines and outwash are common, located in low areas - highlands. There are numerous large snowfields and modern glaciers in the Byrranga Mountains.

Winter is severe with a negative radiation balance (from mid-September to April) and a predominance of severely frosty weather types. The duration of the cold period is about 290 days. The average January temperature is -30, -35° C. Snow cover lasts from September 15-20 to June 27, and its height in winter is 20-60 cm.

Summer is short and cold. Total radiation in July it reaches 16 kcal/cm2. The average July temperature at Cape Chelyuskin is +1°C. Annual precipitation is about 200-300 mm. They fall approximately evenly throughout the year, the ratio of precipitation to evaporation is more than 1.33. The entire territory is located in the permafrost zone with insignificant seasonal thawing of the soil during the warm period and north of the bullet isoline of the sum of active temperatures.

In the highest part of the mountains, northeast of the lake. Taimyr, where up to 700 mm of precipitation falls at an altitude of 900 m, modern glaciation is developed. The area of ​​all glaciers is about 50 km2. The existence of glaciers and snowfields on the Byrranga Highlands should apparently be considered as an altitudinal belt of perennial snow and ice, since this is the highest part of the mountains, where the “365 level” comes close to the surface of the ridges.

At the foot of the mountains there are arctic tundras on hidden gley soils (in the northern foothills) and arctic tundra soils (in the southern foothills). In the 13 southwestern foothills, moss, lichen and shrub tundras are developed on tundra gley soils.

Altitudinal zonation is expressed in the Byrranga Mountains as follows: at the foot of the northern slopes there is arctic tundra, and at the southern slopes there is arctic tundra and moss, lichen and shrub tundra; along the southern slopes, moss-grass tundras rise to a height of 200 m. Higher up the mountain slopes there are arctic deserts on cryptogley arctic soils. Even higher - sparse vegetation of screes and rocks, glaciers. Numerous finds of stumps and tree trunks (larch, birch, willow, spruce) in Quaternary deposits along the Upper and Lower Taimyr rivers, at the mouth of Pyasina and at Cape Chelyuskin (north of 76° N) indicate that forest vegetation covered Almost the entire territory of the Taimyr Peninsula and the northern border of the forest-tundra was 4-5° north of the modern one.

The North Siberian moraine-marine tundra lowland is located between the tectonic ledges of the Byrranga, Putorana and Central Siberian plateau mountains. In the west, the lowland merges with the West Siberian Plain, and in the east - with the Lena Delta. The hilly surface of the lowland has a height of 50-100 m. The maximum heights are about 225-260 m. From the Byrranga Mountains, individual ridges and hills with heights of 400-650 m enter the lowland. In the northeast of the lowland, two cuestas rise: Pronchishcheva (up to 315 m) and Chekanovsky (up to 529 m).

The coast west of the river mouth. Olenka continues to descend. This is evidenced by the estuaries of the Anabar and Khatanga rivers. To the east of the mouth of Olenek, rivers form deltas when they flow here, which indicates an uplift of the coast. River delta area Lena River is 28,500 km 2. On many islands of the delta, peat bogs are developed, there are polygonal wedge ice and hydrolaccoliths.

The North Siberian Lowland formed on the site of submerged Hercynian structures of the Taimyr Peninsula, Mesozoic structures extending from the Pre-Verkhoyansk foredeep. The lowered folded structures form the marginal Khatanga trough, which is filled with sedimentary deposits of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Quaternary. Mesozoic deposits are carbon-bearing. Among the sedimentary rocks there are salt domes composed of Permian, Triassic sandstones, and Devonian rock salt (Nordvik).

The climate is arctic with moderately harsh, long winters and short, cool summers. In winter, anticyclonic weather prevails. The duration of the cold period is about 290 days. The average January temperature is about -30, -36°C, minimum -61°C. The average July temperature ranges from +4°C in the north of the lowland to +12°C in the south. The maximum temperature reaches +30° C. The annual amount of precipitation decreases from west to east from 300-350 to 200-220 mm, and in the Lena River delta about 100 mm falls. The zone is excessively humid: the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation is more than 1.33. Sum of active temperatures 0-400°C, N=0-3.

The rivers Pyasina, Upper Taimyr and the lower reaches of Khatanga, Anabar and Olenek flow through the lowland. Among the hilly-moraine sea plains and on the islands of the Lena Delta there are many shallow glacial and thermokarst lakes. Swamps are common in places: their depth is small, since upper layer Frozen soil thaws by 30-60 cm during the warm period.

In the North Siberian Lowland, moss-lichen and shrub tundras predominate; to the south, shrubby birch and willow tundras are common. The main soils are tundra gley. In the south of the lowland, swampy sparse larch forests appear on gley-permafrost-taiga soils. The Siberian larch comes from the west only to the source of the Pyasina, and to the east of it the Daurian larch is widespread. Daurian larch moves along river valleys far to the north: in the river valley. Khatangi - up to 72° N. w. The northernmost forest area on the globe is located on the terrace of the Lukunskaya River (72 ° 34 "N). The northern border of the forest in the North Siberian Lowland during the period of the post-glacial thermal maximum was significantly north of the modern one, approximately at the foot of the Barranga Mountains. For To preserve the northernmost forest areas on Earth, it is necessary to organize a reserve in the Khatanga River basin.

The northern taiga and mountain-tundra plateau of Putorana is located on the northwestern polar edge of the Central Siberian Plateau: its western and northern borders run along tectonic ledges, in places forming rocky walls 300-500 m high. The southern and eastern borders of the Putorana region are drawn along the border of the Zyryanka glaciation. Putorana is a huge dome-shaped mid-mountain uplift of part of the Central Siberian Plateau, the highest heights of which are concentrated in the center (1701 m). All the rivers begin there (Kotui, Kureika, upper reaches of Kheta), creating a centrifugal pattern of the hydraulic network and emphasizing the dome-shaped structure of the mountain system.

The Putorana Plateau was formed on the site of the lowered part of the Tunguska syneclise, the anticlinal zone and the marginal trough of the Baikal fold as a result of intense Quaternary uplifts. The plateau is composed of horizontally occurring sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age and traps - volcanic rocks of Upper Permian and Lower Mesozoic age. In the creation of the modern relief, the determining factor was tectonic movements: pre-Quaternary and Quaternary splits in the latitudinal and meridian directions, as well as arched uplifts and in certain areas of subsidence.

The main forms of relief are numerous elevated blocks along the split lines of the massif - ridges with flat rocky watersheds, separated by wide intermountain depressions, young erosional and glacial valleys. The mountain slopes drop steeply to deep intermountain depressions and to valleys created as a result of the activity of rivers and glaciers along the lines of Neogene, Paleogene and Quaternary rifts. The depth of the mountains reaches 800-1500 m. On the Putorana plateau in the Pleistocene, powerful ice sheets developed, which had a great influence on the formation of morphosculpture. Intermountain depressions are filled with glacial deposits and have a hilly-moraine topography with a large number of lakes dammed by moraines, as well as tectonic ones (lakes Lamo, Keto, Khantaiskoe, Glubokoe, etc.). The slopes of the valleys are characterized by cirques and carts filled with snow.

The Putorana Plateau is located in the west of the Siberian region of the subarctic climate zone and is influenced by Atlantic and Arctic air masses and the Asian anticyclone. Therefore, there are significant differences in the climate of the western and eastern parts of the plateau. In the west of Putorana there is more rainfall and cooler summers than in its eastern half. Winter is long and very cold: the average temperature of the coldest month reaches -30, -38°C, the absolute maximum temperatures in the north are -58°C, and in the east -59°C. The snow cover lasts for about eight months. Summer is short but moderately cool; in low areas the average temperature is the highest warm month from +12 to +14°С, and in the mountains, at an altitude of 600-1500 m, from +6 to +12°С. The maximum temperature was recorded in the north +28°C, and in the east +31°C; in most of the region the sum of active temperatures was less than 400°C. The annual precipitation in the west was 504 mm, and in the east - 300 mm. Humidity coefficient - 1.33, N = 3.

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The Putorana Plateau is located in the northern taiga subzone, where the western dark coniferous taiga touches the eastern larch taiga. Dark coniferous taiga with larch occupies intermountain basins and valleys, rising up to a height of 250-450 m.

Higher up are larch forests, which from a height of 450-500 m are replaced by larch woodlands and thickets of dwarf cedar. The mountain soils are permafrost-taiga, gleyic-acidic with signs of podzolization. Above 700-750 m there follows a belt of alder, turning into mountain shrub tundra. From an altitude of 800-900 m, mountain tundras (lichen and rocky) are common. Below the solid rocky placers, mountain-tundra and mountain-arctic soils are developed.

The Anabar basement taiga and mountain-tundra upland is located in the upper reaches of the Anabar and Olenek rivers, on the Anabar shield, which is expressed in relief as a dome-shaped uplift. Its maximum heights reach 905 m in the center. The watersheds look like numerous massifs with smooth dome-shaped peaks.

The folded Archean crystalline base of the Anabar shield is raised in the central part, and along the edges the surface of the basement declines, overlain mainly by limestones and sandstones of the Cambrian and Ordovician. In the southwest of the region there are outcrops of sedimentary Silurian and Permian deposits and trap covers. Between the Anabar Upland and the Putorana Plateau there is the Kotui swampy trap plateau. On the Anabar Upland and the Kotui Plateau, traces of ancient glaciations were discovered in the form of narrow ridges composed of boulder loams and sand and gravel material. Glaciation was inactive. The watersheds are flat with dome-shaped tops; valleys carved out of easily eroded rocks, floodplains with ancient terraces, and in some areas (where crystalline rocks emerge) the valleys are narrow with rapids and rifts. The main types of relief of the Anabar shield are basement plateaus with glacial and nival treatment; Along the edges of the Anabar shield, in the area of ​​development of Paleozoic rocks, erosional strata-tiered, water-glacial lacustrine and alluvial plains and a trap plateau were formed.

The climate is subarctic with cold, long winters. The average temperature in January is -38, -43°C. In the basin of Lake Essey, the minimum inversion temperature was recorded at about -70° C. Summer is moderately cool: the average July temperature is +12, + 14° C. The sum of active temperatures is 700-400° C or less (in the mountains). Humidity coefficient - 1.33-1.00. Annual precipitation is about 300 mm. The area is excessively wet.

The main part of the territory is covered with northern taiga forests of Daurian larch and mountain larch woodlands on gley-permafrost-taiga and mountain-permafrost-taiga soils. In the south, in the upper reaches of the river. Olenek, permafrost-taiga carbonate gravelly soils are developed on sedimentary rocks of the Lower Paleozoic. Forests rise along the slopes of valleys and mountain ranges to a height of 500-700 m. Higher up, mountain tundras are developed on mountain-tundra soils.

The Tunguska trap north and middle taiga plateau occupies the Lower Tunguska basin and the upper reaches of Olenek and Vilyuy between the boundaries of the Samarova and Zyryanka glaciations. The heights of the watershed plateaus are up to 981 m (N. Tunguska basin). River valleys are cut deeply. The surface of the foundation of the Tunguska syneclise and the southwestern slope of the Anabar massif is lowered to depths from 1000 to 4000 m and is covered by a thick layer of sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic and Triassic, penetrated by traps. During the Maximum and Taz glaciations, the region was a marginal glacial zone and bottom and terminal moraine-glacial deposits were formed on the surfaces of the trap plateau and strata-stage plains. During the Zyryan and Sartan glaciations, the territory represented a periglacial region: in conditions of a cold climate, permafrost and treelessness, colluvial and permafrost processes took place; microrelief was formed - mounds, polygonal shapes, etc.

The region lies in the subarctic and temperate zone. The climate is sharply continental and humid. The average January temperature is about -28°C in the southwest and -38°C in the northeast. The average temperature of roofing felt is +15, +16° C. The greatest amount of precipitation in the west is 400-500 mm; in the east they gradually decrease to 300 mm. The sum of active temperatures is 600-1000° C. Humidification coefficient is 1.33-1.00, N = 6-10.

An increase in precipitation and the proximity to the West Siberian Plain predetermined the development of a more diverse species composition of middle and northern taiga forests in the southwest of the region. They consist of larch (Daurian and Siberian), spruce, pine, cedar with an admixture of birch. In the east, the forest is formed of larch with an admixture of birch. Under the forests in permafrost conditions, permafrost-taiga, mountain permafrost-taiga carbonate and podzolic soils were formed; The highest watersheds (800-900 m high) are covered with mountain tundra.

2. The province of extraglacial erosional plateaus and highlands and alluvial-lacustrine lowlands of the forest zone is located in the southern half of Central Siberia, beyond the limit of maximum glaciation. The province is characterized by intense differentiated neotectonic movements. Permafrost and accompanying permafrost-solifluction landforms are widespread. The province lies mainly in the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the southwest of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Leno-Olenyok northern taiga plateau is located in the northeast of the Central Siberian Plateau, between the boundary of maximum glaciation and the mountains of the Verkhoyansk Range. The plain is located on the eastern slope of the Anabar massif, consisting of the Olenyok trough, Olenyok and Munsky uplifts. The depth of the foundation in the trough is about 1500 m, and in the uplifts - from 500 to 1000 m. The platform cover is formed by carbonate deposits of the Cambrian and Ordovician. Quaternary rocks on watersheds are dominated by colluvial - solifluction and eluvial strata, and along river valleys - alluvial and deluvial-colluvial. The plateau is dissected by deep valleys with flat watersheds. In areas of fractured rocks, valleys sharply change their directions. The surfaces of carbonate rocks are dissected by modern ancient karst forms. Permafrost-solifluction forms are widespread throughout the territory.

The climate is subarctic with cold, long winters: the average January temperature is -40, -42°C. The duration of snow cover ranges from 220 days in the south of the region and more than 240 days in the north. The average July temperature is from +12 to +16° C. The sum of active temperatures is 400-1000° C. The territory is slightly arid, the humidification coefficient is 1.00-0.77. Annual precipitation is more than 200 mm.

The region is located in the northern taiga subzone of sparse larch forests. The sparse larch stand in the north - in the forest-tundra - is evenly distributed. On the Olenyok uplift, on elevated plateaus north of 70° N. latitude, the altitudinal zonation is manifested: from about a height of 350 m, the peaks of the plateau are covered with mountain tundra on mountain-tundra soils, and along lower watersheds and river valleys the larch forest extends far to the north. In the southern part of the Leno-Olenyok watershed, on the slopes of the southern and southwestern exposure, relict steppe grass-forb areas have been preserved.

The main soils of the region are gley-permafrost-taiga and at the outcrops of carbonate Lower Paleozoic permafrost rocks.

notaiga carbonate.

The Angara-Tunguska trap mid- and southern taiga plateau is located in the basins of the Angara, Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska rivers and the upper reaches of the Lena, in the southern part of the Tunguska syneclise. The plateau is composed of Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic sedimentary rocks with a wide distribution of traps. The Quaternary cover is formed by eluvial-deluvial, deluvial-solifluction and alluvial processes.

The relief is dominated by erosive strata-tiered and trap plateaus, separated by deep valleys. Karst forms are developed in easily soluble rocks, especially in the southern Angara region, where craters, caves, dry and blind valleys arose in gypsum, limestone and dolomite. The traps had a great influence on the relief forms of the entire territory: on watersheds they form a raised plateau, in the valleys they form canyon-like forms and rapids.

The large fracturing of the traps contributes to the accumulation of groundwater that emerges on the slopes of river valleys.

The climate is temperate, continental. Winter is very cold and moderately harsh. The average temperature in January is from -20 to -30°C, and the minimum is -58°C. Summer is warm: the average July temperature is + 16, +18° C. The sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600° C. The humidification coefficient is 1.00-0.77. The greatest amount of precipitation (about 400 mm) falls in the west of the region, to the east it decreases to 300 mm, N=10-16.

According to morphology, the Angara valley is divided into three parts: the upper one - from the lake. Baikal before the river flows into it. Oka, 680 km long, where the river flows in a narrow valley with rocky banks; the middle one - from the Oka River to the confluence of the Ilima River, 290 km long, where the Angara passes through traps, forming the rapids Podkamenny, Padunsky, Dolgiy, etc.; the lower one - from the Ilma River to the Yenisei, 860 km long, where the Angara River also flows through the traps, but the rapids in these sections are much smaller. The regime of the Angara largely depends on the regime of the lake. Baikal. The Angara is characterized by high water content and smooth level fluctuations, especially in the upper reaches. In the spring, there is not a flood on the Angara, but a decline in water. With the onset of freeze-up, the water level rises and remains high throughout the winter. In the spring, when the ice jams disappear, the water level begins to decrease.

The water temperature in summer at the source (in August) is about +8.4° C. Downstream it rises, reaching + 16.7° C at Bratsk (in August). There is often a line of thick fog over the Angara, since the water is colder in summer ambient air, and it is warmer in autumn. In the north of the region, larch forests with an admixture of spruce, cedar and pine grow on frozen-taiga acidic soils. To the south of the latitudinal segment of the Angara stretches the southern light-coniferous taiga, dominated by pine with an admixture of larch, cedar, spruce and birch on sod-podzolic soils, among which sod-carbonate soils are found.

The Yenisei basement taiga ridge consists of individual ridges and massifs with heights of 800-1100 m. The maximum peak is Enashimsky Polkan (1104 m). This ridge is formed by anticlinal and synclinal structures of the Baikal folding and is composed of Precambrian shales - gneisses and granites. In the northern part of the ridge, sandstones and limestones of the Lower Paleozoic lie on Precambrian rocks. Above the mouth of the Podkamennaya Tunguska, the Yenisei ridge is cut through by the Yenisei. To the west of the Yenisei valley it plunges under the sedimentary deposits of the West Siberian Plain. In places where the breakthrough occurs, the Yenisei valley is narrow, and there are Osinovsky rapids in the riverbed. The largest river of the Yenisei Ridge - Big Pit - cuts through it in the south and flows in a narrow, deep valley. The basement watershed elevations of the ridge are flat and ridged, swampy in places, many rivers flow from the swamps. The slopes are strongly dissected by river valleys, the depth of which often reaches 180-200 m.

The climate is characterized by cold winters with high snow cover (up to 90 cm) and moderately warm summers. The average temperature in January is about -20, -25°C, and in July +16°C. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1600°C. Annual precipitation 550-700 mm; The area is wet, the humidification coefficient is 1.33-1.00. The ridge is covered with dark coniferous mountain taiga forests consisting of spruce, fir, cedar with an admixture of larch, pine and birch. Under the forests, mountainous permafrost-taiga soils are formed.

The Leno-Vilyui accumulative and strata middle taiga plain occupies the zone of subsidence of the foundation of the Siberian Platform: the eastern part of the Angara-Lena trough, the Vilyui syneclise and the Pre-Verkhoyanek trough. The largest rivers of Central Siberia - Lena, Aldan, and Vilyui - flow across the surface of the plain in terraced valleys. The highest altitudes are located on the outskirts of the region and reach 400-700 m, and the lowest are in the Vilyuy and Lena valleys - about 50 m and below.

The Vilyui syneclise and troughs are filled with terrigenous, salt-bearing and carbonate sediments of the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, a thick layer of continental and marine Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments (sands, loose sandstones, clayey shales with layers of brown coal), in the Lower Aldan depression there are coal-bearing and sandy lacustrine-alluvial Neogene deposits. Particularly widespread coal accumulation occurred during the Lower Cretaceous era. The thickness of Mesozoic rocks reaches 200-300 m. The synclinal occurrence of Mesozoic rocks is complicated by folds, which increase as they approach the Verkhoyansk Range. Among the loose Quaternary sediments (lacustrine-marsh, loess-like, etc.), lenses of fossil firn or lake ice are preserved; they melt and subsidence is formed, filled with water.

A large number of lakes are scattered throughout the Leno-Vilyui lowland, on watersheds and in valleys. For economic use, the local population drains lakes into rivers. In the lake basins, beautiful meadows are formed, used for mowing, and pastures, the so-called alas.

The climate is sharply continental. In winter, cold air flows into the Leno-Vilyuiskaya lowland, here the air cools and an anticyclonic weather regime develops. Therefore, winter is very harsh and cruel, with the temperature of the coldest month -35 -45°C, moderately snowy. The duration of snow cover is about 220 days, and the height is 20-40 cm. Summers are warm, slightly dry and arid; the average July temperature reaches +18°C in Vilyuisk, and +18.8°C in Yakutsk. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1400°C. The annual precipitation decreases from west to east: in Vilyuysk it falls 2.46 mm, and in Yakutsk - 192 mm, humidification coefficient -0.77 -0.55, N=15 - 26.

The entire territory is covered with larch forests, under which predominantly permafrost-taiga carbonate soils are developed, forming on carbonate rocks. In the Leno-Vilyui Lowland, forests are often swampy. On the sandy terraces of the valleys, larch-pine and pine forests. Under the forests, frozen-taiga pale (neutral) and solodized soils formed. On the terraces of the valleys of the Lena and Vilyuya rivers, among the larch taiga, there are patches of meadows, among which alas are especially unique. The vegetation of the alas consists of fescue, bluegrass, sedge and a large number of forbs. Some of the alases are covered with saline meadows (turans), formed on the site of lakes.

The vegetation of salt marsh meadows consists of saltworts. There are salt licks and solods. Steppe meadows with dark-colored meadow-chernozem loamy soils containing up to 12 - 17% humus are common on the Lena terraces above the floodplain. Their vegetation cover is formed by feather grass, fescue, thin-legged grass, and xerophytic forbs: Siberian edelweiss and speedwell. Among the wall species, there are local Siberian species, whose origin is associated with the mountainous regions of Siberia, and Mongolian species, which came mainly from Central Asia during one of the xerothermic periods.

The Aldan basement taiga mountain-tundra highland occupies the southeastern part of Central Siberia, between the Lena River and the Stanovoy Range. In the Aldan Highlands, the ridges rise to 1800-2300 m.

The Aldan basement highlands are a reflection in the relief of the Aldan shield, which is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Archean. They are covered on the surface by sedimentary rocks of the Lower Cambrian and continental sediments of the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. The Aldan shield is riddled with intrusions of various ages. Mesozoic deposits on the shield lie in the Prestanovoy trough, which represents a zone of deep subsidence of the foundation, where the thickness of Mesozoic coal-bearing sediments reaches up to 750 m. In the south of the trough there is a large fault separating the Stanovoy Range from the Aldan Highlands. In relief, the fault line is expressed as a ledge.

To the north, Archean rocks are subducted beneath predominantly carbonate Lower Cambrian strata that gently dip to the north. On the surface of the Cambrian there are patches of Jurassic sediments. The slope of the Aldan shield in relief is expressed by the Leno-Aldan erosional layered plateau, on which the predominant heights are 500-600 m, with some areas reaching 700-1000 m. Ancient and modern karst processes occurring in Cambrian rocks are widespread on the plateau. In the Pliocene-Quaternary, the Aldan Highlands experienced greater uplift than the Leno-Aldan Plateau. The uplifts caused increased erosion and dismemberment of the territory.

The rivers are deeply incised: they have up to 4-8 accumulative and basement terraces (Olyokma, Lena, Aldan). Within the region there are four leveling surfaces (the highest - 1000-1300 m, the lowest - Lenskaya - 300-400 m). Traces of ancient glaciations are expressed on the ridges of the Aldan Highlands with absolute elevations above 1200-1300 m.

The climate is cold and cold-temperate with an average January temperature of -32, -40°C, with prolonged snow cover of 220-240 days. Summer on the Leno-Aldan Plateau is warm, humid and semi-humid, the average July temperature is above +16°C; on the Aldan Highlands - cool and excessively humid; The average temperature in July is about +12°C. The sum of active temperatures is 1200°-1400°C, the humidification coefficient is 1.33-1.00. Annual precipitation is 200-300 mm on the Leno-Aldan plateau and 400-500 mm on the Aldan highlands, N = 9-4.

The Leno-Aldan Plateau is dominated by mid-taiga larch forests on permafrost-taiga fawn (neutral) and solodized soils. Along the river valleys there are larch-pine forests and patches of meadow steppes (Amga Valley). The Aldan Highlands are dominated by mountain larch and larch-cedar forests on mountain permafrost-taiga soils and mountain permafrost-taiga carbonate soils. Forests rise along the slopes of the ridges to a height of 1200-1300 m. Above, the slopes and peaks are covered with mountain tundra on mountain-tundra soils.

The Sayan southern taiga and forest-steppe erosion plateau with a cover of loess-like rocks lies in the foothills of the Eastern Sayan. The plateau reaches its greatest height in the foothills (550-760 m). To the north and northeast, the territory drops to 500 m. The lowest parts of the region (200-240 m) are located in the area of ​​the city of Kansk. The region is located on the southern edge of the Siberian platform - in the Irkutsk amphitheater, where three geostructures are distinguished: the Sayano-Prienisei and Pribaikal-Lena syneclises and the Angara anteclise separating them. Along the northern foot of the Eastern Sayan stretch Mesozoic depressions - the Cape and Irkutsk, filled mainly with terrigenous coal-bearing deposits of Jurassic age; The Cape Depression continues to the west, beyond the Yenisei, and is united by the common name Kansk-Achinsk Depression.

Coal and lignite deposits of the Kansk-Achinsk and Irkutsk basins form the Kansk-Irkutsk coal-bearing province.

The climate is sharply continental, semi-arid: the amplitude of absolute temperatures is about 84°C (-51°C +33°C). Winter is very cold, quite snowy in the west and moderately snowy in the east with an average January temperature of -20.-25 ° C. Summer is warm, the sum of active temperatures is 1400-1600 ° C, the duration of the frost-free period is from 72 days in the northeast of the region to 106 -111 days in the Cape forest-steppe. Precipitation per year is 300-400 mm, the moisture coefficient is 1.00-0.77. Permafrost islands are rare.

Among the southern taiga pine forests there are areas of steppes and steppe meadows: their distribution is related to the dissected topography and the degree of moisture. Significant areas are covered with larch-pine forests on soddy-podzolic soils. Spruce-fir forests of the southern taiga type occupy the northern territories and are found in the valleys. Pine forests of forest-steppes on watersheds and slopes are sparse and have a high grass cover, birch forests with an admixture of larch cover the slopes of northern exposure, and sometimes watersheds.

Forest-steppes occupy the lowest areas of the plateau (Cape Basin) and the slopes of the valleys of the Oka and Angara rivers (Irkutsk and Balagan forest-steppe). The steppes are dominated by perennial turf grasses (fescue fescue, feather grass, wormwood granary) and forbs (speedwell and cinquefoil). The species composition of the steppes of Central Siberia is somewhat different from the steppes of Western Siberia: many species are absent, for example meadowsweet, but mountain steppe species appear, for example edelweiss. Leached chernozems predominate, and on the outskirts - gray forest slightly podzolic soils. Meadow saline soils are developed in the ravines.

Conclusion

Based on the studied material, we can conclude that the Central Siberian Plateau is a complex formation in terms of relief and history of formation. Its territory contains both plateaus and mountains with steep river valleys and narrow watershed ridges. Thus, the Putorana Plateau is the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The Central Siberian Plateau is characterized by river valleys with well-defined terraces and numerous small valleys. The presence of terraces indicates slow movements of the earth's crust that took place on the plateau.

The climate is sharply continental. Permafrost is widespread everywhere. The formation of permafrost occurred during the Ice Age. Permafrost is a legacy of the Ice Age. The Central Siberian region has a rich material and raw material base, sufficiently prepared for industrial development. Water resources The Central Siberian Plateau is one of the most valuable natural resources. Groundwater resources can be renewed in accordance with natural cycles characteristic of a particular region. climate zone, geological structure and landscape features of the territory.

Physico-geographical conditions, the significant extent of the Central Siberian Plateau, the complexity and dissect of the relief determine the diversity of natural zones. Natural zones represented by forest-tundra and taiga are integrated ecological complexes that arise when plants and animals interact with the environment. Each zone is characterized by its own set of forms of plant life and a specific dominant form.

A week-long tour, one-day hiking and excursions combined with comfort (trekking) in the mountain resort of Khadzhokh (Adygea, Krasnodar Territory). Tourists live at the camp site and visit numerous natural monuments. Rufabgo waterfalls, Lago-Naki plateau, Meshoko gorge, Big Azish cave, Belaya River Canyon, Guam gorge.

Western Siberia is different continental climate, which is formed under the influence of air masses predominantly of Arctic origin. In the summer, arctic air arriving at the rear of northern cyclones interacts with heated continental air, causing the formation of clouds and precipitation. In more rare cases, the entry of humid Atlantic and dry Central Asian air masses is observed on the territory of Western Siberia. In winter, continental cold air comes here from the central regions of Siberia along the western edge of the Asian anticyclone and Atlantic air with cyclones from the Arctic.

The main paths of cyclones pass through the northern regions of Western Siberia, so large clouds, strong winds and heavy snowfalls are observed here. Winter is long and harsh, with low air temperatures. From November to March there are frosts below -30 °C. The frost-free period lasts 2-3 months, but in some years frosts are observed in mid-summer. In central Western Siberia, summer is warm, but shorter than at the same latitudes in the European part of the Union. The average temperature in July is 15.5-18 °C. Negative temperatures last for about 6 months. The average temperature in January is about -20 °C, with frosts down to -45 °C. Winter weather is unstable: severe frosts with calm and clear skies are interrupted by sharp warmings (with temperature increases of 15-20 ° C), accompanied by snowstorms. In the southern part of Western Siberia, especially in virgin regions, the continental climate is increasing. Winters here are long, with strong winds and snowstorms. On average, they are 10 °C colder than at the same latitudes of the East European Plain. The absolute minimum temperature reaches -50 °C.

Precipitation during the cold period is less than 100 mm, the depth of the snow cover is small (20-30 cm) and the soil freezes to a great depth. Summer lasts about 3 months, the average July temperature is 20-22 °C, the maximum exceeds 40 °C. Relative air humidity is insignificant (less than 50% during the daytime). Droughts and hot winds are often observed, and sometimes dust storms. In general, large climatic contrasts are observed in the territory of Western Siberia, due to its enormous extent from north to south. The average annual air temperature in the north is -10 °C, in the south 1-2 °C. Precipitation ranges from 200-350 mm per year in the tundra and steppe zones to 500-600 mm in the forest zone. In the mountains of Altai and the Urals, moisture increases. On the windward western and northwestern slopes, in some places more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls per year; on the southeastern slopes and in intermountain depressions, their amount decreases to 100-300 mm. Air temperatures decrease by 5-10 °C with altitude. In intermountain depressions, temperature inversions with stagnation of cold air are observed in the winter months.

In June and July, western cyclones bring rain, often torrential. In summer the greatest amount of precipitation falls - up to 70% of the annual norm. The largest amount of precipitation occurs in July (sometimes in June).
In early August, as a rule, there are cold snaps, the air and water temperatures in reservoirs drop. In the second half of the month, frosts are possible on the soil surface. They do not harm fruit and berry crops, but can be dangerous for vegetables and flowers.

At the end of August - beginning of September, the influx of solar radiation decreases, the average daily temperature drops to +15°. There is a high probability of frost, but the movement of warm air masses from the south helps to increase the temperature to +30° even in the second half of September. Warming periods in September can be long - sometimes up to two weeks, which has a beneficial effect on the preparation of fruit and berry plants for winter. At the beginning of October, the average daily air temperature drops sharply to +5°, which indicates the end of the growing season. There is significant rainfall in September and October. In September it is usually rain, and in October it is sleet that melts quickly. Air humidity in October is high, which prevents the evaporation of precipitation, so the soil accumulates a lot of moisture by winter. The snow finally falls at the end of October - beginning of November.

The modern relief of Western Siberia is determined by geological development, tectonic structure and the influence of various exogenous relief-forming processes. The main orographic elements are closely dependent on the structural-tectonic plan of the plate, although the long-term Meso-Cenozoic subsidence and accumulation of a thick layer of loose sediments largely leveled out the unevenness of the foundation. The low amplitude of neotectonic movements is due to the low hypsometric position of the plain. The maximum amplitudes of uplifts reach 100–150 m in the peripheral parts of the plain, and in the center and in the north they are replaced by lowerings of up to 100–150 m. However, within the plain there are a number of lowlands and hills, comparable in area to the lowlands and hills of the Russian Plain.

Western Siberia has the shape of a stepped amphitheater, open to the north, towards the coast of the Kara Sea. Three altitude levels are clearly visible within its boundaries. The first level, which occupies almost half of the territory, has a height of less than 100 m. The second hypsometric level is located at heights of 100-150 m, the third - mainly in the range of 150-200 m with small areas up to 250-300 m.

The temperate climate in Western Siberia is characterized by greater continentality compared to European Russia. The influx of solar radiation increases, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases, and in the southern regions the climate becomes arid. To the east of the Ural ridge, the influence of the Atlantic completely weakens and continental air masses predominate here. Climate of Western Siberia more homogeneous than on the other side of the Urals on European territory.
During the cold period, cyclonic activity resumes in the north and cold continental air arrives from Central Siberia, which does temperature regime is unstable. In January, in most of Western Siberia, temperature fluctuations from day to day average 5°. (This phenomenon is almost never observed in other regions of the globe.) Winter is cold, the average temperature in January varies from -18° in the south to -28, -30° in the northeast. With light winter precipitation in the southern regions, the cover is less than 30 cm. In the northeast, in the area of ​​the Upper Taz and Lower Yenisei uplands, where cyclones are frequent, it increases to 80 cm.

In summer, cyclones develop over the entire Western Siberia. Their number decreases from north to south. Cyclones from the European part of Russia and the Atlantic invade the northern regions. Cyclones come to the southern regions from the west and southwest (from the lower reaches of the Volga, from the Caspian and Black seas). The most intense cyclonic activity is observed between 54 and 60° N. w. During the summer period, precipitation falls from 300 to 400 mm. To the north and south of this area, precipitation decreases. In summer, Arctic air comes to Western Siberia, which turns into continental temperate air. The influx of Arctic air increases the dryness and enhances the continental climate to the south.

In most of Western Siberia the climate is humid. Zero isoline of the difference between precipitation and volatility, which is the southern border of the forest, runs approximately along the Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk line (56° N). The forest region of Western Siberia is the most waterlogged territory in Russia. There is a significant accumulation of surface water here, forests swampy. Precipitation, the annual amount of which is 600 mm, in most parts of the territory exceeds evaporation by 100 - 200 mm. Much of the sun's heat is lost to evaporation. Average air temperatures vary from north to south from 14 to 18°. from 56° N. w. cyclonic activity weakens and annual precipitation decreases to 350 - 400 mm. Possible evaporation exceeds precipitation, and the climate becomes arid. Steppe landscapes dominate.