There are newts, frogs, turtles and snakes that can painlessly freeze and harden so that they internal organs riddled with ice crystals. This is unusual because the ice that forms in the animal's blood vessels should either rupture them or stretch them hopelessly. And most importantly, frozen water becomes inaccessible to cells, and they can die from dehydration.

But here, for example, is the American wood frog. When ice forms in her toes and skin during cooling, she floods her tissues with glucose. This protects them from damage. Even if a person could pump so much glucose into his tissues, it would high level would cause diabetic coma and death. In a frog, excess sugar also causes a coma: the metabolism in the cells almost stops. But this does not harm amphibians. In the spring, they thaw and, when moving, burn glucose as fuel.

An amazing incident occurred with a frozen Siberian salamander: it was found in permafrost at a depth of eleven meters. And the find thawed and came to life. Radiocarbon dating showed that the salamander had lain in the permafrost for about ninety years.

There are also animals whose bodies can become very cold, but no ice is formed. Some Arctic insects bravely endure frost of fifty degrees: they remove dust or bacteria from their bodies, around which ice crystals can grow.

Among mammals, the long-tailed ground squirrel cools painlessly; during hibernation, its body temperature can drop below freezing point. And no crystals. But how he does it is still unknown.

The colubrid garter snake is the last of the American snakes to go into shelter for the winter and the first to emerge from it when the weather warms up. It winters in rocky crevices at 4 - 5 degrees Celsius. Her heartbeat slows to 6 beats per minute (ten times slower than on a sunny summer day).

In cold weather, garter snakes can also turn into ice. But even after one or two days in the freezer, the warm sun revives the reptile.

Garter snakes also spend the winter in water: a case is described when hundreds of snakes crawled into a tank in the fall and waited for it to fill with water. It is likely that the snake's skin, like a lung, extracts oxygen from the water. Of course, this is very little: the animal’s heart beats only once a minute, and its metabolism slows down greatly. How long burrowing mammals hibernate underground depends on how cold it is outside. But even in winter, from time to time their body temperature rises from almost zero to normal, and they wake up for several hours or even the whole day. How often does the perognathus rodent wake up after hibernating with its food supply? An American researcher left 800 grams of seeds for the perognathus, and it woke up every day. When only 100 grams of seeds were given, he dozed for five days in a row.

But why wake up at all? After all, hibernation must conserve energy, and animals spend 80 - 90 percent of it in winter, precisely when they wake up. Perhaps they are simply afraid to oversleep the spring. For example, when Belding's ground squirrel wakes up, it immediately rushes to touch the earthen plug that closes the entrance to the hole. Warm earth means the arrival of spring. When the plug was heated in experiments, the squirrels immediately dug out. Moreover, as spring approaches, squirrels wake up more and more often. Perhaps they are awakened not only by the biological clock, but also by toxic substances accumulated in the body, which must be removed from time to time.

Feathers with down, wool, a layer of subcutaneous fat - almost all animals of cold regions have some kind of protection from frost. Some rodents, shrews and rabbits produce a special substance called brown lard when it gets cold. It provides a lot of energy because it is loaded with mitochondria, microscopic devices in cells whose sole job is to convert food into heat. That's why the color is brown.

Other animals have a so-called miraculous network of veins and arteries that carries warm blood to places where the body is cooled by cold air or water, such as the fins of a whale or the feet of a duck.

The cutworm insect also has the same network, which can even fly in the cold. In addition, its body is covered with fur. Air sacs separate the owl's warm chest from its cold abdomen. Finally, this insect is able to generate its own heat.

When resting, the noctuid can cool down, but for its flight muscles to work, it must warm up to about 26 degrees. And then the scoop begins to tremble. All the muscles contract, but she doesn’t fly anywhere. But it produces a lot of heat and gets hot. Finches also tremble, and, one might say, tremble all winter, with the exception of the time when they fly. In winter, siskins burn mainly not carbohydrates, but fats: this way they can shiver longer. Moreover, if it is not too cold, only some muscles tremble, but in severe frost all the rest begin to tremble. An amazing incident occurred in the American city of Salt Lake City. A two-year-old girl fell into a cold river. By the time she was pulled out, she had been underwater for more than an hour. The child was not breathing, and his body temperature was 19 degrees. And yet in the hospital they managed to revive her.

Apparently, the five-degree water, having cooled the girl, stopped her metabolism - this saved her. The diving insect reflex helped: for many people, and especially children, when cold water hits their face, the pulse slows down, blood pressure rises, and blood flow is reduced to all organs except the heart and brain. This is some kind of remnant of evolution. When a seal, beaver, or other aquatic animal dives, it stops breathing and its heart rate slows. The seal slows its heart rate from 100 beats per minute to 6, and the load on the heart decreases.

To sense cold, a person has special nerves. If the body cools below normal temperature, they give a signal. Then, on command from the brain, the blood vessels contract, and less blood flows to the surface of the body: heat loss decreases. At the same time, blood flows inward to the vital organs.

If necessary, the flow of blood, for example, to a finger can be reduced to a hundredth. But you can’t stretch your finger that long; frostbite will occur. Therefore, a cooled body from time to time dilates its blood vessels and sends heat and oxygen to help the freezing limbs.

P.S. Download ready-made presentation for school"

Who spends the winter how?

Who winters like this: educational stories in pictures and tasks for children of preschool and primary school age.

In this article, children will get acquainted with the life of nature in winter and find out who spends the winter how:

Who spends the winter like this?

Who winters how: how do wild animals winter?

In winter many wild animals sleep - go into hibernation. During hibernation, they do not eat anything, do not grow, and do not respond to sounds.

Before hibernation in the fall, animals accumulate fat. Fat helps them maintain body temperature during long hibernation - it “warms” them from the inside like a stove.

Most of all, animals suffer in winter not from cold, but from hunger. It is food that animals need to maintain a constant body temperature and not die.

How do moose winter?

Believe it if you want. Or don't believe it.
There is an elk animal in the forest.
Like hangers of horns,
Very formidable for the enemy.
Noise in the forest. What happened there?
Then a huge one runs...( Elk).

Elk- This is a forest giant, and he needs a lot of food. In winter, moose live together, gnaw the bark of trees, rubbing it with powerful and strong teeth. Moose love the bark of young aspen trees. They also eat the shoots of young pine trees; for them these shoots are like medicine.

Moose rest in winter, buried in the snow, in snow pits. In a snowstorm, moose gather in a herd and go to a secluded place, hide on the ground - climb under a snow coat. Snow falls on top of them, sometimes covering the elk almost completely. It turns out to be a warm snow blanket.

The last month of winter - February - is a difficult time for moose. A crust appears in the forest - a crust on the snow. Moose fall through the snow, cut their legs with infusion, and cannot run fast. Wolves take advantage of this. Moose defend themselves from wolves with their antlers and hooves.

Ask the children who is easier to run in the snow - a mouse or a moose? Why? Read the dialogue between the moose and the mouse, the moose and the magpie from the stories of E. Shim. These dialogues can be acted out in a toy theater or in a picture theater.

E. Shim. Moose and mouse

- Why are you out of breath, moose?
“It’s hard for me to run, I’m falling into the snow...
- Fi, how clumsy you moose are! They've grown so big, but you can't run properly.
- Why is this?
“Just judge for yourself: you are running light, empty, and failing at every step.” And I run with heavy weight, carrying a whole nut in my teeth, and not a single paw gets stuck. I would like to learn!

E. Shim. Elk and magpie

Moose: - No luck, no luck!
Magpie: - Why are you unlucky, Elk?
“I thought I’d pile up the snow higher in the forest, I’d reach the pine trees and bite the tops of their heads...”
- And the snow was piled high!
- What's the point if I fall into it?!

There is a wonderful the tale of the moose V. Zotova. Listen to it with your children. You will also find this fairy tale and other tales about animals for children in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” (see audio recordings of the group, album “Forest ABC”)

Ask your child what he thinks is a moose afraid of someone? After all, the elk is a “forest giant”? Probably, on the contrary, everyone in the forest is afraid of him? And read the story about the moose and their winter enemy - the wolf, the story about how the boy Mitya helped the moose escape from the wolves in winter.

G. Skrebitsky. Mitya's friends

In winter, in the December cold, a moose cow and her calf spent the night in a dense aspen forest. It's starting to get light. The sky turned pink, and the forest, covered with snow, stood all white, silent. Fine shiny frost settled on the branches and on the backs of the moose. The moose were dozing.

Suddenly, somewhere very close, the crunch of snow was heard. The moose became wary. Something gray flashed among the snow-covered trees. One moment - and the moose were already rushing away, breaking the icy crust of the crust and getting stuck knee-deep in deep snow. The wolves were chasing them. They were lighter than moose and galloped across the crust without falling through. With every second the animals are getting closer and closer.

The moose could no longer run. The elk calf stayed close to its mother. A little more - and the gray robbers will catch up and tear both of them apart.
Ahead is a clearing, a fence near the forest guardhouse, and a wide open gate.

The moose stopped: where to go? But behind, very close, the crunch of snow was heard - the wolves were overtaking. Then the moose cow, having gathered the rest of her strength, rushed straight into the gate, the elk calf followed her.

The forester's son Mitya was shoveling snow in the yard. He barely jumped to the side - the moose almost knocked him down.
Moose!.. What's wrong with them, where are they from?
Mitya ran up to the gate and involuntarily stepped back: there were wolves at the very gate.

A shiver ran down the boy’s back, but he immediately swung his shovel and shouted:
- Here I am!
The animals scurried away.
“Atu, atu!” Mitya shouted after them, jumping out of the gate.
Having driven away the wolves, the boy looked into the yard.
A moose cow and a calf stood huddled in the far corner of the barn.
“Look, they were so scared, they’re all trembling...” Mitya said affectionately. “Don’t be afraid.” Now it won't be touched.
And he, carefully moving away from the gate, ran home - to tell what guests had rushed into their yard.

And the moose stood in the yard, recovered from their fright and went back into the forest. Since then, they stayed in the forest near the lodge all winter.

In the morning, walking on the way to school, Mitya often saw moose from afar on the forest edge.

Having noticed the boy, they did not rush away, but only watched him closely, pricking up their huge ears.
Mitya cheerfully nodded his head at them, like old friends, and ran further into the village.

I. Sokolov-Mikitov. On a forest road

Heavy vehicles loaded with logs are walking along the winter road one after another. An elk ran out of the forest.
Boldly runs across a wide, well-worn road.
The driver stopped the car and admired the strong, beautiful elk.
There are many moose in our forests. Whole herds of them wander through snow-covered swamps, hiding in bushes and large forests.
People don’t touch or harm moose.

Only hungry wolves sometimes decide to attack moose. Strong moose use their horns and hooves to defend themselves from evil wolves.

Moose in the forest are not afraid of anyone. They boldly wander through forest clearings, cross wide clearings and well-worn roads, and often come close to villages and noisy cities.

I. Sokolov - Mikitov. Moose

Of all the animals that live in our Russian forests, the largest and most strong beast- elk. There is something antediluvian, ancient in the appearance of this large beast. Who knows - perhaps moose roamed the forests back in those distant times when long-extinct mammoths lived on the earth. It is difficult to see a moose standing motionless in the forest - the color of its brown fur blends in with the color of the tree trunks surrounding it.

In pre-revolutionary times, moose in our country were destroyed almost completely. Only in very few, most remote places, these rare animals. At Soviet power moose hunting was strictly prohibited. Over the decades of the ban, moose have multiplied almost everywhere. Now they fearlessly approach crowded villages and noisy big cities.

Quite recently, in the center of Leningrad, on Kamenny Island, children going to school in the morning saw two moose wandering under the trees. Apparently, these moose wandered into the city during a quiet night and got lost on the city streets.

Near cities and villages, moose feel safer than in remote places where they are pursued by hunters and poachers. They are not afraid to cross wide asphalt roads along which trucks and cars move in a continuous stream. They often stop right next to the road, and people passing in cars can freely observe them.

Elk is a very strong, watchful and intelligent animal. Captured moose quickly become accustomed to people. In winter, they can be harnessed to a sleigh, just as domestic reindeer are harnessed in the north.

I have often encountered moose in the forest. Hiding behind the shelter, I admired the beauty of the strong animals, their light movements, and the branchy, spreading antlers of the males. Every year, male moose replace their heavy, branching antlers. Shedding old antlers, they rub against the trunks and branches of trees. People often find shed elk antlers in the forest. Every year, an extra shoot is added to the antlers of a male elk, and by the number of shoots you can tell the age of the elk.

Moose love water and often swim across wide rivers. You can catch moose crossing the river in a light boat. Their hook-nosed heads and wide branched horns are visible above the water. Wandering with a gun and a dog through a forest clearing near the Kama River, one day I saw a moose “taking a bath” in a small open swamp. Apparently, the elk was fleeing from the evil gadflies and horse flies that besieged it. I came close to an elk standing in the swamp water, but my gun dog jumped out of the bushes and scared him. The elk came out of the swamp and slowly disappeared into the dense forest.

The most amazing thing is that they are heavy moose They can cross the swampiest swamps, where a person cannot walk. For me, this serves as proof that moose lived back in those ancient times when the glaciers that covered the earth retreated, leaving behind vast swampy swamps.

How does a wild boar spend the winter?

In winter, it is difficult for wild boars; it is very difficult for them to walk through deep snow. If you need to walk through the snow, the wild boars walk in single file, one after another. The strongest boar goes first. He paves the way for everyone, and everyone else follows him.

It is especially difficult for a wild boar to walk on crusty crust. The wild boar falls under the crust and cuts its legs with the sharp ice.

At night, wild boars warm themselves in shelters in winter, lying on branches and leaves. If it’s very cold, they lie close to each other and warm each other.

Boars They never bury themselves in the snow, they don’t like it. On the contrary, they try to cover the snow with something - they drag branches under the tree or lie on the reeds.

Wild boars feed during the winter during the day. They eat twigs, dig out acorns, nuts, and grass from under the snow.

If there is no snow, the wild boars are free! They dig up rhizomes and bulbs from the ground, dig into the ground with their snouts, and get beetles, worms, and pupae.

Over the winter, the boar loses a third of its weight! By spring, only “skin and bones” remain.

Listen to how the boar and the hare talked in the last month of winter.

E. Shim. Boar and hare

Hare: - Oh, Boar, you don’t look like yourself! How skinny - just stubble down to the bone... Do such pigs exist?

Boar: - Wild oink-oinks... and there are others like that... It’s bad for us, Hare... The ground is covered with an icy crust, neither a fang nor a snout can take it. You can’t dig anything these days, you can’t fill your belly with anything... I’m surprised how my legs still walk. One consolation: even a wolf wouldn’t covet something so skinny and scary...

E. Shim. Pig and Fox

- Oh, oh, you’re completely naked, Pig! The bristles are sparse and even stiff. How are you going to spend the winter?
- How thin you are, Little Fox! One spine, skin and bones. How are you going to spend the winter?
- My fur is thick, my fur coat is warm - I won’t freeze!
- Do you think it’s worse for me? I have fat under my skin. Fat warms you better than any fur coat!

E. Shim. Boar and elk

- Come on, Moose, scratch my side! Tighten up!
- Whoosh, whoosh!.. Well, how?
- Weak. Come on tighter!
- Whoosh, whoosh!.. Well, how?
- I say, be stronger!
- Shuh!!! Whoosh!! Shuh!!. F-f-u-u, is it really weak?
- Of course, weakly. It’s a shame, you know: I’ve accumulated two inches of fat, and underneath that fat I’m actually itching!

E. Charushin. Boar

This is a wild pig - boar.
He wanders through the forests, grunting. Picks up oak acorns. It digs in the ground with its long snout. With its crooked fangs it tears out the roots, turns them upside down - looking for something to eat.
It’s not for nothing that a boar is called a cleaver. He will cut down a tree with his fangs, as if with an ax; he will kill a wolf with his fangs, as if he would cut down a saber. Even the bear himself is afraid of him.

How does a wolf winter?

Guess the riddle: “Who wanders around angry and hungry in the cold winter?” Of course it's a wolf! A wolf wanders through the forest in winter, looking for prey.

Wolves are cunning predators and very dangerous for both animals and humans. Wolves see perfectly even in the dark and hear perfectly.
In winter, the wolf almost always walks around hungry; he cannot run quickly through the loose snow. But he runs on the crust very quickly! Then you can't run away from the wolf!
You've probably heard the saying “the feet feed the wolf.” This is true. The wolf runs very long distances to find food. They hunt moose, hares, partridges, and black grouse. Yes, even for moose! If the elk stands, the wolf does not rush at him. But if the elk runs, then the wolf pack can overcome it. Hungry wolves even attack dogs and people in winter.

In winter, wolves grow a thick, warm winter “coat,” and their fur becomes warmer. Wolves live in packs in winter: a wolf, a she-wolf and their grown wolf cubs.

This is what happened to a wolf in the forest one day in winter.

The Tale of the Hare and the Wolf

Fairy tale “According to Zaichishkin’s advice, Volchische went on a diet: Gray meat, no, no, no, even on holidays.” You can read this tale and other tales about animals in the book “Why. Because” (authors: G. A. Yurmin, A. K. Dietrich).

“The stupid Wolf caught the wise Hare and rejoiced:
- Yeah, gotcha, oblique! Now I'll kill the worm...
“Y-y-that’s right, I got it,” the Hare shakes. “But, on the other hand, you yourself, Wolf, say: you’ll only kill the worm.” Well, if you devour me, your appetite will increase even more... Why would such an attack be made on you, on the Wolf: everyone in the forest is well-fed, you alone are always hungry. Think about it!
The Wolf's gray forehead frowned. Really, why? And says:
- Since you, Hare, are so wise, so smart - reasonable, advise: what should I do, how can I help?
“And you take others as an example,” the hare answers without hesitation. - Take the black grouse, let me show you.
- Look, you cunning one! I'm daydreaming! Perhaps you want to sneak away on the way? What else?!
The Wolf tore the bast from the linden tree, twisted a rope, took the Hare on a leash, and off they went.

They see a black grouse sitting on a birch tree.
“Terenty, answer,” shouts the Hare. - Why are you full all winter?
- There’s food around – eat it, I don’t want it! That's why I'm full. As many kidneys as you like.
- Did you hear, Gray? ... You have all the meat on your mind, and Terenty is talking about birch buds in which green leaves sleep. There are plenty of them all around. Bend a birch tree and taste it, don’t be shy.
The Wolf did as the Hare ordered and spit:
- Ugh, disgusting! No, scythe, I’d rather eat you!
- Don't rush! - the Hare oppresses his. And he dragged the Wolf to the Elk, the giant.

- Uncle Sokhaty! - shouts the Hare. - Tell me, is your life satisfying?\-
“I’ll chew the last twig and that’s it, it’s full, it won’t come any more.”
- Did you see it, Wolf? The elk has been gnawing aspen trees all his life in the winter, and how powerful he has become! That's how you would do it. Look how much aspen the moose tore up remains.
- Salmon? – the Wolf licked his lips. - That's for me.
He pounced on the treat, greedily clanked his teeth, but suddenly fell down - and well, roll around in the snow:
- Oh, I'm dying! Oops, my stomach hurts! Oh, bitterness is poison!!! Well, Hare!

You can act out the dialogues of the animals - how they treated the wolf - in a picture theater or a finger theater.

Tales of the Wolf

E. Shim. Wolf, elk, hare and hazel grouse

- Moose, moose, I'll eat you!
- And I’m from you, Wolf, in pure love, and that’s what I was!
- Hare, hare, I will eat you!
- And I left you, Wolf, in the clear bushes, and was like that!
- Ryabchik, Ryabchik, I will eat you!
- And I left you, Wolf, on a tall tree, and I was like that!
- What should I do, my dears? What to fill your belly with?
- Gnaw your sides, Wolf!

E. Shim. Little Wolf and She-Wolf

- Mom, why do we wolves howl at the moon?
“And because, son, the moon is the wolf’s sun.”
- I don’t understand something!
- Well, of course... Daytime animals and birds love white light, they sing and rejoice in the sun. And we, wolves, are nocturnal miners; darkness is more capable of us. So we sing under the moon, under the pale night sun...

V. Bianchi. Wolf's tricks

When a wolf walks at a walk or a jog (trot), he carefully steps with his right hind paw in the footprint of his front left paw, so his tracks lie in a straight line, like a string, in one line. You look at this line and read: “A huge wolf passed here.”

But you'll end up in trouble. It would be correct to read: “five wolves passed here,” because here a seasoned and wise she-wolf walked in front, followed by an old wolf and behind them the wolf cubs.

They followed the trail until it never occurred to them that this was the trail of five wolves. This can only be distinguished by very experienced trackers on the white trail (as hunters call tracks in the snow).

N. Sladkov. Magpie and wolf. Conversations in the forest

- Hey, Wolf, why are you so gloomy?
- From hunger.
- And the ribs stick out, stick out?
- From hunger.
- Why are you howling?
- From hunger.
- So talk to you! He got along like a magpie: from hunger, from hunger, from hunger! Why are you so taciturn these days?
- From hunger.

E. Charushin. Wolf

Beware, sheep in the stables, beware, pigs in the pigsties, beware, calves, foals, horses, cows! The robber wolf went hunting. You dogs, bark louder, scare the wolf!
And you, collective farm watchman, load your gun with a bullet!

How does a badger winter?

The badger sleeps in winter, but not very soundly. He can wake up during a thaw, crawl out of the hole for a while, smooth and clean his fur and... go to sleep again. In its winter “pantry” the badger stores food for the winter - seeds, dried frogs, roots, acorns. And in the fall, he accumulates fat - he gorges himself. During hibernation, the badger does not eat anything. And the supplies in the “pantry” are needed during his short winter awakening.

E. Shim. Badger and jay

- A-o-o-o-o-o-o...
- What's wrong with you, Badger?
- A-o-o-o-o-o-o...
—Aren’t you sick already?
- A-u-u-o-o-y-y-y-y...
“Aren’t you already dying?!”
- A-u-s... Leave me alone, get off... I’m not dying, fefela... I’m not dying-a-u-o-s...
- What about you?
- The yawning has overcome. I wanted to sleep until then - I wouldn’t get out of the hole. Looks like I'll soon fall completely asleep... Until spring, on the side-oo-oo-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o!!.

N. Sladkov. Badger and bear

- What, Bear, are you still sleeping?
- I'm sleeping, Badger, I'm sleeping. That’s it, brother, I’ve gotten into gear – it’s been five months without waking up. All sides rested.
- Or maybe, Bear, it’s time for us to get up?
- It's not time. Sleep some more.
- Won’t you and I sleep through the spring right away?
- Don't be afraid! She, brother, will wake you up.
“Will she knock on our door, sing a song, or maybe tickle our heels?” I, Misha, fear is hard to rise!
- Wow! You'll probably jump up! She, Borya, will give you a bucket of water under your sides - I bet you’ll lay low! Sleep while you're dry.

How do bears winter?

Bear in winter They sleep peacefully in their den, which is lined with pine needles, tree bark, and dry moss. If a bear has not gained a lot of fat in the fall, then he cannot sleep in his den for a long time and walks through the forest in search of food. Such a bear is very dangerous for everyone. It is called a "connecting rod".

Late winter at the mother bear's 2-3 cubs are born. They are born helpless, lying on their mother’s belly. She feeds them with thick milk, but does not eat herself. Only in the spring do the cubs leave the den.

How do insects overwinter?

At the onset of winter, insects hide deep in the soil, in rotten stumps, in the cracks of trees.

Some insects, without invitation, climb straight into an anthill to wait out the cold season. At this time, ants fall into torpor until spring.

Grasshoppers They hide eggs in the ground in the fall that will overwinter.

U cabbage butterflies pupae overwinter. In summer, the cabbage moth lays its eggs on cabbage. In the fall, caterpillars emerge from these eggs onto tree trunks, fences, walls, tie themselves with a thread and become... pupae! They hang like that until spring. And the rain drips on them, and the blizzard pours snow. Spring will come and young butterflies will emerge from their pupae.

Butterflies – urticaria, mourning butterfly, lemongrass winter as adults. They hide in the bark of trees, in hollows, in sheds, in cracks in attics. They will appear again in the spring.

G. Skrebitsky and V. Chaplina. Where do mosquitoes go in winter?

For the winter, mosquitoes hid in various cracks and old hollows. They winter next to us too. They will climb into the basement or cellar, a lot of them will gather there in the corner. Mosquitoes cling to the ceiling and walls with their long varnishes and sleep all winter.

Tales about who spends the winter how

E. Shim. Crow and tit

- All the animals hid in holes from the cold, all the birds were barely alive from hunger. You alone, Crow, cawed at the top of your lungs!
- Or maybe I’m the worst of all?! Maybe it’s me shouting “karraul”!

E. Shim. Coverings, burials, displays. How do animals and birds greet the first snow?

By evening the stars began to shine, the frost crunched at night, and in the morning the first snow fell on the ground.

The forest inhabitants greeted him differently. The old animals and birds shivered and remembered the last cold winter. And the young people were terribly surprised because they had never seen snow.

Young on the birch Grouse sat, swaying on a thin branch. He sees furry snowflakes falling from the sky.

“What kind of fluff?” muttered Teterev. “White flies fly, circle above the ground, don’t hum, don’t buzz, don’t bite.”
- No, darling, these are not flies! - said old Grouse
-Who is this?
- These are ours covers flying.
- What kind of covers are these?
“They will cover the earth,” answers old Teterev, “it will make a warm blanket.” We will dive under this blanket at night, we will be warm and cozy...
- Look, you! - Young Teterev was delighted. “I’d better try to see if he sleeps well under the covers!”
And he began to wait for the duvet to spread out on the ground.

Under the birches, in a bush, young Zaychishko whiled away the day. He dozed off with half his eyes, and listened with half an ear. Suddenly he notices furry snowflakes descending from the sky.
- Here you go! - Zaichishko was surprised. “The dandelions have long since faded, they have long since flown around and dispersed, and then look: a whole cloud of dandelion fluff is flying!”
- Stupid, is this flower fluff? - said the old hare.
- What is this?
- These are ours funerals flying.
- What kind of funerals?
“The very ones who will bury you from your enemies, protect you from evil eyes.” Your fur coat has faded and turned white. You can immediately see it on the black earth! And when the burials fall to the ground, everything will become white and white, no one will see you. You will begin to walk invisible.
- Wow, how interesting! - shouted the Bunny. - Hurry up and try how the choir girls are hiding me!

In the forest, along a bare aspen grove, a young man was running Little wolf. He ran, looked around with his eyes, looking for food. Suddenly he looks and sees light snowflakes falling from the sky.
- Ay-ay! - said the Little Wolf. - How do geese-swans fly into the sky, dropping fluff and feathers?
- What are you talking about, is this just fluff and feathers! - laughed old wolf.
- What is this?
- This, grandson, is ours. showing off flying.
- I don’t know any show!
- You'll find out soon. They will lie flat and even, covering the entire earth. And they will immediately begin to show where the birds roamed, where which animal galloped. Let us look at the displays and immediately find out what time
run to the side for the prey...
- Clever! - The Wolf Cub was delighted. “I want to quickly see where my prey ran to!”

As soon as the young animals and birds found out that it was falling from the sky, they just became acquainted with the first snow, when a warm breeze began to blow.

Here the coverings, burials, and displays melted away.

How do crayfish spend the winter?

Do you know where crayfish overwinter? Read V. Bianchi's fairy tale to the children and find out :).

What does the expression “where crayfish spend the winter” mean?

A expression “where crayfish spend the winter” appeared a long time ago. The landowners were very fond of eating crayfish, and it was difficult to catch them in winter. After all, in winter, crayfish hide and spend the winter there. In winter, guilty peasants were sent to catch crayfish. Serfs in cold water They caught crayfish - it was very hard work. They often fell ill after catching crayfish in the winter. After that they began to say: “I’ll show you where the crayfish spend the winter.” And “where crayfish spend the winter” is said in another case - about something very distant, that is located far away, no one knows where.

Where do crayfish spend the winter? V. Bianchi

In the kitchen there was a flat basket on a stool, a saucepan on the stove, and a large white dish on the table. There were crayfish in the basket, there was boiling water with dill and salt in the pan, but there was nothing on the dish.

The hostess came in and began:
once - she lowered her hand into the basket and grabbed the crayfish across the back;
two - threw the crayfish into the pan, waited until it was cooked, and -
three - spooned the crayfish from the pan onto a dish. And it went, and it went!

Once - a black crayfish, grabbed across the back, angrily moved its mustache, opened its claws and flicked its tail;
two - the crayfish was dipped in boiling water, stopped moving and turned red;
three - the red crayfish lay on the dish, lay motionless, and steam came from it.

One-two-three, one-two-three - there were fewer and fewer black crayfish left in the basket, the boiling water in the pan was boiling and gurgling, and a mountain of red crayfish was growing on a white dish.

And now there is one last crayfish left in the basket.

Once - and the mistress grabbed him across the back.

At this time they shouted something to her from the dining room.

- I’m bringing it, I’m bringing it, - the last one! - the hostess answered - I was confused:
two - I threw the black crayfish onto the dish, waited a little, picked up the red crayfish from the dish with a spoon and
three - put it in boiling water.

The red crayfish didn’t care where to lie - in a hot pan or on a cool dish. The black crayfish didn’t want to go into the pan at all; He didn’t want to lie on the platter either. More than anything in the world, he wanted to go where the crayfish spend the winter. And - without hesitation for a long time - he began his journey: backwards, backwards to the backyard.

He came across a mountain of motionless red crayfish and hid under them.

The hostess decorated the dish with dill and served it on the table.

The white dish with red crayfish and green dill was beautiful. The crayfish were delicious. The guests were hungry. The hostess was busy. And no one noticed how the black crayfish rolled from the dish onto the table and crawled backwards, backwards under the plate, backwards, backwards to the very edge of the table.

And under the table there was a kitten sitting and waiting to see if he would get something from the master’s table.

Suddenly - bang! — someone black and mustachioed cracked in front of him.

The kitten didn’t know it was a cancer, he thought it was a big black cockroach, and pushed it with his nose.

Cancer backed away.

The kitten touched him with his paw.

The cancer raised its claw.

The kitten decided that it was not worth dealing with him, turned around and smeared him with its tail.

And grab the cancer! - and pinched the tip of his tail with his claw.

What happened to the kitten? Meow! - He jumped onto the chair. Meow! - from chair to table. Meow! - from the table to the windowsill. Meow! - and jumped out into the yard.

- Hold it, hold it, you madman! - the guests shouted.

But the kitten rushed like a whirlwind across the yard, flew up onto the fence, and rushed across the garden. There was a pond in the garden, and the kitten would probably have fallen into the water if the cancer had not unclenched its claws and let go of its tail.

The kitten turned back and galloped home.

The pond was small, all overgrown with grass and mud. Lazy tailed newts, crucian carp, and snails lived in it. Their life was boring - everything was always the same. Newts swam up and down, crucian carp swam back and forth, snails crawled on the grass - one day it crawls up, the next day it goes down.

Suddenly the water splashed, and someone’s black body, blowing bubbles, sank to the bottom.

Now everyone gathered to look at him - newts swam, crucians came running, snails crawled down.

And it’s true, there was something to look at: the black one was covered in armor - from the tips of the mustache to the tip of the tail. Smooth armor covered his chest and back. From under the hard visor, two motionless eyes protruded on thin stalks. Long straight mustaches stuck out forward like peaks. Four pairs of thin legs were like forks, two claws were like two toothy mouths.

None of the pond residents had ever seen a crayfish in their lives, and everyone climbed closer to it out of curiosity. The cancer moved - everyone got scared and moved away. The crayfish raised its front leg, grabbed its eye with a fork, pulled out the stem and started cleaning it.

It was so surprising that everyone again climbed onto the crayfish, and one crucian carp even stumbled upon his mustache.

Raz! - the crayfish grabbed him with its claw, and the stupid crucian carp flew in half.

The fish and crucian carp became alarmed and ran away in all directions. And the hungry cancer calmly began to eat.

The cancer in the pond healed well. All day long he rested in the mud. He wandered around at night, felt the bottom and grass with his mustache, and grabbed slow-moving snails with his claws.

The newts and crucians were now afraid of him and would not let him get close to them. Yes, snails were enough for him: he ate them along with the houses, and his shell only became stronger from such food.

But the water in the pond was rotten and musty. And he was still drawn to where the crayfish spend the winter.

One evening it started to rain. It rained all night, and by morning the water in the pond rose and overflowed its banks. The stream picked up the crayfish and carried it out of the pond, poked it into some stump, picked it up again and threw it into a ditch.

The cancer was delighted, straightened its wide tail, clapped it in the water and swam backwards and backwards, as if crawling.

But the rain stopped, the ditch became shallow - it became uncomfortable to swim. The cancer has crawled.

He crawled for a long time. He rested during the day and set off again at night. The first ditch turned into the second, the second into the third, the third into the fourth, and he still backed away, crawled, crawled - and still could not crawl anywhere, get out of a hundred ditches.

On the tenth day of the journey, he climbed, hungry, under some snag and began to wait to see if a snail would crawl past, if a fish or frog would swim by.

So he sits under a snag and hears: boo-dah! Something heavy fell from the bank into the ditch.

And he sees a cancer: a big-faced animal with a mustache, short legs, and the size of a kitten is swimming towards him.

At another time, the crayfish would have been scared and backed away from such a beast. But hunger is not an issue. You need something to fill your belly.

He let the beast's crab pass by and grab its thick, hairy tail with its claw. I thought it would cut it off like with scissors.

But that was not the case. The beast - and it was a water rat - suddenly exploded - and the crayfish flew out from under the snag, lighter than a bird.

The rat threw its tail in the other direction - crack! — and the crayfish’s claw broke in half.

I found some seaweed and ate it. Then I fell into the mud. Cancer stuck his fork-like paws into it and let’s fumble with them. The left hind paw felt and grabbed a worm in the mud. From paw to paw, from paw to paw, from paw to paw - and sent the worm cancer into his mouth.

The journey through the ditches had already lasted a whole month, it was already the month of September, when the cancer suddenly felt bad, so bad that it could not crawl any further; and he began to stir up and dig in the sand on the shore with his tail.

He had only just dug a hole in the sand when he began to writhe.

The cancer was molting. He fell on his back, his tail either unclenched or contracted, his whiskers twitched. Then he immediately stretched out - his shell burst on his stomach - and a pinkish-brown body climbed out of him. Then the crayfish twitched its tail strongly and jumped out of itself. A dead mustachioed shell fell out of the cave. It was empty and light. A strong current dragged him along the bottom, lifted him, and carried him away.

And in the clay cave there remained a living crayfish - so soft and helpless now that a snail could pierce it with its delicate horns.

Day after day passed, and he still lay motionless. Little by little his body began to harden, again becoming covered with a hard shell. Only now the shell was no longer black, but red-brown.

And here’s a miracle: the claw torn off by the rat quickly began to grow back.

The crayfish crawled out of its hole and, with renewed vigor, set off on its journey to where crayfish spend the winter.

From ditch to ditch, from stream to stream, a patient crab crawled. His shell was turning black. The days became shorter, it rained, light golden shuttles floated on the water - leaves flying from the trees. At night the water twitched with fragile ice.

The stream flowed into the stream, the stream ran to the river.

The patient crayfish swam and swam along the streams - and finally found itself in a wide river with clay banks.

On the steep banks under water, several floors high, there are caves, caves, caves - like swallows’ nests above the water, in a cliff. And from every cave the crayfish looks, moves its mustache, threatens with its claw.

A whole crab city.

The traveler crab was delighted. I found a free place on the shore and dug myself a cozy, cozy hole-cave. He ate more and lay down to spend the winter, like a bear in a den.

Workbook " The world around us"for the second grade, part two, educational complex "Perspective", notebook authors - Pleshakov, Novitskaya. If the first part was completely devoted to autumn, it is logical that the second should cover winter, spring and summer. Yes, there are a lot of pages about winter and spring, but The topics exactly repeat part 1 of the workbook.

It’s a little unclear why 3 times in a row academic year teach the constellations of the starry sky or the same birds, but the authors of the textbook ordered it this way. There are only a couple of pages about summer, although, you see, this time of year is almost one of the most wonderful and remarkable.

Our workbook contains all the gdz, answers to tasks for the second part of the workbook on the world around us for grade 2 on Perspective. All answers are checked by the teacher primary classes. For many tasks you can find an extended answer, report or presentation on the pages of our website.

Answers to the 2nd part of the workbook for grade 2

Click on the page numbers to view the answers to the assignments.

Winter

Page 3-5. Winter months

Task 1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the winter months and the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names for the winter months. Write Russian names in the second column. Orally make a conclusion about their origin.

1st column: december, januarius, februarius.

Column 2: December, January, February. The names sound similar to Roman ones.

3rd column: jelly, section, snow.

2. Write down the names of the winter months in the language of the peoples of your region that are associated with

2) with natural phenomena;
3) with the difficulty of people.

You can select options on the page Names of winter months associated with phenomena of living and inanimate nature, with the difficulty of people >>

Task 3. Great Russia. Therefore, winter comes to different parts of the country at different times. And her reign lasts different terms. Write down the dates when winter comes to your region and when it leaves.

Winter in the Urals and Siberia is the longest season of the year. It usually begins at the end of October, when constant snow cover and negative air temperatures set in. Winter ends in these parts on the 20th of March. The snow cover lasts for about 5 months and reaches an average thickness of 30-40 cm.

Winter in the European part of Russia approximately coincides with the calendar: from the beginning of December to the end of February.

Winter in the Krasnodar Territory is short; temperatures can still be above zero in November. Winter begins in mid-December, and by early February it already gives way to spring natural phenomena.

Task 4. Look at the photo. Write a poem for it, a saying, a riddle (of your choice) about the winter beauty. Write it down.

White cotton wool warmed the entire forest. (Snow).

Blanket white
Not made by hand.
It was not woven or cut,
It fell from the sky to the ground. (Snow).

It was snowing, it was stormy.
All the trees are covered in lace!
Snow on the pines, on the bushes,
They ate in white fur coats.
And got tangled in the branches
Violent snowstorms.

Task 5. Place photographs or drawings of your hometown (village) taken in winter. Come up with and write captions for them.

City garden in winter

Lenin Square in winter

St. Basil's Cathedral in winter

Cathedral of Christ the Savior in winter

Page 6-7. Winter is a time of science and fairy tales

Task 2. Write down folk signs about the harvest in your region.

Answer: If there is snow along the road on Candlemas (February 15), expect a good harvest.
At big snow and there will be plenty of bread, but if there is little, there will be little bread.
A clear New Year's Day means a rich harvest of bread, followed by severe frost and snowfall on New Year's Day.
If the ice on the river is flat, then there will be little bread, and if the ice becomes piles, there will be a lot of bread.

You can choose more signs from the page Folk signs for the harvest >>

Task 3. Remember the fairy tale of the peoples of your region about animals. Draw a picture for it.

Let's remember the fairy tale "Winter Quarters of Animals". Drawing:

Task 4. Choose and write down a proverb that expresses the meaning of the fairy tale to which your drawing is drawn.

Proverb: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter.

Page 8-9. Winter in inanimate nature

Task 1. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in winter. Explain your choice.

Answer: the most extreme picture on the right, because in it the sun is lowest and signs of winter are visible: snow, trees without leaves.

Task 2. Make a list winter phenomena in inanimate nature using textbook text.

The sun rises low in the sky. Short day. Freezing. Snowfall, blizzard. Ice on reservoirs. Thaw and ice. Frost on the trees.

Task 3. Write down the dates:

Task 4. Watch the weather in winter. Make observations every month for one week (around the middle of the month). Enter the results into tables using symbols.

If you were unable to observe the weather, then the weather archive website of the gismeteo website (gismeteo.ru) will help you; it has a weather diary for schoolchildren. We write out the weather for the right days and redraw the same symbols.

Page 10-11. Starry sky in winter

Task 1. Find the North Star in the picture and label it. Explain (orally) how you managed to find this star among the others.

Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor (Little Dipper), located at the end of the dipper.

Task 2. Come up with a fairy tale about the constellation Ursa Minor and the North Star. Write it down on a separate sheet of paper and arrange it beautifully.

Far far from the earth lived the North Star, who wanted to learn a lot about the Earth. And lost in thought, she could not stay in the sky and fell into the forest, and not just into the forest, but right onto the tail of a bear cub - a little bear who was walking through the forest. The bear was surprised and asked:
- Who are you?
- I am the North Star! “I fell from the sky,” the guest answered.
- Why did you come here?
The star answered without hesitation:
- To see what the earth is like.
Then the little bear enthusiastically offered to show her everything, and they went for a walk in the forest. They admired the wonderful beautiful plants and no less beautiful animals. The little star liked everything and invited the bear to visit her in heaven. They instantly found themselves in heaven, and the guest liked it there so much that she decided to stay in heaven. Now they are inseparable friends and are called Ursa Minor and Polar Star.

Task 3. Write down the names of the sides of the horizon.

If you stand facing the North Star, then north will be in front, south behind, west on the left, east on the right.

Task 4. Using the textbook illustration, connect the stars in the figure (p. 11) so that you get a fragment of the Orion constellation. Find the star Sirius in the picture and label it. Explain (verbally) what helped you find this star.

If you draw a straight line along Orion's belt from right to left, then the first bright star on this straight line will be Sirius.

Task 5. Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you were able to see in the winter sky.

Constellations: Orion, Canis Major and Minor, Taurus, Gemini, Unicorn, Cancer.

Stars: Polaris, Sirius, Capella, Betelgeuse.

Page 12-13. Winter in the world of plants

Task 1.

Answer from left to right: linden, ash, maple, rowan, elm.

Task 2.

Answer from left to right: spruce, larch, pine.

Task 3. Guess which plant is shown in the photo.

Answer: juniper.

Task 4. During your walk, try to identify several trees and shrubs in winter attire (by silhouettes, fruits, cones and other features). Write down the names of the plants and draw the signs by which you identified these plants.

Examples of drawings:

Rowan can be identified by the fruits collected in clusters.

We can identify rose hips by their red, elongated fruits.

We identify a birch tree by its white trunk.

We can identify ash by elongated seeds collected in panicles.

Page 14-15. Winter holidays

Task 1. Congratulate your classmate with a Christmas carol.

Kolyada, Kolyada!
A carol came out from Nova Gorod.
How the carol looked for Mashenka's yard.
I found a carol in the Car yard.
The car yard is not small, not big....
Happiness and joy to you, Mashenka!

Task 3.

Answer: paint over the circle of the angel, swan and lemon. You can mark the bump at your discretion.

Page 16-17. Plants in the home medicine cabinet

Task 2. Practical work "Medicinal plants".

Name of plants - What parts are used

rose hips - fruits
St. John's wort - flowers, leaves, stem
cyclamen - tubers
chamomile - flowers
juniper - fruits
calendula - flowers

Task 2. Solve the crossword puzzle using the textbook text.

1. Valerian

3. Calendula
4. Linden
5. Plantain
6. Yarrow

Task 3. Write down the names medicinal plants home first aid kit.

Answer: rosehip, St. John's wort, mint, chamomile, yarrow, sage, calendula.

Page 18-19. Winter life of birds and animals

1. Identify birds by their beaks. Connect the pictures and names with lines.

Task 2. Recognize the animals by their descriptions. Write the names.

Task 3. What changed in the behavior of the birds you observed in the fall?

Birds increasingly began to fly to human habitation. Tits can even fly onto the balcony if the window is open. They are looking for food.

What other birds did you see?

Tits, bullfinches.

Watch the birds at the feeder.
Write a story based on your observations. Illustrate it with a drawing.

We made a feeder out of planks. Dad hung it on a tree in the park. Mom poured seeds and grains into it. But the birds did not arrive for a long time. Finally, one day we discovered that the food had disappeared! This meant that the birds had found our gift! We began to come more often and bring fresh food.

Page 20-21. Invisible threads in the winter forest

Task 1. How are spruce and forest animals related to each other?

Crossbill, woodpecker, squirrel, mouse, and hare feed on spruce seeds and spread them. In the spring, the seeds dropped by these animals will germinate and new spruce trees will grow from them.

Task 2. Read the story “How Animals Help Each Other” in the textbook. Connect the pictures with arrows to show the connections in the winter forest.

Page 22-23. In February, winter meets spring for the first time

1. Write a short oral story about February, using the words “boundary”, “border”, “border” in it.

A story about February.

February is the last month of winter, the boundary between winter and spring. Between February and March there is a border or boundary between cold and heat. They say that winter meets spring in February. This means that it is getting warmer and the first signs of spring are being felt. The snow has not melted yet, but the sun is warming up and thawed patches are forming.

Draw a picture for your story.

Task 2. Guess the riddle.

An ice bag hangs outside the window.
He cries merrily and smells of spring.

Guess: ICICLE.

Task 3. Find out homemade recipe cooking pancakes, write it down and tell your classmates about it.

2 eggs, 3 tablespoons of sugar, 1 liter of milk, half a teaspoon of salt, as much flour as the dough will absorb (it should be liquid), vegetable oil.

Mix eggs with sugar, add flour, salt, milk. Stir the dough well so that there are no lumps. You can add 3-4 tablespoons of vegetable oil to the dough.

Fry in a hot frying pan greased with vegetable oil.

Task 4. Select and paste a photo winter holiday according to the ancient calendar of the peoples of your region.

Meeting means meeting. This holiday came to us from the Bible pages. One old man named Simeon was promised by God that he would not die until he saw the promised Messiah (Christ). And then one day, while he was in the temple, Mary and Joseph brought the Baby Jesus to fulfill the law. Simeon took the Child Jesus in his arms and, glorifying God, said: “Now, Master, you are sending Your servant away in peace, according to Your word, for my eyes have seen Your salvation, which You have prepared before the face of all nations, a light to enlighten the Gentiles and the glory of the people.” Your Israel." In honor of this event the feast of Candlemas is celebrated.
It is believed that at Candlemas winter meets spring.

Page 24-25. Winter labor

Task 1. Tell (orally) about ancient women's work in winter.

In winter, women did handicrafts, spinning yarn, weaving, sewing and embroidering. They also took care of domestic animals.

Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the text yourself or with the help of a textbook.

People create good conditions for storing grain in granaries - elevators.
Pets are kept indoors in winter. It should be warm, dry, light.
Four-legged friends need to add vitamins to their food in winter.
After the thaw, during icy conditions, roads and sidewalks are sprinkled with sand.
Indoor plants are rarely watered in winter.

Task 3.

Answer from left to right: onion, violet, Decembrist, lemon.

Page 26-27. Be healthy

Task 1.

Task 2. Think and write down what qualities develop in the games you like to play in winter.

Winter games in the snow strengthen my health, develop endurance, agility and strength. And when building figures from snow, use your imagination.

Task 3. Winter game peoples of your region.

Prize on the pillar

Many peoples, including Russians, had such winter fun. A large pillar was erected in the middle of the square. He was doused with water. In the cold, the water turned to ice, and the pole became very slippery. A valuable prize, for example, red boots, was hung at the top of the pole. This is where the game began! Any guy or man could try to climb to the very top and take off his boots. But only the strongest and most dexterous managed to climb the slippery pillar.

The qualities that this game develops: dexterity, strength, intelligence, courage.

Page 28-29. Nature conservation in winter

1. Draw a feeder in which you feed the birds. You can paste a photo.

2. Write what other feathered guests have been in your “dining room”.

Answer: Pigeons, magpie, crow.

3. Write what kind of food you feed the birds.

Answer: millet, seeds, crackers.

4. Using a textbook, color the animals from the Red Book of Russia and write their names.

Amur tiger, eagle owl.

5. Write a story about an animal listed in the Red Book of Russia (preferably living in your region). You can supplement the story with a drawing.

Weasel is the smallest predator living in our region. Weasel destroys a huge number of mice. She lives in fields and forests, as well as along the banks of rivers and lakes. This animal is valued for its fur. In summer, the weasel has a brown coat with a white chest, and in winter it is completely white.

Page 30-31. Winter walk

Task 1. Look at the photographs. Think about which regions of Russia in winter people need such warm clothing.

Answer: in northern regions Russia.

Task 2.

Spring and summer

Page 32-33. Spring months

1. In the first column, read aloud the names of the spring months in the ancient Roman calendar. Compare their sound with the sound of modern Russian names for the spring months. Write Russian names in the second column...

Find out from your elders and write down in the third column the names of the spring months in the languages ​​of the people of your region.

1 column: Martius, Aprilis, Mayus
Column 2: March, April, May
3rd column (in Ukrainian): zimobor, snowgon, grass.

2. Write down the names of the spring months in the language of the peoples of your region that are connected:

a) with phenomena of inanimate nature -
b) with phenomena of living nature -
c) with the difficulty of people -

3. Place a photograph or drawing of your hometown (village), taken in the spring. Come up with and write a signature.

4. Return to p. 6 and complete the check of folk signs for the harvest according to the days of St. Nicholas. To do this, track how much grass will grow by May 22. Write down your winter and spring observations:

The popular forecast was justified.

pp. 34-35. Spring in inanimate nature

1. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in spring. Explain your choice.

Answer: the picture on the right, because the sun is higher in it, signs of spring are visible in nature: ice drift on the river, the arrival of birds.

Make a list of spring phenomena in inanimate nature using the textbook text.

Answer: warming, melting snow, ice drift, high rivers, flood, first thunderstorm

3. Write down the date.

4. Observe the weather in spring...

Current data for your city can be found on the Gismeteoru website and in the weather diary for schoolchildren.

Page. 36-37. Spring - morning of the year

1. Write down the dates of the arrival of spring according to the ancient calendars of your region.

2. In the tear-off calendar, look how much the day has increased. Write down the length of the day:

Annunciation

Page 38-39. Starry sky in spring

2. ... Write down the names of the constellations and stars that you were able to see in the spring sky. Draw one of the constellations on p. 39.

Constellations: Cassiopeia, Leo, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor.

Stars: Regulus, Polaris, Sirius.

Constellation that we managed to see in the spring sky: Libra

3. Write a story about one of the constellations in the spring sky.

Leo constellation

The lion is the main figure of the night spring sky. The arrangement of bright stars resembles a reclining lion, whose head and chest represent the famous “Sickle” asterism, similar to a mirrored question mark. The constellation Leo is very rich in different interesting objects, which are very easy to see with a small telescope and even with the naked eye. It can be seen from February to March in the southern night sky. The most bright stars Leo constellations: Regulus, Denebola, Algeiba.

Regulus is the most important object in the constellation Leo. The star is located almost in the center of the constellation and is often associated with the heart. This is a very bright star, the brightness of which is 160 times higher than that of our Sun. This star is located 85 light years away, which explains its high apparent brightness.

Denebola is the second brightest object associated with Leo. This is the outermost star, often called the tail.

Algeiba is a double star, one of the most beautiful in the sky. Denotes a majestic mane. If you look closely, the slightly orange star has a noticeable golden companion. The orbital period of this binary system is approximately 510 years.

4. Come up with a fairy tale about the constellations of the spring sky. Write it down on a separate sheet of paper and arrange it beautifully.

There lived in Africa a mighty king of beasts - a lion. Everyone was afraid of him and ran away in fear when he uttered his menacing lion's roar. But then one night the lion raised his head up and saw many constellations - there were both a hare and bears. He growled loudly at them, but not a single star moved. He growled even louder, but no one in the starry sky ran away from him. Then the lion wanted to teach the stars a lesson. He pressed himself to the ground and jumped so high that he went straight to the sky, but, looking at the Earth from above, he was so scared that he froze and forgot why he climbed here. This is how the mighty lion turned into the constellation Leo.

Page 40-43. Spring awakening of plants

From left to right: anemone, liverwort, coltsfoot, lungwort, guillemot, corydalis, goose onion.

2. Color the flowers. Name them.

From left to right: Corydalis, lungwort, goose onion

3. ... Connect the pictures and names with lines. Do it yourself or use a tutorial.
Underline the names of the trees with a green pencil, and the names of the bushes with a red pencil.

4. Observe and record when they bloomed this year:

Coltsfoot - end of March
Dandelion - in May
Lily of the valley - early May
Bird cherry - early May
Cherry - end of May
Apple tree - late May, early June
Poplar - June
Birch - in April
Alder - in May

5. Observe and write down when the leaves of the hazel, apple, birch, and oak trees began to bloom.

Hazel: early April - May.
Apple tree: late April - mid-May.
Birch: end of April - mid-May.
Oak: mid-April - late May.

7. Write a story about one of the blooming plants. Use the book "Green Pages" or other literature (of your choice) for this.

Bird cherry

This plant is popularly affectionately called the beautiful bride. This is due to the fact that in the spring the bird cherry puts on a festive white robe and turns into a real miracle.

Bird cherry is a shrub from the Rosaceae family. Its trunk is completely covered with dark gray bark, on which there are rusty-brown spots. Bird cherry leaves are obovate in shape. The flowers, although small, are very fragrant. They are white and collected in a very beautiful brush.

Bird cherry is a forest orderly. Flowers and leaves have a special aroma, and therefore have phytoncidal properties. This is what made the tree special, as it gave it the ability to kill insects and germs. The tree is merciless even for mosquitoes and ticks.

Many poems and songs have been written about bird cherry.

Page 44-45. Wonderful flower beds in spring

1. Cut out photos from the application and paste each one into its own window.

2. Color the flowers. Name them (orally)

From left to right: tulips, pansies, daffodils

3. Identify several spring flower garden plants. Draw 2-3 plants or stick a photo.

Primrose

Lily of the valley

4. Write a story about one of the plants in the spring flower garden, about the beliefs and legends associated with it.

It’s not for nothing that primroses are called primroses – in the spring they bloom the earliest.

In the Scandinavian sagas, primroses were called the keys of the spring goddess Freya. As soon as the snow melts, a beautiful young goddess comes to the earth to decorate it with flowers and herbs. And where the multi-colored necklace touches her - the rainbow of the earth, there the primrose will grow.

Primroses are perennial plants and bloom only once a year - in spring.

Page 46-47. Spring in the world of insects

1. Do you know the names of butterflies? Cut out the pictures from the Appendix and paste them into the windows. Test yourself using the textbook drawing.

3. Find information in the textbook about what insects eat. Write it down. Conclude whether these insects cause harm to humans

Hives caterpillar - nettle leaves.
Mourning caterpillar - birch and aspen leaves.
Dragonflies are mosquito larvae.
Dragonfly larvae are mosquito larvae.
Ant - insects.

These insects do not harm humans.

4. Using information from the textbook, write in the diagrams the names of animals that feed on mosquitoes and their larvae.

Page 48-49. Spring in the world of birds and animals

1. Using the textbook text, number the pictures in the sequence in which these birds return from warmer climes.

2. Observe and write down when you were able to see a rook for the first time this year - the beginning of March, a starling - the end of March, a chaffinch - the end of March, a swallow - the end of May.

3. In the text of the textbook, find information about what different animals eat. Write it down.

Hedgehog - insects, toads.

Bear - berries, insects, plant roots, fish, large animals (elk, deer)

Bat - insects.

Fill in the circle next to the text " bats" - they wake up later than everyone else, because they feed only on flying insects, and they start flying late.

4. Bird watching.

Not far from our house, swallows have built a nest. It was located under the roof of the store. Every spring, swallows return to their nest and hatch their chicks. At the end of summer they leave their home and fly to warm regions.

I have seen swallows feeding their chicks more than once. When mom or dad flew up to the nest, the chicks stuck out their open beaks and began to squeak and demand food. I really like watching birds.

Page 50-51. Invisible threads in the spring forest

1. Who is willow friends with?

3. Give an example invisible threads in the spring forest and depict it in the form of a diagram.

4. Find information about the life of the cuckoo in additional literature. In which birds' nests does she lay eggs? Write a short story about a cuckoo.

Cuckoo - migrant. She places her eggs in the nests of other birds, such as wagtail, redstart, robin, finch, and finch. Cuckoos eat hairy caterpillars that other birds don't eat. In cuckoos, it is the male who crows, not the female.

Page 52-53. Spring labor

1. Guess the riddles about men’s spring labor and their ancient tools. Write down the answers.

I cut a black loaf from edge to edge... The matting in the windows covered the entire field.

2. Guess the riddles about women’s spring work. Write down the answers. Test yourself using the Application.

Thunder rumbles, lightning flashes, it melts on one side and freezes on the other (weaving fabric).

A small bird will dive with its nose, wag its tail, and lead a path (embroidery)

3. Riddle.

They were torn into shreds, knitted across the field,
They beat me, they beat me,
They twisted, weaved,
They locked us up and sat us on the table.

The answer: flax.

4. Select and paste a photo of spring work in your family.

Page 54-55. Ancient spring holidays

1. Guess the riddle. Write down the answer. Test yourself using the Application.

The bridge lies
For seven miles,
At the end of the bridge -
Golden Mile.

Guess: GREAT LENT AND EASTER.

2. Read the lyrics of the song used to congratulate the newlyweds. Instead of blanks, write down wishes.

Is the owner still at home?
Is the master in the house?
Congratulations on a great job,
With Alexeyushka!
With a young vine,
With Tatyanushka!
How many stumps are there in the forest -
We wish you so many sons!
How many hummocks are there in the meadow -
We wish so many daughters!

3. Read the text of the Russian song about the birch tree. Underline all the kind words in the lyrics. Write down words with color meanings.

Affectionate words (they must be emphasized): birch tree, breeze, rain.

Words with color meanings: green, turn green, white, light brown.

4. Select and paste a photo of the spring holiday according to the ancient calendar of the peoples of your region.

Happy Easter - Christ is risen!

Page 56-57. Be healthy!

1. Draw what games you like to play in the spring. Instead of drawings, you can place photographs here.

2. Think and write down what qualities are developed in the games you like to play in the spring.

Answer: Creativity, friendliness, patience.

3. Ask the elders in the family to tell you about the rules of one of the games of the peoples of your region.

Gorodki - Russian folk sports game. In this game, it is necessary to “knock out” by throwing “city” bats from certain distances - figures composed in various ways from five wooden cylinders (chocks), called “towns” or “ryukhi”.

To play towns, 15 pieces are used. The winner is the player or team that spent the least number of bits on knocking out pieces. The pieces begin to knock out from the kon (far line). If you knock out at least one town, the remaining ones are knocked out from the semi-con (near line); The “closed letter” figure is knocked out only from the stake, and first - the town in the center, indicating the “mark”. Each game can consist of 6, 10 or 15 pieces. All figures except the 15th are built on the front line of the city.

A town is considered knocked out when it has completely reached the back or side lines of the city. If a town flies forward to the penalty line or beyond it in the direction of the half-cone, then it is placed in the suburbs, opposite the city center: 20 cm from the penalty line if at least one town is knocked out of the figure or 40 cm if it is not knocked out of the figure not a single town. A town that goes beyond the line and rolls back into a city or suburb is considered knocked out.

Think and write down what qualities this folk game develops.

Answer: Dexterity, strength, eye, ability to concentrate.

Page 58-59. Nature conservation in spring

2. Using a textbook, color these representatives of the Red Book of Russia. Sign their names.

3. Write a story about some mushroom, plant or animal listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Ram mushroom (Grifola curly)

The ram mushroom is a rare and very interesting species. Usually it chooses forests with broad-leaved trees. He likes to settle on maples and oaks, less often choosing chestnuts and beech trees as his host. These mushrooms are collected only in August and September, and the weight of one mushroom can sometimes reach ten kilograms.

Page 60-61. Spring walk

Photos from the walk:

The rooks have arrived

Willow blossoms

Primrose

Page 62-65. Summer is red

1. Names of the summer months.

1 column: Junius, Julius, Augustus
Column 2: June, July, August
3rd column (in Ukrainian): cherven, lipen, serpen

2. Write down the names of the summer months in the language of the peoples of your region that are associated with

1) with phenomena of inanimate nature;
2) with natural phenomena;
3) with the difficulty of people.

You can select from the page: Names of months associated with phenomena of living and inanimate nature, with the labor of people

3. In different parts of our great Motherland, summer has its own term. Write down the dates when summer comes to your area and when it leaves.

Hint: here you don’t need to look for holiday dates in ancient calendars, because the question doesn’t require it. Just write when it gets warm in your area. For example, in the Krasnodar Territory, summer often begins in mid-May and ends in early October. In the Urals and Siberia, summer comes in June and leaves in August.

4. Place a photograph or drawing of your hometown (village), taken in the summer. Come up with and write a signature.

Park in summer

5. Using a tear-off calendar, find out how long daylight hours last on days summer solstice, summer solstice and Peter's day. Write down your observations.

Note: Day length is recorded for Moscow.

6. Mark the picture that shows the position of the sun in summer.

Answer: in the extreme picture on the right. The sun is located highest on it, the trees are dressed in foliage.

7. Write down the dates:

8. Watch the weather in summer. Make observations and record the results in a table.

* If you were unable to observe the weather, then the Gismeteo website will help you - a weather diary for schoolchildren, where you need to select a city and date and see weather data.

Page 66-67. Summer holidays and work

Bent in an arc, In the summer in the meadow, In the winter on a hook - SCYTHE

Toothed, but not biting - RAKE.

3. Cut out the drawings of the gifts of summer from the application. Paste them in the windows from left to right in the same way as the holidays of the three Saviors come one after another in August.

HONEY APPLES NUTS

Holiday dates:

4. Draw a symbol for the expression “all year round.”

Page 68. Summer walk

Post any of your photos in the summer.

If something is not clear, ask in the comments.

Wintering of animals in nature

Introduction

3. Stocking feed

Conclusion

Introduction

Relevance of the work. Animal behavior became a subject of study long before the heyday of the natural sciences. Familiarity with the habits of animals was vital for man at the dawn of civilization. It contributed to success in hunting and fishing, the domestication of animals and the development of cattle breeding, construction and salvation from natural disasters etc. The knowledge accumulated through observation served as the basis for the first scientific generalizations, which were always associated with elucidating the connection between man and animals and their position in the picture of the universe. Ancient ideas about the instincts and intelligence of animals were formed based on observation of animals in their natural habitat.

Wintering of animals, ways of surviving the unfavorable winter period by animals of temperate and cold zones. In invertebrate animals, development cycles serve as adaptations for surviving unfavorable winter conditions; for example, insects survive the winter in one of the cold-resistant phases adapted to winter conditions life cycle: eggs (locusts, many beetles, butterflies), larvae (some beetles, cicadas, dragonflies, mosquitoes) or pupae (many butterflies). An adaptation to wintering is hibernation, which is characteristic of some poikilothermic animals (invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles), as well as a number of homeothermic animals (mammals - ground squirrels, marmots, dormice, hedgehogs, bats etc.); Some mammals hibernate in winter. Animals that do not hibernate - birds, most mammals and fish, some insects - move for the winter to other biotopes or to areas with more favorable climatic conditions and with sufficient food. These seasonal migrations are most pronounced in some mammals (bats, whales, etc.), a number of fish, and especially in birds, most of which winter in the subtropics and tropics. In temperate and cold latitudes, predominantly herbivorous and mixed-feeding birds winter.

In homeothermic animals that winter in temperate and cold latitudes, as a result of autumn molting, thick fur or feathers appear, which reduces heat loss during the winter cold. As a result of molting, protective colors also appear (hares, ermine, ptarmigan). Many animals and birds deposit a layer of subcutaneous fat in the fall, which protects against cooling and makes it easier to endure starvation. Essential for surviving the winter period is the ability of many mammals to switch to food available during this period, and in the fall to store food (see Stockpiling food by animals).

A number of terrestrial bird species (hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, white partridge) burrow into the snow, which has good heat-insulating properties, at night and in bad weather during the day, and sit out in it for a significant part of the day; In winters with little snow, cases of mass death of these birds are not uncommon. Snow provides good protection from the cold for small mammals that make passages and build nests in it. Small and medium-sized birds and animals spend the night in groups in winter, which reduces heat loss.

Purpose of the study: study the ways animals survive the unfavorable winter period.

Research objectives:

Consider the ways reptiles and amphibians survive the winter period;

consider the ways mammals survive the winter period.

1. Wintering of reptiles and amphibians

Amphibians and reptiles (otherwise known as amphibians and reptiles) are creatures with variable body temperatures. In other words, the latter (that is, body temperature) is largely determined by the ambient temperature. In our conditions, in the presence of a long cold period, such animals at this time cannot maintain body temperature at a level sufficient for normal life. They cannot migrate to warm regions, so the only way out for them is to go into an inactive state, that is, to hibernate.

Most of our reptiles winter on land - in the soil and other shelters. Only some species do this in bodies of water. Among amphibians these include green and grass frogs, among reptiles - marsh turtle. The grass frog is very rare in the Black Earth Region, and is not found at all in the Khopersky Nature Reserve and its environs. Among the three species of green frogs, overwintering in water is the norm for the lake frog, the pond frog typically does so on land, and the edible frog can hibernate both in water and on land. It is curious that the latter species, living next to the lake frog, overwinters in the water, and, living together with the pond frog, on land, that is, it does this as if “for company” with the neighboring species. Thus, in our area, three species of reptiles actually winter in the water: lake and (partially) edible frog and a marsh turtle.

Lake frogs and marsh turtles overwinter at the bottom of fairly large bodies of water, the likelihood of complete freezing of which is low. At the same time, the frogs climb into the silt, trying to hide from potential enemies.

All vital processes during hibernation slow down extremely, but do not stop completely. When the temperature drops, animals become inactive, but are not completely deprived of the ability to move. The frequency of respiratory movements and the level of gas exchange sharply decrease, and growth is inhibited. Breathing atmospheric oxygen during aquatic wintering is impossible. Therefore, the only respiratory organ of frogs during this period is the skin, through which oxygen dissolved in water enters and carbon dioxide is removed. An important role in the breathing of hibernating turtles is played by the so-called anal sacs, or bladders, the walls of which are penetrated by a network of small blood vessels.

The phenomenon of hibernation is not a simple reaction to a drop in temperature, but a complex adaptation, which is a complex of interrelated changes in the body. “Winter” frogs differ from “summer” frogs in a number of physiological and biochemical features: they differ in the number of working capillaries in the skin, the amount of glycogen in the liver, the conductivity and excitability of nerve pathways, and their reaction to light. In the fall, during the transition to wintering, and also in the spring, when leaving it, the animal’s body undergoes a complex restructuring.

During wintering, animals face numerous dangers. The main one is suffocation (starvation). It is the result of a sharp decrease in oxygen content in water. As a rule, this is facilitated by the accumulation of a large amount organic matter in a reservoir, especially in combination with an early established and thick (sometimes double) layer of ice. The danger of death increases towards the end of wintering. In some years in the spring, after the ice has melted, along the shores of the reservoir you can find a lot of fish that have died from starvation. Not far away, usually at greater depths, the bodies of frogs that did not survive the winter are found.

Another danger is complete or partial freezing of the reservoir. It happens in some frosty winters. If at the same time there are places in the reservoir suitable for wintering, the animals are able to move into them, otherwise they will die.

Rare cases of animal poisoning have been observed. harmful substances, which may have natural origin or be a consequence of human activity.

Finally, predators collect a certain tribute from wintering frogs. Among them predatory fish(catfish, pike, and others) and mammals (mink, otter). At the same time, some predators begin to specifically hunt amphibians in winter. For example, the share of frogs in the otter's diet in different places increases from 2-43% in summer to 35-90% in winter. Young frogs especially suffer from predators during their first wintering. In turtles, especially adults, the number of enemies is winter time noticeably less. However, occasionally they, especially young specimens, are attacked by an otter.

Wintering is a forced phenomenon for amphibians and reptiles. However, this is a very important period in their annual cycle. It is during hibernation when low temperatures Mature germ cells are formed in the gonads of males and females. Therefore, animals awakening in the spring soon begin to reproduce. If you artificially deprive them of wintering, they will not be ready to reproduce.

2. Hibernation, winter sleep, molting

The following ways of surviving the unfavorable winter period are typical for mammals.

Hibernation, a state of decreased vital activity that occurs in warm-blooded, or homeothermic animals, during periods when food becomes inaccessible and maintaining high activity and intensive metabolism would lead to exhaustion of the body. Before hibernating, animals accumulate reserve substances in the body, mainly in the form of fat (up to 30-40% of body weight), and take refuge in shelters with a favorable microclimate (burrows, nests, hollows, rock crevices, etc.). Hibernation is accompanied by a significant decrease in vital activity and metabolism, inhibition of nervous reactions (“deep sleep”), slowing of breathing, heartbeat and other physiological processes. During hibernation, body temperature decreases significantly (to 4-0 °C), but control by the thermoregulatory centers of the brain (hypothalamus) and metabolic thermoregulation are maintained (in small animals with a high specific metabolism, without reducing body temperature, metabolism cannot be reduced to level that ensures economical use of the body's reserve reserves). Unlike poikilothermic animals, which fall into a state of torpor, during hibernation, homeothermic animals retain the ability to control the physiological state with the help of nerve centers and actively maintain the body’s homeostasis at a new level. If hibernation conditions become unfavorable (excessive increase or decrease in temperature in the shelter, wetness of the nest, etc.), the animal sharply increases heat production, “wakes up,” takes measures to restore comfortable conditions (changes the shelter, etc.) and only after This one goes into hibernation again. Some large animals, such as bears, maintain a normal body temperature during hibernation (sometimes called winter sleep).

There is daily hibernation (in bats, hummingbirds, etc.), seasonal - summer (in desert animals) and winter (in many rodents, insectivores, etc.), and irregular - with the sudden onset of unfavorable conditions (in squirrels, raccoon dogs, swifts, swallows, etc. The duration of hibernation can reach 8 months (for example, in a number of desert animals, in which summer hibernation can turn into winter), the main reason for hibernation is lack of food; external conditions(low or high temperature, lack of moisture, etc.) can accelerate hibernation. A number of changes in natural conditions that precede the onset of an unfavorable season (changes in the length of daylight hours, etc.) are signal ones - when they reach a certain level, the body turns on the physiological mechanisms of preparation for hibernation. The hibernation process is regulated nervous system(hypothalamus) and endocrine glands (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas). Hibernation is accompanied by significant changes in tissue metabolism. During hibernation, the animals' resistance to many poisons and microbial infections increases noticeably.

Winter dream, adaptation of some mammals to survive unfavorable food and climatic living conditions in winter. Characteristic of some mammals, such as bear, raccoon, badger, hamster. Unlike hibernation, Winter sleep is characterized by a relatively small decrease in body temperature and metabolic processes. A sleeping animal can quickly become active. During Winter sleep, animals accumulate fat and climb into burrows or other well-protected shelters; at this time the animals do not feed.

Shedding, periodic change of outer integument in animals. In invertebrates (crustaceans, centipedes, insects and other arthropods, as well as some worms, etc.), molting involves shedding the old chitinous cover and replacing it with a new one, which is a necessary condition for the growth and development of the organism. In arthropods and other invertebrates, molting is confined to certain stages individual development and represents a complex process during which (sequentially) peeling and partial dissolution of the old cuticle, proliferation of epidermal cells, secretion of a new cuticle and its hardening (after shedding the old one) occur. In insects, molting is caused primarily by the action of the molting hormone - ecdysone, which, by changing the permeability of cellular and nuclear membranes, affects the chromosomal apparatus of cells. Insect larvae have glands in the head or chest that produce and secrete molting hormone under the influence of an activation hormone produced by neurosecretory cells of the brain.

In vertebrates - amphibians, reptiles (except for crocodiles and most turtles, which do not molt), birds and mammals - molting is caused by the need to restore worn-out integuments and is associated not with stages of development, but with seasonal changes. In amphibians and reptiles, molts follow one after another during the summer; their frequency depends on temperature regime. With the onset of winter cold, molting stops. In birds and mammals, each moult is confined to a certain time of year. Its onset is associated with changes in the length of daylight hours, which regulates the activity of the pituitary gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the pituitary gland affects the activity of the thyroid gland, under the influence of which hormone molting occurs. As a result of molting, the plumage and hair become thicker, the color of the plumage, and in some mammals, the color of the hair changes. Molting does not always cover the entire cover; There are additional molts that affect only part of the cover. During the molting period, animals' metabolism changes: protein metabolism increases and the level of oxygen consumption increases. The rate of molting in birds and mammals can be adjusted by artificially changing the light regime.

3. Stocking feed

Stocking feedanimals, search, selection and transfer by animals to specific place food, which is then used (usually during food-free times) by the animals themselves or their offspring. The instinct to store food in animals is an important biological adaptation; most developed in inhabitants of cold and temperate latitudes with sharp seasonal changes in feeding conditions. It is observed in many invertebrates (mainly insects), in some birds and especially often in mammals. Some spiders, crabs, crayfish and many insects store food from invertebrates (mainly animal food). Termites store grass, leaves, and seeds in their nests. Burying beetles bury the carcasses of small animals and lay eggs on them, providing food for the larvae. Dung beetles roll dung into balls and place them in burrows. Bees prepare honey to feed their offspring and the entire swarm in winter and in inclement weather. Food storage also occurs in bumblebees, wasps and many others.

In birds, food storage is rarely observed and only in those that do not fly away for the winter. The pygmy owl in the fall catches small rodents and birds and puts them in hollows (up to 80 pieces). Orekhovka hides pine nuts in moss, under protruding tree roots, and in other places. Since the fall, tits have been preparing seeds, larvae and caterpillars of insects and hiding them in cracks in the bark on the branches. Hoarding food is also typical for the nuthatch, jay, and some others. Most birds use reserves in winter as additional food. The exception is some owls and shrikes, small reserves of which are intended to feed the female sitting on the eggs or the chicks in the nest.

Among mammals, some predators, pikas and many rodents store food. The reserves are used in winter or spring after awakening from hibernation or winter sleep. The steppe polecat puts gophers (up to 50 pieces) in a hole, the ermine - water rats, mice, frogs, the weasel - small rodents. Many pikas prepare hay by storing it in stacks or in cracks between stones. The squirrel stores mushrooms, nuts and acorns. Kurganchik mouse - spikelets of cereals or weed seeds (up to 10 kg). The chipmunk drags nuts, grains (up to 8 kg) into its hole, the long-tailed gopher - grains, potatoes (up to 6 kg), zokor - tubers, bulbs, rhizomes (up to 9 kg), gray vole- grains, grass (up to 4 kg), wood mouse - seeds (up to 2 kg). Sonya the Polchek stores nuts (up to 15 kg), river beaver- branches and rhizomes (up to 20 m3), immersing them in water near the entrance to the hole.

Animal migrations, movements of animals caused by changes in living conditions in their habitats or associated with their development cycle. The first can be regular (seasonal, daily) or irregular (during droughts, fires, floods, etc.). The latter ensure the dispersal of the species and can occur at the larval stage (in sessile animals - ascidians, corals, sponges, etc.) or at the time of puberty (in most animals). Regular migrations take place along more or less defined routes. Irregular migrations and settlements are not directed and are often chaotic. Migrations can occur horizontally (on land and in water) and vertically (in mountains, soil, water column, vegetation), actively and passively. Migrations are studied by tagging animals, ringing birds, and other methods; this is necessary for successful fishing or hunting, as well as for pest control (for example, migratory locusts, rodents).

Seasonal migrations in birds are best studied. Prerequisite migration - the ability of animals to navigate, i.e. to determine the direction of movement. Navigation mechanisms are varied. When settling, some animals use constantly directed winds, such as trade winds or monsoons (flights of locust swarms), or currents (eel larvae), which allows them to successfully reach places favorable for reproduction. Arctic foxes and other mammals are guided when migrating by smells carried by the winds. During active navigation, fish, reptiles ( sea ​​turtles), birds and mammals can use certain landmarks, changing them on different parts of the path: the position of the Sun, Moon and stars (celestial navigation), optical landmarks on earth's surface(coast outlines, mountain ranges, river valleys, and other visually perceived features of the earth’s surface). The perception of the “native landscape”, the features of which are remembered and usually imprinted in the first phases of the animal’s independent life, allows young birds making their first flight to independently reach their wintering grounds and return to their homeland. The same familiarity with the features of the “native landscape” provides the “home instinct” - the ability to return to the nest even from a obviously unfamiliar place. Many other environmental features (including geochemical, acoustic) and magnetic fields can serve as reference points. Celestial navigation is considered probable for birds, marine mammals and turtles, and possibly some fish. For the latter, the orientation of migrating flocks in the Earth's magnetic field may play a certain role. The chemistry of sea currents serves as a guide for migrating whales, and the smell of river water is used by migratory salmon fish when migrating to spawning grounds. When selecting landmarks that determine the direction of movements, all receptor systems are used, the readings of which are compared and integrated by the central nervous system. Undoubtedly important, but not yet entirely clear, are the hereditarily fixed behavioral characteristics that implement the “program” encoded in the genotype.

During migrations great value has a herd (pack) way of life of animals, which facilitates protection against predators, and also allows animals to adjust each other’s behavior and use the most experienced individuals as leaders, which increases the reliability of bionavigation.

Conclusion

The sharp deterioration in living conditions in winter comes down mainly to greater or lesser difficulty in obtaining the necessary amount of food, which is higher than in summer. Winter season makes great changes in the nutritional conditions of animals in high and temperate latitudes. First of all, with the onset of winter, the total supply and range of feed are sharply reduced. During this harsh time, green parts of plants, as well as seeds, berries and fruits of perennial and annual grasses and low shrubs covered with snow, are completely lost from the diet. Most insects and invertebrates disappear. Amphibians, reptiles and fish become completely inaccessible to birds for food. In winter, it is difficult to catch mouse-like rodents and other small animals, as they hide under deep snow cover or hibernate.

In this regard, animals experience various adaptive processes, which mainly come down to changing food according to the seasons of the year, changing places, ways of searching for food, storing food, slowing down life processes, and hibernation.

List of used literature

1.Gladkov N.A. Some issues of zoogeography of the cultural landscape (using the example of bird fauna). M.: 2001.

2.Animal Life, ed. L. A. Zenkevich, vol. 3, M., 1999.

.Zorina Z.A., Poletaeva I.I., Reznikova Zh.I. Fundamentals of ethology and genetics of behavior. M.: 2004.

.Kalabukhov N.I., Animal Hibernation, 3rd ed., Khar., 2006.

.Klausnitzer B. Ecology of the urban environment. M.: 2000.

.Mikheev A.V., The role of environmental factors in the formation of seasonal migrations of birds of the Eastern Palaearctic, “Uch. zap. Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. Lenin", 2004, No. 227.

.Naumov N.P., Animal Ecology, 2nd ed., M., 2003.

.Naumov S.P., Zoology of Vertebrates, 2nd ed., M., 2005, p. 110-12.

.Ptushenko E.S., Inozemtsev A.A. Biology and economic importance of birds in the Moscow region and adjacent territories. M.: 2004.

.Sviridenko P. A., Stocking animal feed, K., 2007.

.Formozov A.N., Snow cover as an environmental factor, its importance in the life of mammals and birds, M., 2006.

.Hynd R. Animal behavior. M.: 2005

.Shilov I. A., Regulation of heat exchange in birds, M., 2003, p. 78-92

Animal behavior became a subject of study long before the heyday of the natural sciences. Familiarity with the habits of animals was vital for man at the dawn of civilization. It contributed to success in hunting and fishing, domestication of animals and the development of cattle breeding, construction and rescue from natural disasters, etc.

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Wintering of animals in nature

Table of contents

Introduction

Relevance of the work. Animal behavior became a subject of study long before the heyday of the natural sciences. Familiarity with the habits of animals was vital for man at the dawn of civilization. It contributed to success in hunting and fishing, domestication of animals and the development of cattle breeding, construction and rescue from natural disasters, etc. The knowledge accumulated through observation served as the basis for the first scientific generalizations, which were always associated with elucidating the connection between man and animals and their position in the picture of the universe. Ancient ideas about the instincts and intelligence of animals were formed based on observation of animals in their natural habitat.

Wintering of animals, ways of surviving the unfavorable winter period by animals of temperate and cold zones. In invertebrate animals, development cycles serve as adaptations for surviving unfavorable winter conditions; for example, insects survive the winter in one of the cold-resistant, winter-adapted life cycle phases: eggs (locusts, many beetles, butterflies), larvae (some beetles, cicadas, dragonflies, mosquitoes) or pupae (many butterflies). An adaptation to wintering is hibernation, which is characteristic of some poikilothermic animals (invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles), as well as a number of homeothermic animals (mammals - gophers, marmots, dormice, hedgehogs, bats, etc.); Some mammals hibernate in winter. Animals that do not hibernate - birds, most mammals and fish, some insects - move for the winter to other biotopes or to areas with more favorable climatic conditions and with sufficient food. These seasonal migrations are most pronounced in some mammals (bats, whales, etc.), a number of fish, and especially in birds, most of which winter in the subtropics and tropics. In temperate and cold latitudes, predominantly herbivorous and mixed-feeding birds winter.

In homeothermic animals that winter in temperate and cold latitudes, as a result of autumn molting, thick fur or feathers appear, which reduces heat loss during the winter cold. As a result of molting, protective colors also appear (hares, ermine, ptarmigan). Many animals and birds deposit a layer of subcutaneous fat in the fall, which protects against cooling and makes it easier to endure starvation. Of significant importance for surviving the winter period is the ability of many mammals to switch to food available during this period, and in the fall to store food (see Storage of food by animals).

A number of terrestrial bird species (hazel grouse, black grouse, wood grouse, white partridge) burrow into the snow, which has good heat-insulating properties, at night and in bad weather during the day, and sit out in it for a significant part of the day; In winters with little snow, cases of mass death of these birds are not uncommon. Snow provides good protection from the cold for small mammals that make passages and build nests in it. Small and medium-sized birds and animals spend the night in groups in winter, which reduces heat loss.

Purpose of the study: study the ways animals survive the unfavorable winter period.

Research objectives:

Consider the ways reptiles and amphibians survive the winter period;

Consider the ways mammals survive the winter period.

1 Wintering of reptiles and amphibians

Amphibians and reptiles (otherwise known as amphibians and reptiles) are creatures with variable body temperatures. In other words, the latter (that is, body temperature) is largely determined by the ambient temperature. In our conditions, in the presence of a long cold period, such animals at this time cannot maintain body temperature at a level sufficient for normal life. They cannot migrate to warm regions, so the only way out for them is to go into an inactive state, that is, to hibernate.

Most of our reptiles winter on land in the soil and other shelters. Only some species do this in bodies of water. Among amphibians, these include green and grass frogs, and among reptiles, the marsh turtle. The grass frog is very rare in the Black Earth Region, and is not found at all in the Khopersky Nature Reserve and its environs. Among the three species of green frogs, overwintering in water is the norm for the lake frog, the pond frog typically does so on land, and the edible frog can hibernate both in water and on land. It is curious that the latter species, living next to the lake frog, overwinters in the water, and, living together with the pond frog, on land, that is, it does it as if “for company” with the neighboring species. Thus, in our area, three species of reptiles actually winter in the water: lake and (partially) edible frogs and marsh turtles. 1

The duration of hibernation for amphibians and reptiles in our conditions is 67 months. It is determined by species characteristics and weather conditions, prevailing in a particular season. For example, the timing of animals leaving for the winter in the same place in different years can fluctuate within 10-15 days. The same applies to the time of awakening.

Lake frogs and marsh turtles overwinter at the bottom of fairly large bodies of water, the likelihood of complete freezing of which is low. At the same time, the frogs climb into the silt, trying to hide from potential enemies. 2

All vital processes during hibernation slow down extremely, but do not stop completely. When the temperature drops, animals become inactive, but are not completely deprived of the ability to move. The frequency of respiratory movements and the level of gas exchange sharply decrease, and growth is inhibited. Breathing atmospheric oxygen during aquatic wintering is impossible. Therefore, the only respiratory organ of frogs during this period is the skin, through which oxygen dissolved in water enters and carbon dioxide is removed. An important role in the breathing of hibernating turtles is played by the so-called anal sacs, or bladders, the walls of which are penetrated by a network of small blood vessels.

The phenomenon of hibernation is not a simple reaction to a drop in temperature, but a complex adaptation, which is a complex of interrelated changes in the body. “Winter” frogs differ from “summer” frogs in a number of physiological and biochemical features: they differ in the number of working capillaries in the skin, the amount of glycogen in the liver, the conductivity and excitability of nerve pathways, and their reaction to light. In the fall, during the transition to wintering, and also in the spring, when leaving it, the animal’s body undergoes a complex restructuring.

During wintering, animals face numerous dangers. The main one is suffocation (starvation). It is the result of a sharp decrease in oxygen content in water. As a rule, this is facilitated by the accumulation of a large amount of organic matter in the reservoir, especially in combination with an early established and thick (sometimes double) layer of ice. The danger of death increases towards the end of wintering. In some years in the spring, after the ice has melted, along the shores of the reservoir you can find a lot of fish that have died from starvation. Not far away, usually at greater depths, the bodies of frogs that did not survive the winter are found.

Another danger is complete or partial freezing of the reservoir. It happens in some frosty winters. If at the same time there are places in the reservoir suitable for wintering, the animals are able to move into them, otherwise they will die.

Occasionally, there are cases of poisoning of animals with harmful substances, which may be of natural origin or result from human activity. 3

Finally, predators collect a certain tribute from wintering frogs. Among them are predatory fish (catfish, pike, and others) and mammals (mink, otter). At the same time, some predators begin to specifically hunt amphibians in winter. For example, the share of frogs in the otter's diet in different places increases from 243% in summer to 3590% in winter. Young frogs especially suffer from predators during their first wintering. Turtles, especially adults, have a noticeably smaller number of enemies in winter. However, occasionally they, especially young specimens, are attacked by an otter.

Wintering is a forced phenomenon for amphibians and reptiles. However, this is a very important period in their annual cycle. It is during hibernation at low temperatures that mature germ cells are formed in the gonads of males and females. Therefore, animals awakening in the spring soon begin to reproduce. If you artificially deprive them of wintering, they will not be ready to reproduce.

2 Hibernation, winter sleep, molting

The following ways of surviving the unfavorable winter period are typical for mammals. 4

Hibernation , a state of decreased vital activity that occurs in warm-blooded, or homeothermic animals, during periods when food becomes inaccessible and maintaining high activity and intensive metabolism would lead to exhaustion of the body. Before hibernating, animals accumulate reserve substances in the body, mainly in the form of fat (up to 30-40% of body weight), and take refuge in shelters with a favorable microclimate (burrows, nests, hollows, rock crevices, etc.). Hibernation is accompanied by a significant decrease in vital activity and metabolism, inhibition of nervous reactions (“deep sleep”), slowing of breathing, heartbeat and other physiological processes. During hibernation, body temperature decreases significantly (to 40 °C), but control by the thermoregulatory centers of the brain (hypothalamus) and metabolic thermoregulation are maintained (in small animals with a high specific metabolism, without reducing body temperature, metabolism cannot be reduced to level that ensures economical use of the body's reserve reserves). Unlike poikilothermic animals, which fall into a state of torpor, during hibernation, homeothermic animals retain the ability to control the physiological state with the help of nerve centers and actively maintain the body’s homeostasis at a new level. If hibernation conditions become unfavorable (excessive increase or decrease in temperature in the shelter, wetness of the nest, etc.), the animal sharply increases heat production, “wakes up,” takes measures to restore comfortable conditions (changes the shelter, etc.) and only after This one goes into hibernation again. Some large animals, such as bears, maintain a normal body temperature during hibernation (sometimes called winter sleep).

There are daily hibernation (in bats, hummingbirds, etc.), seasonal - summer (in desert animals) and winter (in many rodents, insectivores, etc.), and irregular - with the sudden onset of unfavorable conditions (in squirrels, raccoon dogs, swifts, swallows, etc. The duration of hibernation can reach 8 months (for example, in a number of desert animals, in which summer hibernation can turn into winter). The main reason for hibernation is lack of food; other unfavorable external conditions (low or high temperature, lack of food). moisture, etc.) can accelerate hibernation. A number of changes in natural conditions that precede the onset of an unfavorable season (changes in the length of daylight hours, etc.) are signaling ones; when they reach a certain level, the body turns on the physiological mechanisms of preparation for hibernation. Regulation of the process. hibernation is carried out by the nervous system (hypothalamus) and endocrine glands (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas). Hibernation is accompanied by significant changes in tissue metabolism. During hibernation, the animals' resistance to many poisons and microbial infections increases noticeably. 5

Winter dream , adaptation of some mammals to survive unfavorable food and climatic living conditions in winter. Characteristic of some mammals, such as bear, raccoon, badger, hamster. Unlike hibernation, Winter sleep is characterized by a relatively small decrease in body temperature and metabolic processes. A sleeping animal can quickly become active. During Winter sleep, animals accumulate fat and climb into burrows or other well-protected shelters; at this time the animals do not feed.

Shedding , periodic change of outer integument in animals. In invertebrates (crustaceans, centipedes, insects and other arthropods, as well as some worms, etc.), molting involves shedding the old chitinous cover and replacing it with a new one, which is a necessary condition for the growth and development of the organism. In arthropods and other invertebrates, molting is confined to certain stages of individual development and is a complex process during which (sequentially) detachment and partial dissolution of the old cuticle, proliferation of epidermal cells, secretion of a new cuticle and its hardening (after shedding the old one) occur. In insects, molting is caused primarily by the action of the molting hormone ecdysone, which, by changing the permeability of cellular and nuclear membranes, affects the chromosomal apparatus of cells. Insect larvae have glands in the head or chest that produce and secrete molting hormone under the influence of an activation hormone produced by neurosecretory cells of the brain.

In vertebrates - amphibians, reptiles (except for crocodiles and most turtles, which do not molt), birds and mammals - molting is caused by the need to restore worn-out integuments and is associated not with developmental stages, but with seasonal changes. In amphibians and reptiles, molts follow one after another during the summer; their frequency depends on the temperature regime. With the onset of winter cold, molting stops. In birds and mammals, each moult is confined to a certain time of year. Its onset is associated with changes in the length of daylight hours, which regulates the activity of the pituitary gland. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the pituitary gland affects the activity of the thyroid gland, under the influence of which hormone molting occurs. As a result of molting, the plumage and hair become thicker, the color of the plumage, and in some mammals, the color of the hair changes. Molting does not always cover the entire cover; There are additional molts that affect only part of the cover. During the molting period, animals' metabolism changes: protein metabolism increases and the level of oxygen consumption increases. The rate of molting in birds and mammals can be adjusted by artificially changing the light regime. 6

3 Stocking feed

Stocking feedanimals, searching, selecting and transporting food to a certain place by animals, which is then used (usually in times without food) by the animals themselves or their offspring. The instinct to store food by animals is an important biological adaptation; most developed in inhabitants of cold and temperate latitudes with sharp seasonal changes in feeding conditions. It is observed in many invertebrates (mainly insects), in some birds and especially often in mammals. Some spiders, crabs, crayfish and many insects store food from invertebrates (mainly animal food). Termites store grass, leaves, and seeds in their nests. Burying beetles bury the carcasses of small animals and lay eggs on them, providing food for the larvae. Dung beetles roll dung into balls and place them in burrows. Bees prepare honey to feed their offspring and the entire swarm in winter and in inclement weather. Food storage also occurs in bumblebees, wasps and many others. 7

In birds, food storage is rarely observed and only in those that do not fly away for the winter. The pygmy owl in the fall catches small rodents and birds and puts them in hollows (up to 80 pieces). Orekhovka hides pine nuts in moss, under protruding tree roots, and in other places. Since autumn, tits have been preparing seeds, larvae and caterpillars of insects and hiding them in cracks in the bark on the branches. Hoarding food is also typical for the nuthatch, jay, and some others. Most birds use reserves in winter as additional food. The exception is some owls and shrikes, small reserves of which are intended to feed the female sitting on the eggs or the chicks in the nest.

Among mammals, some predators, pikas and many rodents store food. The reserves are used in winter or spring after awakening from hibernation or winter sleep. The steppe polecat puts gophers (up to 50 pieces) into its burrow, the ermine puts water rats, mice, frogs, and the weasel puts small rodents. Many pikas prepare hay by storing it in stacks or in cracks between stones. The squirrel stores mushrooms, nuts and acorns. Kurganchik mouse spikelets of cereals or weed seeds (up to 10 kg). The chipmunk drags into its hole nuts, grains (up to 8 kg), long-tailed gopher grains, potatoes (up to 6 kg), zokor tubers, bulbs, rhizomes (up to 9 kg), gray vole grains, grass (up to 4 kg ), wood mouse seeds (up to 2 kg). The dormouse stores nuts (up to 15 kg), and the river beaver stores branches and rhizomes (up to 20 m3), immersing them in water near the entrance to the burrow.

Animal migrations, movements of animals caused by changes in living conditions in their habitats or associated with their development cycle. The first can be regular (seasonal, daily) or irregular (during droughts, fires, floods, etc.). The latter ensure the dispersal of the species and can occur at the larval stage (in sessile animals - ascidians, corals, sponges, etc.) or at the time of puberty (in most animals). Regular migrations take place along more or less defined routes. Irregular migrations and settlements are not directed and are often chaotic. Migrations can occur horizontally (on land and in water) and vertically (in mountains, soil, water column, vegetation), actively and passively. Migrations are studied by tagging animals, ringing birds, and other methods; this is necessary for successful fishing or hunting, as well as for pest control (for example, migratory locusts, rodents). 8

Among mammals, the longest migrations are characteristic of whales, seals, and walruses. Many species of whales move annually in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans from polar regions to subtropical and tropical regions and back. Harp seals spend the summer near the edge floating ice Arctic Ocean, and late autumn migrate to the White Sea. Fur seals pup and molt in summer near the Commander Islands and about. Tyuleny, and for the winter the females migrate to the shores of the Japanese islands. Wild reindeer V Eastern Siberia for the winter they migrate from the tundra to the forest-tundra and northern part of the taiga. Some species of bats make seasonal migrations (flights) of up to 1,500 km or more. Vertical seasonal and daily migrations are typical mountain goats and sheep and are determined by the thickness of the snow cover and the associated difficulties of movement and obtaining food, the location of pastures, resting places and overnight stays. When the number of squirrels, arctic foxes, lemmings, etc. is high, their mass migrations such as evictions are observed, when thousands of individuals move in a wide front in one direction, overcoming significant water obstacles along the way. As a result of one of these migrations in the 20s. 20th century squirrels populated Kamchatka. 9

Seasonal migrations in birds are best studied. A necessary condition for migration is the ability of animals to navigate, that is, to determine the direction of movement. Navigation mechanisms are varied. When settling, some animals use constantly directed winds, such as trade winds or monsoons (flights of locust swarms), or currents (eel larvae), which allows them to successfully reach places favorable for reproduction. Arctic foxes and other mammals are guided when migrating by smells carried by the winds. During active navigation, fish, reptiles (sea turtles), birds and mammals can use certain landmarks, changing them at different stages of the journey: the position of the Sun, Moon and stars (celestial navigation), optical landmarks on the earth's surface (coast outlines, mountain ranges, river valleys) and other visually perceived features of the earth’s surface). The perception of the “native landscape”, the features of which are remembered and usually imprinted in the first phases of the animal’s independent life, allows young birds making their first flight to independently reach their wintering grounds and return to their homeland. The same familiarity with the features of the “native landscape” provides the “home instinct” the ability to return to the nest even from a obviously unfamiliar place. Many other environmental features (including geochemical, acoustic) and magnetic fields can serve as reference points. Celestial navigation is considered possible for birds, marine mammals and turtles, and possibly some fish. For the latter, the orientation of migrating flocks in the Earth's magnetic field may play a certain role. The chemistry of sea currents serves as a guide for migrating whales, and the smell of river water is used by migratory salmon fish when migrating to spawning grounds. When selecting landmarks that determine the direction of movements, all receptor systems are used, the readings of which are compared and integrated by the central nervous system. Undoubtedly important, but not yet entirely clear, are the hereditarily fixed behavioral characteristics that implement the “program” encoded in the genotype. 10

During migrations, the gregarious (school) way of life of animals is of great importance, which facilitates protection against predators, and also allows animals to adjust each other’s behavior and use the most experienced individuals as leaders, which increases the reliability of bionavigation.

Conclusion

The sharp deterioration in living conditions in winter comes down mainly to greater or lesser difficulty in obtaining the necessary amount of food, which is higher than in summer. The winter season brings great changes to the feeding conditions of animals in high and temperate latitudes. First of all, with the onset of winter, the total reserves and range of feed are sharply reduced. During this harsh time, green parts of plants, as well as seeds, berries and fruits of perennial and annual grasses and low shrubs covered with snow, are completely lost from the diet. Most insects and invertebrates disappear. Amphibians, reptiles and fish become completely inaccessible to birds for food. In winter, it is difficult to catch mouse-like rodents and other small animals, as they hide under deep snow cover or hibernate.

In this regard, animals experience various adaptive processes, which mainly come down to changing food according to the seasons of the year, changing places, ways of searching for food, storing food, slowing down life processes, and hibernation.

List of used literature

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3. Mikheev A.V., The role of environmental factors in the formation of seasonal migrations of birds of the Eastern Palaearctic, “Uch. zap. Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after. Lenin", 2004, No. 227.
4. Ptushenko E.S., Inozemtsev A.A. Biology and economic importance of birds in the Moscow region and adjacent territories. M.: 2004.
5. Sviridenko P. A., Stocking animal feed, K., 2007.
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