Environmental problems of water bodies in Russia. Environmental problems of water resources

– river flow. Its defining value is its constant renewal. Water reserves in lakes and, in addition, are of great importance. Our country has significant reserves. At the same time, per unit area, the provision of the territory of Russia with a runoff layer is almost 2 times lower than the world average. However, the water problem in our country is caused not so much by the general shortage of water resources, but natural features objects, as well as the characteristics of human activity.

Uneven distribution of water resources

Most of Russia's water resources (9/10) are concentrated in the and basins, where less than 1/5 of the country's population lives. At the same time, most of the country’s economic potential is concentrated in the Black basins, and, to a lesser extent, the. These territories account for less than 10% and here the shortage of water resources is most clearly manifested.

Seasonal fluctuations in river flow

In Russia, constant monitoring of the quality of surface and groundwater is carried out. There are about 4.5 thousand special tracking points at 1,300 water bodies. Despite this, the water quality in most rivers, lakes and reservoirs does not meet the relevant standards. A significant portion of pollutants enters rivers and lakes with precipitation and melted snow water. They carry particles of dust, salt, petroleum products, mineral fertilizers, and pesticides from fields and city streets. In addition, about 60 cubic meters are discharged into reservoirs annually. km Wastewater without proper cleaning. They also contain a huge amount of harmful substances. The water in all of Russia's largest rivers - the Volga, Don, Ob, and Yenisei - is assessed as "polluted", and in some of their tributaries as "very polluted". At the same time, the degree of river pollution increases from the upper reaches to the lower reaches. For some water consumers ( river transport, electric power industry) the quality of consumed water is not of decisive importance. But in most cases, it is the quality of water that limits its use. Of particular concern is that more than half of the Russian population is forced to drink contaminated water.

The problem is divided into two parts - violation of hydrogeological and hydrological regime, and quality of water resources.

The development of mineral deposits is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the level of groundwater, the excavation and movement of waste and ore-bearing rocks, the formation of open pits, pits, mine shafts of open and closed reservoirs, subsidence earth's crust, dams, dams and other artificial landforms. The volume of water depressions, excavations and rock shafts is exceptionally large. For example, on the territory of the KMA, the area of ​​groundwater level decline reaches several tens of thousands of square kilometers.

Due to differences in the intensity of use of water resources and technogenic impact on natural geological conditions in the KMA regions, the natural regime of groundwater is significantly disrupted. Due to the decrease in the levels of aquifers in the area of ​​​​the city of Kursk, a depression funnel was formed, which in the west interacts with the depression funnel of the Mikhailovsky mine, so that the radius of the depression funnel exceeds 100 km. On rivers and reservoirs located in the zone of influence of depression funnels, the following occurs:

Ø partial or complete cessation of underground nutrition;

Ø filtration of river water into underlying aquifers when the groundwater level drops below the incision of the hydrographic network;

Ø increase in flow in cases of diversion into surface water bodies after the use of groundwater from deep aquifers not drained by the river.

The total water consumption of the Kursk region is 564.2 thousand m 3 /day, the city of Kursk - 399.3 thousand m 3 /day.

Significant damage to the population's water supply with high-quality water is caused by pollution of open reservoirs and underground aquifers with runoff and industrial waste, which causes a shortage of fresh drinking water. Of the total volume of water used for drinking purposes, 30% comes from decentralized sources. Of the collected water samples, 28% do not meet hygienic requirements, 29.4% do not meet bacteriological indicators. Over 50% of drinking water supply sources do not have sanitary protection zones.

In 1999, harmful substances were discharged into open water bodies of the Kursk region: copper - 0.29 tons, zinc - 0.63 tons, ammonium nitrogen - 0.229 thousand tons, suspended substances - 0.59 thousand tons, petroleum products - 0.01 thousand .T. We monitor 12 outlets of enterprises whose wastewater ends up in surface water bodies.

Almost all controlled water bodies according to the level of contamination they belong to the 2nd category, when the contamination is caused by several ingredients (MPC - 2MPC). Largest specific gravity in the pollution itself big river Kursk - Seimas - contribute copper compounds (87%), petroleum products (51%), nitrate nitrogen (62%), ammonium nitrogen (55%), phosphates (41%), synthetic surfactants (29%).

Level groundwater in the Kursk region it ranges from 0.3 m to 100 m (maximum - 115 m). Chemical and bacteriological contamination of groundwater has currently reduced the operational reserves of groundwater and increased the shortage of household and drinking water supply to the population. Chemical pollution is marked by increased content of petroleum products, sulfates, iron, chromium, manganese, organic pollutants, heavy metal chlorides, nitrates and nitrites. The main sources of wastewater pollution are domestic wastewater and waste (1.5 million m3 per year of household waste and 34 million tons of industrial waste of hazard classes 1–4).

Contemporary water issues

Clean water and conservation issues aquatic ecosystems are becoming more acute as society develops historically, and the impact on nature caused by scientific and technological progress is rapidly increasing.

Already, in many areas of the globe there are great difficulties in ensuring water supply and water use as a result of the qualitative and quantitative depletion of water resources, which is associated with pollution and irrational use of water.

Water pollution mainly occurs due to the discharge of industrial, household and agricultural waste into it.

In some reservoirs, the pollution is so great that they have completely degraded as sources of water supply.

A small amount of pollution cannot cause a significant deterioration in the condition of the reservoir, since it has the ability of biological purification, but the problem is that, as a rule, the amount of pollutants discharged into the water is very large and the reservoir cannot cope with their neutralization.

Water supply and water use are often complicated by biological obstacles: overgrowing of canals reduces their throughput, algae blooms worsen water quality and its sanitary condition, fouling creates interference in navigation and the functioning of hydraulic structures.

Therefore, the development of measures with biological interference acquires great practical importance and becomes one of the most important problems of hydrobiology.

Due to the disruption of the ecological balance in water bodies, a serious threat of significant deterioration of the environmental situation as a whole is created. Therefore, humanity faces the enormous task of protecting the hydrosphere and maintaining biological balance in the biosphere.

The problem of ocean pollution

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean.

By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil entered the ocean annually, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest oil losses are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergency situations such as tankers discharging washing and ballast water overboard—all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents in marine environment about 2 million tons were received.

oil. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil are lost annually. Large masses of oil enter the seas through rivers, domestic wastewater and storm drains.

The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year.

Every year 0.5 million tons of oil enters with industrial waste. Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness.

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. The light transmittance of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm).

A film 30-40 microns thick completely absorbs infrared radiation.

When mixed with water, oil forms two types of emulsion: direct - “oil in water” - and reverse - “water in oil”. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions that can remain on the surface, be transported by currents, washed ashore and settle to the bottom.

Pesticides. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to control plant pests and diseases.

It has been established that pesticides, while destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. IN agriculture There has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control.

Industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the emergence large quantity by-products polluting wastewater.

Heavy metals.

Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial processes, therefore, despite treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high.

Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. For marine biocenoses, the most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium. Mercury is transported to the ocean by continental runoff and through the atmosphere.

During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons of mercury are released annually. Atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons of mercury, a significant part of which is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the year industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) enters the ocean in various ways.

In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspended matter increases greatly. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of coastal populations. Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: rocks, soils, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms.

Finally, lead is actively dissipated into the environment during economic activity person. These are emissions from industrial and domestic wastewater, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, and from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines.

Thermal pollution.

Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater by power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​heated water spots in coastal areas can reach 30 square meters. km. More stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers.

The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature the activity of aerobic bacteria decomposing organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire algal flora is increasing.

Freshwater pollution

The water cycle, this long path of its movement, consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers and evaporation again. Along its entire path, water itself is capable of purifying itself from contaminants that enter it - products of decay organic matter, dissolved gases and minerals, suspended solids.

In places where there are large concentrations of people and animals, natural clean water is usually not enough, especially if it is used to collect sewage and transport it away from settlements.

If not much waste gets into the soil, soil organisms they recycle them, reusing the nutrients, and clean water seeps into neighboring watercourses. But if sewage gets directly into the water, it rots, and oxygen is consumed to oxidize it. A so-called biochemical demand for oxygen is created. The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in the water for living microorganisms, especially fish and algae.

Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all living things die. The water becomes biologically dead; only anaerobic bacteria remain; They thrive without oxygen and, in the process of their life, emit hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. The already lifeless water acquires a putrid odor and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals.

This can also happen when there is an excess of substances such as nitrates and phosphates in the water; they enter water from agricultural fertilizers in fields or from wastewater contaminated with detergents. These nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, the algae begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes insufficient, they die. IN natural conditions The lake existed for about 20 thousand years before it silted up and disappeared.

years. Excess nutrients accelerate the aging process and reduce the lifespan of the lake. IN warm water Oxygen is less soluble than in cold water. Some plants, especially power plants, consume huge amounts of water for cooling. The heated water is released back into the rivers and further disrupts the biological balance of the water system.

Low oxygen content hinders the development of some living species and gives an advantage to others. But these new, heat-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as the water heating stops. Organic waste, nutrients and heat become an obstacle to the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only when they overload these systems.

But in last years Ecological systems have been bombarded with huge amounts of completely alien substances from which they have no protection. Pesticides used in agriculture, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater have managed to enter the food chain aquatic environment, which can have unpredictable consequences. Species at the beginning of the food chain can accumulate these substances in dangerous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to other harmful effects.

Polluted water can be purified. Under favorable conditions, this occurs naturally through the natural water cycle. But polluted basins—rivers, lakes, etc.—take much longer to recover. In order for natural systems to recover, it is necessary, first of all, to stop further arrival waste into rivers. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater.

Despite everything, some urban households and industrial enterprises still prefer to dump waste into neighboring rivers and are very reluctant to give up this only when the water becomes completely unusable or even dangerous.

Impact of waste from wood processing enterprises on the environment

4. Environmental problems associated with emissions from wood processing enterprises

Water resource

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Exposure to low doses of radiation

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Problems associated with regulating radiation exposure

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Geoecological problems of exploration and development of mineral deposits

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The main problems associated with geological exploration work

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Hygienic requirements for drinking water quality

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Environmental pollution from waste from fish processing plants

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Protection of land resources from negative natural and anthropogenic processes

2.

Land resources and problems associated with them

Drinking water quality and public health

In Russia, the problem of providing the population with good-quality drinking water remains unresolved, and in a number of regions it has become a crisis.

Of the volume of water supplied to the population, 68% is occupied by surface water sources...

Drinking water quality and human health

1.2 Problems related to drinking water

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Weakening Hotelling's conditions in the theory of non-renewable natural resources

2.2 Impact of an alternative inexhaustible resource on the exploitation of an exhaustible natural resource

Higher (compared to economic) significance ecological criterion, the desire to preserve the environment imposes strict restrictions on the volumes of mineral resource extraction.

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Concept and causes of environmental crisis

1.3 Problems associated with anthropogenic impact on the biosphere

The global processes of formation and movement of living things in the biosphere are determined by the circulation of huge masses of matter and colossal flows of energy.

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The current state of nature in Belarus: subsoil and mineral resources

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Environmental problems associated with oil and gas production in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

3) Environmental problems associated with oil and gas production in the district.

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Environmental risks associated with the exploitation of oil fields

Environmental risks associated with the exploitation of oil fields

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General state of Russia's ecology

Volley and emergency releases of harmful substances into the Earth's atmosphere are gradually becoming more frequent. And the air basins of cities such as Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Novosibirsk and Arkhangelsk have the highest levels of pollution.

It is noted that acidification has become more frequent atmospheric precipitation and sulfur dioxide emissions. This is due to the fact that emissions do not only relate to Russian enterprises; they are often due to transboundary transfer.

Also, environmental problems are associated with water resources, since due to the rapid development of civilization they are changing rapidly.

Water problems

Problems associated with increased water tension are highlighted.

This is due to the fact that water resources are not evenly distributed throughout Russia, and in those regions where there are enough water resources, they are all involved in national economic activities. This and many other factors lead to water loss.

Another environmental problem is the pollution of surface waters, which is caused by the entry of huge amounts of pollutants with wastewater.

Water bodies in Russia are subject to anthropogenic influence, and this leads to the fact that they cannot meet regulatory requirements.

To solve this environmentally difficult situation it is necessary to increase the number of treatment facilities, since their number does not yet correspond to the volume of contaminated water.

In addition, there is a constant decrease in the water content of large rivers and massive death of small rivers, which significantly affects the ecological state of many cities and contributes to the deterioration of the economic situation.

For a long time, groundwater reserves have been depleted and become polluted, and one of the key and most dangerous problems for human health is the deterioration of the quality of drinking water.

More than half of the population is forced to use water resources that do not meet standards for various water indicators.

As a result of all of the above, the seas are polluted, which impairs the reproduction of fish stocks.

Land resource problems

Environmental problems are also associated with land degradation. Basic forest resources Russia are used irrationally and ill-considered; the amount of waste during use and logging is not controlled.

Forest areas are being depleted from an atmosphere polluted by harmful industrial waste. This leads to degradation of vegetation cover, which is extremely important for the development of many types of agriculture.

The species fund of flora and fauna is also being depleted; many species of animals and plants are under threat of extinction.

At the moment, 16-18% are allocated common territory Russia, which is a zone of environmental crisis.

This leads to a decrease in life expectancy and a general deterioration in the health of Russians.

Solutions to environmental problems and the role of geography

For a balanced solution to environmental problems, first of all, it is necessary to move to sustainable development all spheres of life, including stabilization of the environmental situation.

Geography, as a science, must have a structured approach to solving environmental problems.

Greening must be carried out economic activity For this purpose, structural and institutional transformations must be formed to ensure the formation of a new, more ecological economic model.

It is important that the economic capacity of the country’s ecosystems be assessed and the permissible anthropogenic impact on them determined.

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Recirculating and closed water systems

Intensive development of industry and agricultural production, an increase in the level of improvement of cities and towns, and significant population growth have led to a shortage and sharp deterioration in the quality of water resources in almost all regions of Russia in recent decades.

One of the main ways to meet society's needs for water is the engineering reproduction of water resources, i.e.

their restoration and increase not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively.

The prospects for rational reproduction of technological water consumption are associated with the creation of re-sequential, recycling and closed water supply systems at enterprises.

They are based on amazing property water, allowing it not to change its physical essence after participating in production processes.

Russian industry is characterized high level development of recycling water supply systems, due to which savings in fresh water spent on production needs average 78%.

The best indicators of using circulating systems are in the gas (97%), oil refining (95%) industries, ferrous metallurgy (94%), chemical and petrochemical (91%) industries, and mechanical engineering (85%).

Maximum water consumption in circulating and re-sequential water supply systems is typical for the Ural, Central, Volga and West Siberian economic regions.

In Russia as a whole, the ratio of the volumes of fresh and recycled water use is 35.5 and 64.5%, respectively.

The widespread introduction of advanced water circulation systems (even closed ones) can not only solve the problem of water supply to consumers, but also preserve natural water sources in an environmentally friendly state.

Use of water resources

In recent years, due to economic destabilization, which led to a drop in industrial output, a decrease in agricultural productivity and a reduction in irrigated areas, there has been a decrease in water consumption in Russia (from 1991 to 1995).

fresh water - by 20.6%, sea water - by 13.4%). The structure of fresh water use has also changed: water consumption for industrial needs decreased by 4% (from 53% in 1991 to 49% in 1995), for irrigation and water supply - by 3% (from 19 to 16%), at the same time the share of domestic drinking water supply increased by 4% (from 16 to 20%).

The volume of fresh water use in Russia amounted to 75780.4 million m3/year, sea water - 4975.9 million m3/year.

Municipal water supply

Russia's public utilities supply the water needs of the urban population, municipal, transport and other non-industrial enterprises, as well as water consumption for the improvement of populated areas, watering streets and extinguishing fires.

A distinctive feature of public utilities is the consistency of water consumption and strict requirements for water quality.

The main volume (84-86%) of consumed water is used for household and drinking needs of the population; on average in Russia, specific water consumption per city resident is 367-369 l/day.

About 99% of cities, 82% of urban-type settlements, 19.5% of settlements in rural areas provided with centralized water supply.

The improvement of urban housing stock on average across the country is characterized by the following indicators: provision of central water supply - 83.8%, sewerage - 81.4%, central heating - 84.7%, baths and showers - 76.7%, hot water supply - 70.8% (data for 1996).

Industry enterprises discharge about 13 km 3/year of wastewater into surface water bodies; for various reasons, insufficiently purified water predominates in the structure of discharged water.

In the whole country, about 70% of all supplied water is pre-passed through treatment systems.

Due to the unfavorable state of drinking water supply sources and the imperfection of the water treatment system, the problem of water quality continues to be acute.

Standard treatment facilities, including a two-stage scheme of clarification, decolorization and disinfection, cannot cope with the increasing loads of new pollutants (heavy metals; pesticides, halogen-containing compounds, phenols, formaldehydes). Chlorination of water containing organic substances that accumulate in water sources leads to secondary pollution and the formation of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds.

About 70% of industrial enterprises discharge wastewater into public sewers, which, in particular, contains salts of heavy metals and toxic substances.

The sludge formed during the treatment of such wastewater cannot be used in agriculture, which creates problems with its disposal.

Industrial water supply

Industrial water supply ensuring the functioning technological processes, is a leading area of ​​water use. Industrial water supply systems include hydraulic structures for the collection of technical water and delivery to all enterprises, as well as water treatment systems.

Industrial potential of each economic region Russian Federation represented by almost all major industries.

There are also areas where very specific industries are predominantly concentrated. For example, 46% of light industry production is concentrated in the Central Economic Region, the Ural Economic Region accounts for about 70% of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, and the West Siberian Region accounts for 46% of the fuel industry.

The volume of water consumption depends on the structure of industrial enterprises, the level of technology, and the measures taken to save water.

The most water-intensive industries are thermal power engineering, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, petrochemical and wood processing industries.

The most water-intensive industry, the electric power industry, accounts for about 68% of the total consumption of fresh water and 51% of recycled water.

Since the majority of industrial facilities are concentrated in large cities, combined industrial-municipal water supply systems have gained priority in Russia, which, in turn, leads to unreasonably high costs for industrial water needs drinking quality(up to 30-40% of the daily supply of city water supply systems).

Industrial enterprises are the main source of surface water pollution, annually discharging large amounts of waste water (in 1996.

- 35.5 km’). Particularly diverse in their properties and chemical composition wastewater from the chemical, petrochemical, oil refining, pulp and paper and coal industries.

Despite the sufficient capacity of treatment facilities, only 83-85% of discharged wastewater meets regulatory requirements. In the structure of discharged waters containing pollutants above the standard level, discharge without treatment currently amounts to 23% (28% in 1991); the remaining waters are discharged insufficiently purified.

Agricultural water supply

In rural areas, water supply is carried out mainly through local systems and through individual provision of water users.

Local water supply systems are very dependent on the quality of water in the sources and, if necessary, are equipped with special structures. In areas with high rural population density, group systems are used.

For the needs of the industry, about 28% of the total volume of water withdrawn is taken from natural water sources.

Among agricultural sectors, the main consumer of fresh water and a major polluter of surface water bodies, discharging untreated wastewater through the collector and drainage network, is irrigated agriculture.

A serious danger to surface water bodies is the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields.

Another large consumer of water and a powerful source of pollution of surface and groundwater are livestock complexes for raising cattle, pigs, and poultry. Purification of livestock wastewater is associated with great difficulties, since it must be long time keep in storage ponds.

Water transport

Water transport is perhaps the most ancient water user.

Up to 50 million tons of cargo are transported along Russia's inland waterways (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, canals), with a total length of over 400 thousand km.

When using rivers and other water bodies For navigation, it is necessary to maintain guaranteed depths, flow conditions and other conditions that ensure the uninterrupted operation of water transport during the navigation period.

In a number of cases, the interests of water transport conflict with the interests of other water users and water consumers, such as water supply, irrigation, and hydropower.

For example, hydraulic construction, on the one hand, makes it possible to increase the depth and width of the waterway, eliminate rapids, and on the other hand, it introduces serious complications into the operation of water transport by reducing the duration of the navigation period, sharp daily and weekly fluctuations in flow rates and water levels in the downstream of hydroelectric power stations. .

Water transport, without placing high demands on water quality, is one of the significant sources of pollution of water bodies with oil products and suspended substances.

Timber rafting has a very adverse effect on the ecological state of water bodies, changing the natural state of riverbeds, clogging water bodies with submerged wood, and destroying spawning areas.

Fisheries

Fisheries are directly related to the use of water resources and place very high demands on their regime, quantity and quality.

For successful reproduction and normal development of fish, clean water with a sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen and the absence of harmful impurities, appropriate temperature and food supply. Water quality standards for fisheries are more stringent than for drinking water supplies.

In Russia, about 30% of catches are inland seas and water bodies account for freshwater fish(pike, bream, pike perch, roach, perch, carp, whitefish, stellate sturgeon, beluga, salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon).

In recent years, there has been a decline in catches, which is due to a decrease in the productivity of fisheries as a result of intense anthropogenic impact.

The increase in fish reproduction is carried out through artificial fish breeding in fish hatcheries, spawning and nursery farms, and fish hatcheries.

A very promising direction is the cultivation of fish in cooling ponds of thermal power plants.

Recreation

Water bodies are a favorite place for recreation, sports, and people’s health. Almost all recreational institutions and structures are located either on the banks of water bodies or near them. In recent years, the scale of recreational activities on water bodies has been constantly growing, which is facilitated by an increase in the urban population and improved transport communications.

In the Russian Federation, about 60% of all sanatoriums and over 80% of recreational facilities are located on the banks of reservoirs.

60% of tourist centers and 90% of recreational facilities for the largest suburban holiday in the country.

Water resources (table of contents)
State of the World's Water Resources >>

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Date: 09/01/2011
“Construction Complex Predictor” No. 72
Subject: ***

Current problems of water consumption: who is to blame and what to do?

Scientists warn

Over the past 40 years, the amount of fresh water on the planet has decreased by 60%.

Today, 2 billion people live with limited drinking water, and the industries with the highest water consumption are only increasing their production. This situation was prepared by the President of the International Atomic Energy Agency, honorary ecologist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Technical Sciences, prof. Dr. V. A. Rogalev. In particular, he noted that Russia is the second largest in the world in terms of drinking water reserves (according to Brazil), but uses only about 2%.

At the same time, only about 10% of water is lost annually in industry due to outdated, low-quality pipes. According to the scientist, if we begin to use efficient water consumption technologies, annual costs for these needs can be reduced from 180 to 25 billion.

dollars.

Every year, due to water pollution, the state suffers 70 billion losses, and fines are issued only for 500 million rubles. The main polluters are industrial enterprises (63%), utilities (25%) and agriculture (11%).

In addition, V.A. Rogalev emphasized that more than half of the Russian population uses low-quality drinking water, which naturally affects the health of citizens. For example, in the Northwestern Federal District, the list of water supply networks was only 40% completed, only 1% of groundwater reserves met the requirements of class 1, 21% - a danger to the population, the scientist said.

President of the Council of the Professional Association of Healthcare Workers in St. Petersburg Petersburg, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor A.

A. Radko supported his colleague and confirmed that more than 50% of the population of the Russian Federation consumes water that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements and lives in environmentally unfavorable areas.

More than 20% of samples of municipal and departmental plumbing do not meet hygienic standards for chemical indicators, and 10-15% of samples are microbiological.

Thus, the Leningrad region is one of last places in Russia on the quality of drinking water consumed.

According to scientists, it is necessary to create new technologies that mitigate the negative consequences for water systems and provide safe living conditions for the population, overcome the systemic crisis in the water sector, and check the rules for construction near water.

Like A.A. Rarely, in St. Petersburg, only in Suzdal Lake, more than 100 violations of building codes were identified.

In addition, the professor said that the water safety system created in Soviet time, is now in a depressed situation.

Of the 10 billion rubles allocated for these purposes annually, only 1.5 are developed. This is due to the fragmented nature of the fund management system and the ownership of water structures for different forms of ownership. Rarely. Thus, about 2,000 buildings belong to the state, 7.6 thousand belong to non-state, and 4,000 buildings, as a rule, are considered orphans. According to the speaker, every year there are 60 accidents with damage ranging from 2 to 10 billion.

ruble, the maximum damage could be up to 300 billion rubles. According to the Deputy Head of the Supervisory Board of Rosneft St. Petersburg A.V. Meltser, the unfavorable situation with the quality of drinking water in St. Petersburg and Leningrad is associated with microbiological indicators of the Neva water, which are sometimes worse than other water sources in the Russian Federation.

This is due to the unsatisfactory situation in coastal areas, the presence of direct domestic, domestic, industrial and waste water, and the failure to take into account the sanitary protection of water supplies outside the city.

At the same time, the St. Petersburg region is implementing a targeted program aimed at preventing the consequences of pollution, and one of its main advantages is the introduction of ultraviolet disinfection systems that help citizens protect themselves from virus contamination.

However, the lack of control over the activities of housing services leads to the fact that the consumer does not receive high-quality drinking water due to the deterioration of the water supply network, since the city has about 71%, he adds. So, due to control of the quality of drinking water in 2009 and 9 months of 2010, which were in St. Petersburg, more than 1000, 307 fines were issued and several criminal offenses were committed. There is one more problem, A.V.

Meltzer - weak mineralization of Neva water. After the absence of micro- and macroelements, it causes an increase in cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the composition of water for residents of St. Petersburg.

Violations are not decreasing

Representatives law enforcement discussed violations in the field of water legislation at a round table. Thus, Deputy Prosecutor of the Leningrad Region, Senior Adviser of Justice P.F. Panfilov noted that in addition to a large number companies that threaten environmental protection located in the Leningrad region; conditions are affected by unregulated recreation areas for citizens and the construction of water protection zones.

He also noted that the number of environmental violations is increasing every year.

60 percent of violations in the field of environmental protection are caused by violations of water law, 90 percent of violations are mediated by them, said the prosecutor of the Environmental Prosecutor's Office in St. Petersburg. Petersburg, southern legal adviser Yu.V.

Pikhtyreva. She said that without testing water samples from enterprises, she approved the discharge of wastewater into the Neva (66 companies - 90 issues) and the Nevsky Bay of the Gulf of Finland (18 companies - 60 issues), did not produce the results of the relevant rules. Moreover, the acceptable standards were disastrous.

The Environmental Prosecutor's Office in St. Petersburg, together with the Nature Conservation Committee, has introduced a program to register all wastewater discharges.

As a young justice adviser said, “Today there are many unreported problems and it is not known what is happening in this.” Although the implementation of these measures requires high labor costs and financing, the prosecutor believes that they will definitely be implemented.

The problem of discharging untreated wastewater from factories is further complicated by the fact that fines for such violations are very low and environmental protection measures are expensive.

Today, about 95% of wastewater treatment plants located in city enterprises are ineffective and require repair. “Now the environmental prosecutor’s office will file a lawsuit to restore these structures,” the expert said.

The prosecutor also pointed out that companies that have issued rights to use water bodies must install meters at all water levels and discharges, but a September inspection showed that “rare companies have them installed.”

Those who do not equip their devices with such devices will receive claims from the Yu.V. Prosecutor's Office. Pikhtyreva.

A very sad situation at the facilities of the Leningrad Military District was described by the Deputy Military Prosecutor of the Leningrad Military District, Colonel of Justice S.

S. Skrabets. Thus, of the 45 integrated processing facilities located at the LVO location, only 9 are in satisfactory condition. He also noted that for overhaul 11 processing plants are required, 18 need reconstruction, and 16 more buildings. Today, about 73% of wastewater has been dealt with without compliance. According to the deputy. The military prosecutor will transfer at least 1.5 billion rubles to transfer these items to the appropriate state.

One pollutes one and the other pays for it

Municipal sewer systems are not designed to handle some contaminants.

Industrial companies are expected to treat wastewater of such substances themselves and then send the wastewater to the municipal sewer system. Unfortunately, this does not always happen. About 2,000 Vodokanal subscribers violate the requirements for wastewater treatment and discard them without clarification, said Yu.V., director of contracts with subscribers of the State Unitary Enterprise Vodokanal in St. Petersburg.

V. Artemyev.

At the same time, Vodokanal does not have the right to pursue industrial enterprises that discharge wastewater into sewers, she added.

And since effective mechanisms influence performers who do not exist at hydraulic structures in St. Petersburg or on water canals in other cities, water management companies bear responsibility for the pollution of water bodies.

At the same time, real pollutants usually do not react to the state of the polluted environment. So, there is a situation where someone pollutes and someone else pays for it.

This does not lead to an improvement in the quality of wastewater, nor to a reduction in pollution of water bodies.

St. Petersburg Vodokanal and its colleagues from the National Union of Watercourses believe that the “polluter pays” principle should be legally defined.

As director of legal assistance of the State Unitary Enterprise "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" M.

B. Gass, now a working group of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (participation in it, including experts from VODOKANAL, National Association plumbers, Russian Water Association), draft federal law “On Water Supply and Sewerage”. It proposes a clear definition of the responsibility of water supply and sewerage organizations (WSS) for the discharge of pollutants into water bodies.

In this case, water treatment organizations will be responsible for meeting standards for a clearly defined list of indicators for which municipal wastewater treatment plants are designed. In this case, the discharge of pollutants into water bodies with a centralized sewer system must be recognized negative impact for water bodies - by identifying the subscribers responsible for the excessive quality of wastewater.

To solve the problem of providing the Earth's inhabitants with water resources, it is necessary to radically reconsider the ways and means of using the hydrosphere, use water resources more economically and carefully protect water bodies from pollution, which is most often associated with human economic activity.

Scientists distinguish hydrological-geographical and technical methods solutions to the water problem.

The primary technical task is to reduce the volume of wastewater discharge into reservoirs and introduce closed-loop water supply at enterprises. A number of industrial enterprises and municipal services are faced with the urgent task of using part of the runoff for irrigating crop areas after appropriate treatment. Such technologies are being developed very actively today.

One way to get rid of the shortage of water suitable for drinking and cooking is to introduce a water conservation regime. For this purpose, household and industrial systems for controlling water consumption are being developed, which can significantly reduce its unreasonable consumption. Such control systems help not only to save valuable resources, but also to reduce the financial expenses of the population on this type of public services.

The most technologically advanced states are developing new ways of doing business and production methods that make it possible to get rid of technical water consumption or at least reduce the consumption of water resources. An example is the transition from systems to air, as well as the introduction of a method of smelting metals without blast furnaces and open hearths, invented in Japan.

Hydrological-geographical methods

Hydrological-geographical methods consist of managing the circulation of water resources on the scale of entire regions and purposefully changing the water balance large areas sushi. However, we are not yet talking about an absolute increase in the volume of water resources.

The goal of this approach is the reproduction of water by maintaining sustainable flow, creating groundwater reserves, increasing the share of soil moisture through the use of flood waters and natural glaciers.

Hydrologists are developing methods to regulate the flow of large rivers. Measures are also being planned to accumulate moisture in underground wells, which could eventually turn into large reservoirs. It is quite possible to drain waste and thoroughly purified process water into such tanks.

The advantage of this method is that with it, water, passing through the layers of soil, is additionally purified. In areas where stable snow cover has been observed for a long period, snow retention work is possible, which also makes it possible to resolve the issue of water availability.

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Contemporary water issues

The problems of clean water and the protection of aquatic ecosystems are becoming more acute with the historical development of society, and the impact on nature caused by scientific and technological progress is rapidly increasing. Already, in many areas of the globe there are great difficulties in ensuring water supply and water use due to the qualitative and quantitative depletion of water resources, which is associated with pollution and irrational use of water.

Water pollution mainly occurs due to the discharge of industrial, household and agricultural waste into it. In some reservoirs, the pollution is so great that they have completely degraded as sources of water supply. A small amount of pollution cannot cause a significant deterioration in the condition of the reservoir, since it has the ability of biological purification, but the problem is that, as a rule, the amount of pollutants discharged into the water is very large and the reservoir cannot cope with their neutralization.

Water supply and water use are often complicated by biological obstacles: overgrowing of canals reduces their throughput, algae blooms worsen water quality and its sanitary condition, fouling creates interference in navigation and the functioning of hydraulic structures. Therefore, the development of measures with biological interference acquires great practical importance and becomes one of the most important problems of hydrobiology. Due to the disruption of the ecological balance in water bodies, a serious threat of significant deterioration of the environmental situation as a whole is created. Therefore, humanity faces the enormous task of protecting the hydrosphere and maintaining biological balance in the biosphere.

The problem of pollution of the World Ocean.

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil entered the ocean annually, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest oil losses are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergency situations involving tankers draining washing and ballast water overboard - all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil are lost annually. Large masses of oil enter the seas through rivers, domestic wastewater and storm drains. The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year 0.5 million tons of oil enters with industrial waste. Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness.

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. The light transmittance of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm). A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms two types of emulsion: direct - “oil in water” - and reverse - “water in oil”. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions that can remain on the surface, be transported by currents, washed ashore and settle to the bottom.

Pesticides. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to control plant pests and diseases. It has been established that pesticides, while destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the emergence of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater.

Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial processes, therefore, despite treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. For marine biocenoses, the most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium. Mercury is transported to the ocean by continental runoff and through the atmosphere. During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons of mercury are released annually. Atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons of mercury, a significant part of which is of anthropogenic origin.

About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspended matter increases greatly. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of coastal populations. Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: rocks, soils, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms. Finally, lead is actively dissipated into the environment during human economic activity. These are emissions from industrial and domestic wastewater, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, and from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines.

Thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater by power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of ​​heated water spots in coastal areas can reach 30 square meters. km. More stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature the activity of aerobic bacteria decomposing organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire algal flora is increasing.

Pollution of freshwater bodies.

The water cycle, this long path of its movement, consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rainfall, runoff into streams and rivers and evaporation again. Along its entire path, water itself is capable of purifying itself from contaminants that enter it - products of decay of organic substances, dissolved gases and minerals, suspended solids. In places where there are large concentrations of people and animals, natural clean water is usually not enough, especially if it is used to collect sewage and transport it away from populated areas. If not much sewage enters the soil, soil organisms process it, reusing nutrients, and clean water seeps into neighboring watercourses. But if sewage gets directly into the water, it rots, and oxygen is consumed to oxidize it. A so-called biochemical demand for oxygen is created. The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in the water for living microorganisms, especially fish and algae. Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all living things die.

The water becomes biologically dead; only anaerobic bacteria remain; They thrive without oxygen and, in the process of their life, emit hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. The already lifeless water acquires a putrid odor and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This can also happen when there is an excess of substances such as nitrates and phosphates in the water; they enter water from agricultural fertilizers in fields or from wastewater contaminated with detergents. These nutrients stimulate the growth of algae, the algae begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes insufficient, they die. Under natural conditions, the lake exists for about 20 thousand years before it silts up and disappears. Excess nutrients accelerate the aging process and reduce the lifespan of the lake. Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water. Some plants, especially power plants, consume huge amounts of water for cooling. The heated water is released back into the rivers and further disrupts the biological balance of the water system. Low oxygen content hinders the development of some living species and gives an advantage to others. But these new, heat-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as the water heating stops.

Organic waste, nutrients and heat become an obstacle to the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only when they overload these systems. But in recent years, ecological systems have been bombarded with huge amounts of completely alien substances, from which they have no protection. Pesticides used in agriculture, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater have managed to enter the aquatic food chain, which can have unpredictable consequences. Species at the beginning of the food chain can accumulate these substances in dangerous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to other harmful effects.

Polluted water can be purified. Under favorable conditions, this occurs naturally through the natural water cycle. But polluted basins - rivers, lakes, etc. - require much more time to recover. In order for natural systems to recover, it is necessary, first of all, to stop the further flow of waste into rivers. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater. Despite everything, some urban households and industrial enterprises still prefer to dump waste into neighboring rivers and are very reluctant to give up this only when the water becomes completely unusable or even dangerous.

In its endless circulation, water either captures and transports many dissolved or suspended substances, or is cleared of them. Many of the impurities in water are natural and get there through rain or groundwater. Some of the pollutants associated with human activities follow the same path. Smoke, ash and industrial gases settle to the ground along with rain; chemical compounds and sewage introduced into the soil with fertilizers ends up in rivers with groundwater. Some waste follows artificially created paths - drainage ditches and sewer pipes. These substances are usually more toxic, but their release is easier to control than those carried through the natural water cycle.

Global water consumption for economic and domestic needs is approximately 9% of total river flow. Therefore, it is not direct water consumption of hydro resources that causes shortages. fresh water in certain regions of the globe, and their qualitative depletion. Over the past decades, an increasingly significant part of the freshwater cycle has come to consist of industrial and municipal wastewater. About 600-700 cubic meters are consumed for industrial and domestic needs. km of water per year. Of this volume, 130-150 cubic meters are irrevocably consumed. km, and about 500 cubic meters. km of waste, so-called wastewater, is discharged into rivers and seas.

Water purification methods.

An important place in protecting hydro resources from qualitative depletion belongs to treatment facilities. Treatment plants are different types depending on the main method of waste disposal. With the mechanical method, insoluble impurities are removed from wastewater through a system of settling tanks and various types of traps. In the past, this method has found the most wide application for industrial wastewater treatment. The essence of the chemical method is that reagents are introduced into wastewater at wastewater treatment plants. They react with dissolved and undissolved pollutants and contribute to their precipitation in settling tanks, from where they are removed mechanically. But this method is unsuitable for treating wastewater containing a large number of different pollutants. To purify industrial wastewater of complex composition, the electrolytic (physical) method is used. In this method, an electric current is passed through industrial wastewater, which causes most of the pollutants to precipitate out. The electrolytic method is very effective and requires relatively low costs for the construction of treatment plants. In our country, in the city of Minsk, a whole group of factories using this method have achieved a very high degree of wastewater treatment.

When treating domestic wastewater, the best results are obtained by the biological method. In this case, aerobic biological processes carried out with the help of microorganisms are used to mineralize organic contaminants. Biological method used both in conditions close to natural and in special biorefinery facilities. In the first case, household wastewater is supplied to irrigation fields. Here, wastewater is filtered through soil and undergoes bacterial purification.

Huge quantities accumulate in irrigation fields organic fertilizers, which allows them to grow high yields. Complex system biological treatment The Dutch developed and use polluted Rhine waters for water supply purposes in a number of cities in the country. Pumping stations with partial filters have been built on the Rhine. From the river, water is pumped into shallow ditches onto the surface of the river terraces. It filters through the thickness of alluvial sediments, replenishing groundwater. Groundwater is supplied through wells for additional purification and then enters the water supply system. Treatment facilities solve the problem of preserving the quality of fresh water only up to a certain stage of development of the economy of specific geographical regions. Then there comes a point when local water resources are no longer sufficient to dilute the increased amount of treated wastewater. Then the progressive pollution of hydro resources begins, and their qualitative depletion occurs. In addition, at all treatment plants, as wastewater grows, the problem of disposing of significant volumes of filtered pollutants arises.

Thus, the purification of industrial and municipal wastewater provides only a temporary solution to local problems of protecting water from pollution. The fundamental way to protect against pollution and destruction of natural aquatic and associated natural territorial complexes is to reduce or even completely stop the discharge of waste water, including treated wastewater, into water bodies. Improvement of technological processes is gradually solving these problems. For all more enterprises use a closed water supply cycle. In this case, the waste water undergoes only partial purification, after which it can again be used in a number of industries.

The full implementation of all measures aimed at stopping the discharge of sewage into rivers, lakes and reservoirs is possible only in the conditions of existing territorial production complexes. Within production complexes, complex technological connections between different enterprises can be used to organize a closed water supply cycle. In the future, treatment plants will not discharge waste water into reservoirs, but will become one of the technological links in the closed water supply chain.

The progress of technology, careful consideration of local hydrological, physical and economic-geographical conditions when planning and forming territorial production complexes makes it possible in the future to ensure the quantitative and qualitative preservation of all parts of the fresh water cycle and to turn fresh water resources into inexhaustible ones. Increasingly, other parts of the hydrosphere are being used to replenish freshwater resources. Thus, a fairly effective technology for desalination of sea water has been developed. Technically, the problem of seawater desalination has been solved. However, this requires a lot of energy, and therefore desalinated water is still very expensive. It is much cheaper to desalinate brackish The groundwater. With the help of solar plants, these waters are desalinated in the southern United States, in Kalmykia, Krasnodar Territory, and Volgograd Region. At international conferences on water resources, the possibilities of transferring fresh water preserved in the form of icebergs are discussed.

The American geographer and engineer John Isaacs was the first to propose using icebergs to supply water to arid regions of the globe. According to his project, icebergs should be transported from the shores of Antarctica by ships into the cold Peruvian Current and then along the current system to the shores of California. Here they are attached to the shore, and the fresh water generated by melting will be piped to the mainland. Moreover, due to condensation on the cold surface of icebergs, the amount of fresh water will be 25% greater than what is contained in them themselves.

Currently, the problem of pollution of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater, etc.) is the most pressing, because Everyone knows the expression “water is life.” A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to harshly exploit water bodies, irreversibly changing their natural regime with discharges and waste. The tissues of living organisms consist of 70% water, and therefore V.I. Vernadsky defined life as living water. There is a lot of water on Earth, but 97% is salty water oceans and seas, and only 3% is fresh. Of this, three quarters are almost inaccessible to living organisms, since this water is “conserved” in mountain glaciers and polar caps (glaciers of the Arctic and Antarctic). This is a fresh water reserve. Of the water available to living organisms, the bulk is contained in their tissues.

The need for water among organisms is very high. For example, to form 1 kg of tree biomass, up to 500 kg of water is consumed. And therefore it must be spent and not polluted. The bulk of water is concentrated in the oceans. The water evaporating from its surface provides life-giving moisture to natural and artificial land ecosystems. The closer an area is to the ocean, the more precipitation there is. The land constantly returns water to the ocean, some of the water evaporates, especially by forests, and some is collected by rivers, which receive rain and snow water. The exchange of moisture between the ocean and land requires a very large amount of energy: up to 1/3 of what the Earth receives from the Sun is spent on this.

Before the development of civilization, the water cycle in the biosphere was in equilibrium; the ocean received as much water from rivers as it consumed during its evaporation. If the climate did not change, then the rivers did not become shallow and the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be disrupted; as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from land increased. The rivers of the southern regions became shallow, the pollution of the World Ocean, and the appearance of an oil film on its surface reduced the amount of water evaporated by the ocean. All this worsens the water supply to the biosphere. Droughts are becoming more frequent, and pockets of environmental disasters are emerging. In addition, the fresh water itself, which returns to the ocean and other bodies of water from land, is often polluted; the water of many Russian rivers has become practically unsuitable for drinking.

A previously inexhaustible resource - fresh, clean water - is becoming exhaustible. Today, water suitable for drinking, industrial production and irrigation is in short supply in many areas of the world. Today we cannot ignore this problem, because... If not us, then our children will be affected by all the consequences of anthropogenic water pollution. Already, 20 thousand people die annually due to dioxin pollution of water bodies in Russia. As a result of living in a dangerously poisoned environment, cancer and other environmentally related diseases of various organs spread. Therefore, this problem must be solved as soon as possible and the problem of cleaning industrial discharges must be radically reconsidered.

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