MPC of arsenic in water. Drinking water quality

PECV is the maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir for domestic, drinking and cultural water use, mg/l. This concentration should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout life, as well as on the health of subsequent generations, and should not worsen the hygienic conditions of water use. PEEP.r. - Maximum permissible concentration of a substance in the water of a reservoir used for fishing purposes, mg/l.
Quality control aquatic ecosystems based on regulatory and policy documents using direct hydrogeochemical assessments. In table Table 2.4 provides, as an example, criteria for assessing chemical pollution of surface waters.
For water, maximum permissible concentrations are set at more than 960 chemical compounds, which are combined into three groups according to the following limiting hazard indicators (LHI): sanitary-toxicological (s.-t.); general sanitary (general); organoleptic (org.).
Maximum concentration limits for some harmful substances in aquatic environment are presented in table. 2.1.4.
The highest demands are placed on drinking water. State standard for water used for drinking and Food Industry(SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01), determines the organoleptic indicators of water that are favorable for humans: taste, smell, color, transparency, as well as the harmlessness of its chemical composition and epidemiological safety.
Table 2.1.4
MPC of harmful substances in water bodies household, drinking and
cultural and domestic water use, mg/l
(GN 2.1.5.689-98)

Substances	LPV	maximum permissible concentration
1	2	3
/>Boron	S.-t.	0,5
Bromine	S.-t.	0,2
Bismuth	S.-t.	0,1
Hexachlorobenzene	S.-t.	0,05
Dimethylamine	S.-t.	0,1
Difluorodichloromethane (freon)	S.-t.	10
Diethyl ether	Org.	0,3
Iron	Org.	0,3
Isoprene	Org.	0,005
Cadmium	S.-t.	0,001
Karbofos	Org.	0,05
Kerosene:
Oxidized	Org.	0,01
Lighting (GOST 4753-68)	Org.	0,05
Technical	Org.	0,001
Acid:
Benzoinaya	General	0,6
Diphenylacetic	General	0,5
Oily	General	0,7
Ant	General	3,5
Vinegar	General	1,2
Synthetic fatty acids	General	0,1
S5-S20
Manganese	Org.	0,1
Copper	Org.	1
Methanol	St.	3
Molybdenum	St.	0,25
Urea	General	1
Naphthalene	Org.	0,01
Oil:
Polysulphurous	Org.	0,1
Durable	Org.	0,3
Nitrates by:
NO3-	St.	45
NO2-	St.	3,3
Polyethyleneamine	St.	0,1
Thiocyanates	St.	0,1
Mercury	St.	0,0005
Lead	St.	0,03
Carbon disulfide	Org.	1
Turpentine	Org.	0,2
Sulfides	General	Absence
Tetraethyl lead	St.	Absence
Tributyl phosphate	General	0,01

Drinking water at any time of the year should not contain less than 4 g/m of oxygen, and the presence of mineral impurities in it (mg/l) should not exceed: sulfates (SO4 -) - 500; chlorides (Cl -) - 350; iron (Fe2+ + Fe3+) - 0.3; manganese (Mn2+) - 0.1; copper (Cu2+) - 1.0; zinc (Zn2+) - 5.0; aluminum (Al) - 0.5; metaphosphates (PO3 ") - 3.5; phosphates (PO4
3") - 3.5; dry residue - 1000. Thus, water is suitable for drinking if its total mineralization does not exceed 1000 mg/l. Very low mineralization of water (below 1000 mg/l) also worsens its taste, and water , generally devoid of salts (distilled), is harmful to health, since its use disrupts digestion and the activity of the glands internal secretion. Sometimes, in agreement with the sanitary and epidemiological service authorities, a dry residue content of up to 1500 mg/l is allowed.
Indicators characterizing pollution of water bodies and drinking water substances classified as hazard classes 3 and 4, as well as physicochemical characteristics and organoleptic characteristics of water are considered additional. They are used to confirm the intensity of anthropogenic pollution of water sources, established according to priority indicators.
The application of various criteria for assessing water quality should be based on the superiority of the requirements of the water use whose criteria are more stringent. For example, if a water body simultaneously serves for drinking and fishery purposes, then more stringent requirements (environmental and fishery) may be imposed on the assessment of water quality.
PCP-10 (chemical pollution indicator). This indicator is especially important for areas where chemical pollution is observed for several substances at once, each of which exceeds the maximum permissible concentration many times. It is calculated only when emergency zones are identified ecological situation and environmental disaster zones.
The calculation is carried out for ten compounds that maximally exceed the maximum permissible concentration, according to the formula:
PKhZ-10 = S1/PDK1 + S2/PDK2 + S3/PDK3 + ...S10/PDK10,
where Cu C2, C3 ... Cu is concentration chemical substances in water: MPC - fishery.
When determining PCP-10 for chemicals for which there is no relatively satisfactory level of water pollution, the C/MPC ratio is conventionally assumed to be equal to 1.
To establish PCP-10, it is recommended to analyze water according to the maximum possible number of indicators.
Additional indicators include generally accepted physicochemical and biological characteristics giving general idea about the composition and quality of water. These indicators are used to further characterize the processes occurring in water bodies. Besides, in additional characteristics include indicators that take into account the ability of pollutants to accumulate in bottom sediments and aquatic organisms.
The bottom accumulation coefficient KDA is calculated using the formula:
KDA = Sd.o./St,
where Sd. O. and St - concentration of pollutants in bottom sediments and water, respectively.
Accumulation coefficient in hydrobionts:
Кн = Сг/Св,
where Cg is the concentration of pollutants in hydrobionts.
Critical concentrations of chemical substances (CC) are determined according to the method for determining critical concentrations of pollutants developed by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology in 1983.
The average CC values ​​of some pollutants are, mg/l: copper - 0.001 ...0.003; cadmium - 0.008... 0.020; zinc - 0.05...0.10; PCB - 0.005; benz(a)pyrene - 0.005.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, fairly reliable indicators are the characteristics of the state and development of all environmental groups aquatic community.
When identifying the zones under consideration, indicators for bacterio-, phyto-, and zooplankton, as well as ichthyofauna, are used. In addition, to determine the degree of toxicity of water, an integral indicator is used - biotesting (on lower crustaceans). At the same time, the corresponding toxicity water mass should be observed in all main phases of the hydrological cycle.
The main indicators for phyto- and zooplankton, as well as zoobenthos, were adopted on the basis of data from regional hydrobiological control services, characterizing the degree of environmental degradation of freshwater ecosystems.
The parameters of indicators proposed for identifying zones in a given territory should be formed on materials of sufficiently long observations (at least three years).
It should be borne in mind that the indicator values ​​of species may differ in different climatic zones.
When assessing the state of aquatic ecosystems, indicators on ichthyofauna are important, especially for unique, specially protected water bodies and reservoirs of the first and highest fishery categories.
BOD - biological oxygen demand - the amount of oxygen used in biochemical oxidation processes organic matter(excluding nitrification processes) for a certain sample incubation time (2, 5, 20, 120 days), mg O2 / l of water (BODp - for 20 days, BOD5 - for 5 days).
The oxidative process under these conditions is carried out by microorganisms that use organic components as food. The BOD method is as follows. After two hours of settling, the wastewater under study is diluted clean water, taken in such a quantity that the oxygen contained in it is sufficient to completely oxidize all organic substances in the wastewater. Having determined the content of dissolved oxygen in the resulting mixture, it is left in a closed flask for 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 days, determining the oxygen content after each of the listed periods of time (incubation period). A decrease in the amount of oxygen in water shows how much of it is spent during this time on the oxidation of organic substances in wastewater. This amount, referred to 1 liter of wastewater, is an indicator of biochemical oxygen consumption waste water for a given period of time (BPK2, BPKz, BPK5, BPKyu, BPK15).
It should be noted that biochemical oxygen consumption does not include its consumption for nitrification. Therefore, complete BOD should be carried out before nitrification begins, which usually begins after 15-20 days. BOD of wastewater is calculated using the formula:
BOD = [(a1 ~ b1) ~ (a2 ~ b2)] X 1000
V'
where ai is the oxygen concentration in the sample prepared for determination at the beginning of incubation (on “day zero”), mg/l; a2 is the oxygen concentration in the diluting water at the beginning of incubation, mg/l; b1 - oxygen concentration in the sample at the end of incubation, mg/l; b2 - oxygen concentration in dilution water at the end of incubation, mg/l; V is the volume of wastewater contained in 1 liter of sample after all dilutions made, ml.
COD is the chemical demand for oxygen, determined by the bichromate method, i.e. the amount of oxygen equivalent to the amount of consumed oxidizing agent necessary for the oxidation of all reducing agents contained in water, mg O2/l of water.
Chemical oxygen consumption, expressed as the number of milligrams of oxygen per 1 liter of wastewater, is calculated using the formula:
HPc - 8(a - b)x N1000
V'
where a is the volume of Mohr's salt solution consumed for titration in a blank experiment, ml; b is the volume of the same solution used to titrate the sample, ml; N is the normality of the titrated solution of Mohr's salt; V is the volume of analyzed wastewater, ml; 8 - oxygen equivalent.
The BODp/COD ratio is used to judge the effectiveness of biochemical oxidation of substances.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (MAC) OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES- this is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance, which over a certain period of exposure does not affect human health and his offspring, as well as components of the ecosystem and natural community generally.

Many impurities enter the atmosphere from various industrial production and vehicles. To control their content in the air, well-defined standardized environmental standards are needed, which is why the concept of maximum permissible concentration was introduced. MPC values ​​for air are measured in mg/m3. MPCs have been developed not only for air, but also for food products, water (drinking water, reservoir water, wastewater), soil.

The maximum concentration for a work area is considered to be such a concentration of a harmful substance that, during daily work throughout the entire working period, cannot cause illness during work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations.

Limit concentrations for atmospheric air are measured in populated areas and refer to a specific time period. For air, there is a maximum single dose and an average daily dose.

Depending on the MPC value, chemicals in the air are classified according to the degree of danger. For extremely hazardous substances(mercury vapor, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine) MPC in the air of the working area should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3. If the maximum permissible concentration is more than 10 mg/m 3, then the substance is considered low-hazard. Such substances include, for example, ammonia.

Table 1. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS some gaseous substances V atmospheric air and air production premises
Substance	MPC in atmospheric air, mg/m 3	Maximum permissible concentration in the air produced. premises, mg/m 3
Nitrogen dioxide	Maximum one-time 0.085 Average daily 0.04	2,0
Sulfur dioxide	Maximum one-time 0.5 Daily average 0.05	10,0
Carbon monoxide	Maximum one-time 5.0 Average daily 3.0	During the working day 20.0 Within 60 minutes* 50.0 Within 30 minutes* 100.0 Within 15 minutes* 200.0
Hydrogen fluoride	Maximum one-time 0.02 Daily average 0.005	0,05
* Repeated work in conditions of high CO content in the air of the working area can be carried out with a break of at least 2 hours

MPCs are established for the average person, however, people weakened by illness and other factors may feel uncomfortable at concentrations of harmful substances that are less than MPCs. This, for example, applies to heavy smokers.

The maximum permissible concentrations of certain substances in a number of countries vary significantly. Thus, the maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric air during 24-hour exposure in Spain is 0.004 mg/m3, and in Hungary – 0.15 mg/m3 (in Russia – 0.008 mg/m3).

In our country, standards for maximum permissible concentrations are developed and approved by the sanitary and epidemiological service authorities and government agencies in the field of security environment. Environmental quality standards are uniform for the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Taking into account natural and climatic features, as well as increased social value individual territories for them, standards for maximum permissible concentrations can be established, reflecting special conditions.

If several harmful substances of unidirectional action are simultaneously present in the atmosphere, the sum of the ratios of their concentrations to the maximum permissible concentration should not exceed one, but this is not always the case. According to some estimates, 67% of the Russian population live in regions where the content of harmful substances in the air is higher than the established maximum permissible concentration. In 2000, the content of harmful substances in the atmosphere in 40 cities with a total population of about 23 million people from time to time exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than ten times.

When assessing the hazard of pollution, studies conducted in biosphere reserves. But in major cities natural environment far from ideal. Thus, based on the content of harmful substances, the Moscow River within the city is considered a “dirty river” and a “very dirty river.” At the exit of the Moskva River from Moscow, the content of petroleum products is 20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentrations, iron – 5 times, phosphates – 6 times, copper – 40 times, ammonia nitrogen – 10 times. The content of silver, zinc, bismuth, vanadium, nickel, boron, mercury and arsenic in the bottom sediments of the Moscow River exceeds the norm by 10–100 times. Heavy metals and others toxic substances from water they enter the soil (for example, during floods), plants, fish, agricultural products, drinking water, both in Moscow and downstream in the Moscow region.

Chemical methods for assessing environmental quality are very important, but they do not provide direct information about the biological hazard of pollutants - this is the task of biological methods. Maximum permissible concentrations are certain standards for the gentle impact of pollutants on human health and the natural environment.

Elena Savinkina

Drinking water quality standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Drinking water. (WHO, EU, USEPA). drinking water, packaged in containers (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02), indicators of vodka (according to PTR 10-12292-99 with amendments 1,2,3), water for the production of beer and non-alcoholic products , network and make-up water for hot water boilers (according to RD 24.031.120-91), feed water for boilers (according to GOST 20995-75), distilled water (according to GOST 6709-96), water for electronic technology(according to OST 11.029.003-80, ASTM D-5127-90), for galvanic production (according to GOST 9.314-90), for hemodialysis (according to GOST 52556-2006), purified water (according to FS 42-2619-97 and EP IV 2002), water for injection (according to FS 42-2620-97 and EP IV 2002), water for irrigation of greenhouse crops.

This section provides the main indicators of water quality standards for various industries.
Quite reliable data from an excellent and respected company in the field of water purification and water treatment "Altir" from Vladimir

1. Drinking water quality standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Drinking water. (WHO, EU, USEPA).

Indicators	SanPiN2.1.4.1074-01				WHO	USEPA	EU
	Unit measurements	MPC standards, no more	Harmfulness indicator	Hazard Class
pH value	units pH	within 6-9	-	-	-	6,5-8,5	6,5-8,5
Total mineralization (dry residue)	mg/l	1000 (1500)	-	-	1000	500	1500
General hardness	mEq/l	7,0 (10)	-	-	-	-	1,2
Oxidability permanganate	mg O2/l	5,0	-	-	-	-	5,0
Petroleum products, total	mg/l	0,1	-	-	-	-	-
Surfactants (surfactants), anionic	mg/l	0,5	-	-	-	-	-
Phenolic index	mg/l	0,25	-	-	-	-	-
Alkalinity	mg HCO3-/l	0,25	-	-	-	-	30
Inorganic substances
Aluminum (Al 3+)	mg/l	0,5	social-t.	2	0,2	0,2	0,2
Ammonia nitrogen	mg/l	2,0	social-t.	3	1,5	-	0,5
Asbestos	mill.hair/l	-	-	-	-	7,0	-
Barium (Ba 2+)	mg/l	0,1	social-t.	2	0,7	2,0	0,1
Beryllium(Be 2+)	mg/l	0,0002	social-t.	1	-	0,004	-
Boron (B, total)	mg/l	0,5	social-t.	2	0,3	-	1,0
Vanadium (V)	mg/l	0,1	social-t.	3	0,1	-	-
Bismuth (Bi)	mg/l	0,1	social-t.	2	0,1	-	-
Iron (Fe,total)	mg/l	0,3 (1,0)	org.	3	0,3	0,3	0,2
Cadmium (Cd,total)	mg/l	0,001	social-t.	2	0,003	0,005	0,005
Potassium (K+)	mg/l	-	-	-	-	-	12,0
Calcium (Ca 2+)	mg/l	-	-	-	-	-	100,0
Cobalt (Co)	mg/l	0,1	social-t.	2	-	-	-
Silicon (Si)	mg/l	10,0	social-t.	2	-	-	-
Magnesium (Mg 2+)	mg/l	-	social-t.	-	-	-	50,0
Manganese (Mn,total)	mg/l	0,1 (0,5)	org.	3	0,5 (0,1)	0,05	0,05
Copper (Cu, total)	mg/l	1,0	org.	3	2,0 (1,0)	1,0-1,3	2,0
Molybdenum (Mo,total)	mg/l	0,25	social-t.	2	0,07	-	-
Arsenic (As,total)	mg/l	0,05	social-t.	2	0,01	0,05	0,01
Nickel (Ni,total)	mg/l	0,01	social-t.	3	-	-	-
Nitrates (by NO 3-)	mg/l	45	social-t.	3	50,0	44,0	50,0
Nitrites (by NO 2-)	mg/l	3,0	-	2	3,0	3,5	0,5
Mercury (Hg, total)	mg/l	0,0005	social-t.	1	0,001	0,002	0,001
Lead (Pb,total)	mg/l	0,03	social-t.	2	0,01	0,015	0,01
Selenium (Se, total)	mg/l	0,01	social-t.	2	0,01	0,05	0,01
Silver (Ag+)	mg/l	0,05	-	2	-	0,1	0,01
Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)	mg/l	0,03	org.	4	0,05	-	-
Strontium (Sr 2+)	mg/l	7,0	org.	2	-	-	-
Sulfates (SO 4 2-)	mg/l	500	org.	4	250,0	250,0	250,0
Fluorides (F) for climatic regions I and II	mg/l	1,51,2	social-t	22	1,5	2,0-4,0	1,5
Chlorides (Cl-)	mg/l	350	org.	4	250,0	250,0	250,0
Chromium (Cr 3+)	mg/l	0,5	social-t.	3	-	0.1 (total)	-
Chromium (Cr 6+)	mg/l	0,05	social-t.	3	0,05		0,05
Cyanide (CN-)	mg/l	0,035	social-t.	2	0,07	0,2	0,05
Zinc (Zn 2+)	mg/l	5,0	org.	3	3,0	5,0	5,0

social-t. - sanitary-toxicological
org. - organoleptic
The value indicated in brackets in all tables can be established as directed by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor.

Indicators	Units	Standards
Thermotolerant coliform bacteria	Number of bacteria per 100 ml	Absence
Common coliform bacteria	Number of bacteria per 100 ml	Absence
Total microbial count	Number of colony-forming bacteria in 1 ml	No more than 50
Coliphages	Number of plaque-forming units (PFU) per 100 ml	Absence
Spores of sulforeducing clostridia	Number of spores per 20 ml	Absence
Giardia cysts	Number of cysts in 50 ml	Absence

2. Standards for the quality of drinking water packaged in containers (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02).

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02 Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water packaged in containers. Quality control.
Index	Unit change	highest category	First category
Smell at 20 degrees. WITH	point	absence	absence
Smell at 60 degrees. WITH	point	0	1,0
Chroma	degree	5,0	5,0
Turbidity	mg/l	< 0,5	< 1,0
pH	units	6,5 - 8,5	6,5 - 8,5
Dry residue	mg/l	200 - 500	1000
Permanganate oxidability	mgO 2 /l	2,0	3,0
Overall hardness	mEq/l	1,5 - 7,0	7,0
Iron	mg/l	0,3	0,3
Manganese	mg/l	0,05	0,05
Sodium	mg/l	20,0	200
Bicarbonates	mEq/l	30 - 400	400
Sulfates	mg/l	< 150	< 250
Chlorides	mg/l	< 150	< 250
Nitrates	mg/l	< 5	< 20
Nitrites	mg/l	0,005	0,5
Fluorides	mg/l	0,6-1,2	1,5
Petroleum products	mg/l	0,01	0,05
Ammonia	mg/l	0,05	0,1
Hydrogen sulfide	mg/l	0,003	0,003
Silicon	mg/l	10,0	10,0
Bor	mg/l	0,3	0,5
Lead	mg/l	0,005	0,01
Cadmium	mg/l	0,001	0,001
Nickel	mg/l	0,02	0,02
Mercury	mg/l	0,0002	0,0005
Data sanitary rules do not apply to mineral water(therapeutic, medical - dining rooms, canteens).

3. Optimal value of physico-chemical and microelement indicators of vodka (according to PTR 10-12292-99 with changes 1,2,3)

3.1. Optimal values ​​of physicochemical and microelement indicators of vodka

Standardized indicators	For process water with hardness, mol/m 3 (maximum permissible value)
	0-0,02	0,21-0,40	0,41-0,60	0,61-0,80	0,81-1,00
Alkalinity, volume of hydrochloric acid concentration with (HCl) = 0.1 mol/dm 3 used for titration of 100 cm 3 of water, cm 3 Hydrogen value (pH)	2,5	1,5	1,0	0,4	0,3
Mass concentration, mg/dm 3 - calcium - magnesium - iron - sulfates - chlorides - silicon - hydrocarbonates - sodium+potassium - manganese - aluminum - copper - phosphates - nitrates	1,6 0,5 0,15 18,0 18,0 3,0 75 60 0,06 0,10 0,10 0,10 2,5	4,0 1,0 0,12 15,0 15,0 2,5 60 50 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5	5,0 1,5 0,10 12,0 12,0 2,0 40 50 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5	4,0 1,2 0,04 15,0 9,0 1,2 25 25 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5	5,0 1,5 0,02 6,0 6,0 0,6 15 12 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,10 2,5

3.2. Lower limits for the content of microelements in process water for the preparation of vodka

Standardized indicators	Minimum permissible value
Hardness, mol/m 3	0,01
Alkalinity, volume of hydrochloric acid concentration with (HCl) = 0.1 mol/dm 3 used for titration of 100 cm 3 of water, cm 3	0
Oxidability, O 2 /dm 3	0,2
Hydrogen value (pH)	5,5
Mass concentration, mg/dm 3
- calcium	0,12
- magnesium	0,04
- iron	0,01
- sulfates	2,0
- chlorides	2,0
- silicon	0,2
- hydrocarbonates	0

4. Drinking water quality standards for the production of beer and non-alcoholic products.

Name	Requirements according to TI 10-5031536-73-10 for water for production:
	beer	soft drinks
pH	6-6,5	3-6
Cl-, mg/l	100-150	100-150
SO 4 2-, mg/l	100-150	100-150
Mg 2+ , mg/l	footprints
Ca 2+ , mg/l	40-80
K++Na+, mg/l
Alkalinity, mEq/l	0,5-1,5	1,0
Dry residue, mg/l	500	500
Nitrites, mg/l	0	footprints
Nitrates, mg/l	10	10
Phosphates, mg/l
Aluminum, mg/l	0,5	0,1
Copper, mg/l	0,5	1,0
Silicates, mg/l	2,0	2,0
Iron, mg/l	0,1	0,2
Manganese, mg/l	0,1	0,1
Oxidability, mg O 2 /l	2,0
Hardness, mEq/l	< 4	0,7
Turbidity, mg/l	1,0	1,0
Color, deg.	10	10

5. Quality standards for network and make-up water for hot water boilers (according to RD 24.031.120-91).

	Heating system
Index	open			closed
	Network water temperature, ° C
	115	150	200	115	150	200
Font transparency, cm, no less	40	40	40	30	30	30
Carbonate hardness, mcg-equiv/kg:
at pH no more than 8.5	800/700	750/600	375/300	800/700	750/600	375/300
at pH more than 8.5	Not allowed
Dissolved oxygen content, µg/kg	50	30	20	50	30	20
Content of iron compounds (in terms of Fe), µg/kg	300	300/250	250/200	600/500	500/400	375/300
pH value at 25°C	From 7.0 to 8.5			From 7.0 to 11.0
Free carbon dioxide, mg/kg	Must be absent or within the range that ensures the maintenance of a pH of at least 7.0
Content of petroleum products, mg/kg	1,0

Notes:

1. The numerator shows the values ​​for solid fuel boilers, the denominator for liquid and gaseous boilers.
2. For heating networks in which hot water boilers work in parallel with boilers with brass tubes, the upper pH limit of the network water should not exceed 9.5.
3. The content of dissolved oxygen is indicated for network water; for make-up water it should not exceed 50 µg/kg.

6. Standards for the quality of feed water for boilers (according to GOST 20995-75).

Indicator name	Norm for boilers absolute pressure, MPa (kgf/cm 2)
	up to 1.4 (14) inclusive	2,4 (24)	3,9 (40)
Total hardness, µmol/dm 3 (µg-eq/dm 3)	15 * /20(15 * /20)	10 * /15(10 * /15)	5 * /10(5 * /10)
Content of iron compounds (in terms of Fe), µg/dm 3)	300 Not standardized	100 * /200	50 * /100
Content of copper compounds (in terms of Cu), µg/dm 3	Not standardized		10 * Not standardized
Dissolved oxygen content, µg/dm 3	30 * /50	20 * /50	20 * /30
pH value (at t = 25 ° C)	8,5-9,5 **
Nitrite content (in terms of NO 2 -), µg/dm 3	Not standardized		20
Content of petroleum products, mg/dm 3	3	3	0,5

* The numerator shows values ​​for boilers operating on liquid fuel with a local heat flow of more than 350 kW/m2, and in the denominator - for boilers operating on other types of fuel with a local heat flow of up to 350 kW/m2 inclusive.
** If there is a pre-liming or soda-liming phase in the additional water preparation system for industrial and heating boiler houses, as well as if the carbonate hardness of the source water is more than 3.5 mEq/dm 3 and if there is one of the water treatment phases (sodium cationization or ammonium - sodium - cationization) it is allowed to increase the upper limit of the pH value to 10.5.
When operating vacuum deaerators, it is allowed to reduce the lower limit of the pH value to 7.0.

7. Quality standards for distilled water (according to GOST 6709-96).

Indicator name	Norm
Mass concentration of the residue after evaporation, mg/dm 3, no more	5
Mass concentration of ammonia and ammonium salts (NH 4), mg/dm 3, no more	0,02
Mass concentration of nitrates (NO 3), mg/dm 3, no more	0,2
Mass concentration of sulfates (SO 4), mg/dm 3, no more	0,5
Mass concentration of chlorides (Cl), mg/dm 3, no more	0,02
Mass concentration of aluminum (Al), mg/dm 3, no more	0,05
Mass concentration of iron (Fe), mg/dm 3, no more	0,05
Mass concentration of calcium (Ca), mg/dm 3, no more	0,8
Mass concentration of copper (Cu), mg/dm 3, no more	0,02
Mass concentration of lead (Pb), %, no more	0,05
Mass concentration of zinc (Zn), mg/dm 3, no more	0,2
Mass concentration of substances reducing KMnO 4 (O), mg/dm 3, no more	0,08
Water pH	5,4 - 6,6
Specific electrical conductivity at 20 ° C, Siemens/m, no more	5*10 -4

8. Water quality standards for electronic equipment (according to OST 11.029.003-80, ASTM D-5127-90).

Water parameters	Brand of water according to OST 11.029.003-80			Water grade according to ASTM D-5127-90 standards
	A	B	IN	E-1	E-2	E-3	E-4
Specific resistance at a temperature of 20 0 C, MOhm/cm	18	10	1	18	17,5	12	0,5
Content of organic substances (oxidizability), mg O 2 /l, no more	1,0	1,0	1,5
Total organic carbon, µg/l, no more				25	50	300	1000
Content of silicic acid (in terms of SiO 3 -2), mg/l, no more	0,01	0,05	0,2	0,005	0,01	0,05	1,0
Iron content, mg/l, no more	0,015	0,02	0,03
Copper content, mg/l, no more	0,005	0,005	0,005	0,001	0,001	0,002	0,5
Content of microparticles with a size of 1-5 microns, pcs/l, no more	20	50	Not a regulation
Content of microorganisms, colonies/ml, no more	2	8	Not a regulation	0,001	0,01	10	100
Chlorides, µg/l, no more				1,0	1,0	1,0	100
Nickel, µg/l, no more				0,1	1,0	2	500
Nitrates, mg/l, no more				1	1	10	1000
Phosphates, mg/l, no more				1	1	5	500
Sulfate, mg/l, no more				1	1	5	500
Potassium, µg/l, no more				2	2	5	500
Sodium, µg/l, no more				0,5	1	5	500
Zinc, µg/l, no more				0,5	1	5	500

9. Water quality standards for electroplating industries (according to GOST 9.314-90)

Table 1

Indicator name	Norm for category
	1	2	3
pH value	6,0 - 9,0	6,5 - 8,5	5,4 - 6,6
Dry residue, mg/dm 3, no more	1000	400	5,0 *
Total hardness, mEq/dm 3, no more	7,0	6,0	0,35 *
Turbidity on a standard scale, mg/dm3, no more	2,0	1,5	-
Sulfates (SO 4 2-), mg/dm 3, no more	500	50	0,5 *
Chlorides (Cl -), mg/dm 3, no more	350	35	0,02 *
Nitrates (NO 3 -), mg/dm 3, no more	45	15	0,2 *
Phosphates (PO 4 3-), mg/dm 3, no more	30	3,5	1,0
Ammonia, mg/dm3, no more	10	5,0	0,02 *
Petroleum products, mg/dm 3, no more	0,5	0,3	-
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/dm 3, no more	150	60	-
Residual chlorine, mg/dm 3, no more	1,7	1,7	-
Surfactants (sum of anionic and nonionic), mg/dm 3, no more	5,0	1,0	-
Heavy metal ions, mg/dm 3, no more	15	5,0	0,4
Iron	0,3	0,1	0,05
Copper	1,0	0,3	0,02
nickel	5,0	1,0	-
zinc	5,0	1,5	0,2 *
chromium trivalent	5,0	0,5	-
15. Specific electrical conductivity at 20 ° C, S/m, no more	2x10 -3	1x10 -3	5x10 -4

* Ingredient standards for category 3 water are determined according to GOST 6709.

Note. In water reuse systems, the content of harmful ingredients in purified water is allowed to be higher than in Table 1 but not higher acceptable values in the washing bath after the washing operation (Table 2).

table 2

Name of electrolyte component or ion	Name of the operation before which washing is carried out	Name of the electrolyte before which the rinsing is carried out	Permissible concentration of the main component in water after the washing operation with d, mg/dm 3
Total alkalinity in terms of sodium hydroxide	-	Alkaline Sour or cyanide	800 100
	Anodic oxidation of aluminum and its alloys	-	50
Dyes (for coloring An. Oks coatings)		-	5
Acid in terms of sulfuric acid	-	Alkaline Sour cyanide	100 50 10
	Filling and impregnation of coatings, drying	-	10
CN - general, Sn 2+, Sn 4+, Zn 2+, Cr 6+, Pb 2+	Interoperational washing, drying	-	10
CNS - , Cd 2+	Interoperational washing, drying	-	15
Cu2+, Cu+	Nickel plating Drying	-	2 10
Ni 2+	Copper plating Chrome plating, drying	-	20 10
Fe 2+	Drying	-	30
Salts of precious metals in terms of metal	Drying	-	1

Notes:

1. For the main component (ion) of this solution or electrolyte, the one for which the flushing criterion is the greatest is adopted.
2. When washing products that have particularly high requirements, the permissible concentrations of the main component can be established experimentally.

The concentrations of the main ingredients in the water leaving the galvanic production are given in Table 3

1.3. Electroplating industry should use water reuse systems to ensure

10. Water quality standards for hemodialysis (according to GOST 52556-2006).

Indicator name	Indicator value
Mass concentration of aluminum, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0100
Mass concentration of antimony, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0060
Mass concentration of arsenic, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0050
Mass concentration of barium, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,1000
Mass concentration of beryllium, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0004
Mass concentration of cadmium, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0010
Mass concentration of calcium, mg/cu. dm, no more	2,0
Mass concentration of chloramine, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,1000
Mass concentration of chromium, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0140
Mass concentration of copper, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,1000
Mass concentration of cyanide, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0200
Mass concentration of fluorides, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,2000
Mass concentration of free residual chlorine, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,5000
Mass concentration of lead, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0050
Mass concentration of magnesium, mg/cub. dm, no more	2,0
Mass concentration of mercury, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0002
Mass concentration of nitrates, mg/cub. dm, no more	2,000
Mass concentration of potassium, mg/cub. dm, no more	2,0
Mass concentration of selenium, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,0050
Mass concentration of sodium, mg/cc. dm, no more	50
Mass concentration of sulfates, mg/cub. dm, no more	100
Mass concentration of tin, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,1000
Mass concentration of zinc, mg/cub. dm, no more	0,1000
Specific electrical conductivity, µS/m, no more	5,0

11. Quality standards “Purified water” (according to FS 42-2619-97 and EP IV 2002).

Indicators	FS 42-2619-97	EP IV ed. 2002
Receipt methods	Distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or other suitable methods	Distillation, ion exchange or other suitable methods
Description		Colorless transparent liquid, odorless and tasteless
Source water quality	-
pH	5.0-7.0	-
Dry residue	≤0.001%	-
Reducing agents	Absence	Alternative TOC ≤0.1ml 0.02 KMnO 4 / 100 ml
Carbon dioxide	Absence	-
Nitrates, nitrites	Absence	≤0.2 mg/l (nitrates)
Ammonia	≤0.00002%	-
Chlorides	Absence	-
Sulfates	Absence	-
Calcium	Absence	-
Heavy metals	Absence	≤0.1 mg/l
Acidity/alkalinity	-	-
Aluminum	-	≤10µg/l (for hemodialysis)
Total organic carbon (TOC)	-	≤0.5 mg/l
Specific electrical conductivity (EC)	-	≤4.3 µS/cm (20 o C)
Microbiological purity		≤100 m.o./ml
	-	≤0.25 EU/ml for hemodialysis
Marking		The label states that the water can be used to prepare dialysis solutions.

12.Quality standards “Water for injection” (according to FS 42-2620-97 and EP IV 2002).

Indicators	FS 42-2620-97	EP IV ed. 2002
Receipt methods	Distillation, reverse osmosis	Distillation
Source water quality	-	Water, resp. drinking water requirements of the European Union
Microbiological purity	≤100 m.o./ml in the absence of Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	≤10CFU/100ml
Pyrogenicity	Non-pyrogenic ( biological method)	-
Bacterial endotoxins (BE)	≤0.25EU/ml (change No. 1),	≤ 0.25 EU/ml
Electrical conductivity	-	≤1.1 µS/cm (20 o C)
OOU	-	≤0.5 mg/l
Use and storage	Use freshly prepared or store at a temperature from 5 o C to 10 o C or from 80 o C to 95 o C in closed containers made of materials that do not change the properties of water, protecting water from mechanical inclusions and micro biological contaminants, but no more than 24 hours	Stored and distributed under conditions that prevent the growth of microorganisms and the entry of other types of contaminants.
Marking	The label of containers for collecting and storing water for injection must indicate “not sterilized”	-

Index	Unit measurements	cucumber (soil)	tomato (soil)	low-volume crop
Hydrogen value (pH)	units pH	6.0 - 7.0	6.0 - 7.0	6.0 - 7.0
Dry residue	mg/l	less than 500	less than 1000	500 - 700
Total alkalinity	mEq/l	less than 7.0	less than 7.0	less than 4.0
Calcium	mg/l	less than 350	less than 350	less than 100
Iron	-"-	1,0	1,0	1,0
Manganese	-"-	1,0	1,0	0,5
Sodium	-"-	100	150	30 - 60
Copper	-"-	1,0	1,0	0,5
Bor	-"-	0,5	0,5	0,3
Zinc	-"-	1,0	1,0	0,5
Molybdenum	-"-	0,25	0,25	0,25
Cadmium	-"-	0,001	0,001	0,001
Lead	-"-	0,03	0,03	0,03
Sulfates (in terms of sulfur)	-"-	60	100	60
Chlorides	-"-	100	150	50
Fluorine	mg/l	0,6	0,6	0,6

IN Russian Federation The quality of drinking water must meet certain requirements established by SanPiN 2.1.4.10749-01 “Drinking water”. IN European Union(EU) standards are determined by the Directive “On the quality of drinking water intended for human consumption” 98/83/EC. World organization Public Health (WHO) establishes water quality requirements in the 1992 Guidelines for the Control of Drinking Water Quality. There are also regulations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA). The standards contain minor differences in various indicators, but only water of the appropriate chemical composition ensures human health. The presence of inorganic, organic, biological contaminants, as well as an increased content of non-toxic salts in quantities exceeding those specified in the requirements presented, leads to the development of various diseases.
The main requirements for drinking water are that it must have favorable organoleptic characteristics and be harmless in its chemical composition and safe in epidemiological and radiation terms. Before supplying water to distribution networks, at water intake points, external and internal water supply networks, the quality of drinking water must comply with hygienic standards.

Table 1. Requirements for drinking water quality

Indicators	Units	Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), no more	Harmfulness indicator	Hazard Class	WHO	U.S. EPA	EU
pH value	pH	6-9	-		-	6,5-8,5	6,5-8,5
Total mineralization (dry residue)	mg/l	1000 (1500)	-	-	1000	500	1500
General hardness	mEq/l	7,0 (10)	-	-	-	-	1,2
Oxidability permanganate	mg/l	5,0	-	-	-	-	5,0
Petroleum products, total	mg/l	0,1	-	-	-	-	-
Surfactants (surfactants), anionic	mg/l	0,5	-	-	-	-	-
Phenolic index	mg/l	0,25	-	-	-	-	-
Alkalinity	mgHCO3-/l	-	-	-	-	-	30
Phenolic index	mg/l	0,25	-	-	-	-	-
Inorganic substances
Aluminum (Al 3+)	mg/l	0,5	With. -T.	2	0,2	0,2	0,2
Ammonia nitrogen	mg/l	2,0	With. -T.	3	1,5	-	0,5
Asbestos	Mill.fibers/l	-	-	-	-	7,0	-
Barium (Ba2+)	mg/l	0,1	-"-	2	0,7	2,0	0,1
Beryllium (Be2+)	mg/l	0,0002	-	1	-	0,004	-
Boron (B, total)	mg/l	0,5	-	2	0,3	-	1,0
Vanadium (V)	mg/l	0,1	With. -T.	3	0,1	-	-
Bismuth (Bi)	mg/l	0,1	With. -T.	2	0,1	-	-
Iron (Fe, total)	mg/l	0,3 (1,0)	org.	3	0,3	0,3	0,2
Cadmium (Cd, total)	mg/l	0,001	With. -T.	2	0,003	0,005	0,005
Potassium (K+)	mg/l	-	-	-	-	-	12,0
Calcium (Ca +2)	mg/l	-	-	-	-	-	100,0
Cobalt (Co)	mg/l	0,1	With. -T.	2	-	-	-
Silicon (Si)	mg/l	10,0	With. -T.	2	-	-	-
Magnesium (Mg +2)	mg/l	-	With. -T.	-	-	-	50,0
Manganese (Mn, total)	mg/l	0,1 (0,5)	org.	3	0,5 (0,1)	0,05	0,05
Copper (Cu, total)	mg/l	1,0	-"-	3	2,0 (1,0)	1,0-1,3	2,0
Molybdenum (Mo, total)	mg/l	0,25	With. -T.	2	0,07	-	-
Arsenic (As, total)	mg/l	0,05	With. -T.	2	0,01	0,05	0,01
Nickel (Ni, total)	mg/l	0,1	With. -T.	3	-	-	-
Nitrates (by NO 3 -)	mg/l	45	With. -T.	3	50,0	44,0	50,0
Nitrites (by NO 2 -)	mg/l	3,0	-	2	3,0	3,5	0,5
Mercury (Hg, total)	mg/l	0,0005	With. -T.	1	0,001	0,002	0,001
Lead (Pb, total)	mg/l	0,03	-"-	2	0,01	0,015	0,01
Selenium (Se, total)	mg/l	0,01	-	2	0,01	0,05	0,01
Silver (Ag+)	mg/l	0,05	-	2	-	0,1	0,01
Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)	mg/l	0,03	org.	4	0,05	-	-
Strontium (Sg 2+)	mg/l	7,0	-"-	2	-	-	-
Sulfates (S0 4 2-)	mg/l	500	org.	4	250,0	250,0	250,0
Fluorides F - (for climatic regions)
I and II	mg/l	1,5	With. -T.	2	1,5	2,0-4,0	1,5
III	mg/l	1,2	-"-	2
Chlorides (Cl -)	mg/l	350	org.	4	250,0	250,0	250,0
Chromium (Cr 3+)	mg/l	0,5	With. -T.	3	-	0.1 (total)	-
Chromium (Cr 6+)	mg/l	0,05	With. -T.	3	0,05		0,05
Cyanides (CN -)	mg/l	0,035	-"-	2	0,07	0,2	0,05
Zinc (Zn 2+)	mg/l	5,0	org.	3	3,0	5,0	5,0

social-t. – sanitary-toxicological; org. –organoleptic.

Harmful elements are established by government regulations. Failure to comply with the limits specified therein is an offense for which violators are held liable in accordance with the law. The maximum permissible concentration standard in water gives instructions on those limit values pollutants whose contents do not cause harm to human health or life.

The main sources of toxic elements are numerous operating enterprises of the industrial complex. Their emissions are quite strong into soil and water. Chemical elements, which have a negative impact on the environment around us, are usually divided into groups depending on the degree of their danger to humans. These include hazardous substances:

Emergency;

High;

Moderate.

There is also a group of dangerous elements.

MPCs in various waters are reflected in specially designed tables. There are also various formulas, the use of which allows you to calculate the maximum tolerance of toxins. They are used by specialists to carry out control measures over the water used by humans. Any of us can carry out such actions. To do this, just analyze the state of drinking water in your home and compare it with acceptable standards being in it various elements. For example, the content in milligrams per liter should not be higher than:

Dry residue - 1000;

Sulfates - 500;

Chlorides - 350;

Zinc - 5;

Iron - 0.3;

Manganese - 0.1;

Residual polyphosphates - 3.5.

The total should not exceed seven milligrams per liter.

Great importance also has control over the condition of the soil. It is the earth that serves as a battery and filter for various connections. MPCs that are constantly discharged into the soil must also comply with standards, since constant migration into it upper layers pollutes the entire environment quite heavily.

According to sanitary and hygienic standards, the soil can contain no more than:

0.02 mg/kg benzopyrene;

3 mg/kg copper;

130 mg/kg nitrates;

0.3 mg/kg toluene;

23 mg/kg zinc.

If the maximum permissible concentration in water is exceeded, environmental control authorities will determine the cause of this phenomenon. Quite often, the increase in the amount of chemical substances in nature is influenced by ordinary household waste. Currently, the problem of cleaning water bodies from phosphate and nitrogen compounds is especially acute. To solve this problem, three different approaches can be used:

Chemical;

Biological;

A combination of the first two methods.

Bringing the maximum permissible concentration in water to the standard value using chemical treatment involves the formation of metal phosphates, which, being insoluble, settle at the bottom of a special container. This process occurs with the help of reagents. The use of chemical cleaning method finds wide application at industrial enterprises. This work can only be carried out by specially trained employees.

If phosphorus or P-bacteria are used in water purification, then this method is biological. This is a modern, natural approach to preventing exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. Special zones of treatment tanks are supplied alternately with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. This method is used in biofilters, septic tanks and aeration tanks.

A combination of biological and chemical methods is used in treatment systems, where there is a need to accelerate and enhance the decomposition reactions of sewage.