There are many records in the world. Like sports: who can jump the highest or run the fastest. Same with physical ones: who is taller, who has longer than an arm, legs. But not only people and animals set records. The weather also likes to set them. Not only such as the highest wave, the deadliest hurricane.

No less interesting are the records in weather, namely in temperature. It is customary to distinguish between the lowest and highest temperatures, and the average annual lowest and highest. It is difficult to select specific leaders in these indicators, as well as to compile a rating. This is due to the fact that the Earth can be divided into several sectors. And habitually low temperature in one sector will never be seen in another, with a warmer (tropical) climate.

It is customary to measure on the Celsius scale, recognized internationally. It is impossible to say exactly what the lowest temperature has ever been on Earth, since it was only in the twentieth century that this began to be closely monitored and the results recorded.

Antarctica - "Dome Fuji", -91.2 degrees

Information also appeared that in 2004, on August 3, in the area of ​​the Japanese Arctic station "Dome Fuji" a new worldwide temperature record – -91,2 . One of the reasons for setting a new temperature minimum is the location of the “Dome” at an altitude of 3786 meters above the waterline. It should also be noted that the average annual temperature in Antarctica is -60.2. This indicator rightfully reserves the title of the coldest place on Earth for Antarctica.

The leader in minimum temperatures is Antarctica. This is the continent that is higher than others above sea level. It is completely covered with ice and has no vegetation. Doesn't happen here temperature conditions above zero. Considering everything climatic features Antarctica, it is worth noting that it rightfully holds the well-deserved title of the coldest place in the world. Antarctica belongs to no one. All results about its temperature indicators were provided by stations located on its territory. Antarctica is called the South Pole of Cold. The pole of cold is usually called the place marked by the coldest temperature.

The lowest officially confirmed temperature in Antarctica was recorded Russian station"East". The thermometer dropped that time up to -89.2. The record was recorded in 1983, on July 21. This was taken at an altitude of 3420 meters above sea level.

Asia - Verkhoyansk, temperature -67.8 degrees

In 1855, a temperature of about -67.8 degrees was recorded in this eastern part of Siberia. There is an official dispute, but the majority insists on giving the title of Pole of Cold to Verkhoyansk. There is non-documentary information in favor of Oymyakon that in 1924 a lower temperature was recorded in the settlement, amounting to -71.2 degrees Celsius. And in 1938 – -77.8 degrees Celsius.

The debate about a colder climate is still ongoing. Interesting fact that Oymyakon claims to be both the North Pole of Cold and the World Pole. This is explained by the fact that the difference in location above sea level with the Arctic station “Vostok” is taken into account. Therefore, Oymyakon has the right to be called the global pole of cold. Representatives of the locality believe that this title should be distributed, taking into account not only the temperature, but also the location. Vostok station is located at an altitude of 3420 meters. Whereas Oymyakon is located at 741 meters.

In Oymyakon the temperature dropped once up to -67.7 degrees It is worth noting that it is impossible to compete with Antarctica for its lowest temperature indicators. But each continent has its own temperature records, which are not much worse South Pole cold. There is such a competitor in Asia, specifically in Russia. In the world it is called the North Pole of Cold - Oymyakon. This place is located at an altitude of 741 meters above the waterline.

Some believe that Oymyakon is the harshest place with temperatures below zero that has a permanent population. -67.7 – with this indicator, Oymyakon is considered to be the North Pole of Cold. the main problem The fact is that not only Oymyakon claims the honorary title of Pole of Cold. There is a lot of controversy on this topic. And many scientists consider Verkhoyansk to be the most cold spot Asia and the northern hemisphere.

Europe -Ust-Shchugor, temperature -58.1 degrees

The lowest temperature was once again recorded in Russia, but in its European part of Siberia. Ust-Shchugor is a small village on the territory of the Komi Republic. It is known only for its temperature records. -58.1 – this is the indicator with which this locality managed to set the lowest temperature in Europe. This was done just in time New Year, December 31, 1978.

North America - Northais, temperature -66.1 degrees

The crowning glory was Greenland Northais in 1954, January 9th. He entered the list of the lowest temperatures with a personal record of -66.1 degrees Celsius. 2345 meters above waterline (Greenland ice sheet) – it is at this height that the North American record holder for temperatures below zero is located.

South America - Valle de los Patos Superior, temperature -39 degrees

Hot and strange Argentina pleased us with the cold. This happened in Valle de los Patos Superior, where the temperature dropped in 1972. The temperature reached -39 on July 17. As in previous cases, the altitude of the location played an important role - 2880 meters above sea level.

Australia - Charlotte Pass, temperature -23 degrees

The southern continent, at first glance so hot, has its snowy side. Charlotte Pass is the most cold zone Australia. Where in winter months The temperature may well be below zero. 1755 meters above sea level played a role. And they gave a record for Australia of -23 degrees. Which at first glance may not seem so cold. But only if you are not used to celebrating the New Year on the beach and in a swimsuit. Here is the only and unique ski resort in Australia.

Africa - Ifrane, temperature -23.9 degrees

Last on the list, but not last in importance. Even in Africa it can be cold - Ifrane, Morocco. In 1935, the city pleased with the temperature -23.9 degrees. Subsequently, due to the unusually cold climate for Africa, it was made into a ski resort.

The weather is changing again, and here's a look at some of the insanely cold places where people actually live.

The lowest ever recorded was minus 128.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-89.2°C) at a Russian research station in Antarctica, Vostok, on July 21, 1983. While most cities aren't as terribly cold, some are still pretty close to that mark. Below are the eight coldest cities in the world where people live.

1) Verkhoyansk, Russia

According to the 2002 census, Verkhoyansk, Russia, has 1,434 inhabitants. It was founded as a fortress in 1638 and served as a regional center in animal husbandry and gold mining. Located 650 kilometers from Yakutsk, another cold place on our list, and 2,400 kilometers south of North Pole Verkhoyansk was used for political prisoners between 1860 and the beginning of the 20th century.

It is not surprising why undesirables were exiled here: in January the average temperature is minus 50.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-45.7 °C), and average monthly temperature remains quite low from October to April. In 1892, residents recorded temperatures of minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C).

2) Oymyakon, Russia

People in Oymyakon object to Verkhoyansk being given the title of coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, arguing that they have recorded temperature minimum at minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C) on February 6, 1933.

By the way, political prisoners were also often exiled here during the Stalinist regime. Oymyakon is located three days' drive from Yakutsk, and between 500 and 800 people live there. There is no mobile phone service here, there are few modern amenities at all, and schools in the village do not close at -52°C. Travel companies offer tours to Oymyakon as the “ideal destination” for an exotic adventure.

3) International Falls, Minnesota.

International Falls, Minnesota may not be as cold as Oymyakon, but it is one of the coldest places in the continental United States. About 6,703 people live in International Falls (2000 census), which straddles the US-Canada border.

Winters here are long and cold, with average temperatures in January of about 2.7 F (-16.2 °C). The mercury will reach zero on more than 60 nights per year, and the area receives a lot of snow (166 cm). International Falls is at war with the city of Fraser, Colorado over the use of trade name"The refrigerator of the nation."

4) Fraser, Colorado.

Fraser, Colorado is located at an elevation of 2,600 meters in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and is home to 910 residents (as of the 2000 census). Located close to popular ski resort Winter Park, Fraser enjoys some of the coldest winters in the continental United States. Average annual temperature During the year it reaches 32.5 degrees Fahrenheit (almost 0 °C), and in the summer it drops to 29 degrees (-1.66 °C).

5) Yakutsk, Russia

Yakutsk has a reputation as the coldest city in the world. The world's lowest temperature outside Antarctica was recorded near Yakutsk in the Yana River basin. In winter, the average minimum drops below −40 °C, starting in October and lasting until the end of April. In January, the average temperature reaches -34 degrees Fahrenheit (-36.6°C); the record low temperature recorded in January is minus 81.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 °C).

6) Hell, Norway

Hell, which means “hell”, became famous in Norway for the very successful combination of its name and subarctic temperature. average temperature air temperature in February 2010 was about 20 degrees Fahrenheit (-6.6 °C). Behind last years The flow of tourists to this city has increased significantly, mainly to take pictures in front of one of the railway station signs.

Hell freezes on average for a third of the year, from December to March.

7) Barrow, Alaska

Barrow is the northernmost city in the United States and is located just 2,100 kilometers south of the North Pole and 510 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. The small city, home to 4,581 people, was built in an area of ​​permafrost that is characterized by a lack of periodic thawing and very harsh winters.

The sun sets at the end of November and does not appear until the end of January. Even during summer days the air is very cold. Average temperatures don't rise until June, and even then barely - July averages a high of 40.4 degrees Fahrenheit (4.6 °C).

Barrow is the economic center of the North Slope, and many of its residents work in the energy industry. The city can only be reached by plane or by sea.

8) Snedge, Canada

Located in the Yukon Territory, the village of Snedge was the first settlement in the Klondike during the Gold Rush. The village in the White River Valley recorded its lowest temperature of minus 81 degrees Fahrenheit (-62.8 °C) on February 3, 1947. This is the coldest recorded temperature in continental North America. The average temperature in Snedge ranges between 10.3 °F (-12.05 °C) and 34.3 °F (1.2 °C).

at 10 trillion degrees Celsius was obtained artificially on Earth. Absolute record was installed in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Now guess where in the Universe the lowest temperature was recorded? Right! Also on Earth.

In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the low temperature laboratory at the Helsinki University of Technology), while studying magnetism and superconductivity in the rare metal Rhodium, managed to obtain a temperature of just 0.0000000001 degrees above absolute zero (see press release). This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the Universe.

Note that absolute zero is the limit of all temperatures or -273.15… degrees Celsius. Such a low temperature (-273.15 °C) is simply impossible to achieve. The second record low temperature was set in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, they managed to obtain ultra-cold Sodium gas.

Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially - outstanding achievement. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.

Click on any blue bar below for more information.

Equipment for achieving record low temperatures

Equipment for achieving record low temperatures provides several successive cooling stages. In the central part of the cryostat there is a refrigerator to achieve a temperature of 3 mK, and two atomic cooling stages using the nuclear adiabatic demagnetization method.

The first atomic stage is cooled to a temperature of 50 μK, while the second atomic stage with a Rhodium sample reaches a record low negative temperature already in the picokelvin range.

Lowest temperature in nature

Lowest temperature in nature

In nature, the lowest temperature was recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula expands and ejects cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due to the enormous speed of release, the gas molecules were cooled to -271/-272 °C.

For comparison. Usually, in outer space the temperature does not drop below -273 °C.

The figure of -271 °C is the lowest officially recorded natural temperature. And this means that the Boomerang Nebula is colder than even the relict radiation from the Big Bang.

The Boomerang Nebula is located relatively close to Earth at a distance of only 5,000 light years. At the center of the nebula is dying star, which once, like our Sun, was a yellow dwarf. It then became a red giant, exploded, and ended its life as a white dwarf with a hypercold protoplanetary nebula around it.

The Boomerang Nebula was photographed in detail by space Hubble telescope in 1998. In 1995, using ESO's 15-meter submillimeter telescope in Chile, astronomers determined that it was the coldest place in the Universe.

Lowest temperatures on Earth

Lowest temperature on Earth

The lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, was recorded in 1983 in Antarctica at Vostok Station. This is an officially registered record.

Recently, scientists made new satellite measurements in the area of ​​the Japanese Fuji Dome station. A new record figure for the lowest temperature on the Earth's surface was obtained -91.2 °C. However, this record is now disputed.

At the same time, the village of Oymyakon in Yakutia retains the right to be considered the pole of cold on our planet. In Oymyakon in 1938, an air temperature of -77.8 °C was recorded. And although a significantly lower temperature (-89.2 °C) was recorded at Vostok station in Antarctica, this achievement cannot be considered a record low, since Vostok station is located at an altitude of 3488 meters above sea level.

To compare the results of different meteorological observations they must be brought down to sea level. It is known that increasing above sea level significantly lowers the temperature. In this case, the lowest air temperature recorded on Earth is already in Oymyakon.

Lowest temperature in solar system

The lowest temperature in the Solar System, -235 ° C on the surface of Triton (a moon of Neptune).

This is such a low temperature that the cooled nitrogen would likely settle on Triton's surface as snow or frost. Thus, Triton is the coldest place in the solar system.

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Many foreigners, having arrived in Russia, for example, in Moscow or Belgorod, are sincerely surprised that winter here is not so severe. Stereotype created by means mass media, is collapsing. But these cities are not the whole country, and in fact there are many places in the Russian Federation where the temperature drops significantly below 0 degrees. And in these harsh conditions eternal winter people live and work.

The coldest places in Russia

The Vostok research facility, located in Antarctica, the coldest place not only in Russia, but on the entire planet, was founded back in 1957. The opening day became the warmest in the entire history of observations - the temperature was -13.6°C. The coldest temperature recorded is -89.2 °C.

It is interesting that the territory on which the Vostok station stands is logically called the largest desert in the world, because there is practically no precipitation there.

The city of Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha, Yakutia, with the most large population of all the settlements located in the northeast of the country, it is also the coldest city globe. In January, the average temperature here is -41°C. The coldest day on record was recorded in 1946, when it was -64°C outside. What saves the locals is that frosts are tolerated quite easily here.

Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon – two more settlements Yakutia with a harsh frosty climate. The record for negative temperatures in the first of them was -67.1°C, and in the second it was even lower -71.2°C. The villages are sunk into a niche between the mountains, where icy air collects - hence the severe frosts.

Oddly enough, summers in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon are more than hot - in 2010 temperatures were recorded at +37.3°C and +34.6°C, respectively.

Of the many Russian seas the coldest is the East Siberian Sea, located in the North Sea basin Arctic Ocean. The water temperature in both summer and winter is no more than −1.8 °C. Almost all year round, the sea is covered with drifting ice floes, several meters thick.

The coldest place in the world that does not belong to Russia

Of the foreign lands with consistently low temperatures, the coldest place is Greenland, which belongs to the state of Denmark. An island with an area of ​​more than 2 million square meters. m, located in the waters of the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Average daily winter temperature it is -47°C here, and the record minus was recorded in 1954 (-66°C).

We know that the minimum possible temperature is -273.15 °C. At this temperature, the movement of particles stops, and the emissions released by them thermal energy becomes equal to zero. There must probably be a point beyond which the particles will no longer be able to release more thermal energy, having reached their maximum.

Modern physics believes that this point is at a level of 1.41679 × 10 32 K (Kelvins) and is called the Planck temperature. This is exactly what the temperature of the Universe was in the first fractions of seconds after the Big Bang.

How to convert Kelvin to Celsius?

In physics, it is convenient to measure temperature in Kelvin, which does not imply the presence of a negative temperature scale, that is, absolute zero here is equal to zero. To represent the temperature in degrees Celsius, which are more familiar to us, it is enough to know the formula used to calculate the temperature in Kelvin. T K (temperature in Kelvin) = T C (temperature in Celsius) + T 0 (constant equal to 273.15). In other words, to convert Kelvin to Celsius, it is enough to subtract the number 273.15 from Kelvin. for example, 1000 K = 1000 - 273.15 = 726.85 °C.

Given the formula for converting Kelvin to degrees Celsius, we can represent the Planck temperature in degrees Celsius as 1.41679 * 10(32)-273.15 °C. Of course, this estimate was calculated theoretically and is based on the fact that if more energy is added to matter heated to the Planck temperature, this will not lead to an increase in the speed of particles and, as a consequence, an increase in temperature. But it will cause the appearance of new particles during chaotic collisions of existing ones, which will lead to an increase in the mass of matter. But let’s imagine that matter, heated to the Planck temperature, is still given more energy in order to try to heat it even more. In this case, the entire Universe is waiting... and no one knows what awaits the Universe after passing the Planck temperature point. It is likely that the gravitational interaction between particles of heated matter will become so strong that it will become equal to the other three interactions: electromagnetic, strong and weak. None of the physical theories existing today can describe the physics of our world.

But let us return from cosmic affairs to earthly affairs. In his attempts to achieve the highest possible temperature within laboratories, man set a temperature record of about 5.5 trillion Kelvin, which can be written as 5 * 10 12 K. Of course, scientists did not heat a piece of iron to this unimaginable temperature - there simply would not be enough energy for that . This temperature was recorded during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during the collision of lead ions at near-light speeds.