Record temperatures on earth. The highest and lowest temperatures of the universe were obtained on earth

Recently, scientists working in Antarctica recorded a temperature record - the lowest temperature for the entire period of meteorological observations.

The new record was minus 91.2 degrees. The previous record stood for thirty years. In 1983, meteorologists recorded a temperature of minus 89.2 degrees in Antarctica. It should be noted that the 1983 record was recorded by Soviet researchers in Antarctica at the Vostok station.

The latest record set by nature was certified by Japanese polar explorers at the Fuji Dome station and was confirmed by satellite data. Antarctica fully lives up to the name “Pole of Cold” - the coldest part of the Earth.

The North Pole in this regard is significantly inferior to the South Pole, where temperature minimum only reached about minus 70 degrees.

Fact temperature record somewhat out of theory global warming land. While there is abnormal heat in the northern hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere may suffer from abnormal cold weather. Scientists do not deny this fact.

The temperature record also thwarted the plans of one of the heirs to the British crown, Prince Harry, to reach it on foot. South Pole. Because of weather conditions the prince and his companions were forced to cancel the event. The prince was preparing to travel to freezer with a temperature of minus 35 degrees, and here it’s minus ninety. They didn’t take risks with someone of royal blood.

The science

Temperature is one of the fundamental concepts in physics; it plays a huge role in concerns earthly life of all forms. At very high or very low temperatures, things can behave very strangely. We invite you to learn about a number of interesting facts related to temperatures.

What is the highest temperature?

The most heat, which was created by man, made up 4 billion degrees Celsius. It's hard to believe that the temperature of a substance can reach such incredible levels! This temperature 250 times higher temperature of the Sun's core.

An incredible record was set in Brookhaven Natural Laboratory in New York at the ion collider RHIC, the length of which is about 4 kilometers.

Scientists forced gold ions to collide in an attempt to reproduce conditions big bang, creating quark-gluon plasma. In this state, the particles that make up the nuclei of atoms—protons and neutrons—break apart, resulting in a “soup” of constituent quarks.

Extreme Temperatures in the Solar System

Ambient temperature in solar system different from the one we are used to on Earth. Our star, the Sun, is incredibly hot. At its center the temperature is about 15 million Kelvin, and the surface of the Sun has a temperature of only about 5700 Kelvin.

Temperature at the core of our planet is approximately the same as the surface temperature of the Sun. The hottest planet in the solar system is Jupiter, whose core temperature 5 times higher than the surface temperature of the Sun.

The most cold temperature in our system is recorded on the Moon: in some craters in the shadow the temperature is only 30 Kelvin above absolute zero. This temperature is lower than the temperature of Pluto!

Temperature of the human environment

Some peoples live in very extreme conditions And unusual places, not entirely convenient for life. For example, some of the coldest settlements are the village of Oymyakon and the city of Verkhnoyansk in Yakutia, Russia. The average winter temperature here is minus 45 degrees Celsius.

The coldest is more Big City is also located in Siberia - Yakutsk with a population of about 270 thousand people. The temperature there in winter is also about minus 45 degrees, but in summer it can rise up to 30 degrees!

The tallest average annual temperature was spotted in the abandoned city Dallol, Ethiopia. In the 1960s it was recorded here average temperatures - 34 degrees Celsius above zero. Among large cities, the city is considered the hottest Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, where average temperature is also in March-May about 34 degrees.

The most extreme temperatures where people work are seen in gold mines Mponeng V South Africa. The temperature at about 3 kilometers underground is plus 65 degrees Celsius. Measures are taken to cool the mines, such as using ice or insulating wall coverings, so miners can work without overheating.

What is the coldest temperature?

Trying to get lowest temperature, scientists have encountered a number of important things for science. Man has managed to obtain the coldest things in the Universe, which are much colder than any thing created by nature and the cosmos.

Freezing allows the temperature to drop to several milliKelvins. The most low temperature, which was achieved under artificial conditions - 100 picoKelvin or 0.0000000001 K. To achieve this temperature, it is necessary to use magnetic cooling. Also, such low temperatures can be achieved using lasers.

At these temperatures, the material behaves completely differently than under normal conditions.

What is the temperature in space?

If, for example, you take a thermometer into outer space and leave it there for a while in a place far from a source of radiation, you may notice that it shows the temperature 2.73 Kelvin or so minus 270 degrees Celsius. This is the lowest natural temperature in the Universe.

Temperatures stay constant in space above absolute zero due to the radiation that remained after the Big Bang. Although space is very cold by our standards, it is interesting to note that one of the the most important problems that astronauts encounter in space is heat.

The bare metal from which objects in orbit are made can heat up to 260 degrees Celsius due to free sun rays. To lower the temperature of ships, they need to be wrapped in a special material that can only lower the temperature by 2 times.

The temperature of outer space, however, constantly falling. Theories about this have been around for a long time, but only recent measurements have confirmed that the Universe is cooling by about by 1 degree every 3 billion years.

The temperature of space will approach absolute zero, but will never reach it. Temperature on Earth does not depend on the temperature that exists in space today, and we know that our planet Lately gradually warms up.

What is caloric?

Warm – mechanical property material. The hotter an object, the more energy its particles have while moving. Atoms of substances in a hot solid state they vibrate faster than atoms of the same but cooled substances.

Whether a substance remains in a liquid or gaseous state depends on to what temperature should it be heated?. Today, any schoolchild knows about this, but until the 19th century, scientists believed that heat itself was a substance - weightless fluid, named caloric.

Scientists believed that this fluid evaporated from the warm material, thereby cooling it. It can flow from hot objects to cold ones. Many predictions based on this theory are actually correct. Despite misconceptions about heat, many have actually been made correct conclusions and scientific discoveries . The caloric theory was finally defeated at the end of the 19th century.

Is there a highest temperature?

Absolute zero- a temperature below which it is impossible to fall. What is the highest possible temperature? Science cannot yet answer this question accurately.

The highest temperature is called Planck temperature. This is exactly the temperature that existed in the Universe at the moment of the Big Bang, according to ideas modern science. This temperature is 10^32 Kelvin.

For comparison: if you can imagine, this temperature billions of times higher than the highest temperature, obtained artificially by man, which was mentioned earlier.

According to the standard model, the Planck temperature remains the highest possible temperature. If there is something even hotter, then the laws of physics we are used to will stop working.

There are suggestions that the temperature may rise even higher than this level, but science cannot explain what will happen in this case. In our model of reality, anything hotter cannot exist. Maybe reality will become different?

Russia is characterized by very large temperature differences. The lowest temperatures are typical for the regions Far East. It is here that the “pole of cold” is located, for which low temperatures are a completely natural phenomenon.

Russia occupies 1/8 of the landmass. Here are the most deep lake in the world, the most long river in Europe and the coldest place on Earth. Weather records for the Far East are not uncommon. The lowest temperature was recorded in the area of ​​the Indigirka River. The Celsius mark here reached minus 78 degrees. This indicator is the maximum value.

The coldest settlements Russian Federation- this is Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk. Located on the Yana River in Yakutia, the city of Verkhoyansk is relatively small. Only a thousand people live in it. On January 15, 1885, the lowest air temperature here reached -67 degrees. It is not easy to survive the terrible cold and frosty winter here. Animals and birds freeze. Residents also suffer. People are forced to light their stoves and stockpile a large number of firewood Summer in Verkhoyansk is short, but at times it can be very hot. Maximum temperature reaches +37 degrees. That is why Russia owns another record - the most big difference temperatures within one country.

In 1964, the status of a pole of cold was assigned to the village of Oymyakon, located in Yakutia. That year, the lowest temperature reached -71 degrees Celsius. In such winters, residents of the northern cities of the Far East practically do not leave their homes. Low temperatures are quite common in this region. Despite all the difficulties that people experience in such severe frost, no one can imagine their life without snow and winter fun. Troika and sleigh rides are still popular here.

On July 21, 1983, a record temperature was recorded in the Antarctic Soviet scientific station"East". That year the thermometer showed -89 degrees. This is the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth. Regarding the lowest temperature in the European part of Russia, the record value belongs to the village of Ust-Shchuger. In 1978, the air temperature here dropped to -58 degrees Celsius.

Despite the fact that Russia has the coldest places on the planet, it is quite hot here in the summer. Thus, the absolute maximum temperature reached in Kalmykia was +45 degrees. Fluctuations in temperature extremes are another feature of Russian weather conditions. This difference reaches about 60 degrees and is a record. Undoubtedly, the temperature in different regions and regions of the country differs and depends on many factors. First of all, their geographical location.

People who are accustomed to living in extreme conditions no longer often look at the thermometer. In the cities of Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, winter with a mark of -50 degrees is common. The lowest temperature forces residents to accept the challenge of nature and, against all odds, resist the harsh elements.

What is the highest temperature in the Universe?

It's amazing, but the highest temperature in the Universe, 10 trillion degrees Celsius, was obtained artificially on Earth. According to resource information absolute record temperature was established on November 7, 2010 in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider - LHC (the world's most powerful particle accelerator).

As part of the experiment at the LHC, scientists set the task of obtaining quark-gluon plasma, which filled the Universe in the first moments of its emergence after the Big Bang. To this end, at a speed close to the speed of light, scientists collided beams of lead ions with colossal energy. When heavy ions collided, “mini-big explosions” began to appear - dense fiery spheres that had such a monstrous temperature. At such temperatures and energies, the nuclei of atoms literally melt and form a “broth” of their constituent quarks and gluons. As a result, quark-gluon plasma with the highest temperature since the origin of the Universe was obtained in laboratory conditions.

Before this, in no experiment had scientists ever been able to obtain such an unimaginably high temperature. For comparison: the decay temperature of protons and neutrons is 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the temperature neutron star, which is formed immediately after a supernova explosion, is 100 billion degrees.

Our native Sun is a yellow dwarf and has a core temperature of 50 million degrees. Thus, the temperature of the resulting quark-gluon plasma was 200 thousand times higher than the temperature of the solar core. At the same time, pristine cold usually reigns in the surrounding space, since the average temperature of the Universe is only 0.7 degrees above absolute zero.

What is the coldest temperature in the Universe?

Now guess where and how the lowest temperature in the Universe was obtained? Right! Also on Earth.

In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the low temperature laboratory of the University of Technology in Helsinki), who studied magnetism and superconductivity in the rare metal “Rhodium,” managed to obtain a temperature of 0.1 nK, writes. This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the Universe.

The second lowest temperature record was set in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, they managed to obtain ultra-cold Sodium gas.

Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially is outstanding achievement humanity. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.

In nature, the lowest temperatures were recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula expands and ejects cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due to the enormous speed of release, the gas molecules were cooled to -271 °C. This is the lowest officially recorded natural temperature.

For comparison. Usually, in outer space the temperature does not drop below -273 °C. The lowest temperature in the Solar System, -235 ° C on the surface of Triton (a moon of Neptune). And the lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, is in Antarctica.

This has been noted by experts for 6 years - since 1960. to 1966 on the Dallol volcanic crater located in Ethiopia. The temperature at the crater averaged around +34 degrees. But this place is different in that it is here almost the whole year temperature regime is approximately 34 degrees above zero. The diameter of this is about 1.5 m, and the “Gates of Hell” (as the locals call them) are located at forty-eight meters above sea level.

Stay here long time almost impossible. But there are indigenous people living nearby who are not very talkative, and are also incredibly aggressive.

Highest marks on a thermometer in the 20th century

In 1917, Death Valley in America experienced incredibly high temperatures for forty-three days in a row. The air warmed up to almost 49 degrees above zero.

A whole six months from 1923 to 1924. V Western Australia residents lived at an average air temperature of +32 degrees. And the maximum mark on the thermometer was also almost +49 degrees.

The highest temperature in the world was recorded by scientists in 1922. in Al-Azizia (Libya). The city, where it was +58 above zero in the September shadow, is located eleven meters above sea level. The same temperature mark was on the same day and in Saudi Arabia. That is why both of these places on the planet are recognized as the most.

The highest marks on the thermometer in our century

The Libyan desert Dashti-Lut was incredibly “pleased” with the highest temperatures, where in 2005. The thermometers showed 70 degrees above zero. Under completely natural conditions, such a temperature was recorded only this time and in this place.

At this air temperature, objects become so hot that you can cook food without any equipment. For example, on the hood of a car, which simply replaces the stove. And in the shade at this temperature the air warms up to +60 degrees. Therefore, it is unlikely that anyone will want to walk barefoot, and it is simply impossible to do this, otherwise you can get severe burns.

Despite the incredibly high mark on the thermometer that can be recorded here, he is heading into the desert huge number tourists who want to see the half-kilometer-high dunes.

The highest temperature in Russia was recorded in 2010, when there was an abnormal heat wave throughout the country. In Volgograd and Tambov, the average summer temperature was 41 degrees above zero.

Highest artificially created temperature

The highest temperature in the Universe created by human hands is ten trillion degrees. It is this temperature, according to scientists, that accompanied the creation of our Universe. And in our time we got such an incredible temperature in the Large Hadron Collider in 2010. Scientists were able to see the record mark on the thermometer due to the fact that lead ions collided and accelerated to near light speed.

The highest artificial temperature indicator was also achieved by the Americans, who conducted experiments on the collision of gold ions. In this test, scientists obtained a temperature that was four trillion degrees.

To understand how high this temperature is, you can simply find out what the temperature of the Sun's core is - and it is equal to fifty million degrees. So we can conclude that the substance obtained by American scientists, which maintains the highest temperature for only a few seconds, has a temperature several tens of times higher than the natural temperature at the solar core.

Highest human temperature

The highest temperatures occur not only in various places our planet, but also for humans. Temperatures above forty-two degrees are fatal. But in 1980 one 52-year-old American's temperature jumped to 46.5 degrees. However, he did not die at all - doctors successfully treated him and discharged him from the hospital after a 24-day course of treatment.