Dependence of minerals on the structure of the earth's crust. Topic: “Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories” - Document

Practical work No. 3

Subject:"Explaining Location Dependency large forms relief and mineral deposits from the structure of the earth's crust using the example individual territories».

Goals of work: establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust; check and evaluate the ability to compare maps and explain identified patterns; Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.

Work progress

1. After comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures the indicated landforms correspond to. Draw a conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the identified pattern.

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Landforms	Prevailing altitudes	Tectonic structures underlying the territory	Conclusion about the dependence of relief on structure earth's crust
East European Plain
Central Russian Upland
West Siberian Lowland

Ural Mountains
Verkhoyansk ridge
Sikhote-Alin

3. Using the map of the atlas “Tectonics and Mineral Resources”, determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.

4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

5. Which of them are found on platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

7. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

Tectonic structure	Minerals	Conclusion about installed dependency
Ancient platforms: sedimentary cover; crystalline basement projection	Sedimentary (oil, gas, coal...) Igneous (...)
Young platforms (slabs)
Folded areas

Practical work No. 4

Subject:“Determination from maps of distribution patterns solar radiation, radiation balance. Identification of features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, annual precipitation throughout the country.”

Goals of work: determine patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the patterns identified; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation throughout the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.

Work progress

Look at Figure 31 on page 59 in your textbook. How are the total solar radiation values shown on the map? In what units is it measured?

Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

	Total radiation, kcal/cm 2
Murmansk
Saint Petersburg

Ekaterinburg
Khabarovsk

Conclude what pattern is visible in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.

Look at Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the territories with the most high temperatures January? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?

Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Look at Figure 36 on page 65 in your textbook. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine which areas of the country have the lowest July temperatures and which have the highest. What are they equal to?

Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Look at Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most rainfall occur? Where is the least?

Conclude which climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

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Practical work №3.

Subject: Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust using the example of individual territories.

Goals of work:

1. Establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust.

2. Check and evaluate the ability to compare cards and explain the identified patterns.

3. Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals.

4. Explain the identified patterns.

Work sequence

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Landforms	Prevailing altitudes	Tectonic structures underlying the territory	Conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust
OPTION 1
East European Plain
Central Russian Upland
Khibiny Mountains
OPTION 2
West Siberian Lowland
Caucasus
Ural Mountains
OPTION 3
Altai
Sayan Mountains
Verkhoyansk ridge
OPTION 4
Chersky Ridge
Sikhote-Alin
Sredinny ridge

1. According to the map of the atlas “Tectonics I mineral resources“Determine what mineral resources the territory of our country is rich in.

2. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

3. Which of them are found on platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

4. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

5. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

Question: Please help me with practical work!! explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust. Compose comparative characteristics relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where the territory is located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; rocks of what age make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights territories; the reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what forms of relief were created by one or another process; their placement; what minerals are there in this territory; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena associated with features of the relief, and also with tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.

Please help me with practical work!! explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust. Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; rocks of what age make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what forms of relief were created by one or another process; their placement; what minerals there are in a given territory; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.

Answers:

Russian Plain (East European) a) Relief: Gently flat relief prevails almost throughout its entire length. b) Geological structure: The plain is located on the West Siberian plate, which explains its flat relief. c) Minerals: Iron ores. Western -Siberian Plaina) Relief: The plain has an extremely flat topography with heights of no more than 100 m above sea level. b) Geological structure: At the base of the plain lies the West Siberian Plate. c) Minerals: Iron ore, nickel, coal, chromites, bauxites ,cobalt.

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Processes that form the relief. It would be a mistake to assume that only the formation of tectonic structures in the distant geological past influenced the appearance of the modern relief. Like all other components of nature, terrain is constantly changing. Even in such stable areas of the earth's crust as platforms, there is a constant change in surface shape.

Modern relief-forming processes can be divided into two groups: internal (endogenous), caused by movements of the earth's crust (they are called neotectonic or recent), and external (exogenous).

The latest tectonic movements of the earth's crust can manifest themselves both in the mountains and in flat platform areas. In areas of ancient folded structures, where the earth's crust has lost its plasticity, become rigid and rocks have lost the ability to bend into folds, powerful faults and faults have formed under the influence of recent tectonic movements. They divided the territory into monolithic blocks: some of them rose in the form of revived high ridges, others sank, forming intermountain depressions. The newest uplifts are occurring in the Caucasus, with the amplitude of movements reaching several centimeters per year.

Exogenous processes that shape modern relief are associated primarily with the activity of flowing waters, primarily rivers and glaciers, as well as with the characteristics climatic conditions. This is, for example, the relief created by permafrost processes.

Ancient glaciation in Russia. IN quaternary period Due to changing climatic conditions, several glaciations occurred in many regions of the Earth. The largest of them was the so-called Dnieper. The centers of glaciation in Eurasia were the mountains of Scandinavia, the Polar Urals, the Putorana plateau in the north of the Central Siberian Plateau and the Byrranga mountains on the Taimyr Peninsula. From here the ice spread to other territories.

Rice. 23. Ancient glaciation

Using Figure 23, determine the southern limit of the distribution of glaciation. Which areas of our country experienced the greatest influence of the glacier?

As the glacier moved south, the Earth's surface changed greatly. Stones (boulders) and loose sediments (sand, clay, crushed stone) moved from the center of glaciation along with the ice. On its way, the glacier smoothed the rocks, leaving deep scratches on them. In the southern regions with more warm climate the glacier melted, depositing the material it brought with it. Loose clay-boulder glacial deposits are called moraine. Moraine hilly-ridge relief prevails on the Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands of the Russian Plain.

Which landforms predominate in the center of the glaciation, and which in more southern areas where the ice melted?

When the glacier melted, huge masses of water formed, which transported and deposited sandy material, leveling the surface. This is how water-glacial plains were created along the outskirts of the glacier. IN northern regions melted glacial waters filled depressions deepened by the glacier in solid crystalline rocks. This is how numerous lakes were formed in the north-west of the Russian Plain.

Activity of flowing waters. The land surface is constantly exposed to flowing waters - rivers, groundwater, temporary watercourses associated with precipitation. The activity of flowing waters is especially enhanced in areas with significant slopes and a large number precipitation. Therefore, in many mountainous areas, water-erosive terrain predominates.

Flowing waters not only dissect the surface, creating gorges, ravines, hollows, but also deposit destruction products in river valleys, in foothill areas and on gentle mountain slopes.

Rice. 24. Glacial landforms

Wind activity. Where it falls small quantity precipitation, the wind plays a leading role in changing the relief. Wind activity in the European part of Russia is especially evident in the regions of the Caspian lowland.

Where sands are common, the wind creates an aeolian relief with dunes, as, for example, on Curonian Spit on the coast Baltic Sea near the city of Kaliningrad.

Human activity. Academician V.I. Vernadsky noted that human activity in mining turned it into a serious relief-forming factor.

Rice. 25. Anthropogenic impacts on the relief

Thus, with the open method of mining, huge quarries and pits are created, and the entire area takes on an eerie, fantastic look. People build canals, dams, and railway tunnels, moving huge masses of soil. All this leads to the acceleration of relief-forming processes. Moreover, they are often accompanied by adverse consequences for humans: landslides and landslides form, large areas of fertile land are flooded, etc.

Natural phenomena, occurring in the lithosphere and bringing great disasters to people, are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, as well as landslides, landslides, avalanches and mud-stone flows.

In 1995, as a result strong earthquake(about 8 on the Richter scale) in the north of Sakhalin Island, the oil workers’ village of Neftegorsk was literally wiped off the face of the earth in a matter of minutes. Thousands of residents were affected. The destruction was so great that the government commission decided that it was impossible to rebuild the city on this site.

Rice. 26. Belts of earthquakes and volcanism

Using Figure 26, identify the seismically active areas of our country. Remember how powerful earthquakes cause great destruction and are dangerous to human life.

Landslides, landslides, landslides, and avalanches bring big troubles to people. All of them occur most often in mountainous regions, when, under the influence of gravity, rock fragments or masses of snow move along mountain slopes.

Rice. 27. Landslide structure

Sat down- stormy mud-stone flows. Most often, they occur near the end of the glacier after heavy rains or rapid snowmelt, when moisture-saturated soil begins to descend down the valley at an ever-increasing speed, taking with it a mass of stones.

Landslides- this is a mass displacement rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity. They are formed when water-resistant rocks lie shallow or when aquifer-bearing and water-resistant layers alternate. The waterlogged upper layers slide along the aquitard, carrying with them everything that is on the surface. Landslide processes intensify during earthquakes and heavy rainfall.

Questions and tasks

What processes occurring in our time indicate the continuous development of the relief?
When was the ancient glaciation? Show the southern border of the largest glaciation.
What influence did the glacier have on the modern topography?
In which areas of our country is the relief particularly affected by the activity of flowing waters, and in which – by the activity of wind?
What natural phenomena are associated with the lithosphere?
On contour map show areas of our country where earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudflows, and landslides can occur.

Final assignments on the topic

What sources geographic information should be used to characterize the relief of a particular territory?
Explain the patterns of location of the main landforms on the territory of Russia. What cards did you use and why?
Prove that the process of relief formation continues in our time.
Practical work No. 3. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust.
Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and mineral resources of the Russian and West Siberian plains, using the following plan: where is the territory located; what tectonic structure is it confined to; what age rocks make up the territory; average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory; reasons for their placement; what external processes participated and are participating in the formation of the relief; what landforms are created by this or that process; their placement; what mineral resources are there in this area; how to explain their presence here; what natural phenomena are associated with the relief features, as well as with the tectonic and geological structure; possible measures to combat them.
Make a description of any of the Russian mountain ranges located in the south of Siberia, using the above plan.
Describe the relief of your region (region, republic).

Today I will make a comparative description of the main geoparameters of the largest Russian plains - the West Siberian and Russian, and will also try to identify the patterns of the location of their relief forms and the occurrence of minerals from the structures of the crust of our planet.

Relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian Plain

The Russian Plain is located in the northeastern region Eastern Europe, from the coast of the Caspian and Azov to the cold northern seas Barentsev and Bely. Its territory is outlined:

from the west by the Vistula River;
from the northwest by the Scandinavian ridge;
from the southeast and southwest, respectively, by the Caucasus and the European mountains.

The plain is located on the plate of the same name of the Precambrian era (age more than 540 million years), average, maximum and minimum height are 170, 470 and -28 meters respectively (the last indicator is the Caspian coast).

Almost all forms of relief are of tectonic origin. In the direction from north to south, a sharp alternation of large hills gives way to prevailing lowlands. Vast wetlands are rich in peat, and extensive deposits have been found in the mountains coal. The soil is very fertile.

Due to its length, the Russian Plain is susceptible to hurricanes and droughts, especially in the southern part (every third year there is abnormally low humidity).

West Siberian Plain, its geology and minerals

This plain is located in Asia, in its northern part; its territory is outlined:

Kazakh small hills in the south;
coast Kara Sea in the north;
Mountain Shoria and Altai in the southeast.

The plain is located on the folded West Siberian plate, formed in the Paleozoic era, that is, immediately after the Precambrian. The origin is also tectonic. Average height- about 150 meters, in the south and west - up to 250-300.

Since on West Siberian Plain Since the terrain is mainly lowland, it is natural that gas, oil and peat deposits will form here (about 50% of Russia's reserves).

Hurricanes are also common here, especially in coastal areas.