Leaves of trees growing in Russia. Forest species of trees and shrubs in central Russia
Trees are a form of woody plant consisting of a root, trunk and crown. In 2015, there were three trillion trees on our planet. Russia ranks first in terms of their number - 640 billion. But every year due to climate change and deforestation, their number is decreasing.
Tree classification
Conifers.
1. Conifers (evergreens) - these trees belong to the domain - eukaryotes, kingdom - plants, department - conifers. They grow in temperate climatic zone because they love it in moderation warm climate and adequate hydration. Largest number species found in the northern hemisphere. Their sizes can range from dwarf to giant.
IN modern world Conifers include woody plants with one trunk and lateral branches located on it. These are araucariaceae, pine and cypress trees such as spruce, cypress, juniper, sequoia, yew, kauri, fir, cedar, pine and larch. If a plant has cones in which seeds develop, and the leaves look like long needles, then it can safely be called a conifer.
Araucaria.
Pine.
Cedar
Cypress
The oldest and tallest trees are coniferous plants.
The oldest tree Methuselah
This bristlecone pine was discovered by botanist Edmund Shulman in 1953. The approximate age of the tree is 4846 years. It was planted in 2831 BC. Today, this tree is considered alive and grows in the Inyo National Forest in California (USA) at an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level.
Tallest tree - Hyperion
The height of this tree is 115m. The trunk diameter is 4.84 m. It grows in the US state of California. Approximate age 700 – 800 years. This tree was discovered in 2006 by Chris Atkins and Michael Taylor.
Deciduous.
2. Deciduous (small-leaved and broad-leaved) differ in the shape of the crown, the color of the leaves and the presence of fruits. These include trees such as maple, aspen, linden, and ash. Trees are also divided according to the lifespan of their leaves into evergreen and deciduous. Deciduous plants shed their foliage closer to winter, and in the spring they again produce buds, from which green leaves again grow. Evergreen trees change their leaves gradually at any time of the year.
Types of trees (photos and pictures).
Maple.
Oak.
Chestnut.
Linden.
Among deciduous trees there are also famous trees.
The largest tree is the Hundred Horse Chestnut.
One of the oldest chestnut trees in the world is known as Castagno dei cento cavalli. It grows on east coast Sicily, eight kilometers from the active crater of Mount Etna. The chestnut was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the tree with the largest trunk circumference (in 1780 its circumference was 57.9 m). This tree has one root and several trunks above the ground. If you believe the legend, Giovanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples, along with a hundred knights was caught in a thunderstorm. All 100 travelers were then able to hide under this tree. Since then, he began to be called Chestnut “hundreds of horses.”
Chestnut "hundreds of horses". Collection of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.
Jean Pierre Uel - French artist and engraver (1735 - 1813)
If you liked this material, share it with your friends on social networks. Thank you!
This plant identification atlas is almost unique. Firstly, it is for children, and secondly, it contains only the most famous and popular plants that a child encounters in life. The question invariably arises, what is the name of this herb or this flower and, often, parents cannot answer their child’s question. Now the student can find the answer himself. Plants in the atlas are conveniently arranged by growth, and if the plant of interest grows in our home, most likely we need to look for it in the “houseplants” section and so on. The identification atlas is also required for preparation homework on the surrounding world for grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 to students under the Perspective and School of Russia programs, where Pleshakov’s textbooks are used.
Atlas-identifier of indoor plants
Houseplants are plants designed to decorate our living space, they are beautiful and remain so all year round. In fact, these are plants from tropical countries, where it is warm all year round and the plant does not need to “fall asleep” or wither in the fall. True, in nature they grow much larger in size. Such herbs and flowers settled in our pots on the windows. Some of them have beautiful leaves, and some delight us with their bright flowers.
Plants with beautiful leaves
Aloe, asparagus, aspidistra, aucuba, begonia, dracaena, tradescantia (zebrina), kalanchoe, saxifrage, coleus, ivy, sansevieria (pike tail), coffee tree, lemon, spurge, monstera, chamerops palm, scindapsus, sedum, Crassula, ficus , date palm, chlorophytum, cyperus, cissus (indoor grape).
More than 300 species of aloe are known, most of them grow in wildlife- in Africa, South America, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula. The height of individual representatives of the species reaches 15 meters. Aloe blooms in the wild. The bush shoots a long arrow from a rosette of its fleshy leaves, at the end of which a spike-shaped flower with tubular petals blooms.
Numerous representatives of the asparagus genus are perennial herbs, shrubs and vines. Their stems are thin and flexible, leaf-shaped shoots resembling needles serve as leaves. From a distance it seems that the branches are fluffy and resemble feathers. Asparagus flowers are light, small, and after flowering red berries are formed. Asparagus is an unpretentious plant.
This evergreen plant is native to East Asia. Aspidistra is shade-loving. The name is translated into Russian as “snake indicator”. The shaded, cool places where it grows in nature are often inhabited by snakes, and the gray curved rhizome of the aspidistra also resembles a snake. The popular name of the plant is “friendly family”.
Its evergreen shrubs with reddish-brown flowers and leathery leaves that are neatly gathered in a bunch grow naturally in China, the Himalayas, Korea and Japan. Due to its indescribable beauty, ease of cultivation and care, the plant spreads very quickly and widely in Russian culture. Aucuba has an original color of leaves that are strewn with yellow spots as if sprinkled with gold. For this reason, aucuba received the popular name golden tree. For reproduction you need 2 plants - male and female.
Begonia. In the 17th century, during an expedition to the island of Haiti, the French monk Plushier discovered and described a plant unfamiliar to him, which he named begonia in honor of the island's governor and flower collector Michel Begon. The colorful and vibrant leaves of this plant are so varied that it can sometimes be difficult to determine that it is a begonia. There are many varieties of begonias with different leaf colors. However, these plants are characterized by a creeping rhizome, spreading along the surface or located shallowly underground and small, pale pink flowers.
is a beautiful evergreen shrub originally from Africa. It also grows on Canary Islands, where there are even legends associated with it: for example, one of them says that the Dragon Tree (this is the second name for dracaena) grew from a drop of the blood of a fantastic animal - a dragon. And indeed, the plant has reddish sap. It looks like a palm tree with a bare trunk formed after the lower leaves dry out. The plant is quite unpretentious.
came to us from distant America. The famous botanist John Tradescant developed this wonderful plant together with his son, John Jr. This plant was named in their honor. Tradescantia is the most popular and easy to care for indoor plant. The main decoration of the plant is its amazing leaves.
They grow on straight shoots of great length, with numerous branches, forming a lush bush. The color of the leaves can be green, silver, with a purple tint. The flowers are small, of different shades. Some varieties of Tradescantia have original striped leaves; such plants are called zebrafish.
initially became a resident of window sills not for its beauty, but for its useful properties. The Aborigines used it as a healer and savior from thirst in a hot climate, hence its second name - the tree of life. Leaves of almost all species of this plant thick and fleshy, and the stems can be either creeping or erect. Easy to care for. The leaves of Kalanchoe produce small new plants with stems and roots, which fall to the ground and grow into new plants.
IN natural environment it can be found in China and Japan. In nature, saxifrage grows on rocky embankments, in rock crevices and among low-lying meadows. The plant is interesting in that it produces long tendrils with a shoot of a new plant at the end, the shoot takes root and a new plant grows from it away from the mother one.
Coleus (nettle). In nature, there are about 60 species of this plant. Coleus is a flowering plant, but its flowers are so inconspicuous that they do not have any decorative interest, although they smell very pleasant. But its leaves have a very impressive bright and variegated color. The shape of the leaves is similar to a nettle leaf, but they are not as prickly. Coleus is unpretentious, although it is heat-loving and light-loving. In winter, when the temperature drops sharply, it may shed its leaves. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Ivy (chedera). A climbing evergreen plant that reaches thirty meters in length in nature. About fifteen species of ivy are known, growing in the subtropics of Europe, Asia, Africa and both Americas, mainly in shady wet forests. Ivy has been known to mankind since time immemorial: among the ancient Greeks it was an emblem of fun and love, poets wore ivy wreaths at celebrations and feasts. Evergreen ivy was also popular as medicinal plant. The stems of the plant are long, creeping, with tendrils. Decorative ivy has more than 100 varieties, which differ in size, leaf shape and color. At home, ivy does not bloom, but in nature it produces small yellow flowers.
Sansevieria (pike tail) takes its ancestral roots from the poor and rocky soils of Sri Lanka, Central Africa, Asia, India and Madagascar. The plant has been known since the 18th century; it received its name in honor of the Neapolitan prince Sanseviero, who made a great contribution to the development of the science of botany. This is one of the hardiest indoor plants. Sansevieria have terrestrial creeping shoots and shallow roots, so they can be planted in flat containers. Sansevierias differ in the color of the leaves, their length and the shape of the rosette. Its color is influenced by sunlight; the more of it, the more pronounced the stripes on the leaves. In nature, Sansevieria blooms, the flowers are small, white, collected in a panicle.
From left to right: 1-coffee tree, 2-lemon, 3-euphorbia, 4-monstera, 5-chamerops palm, 6-scindapsus, 7-sedum, 8-crassula, 9-ficus, 10-date palm, 11-chlorophytum, 12-cyperus, 13-cissus (indoor grapes).
Indoor flowers
Abutilon, balsam, upstart, geranium (pelargonium), hippeastrum, gloxinia, hydrangea, calla lily, calceolaria, Chinese rose, clivia, bluebells, Amazon lily, passionflower, Saintpaulia, fuchsia, cyclamen, cacti (zygocactus, prickly pear).
IN wild conditions it can be found in Asia and Africa. The flower is completely unpretentious and blooms almost constantly. Among the people, it received many other names, such as: light, evergreen, touch-me-not, Vanka-wet. Its fleshy leaves with wavy edges are green-reddish, green or bronze in color. Drops of liquid can form on the tips of the leaves when humidity increases, which is why this plant is popularly called Vanka-wet. Impatiens flowers are found in the axils of the leaves. The color of the flowers is varied. So, you can find varieties with pink, red, white, orange, purple flowers, and they may also have spots or stripes.
Geranium or pelargonium has long and firmly occupied many window sills as an unpretentious and beautiful plant. The scientific name pelargonium is translated from Greek as “stork” or “crane”. This unusual name The plant got it because of its fruits, which are as long as a bird’s beak. There are more than 400 species of geranium in the world, which can be found almost all over the world. Large geranium flowers have 5 regularly spaced small flowers. They can be terry and smooth; shades include white, red, purple and blue geranium. The smell of geranium is sharp and recognizable.
Hippeastrum. Translated, the name of the flower sounds like “Cavalry Star”. The homeland of this plant is tropical Africa and America. Breeders have created more than 2,000 different varieties of hipperastrum, differing in flower size and petal color. Hippeastrum has a large fleshy bulb and wide-linear leaves, reaching a length of 50-70 cm. Flowers on a long straight stem are collected in an umbrella of 2-3 pieces, the flowers are large and brightly colored: from white to dark red. Hippeastrum is a light-loving plant.
In the wild, calla lilies are found in South Africa and most often grow near bodies of water or in swampy places. Often the root and some of the shoots are in water. The heart-shaped calla leaves are located on very long petioles and are quite large in size. Their color is either green or variegated, with the spots having a cream or white tint. The shoots are erect, with one flower at the top. The inflorescence has the shape of a spadix, as if wrapped in a blanket, the length of which is approximately 15 centimeters. It comes in yellow, pink, white, cream, and purple. Calla loves warmth and moisture.
- This is the most common genus of Cactus plants. This family has about 300 species. Prickly pear considers South America to be its homeland, but recently it has taken root well on the warm southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula. This cactus has fleshy shoots and spines all over its surface. The cactus blooms with large flowers of pink or yellow shades. After the plant has flowered, a fruit appears - a plump berry with a pleasant sweet taste. They are also called “Indian figs” - which can be eaten.
Abutilon (indoor maple) has a length of up to 2 m. Blooms from spring to autumn. The flowers are numerous, hanging down.
Amazon lily (eucharis) native to South America. The name eucharis means "pleasant, lovely." This plant has large white, fragrant flowers.
Gloxinia (sinningia) also brought from South America. The plant has large flowers and velvety leaves.
Calceolaria grows up to half a meter in height. Its flowers look like shoes and appear in the spring. The name translates as “shoe-like.” Homeland of the plant - South America.
Saintpaulia (Usambara violet) originally from Africa, from the Uzambara Mountains. It blooms almost all year round with numerous flowers. And its leaves are fleshy and covered with hairs.
Fuchsia notable for its flowers that hang down like earrings. The homeland of fuchsia is South America. This plant blooms all summer.
Aquarium plant guide
1-vallisneria, 2-cabomba, 3-cryptocoryne, 4-hornwort, 5-pistia, 6-richcia, 7-rotala, 8-sitnyag, 9-elodea.
Plants live not only on land, but also in water. In our aquariums, they not only serve as decoration, but also release oxygen, which is necessary for fish to breathe, serve as their shelter, and also serve as food for some fish. In their structure, algae differ from other plants. Their body is not divided into roots, stems and leaves, but is represented by a thallus.
Elodea (hornwort)- the most popular aquarium plant. It is unpretentious and grows well. Floats in the water column. Distributed in many bodies of water.
Lives in nature in warm bodies of water. It has long thalli twisted into a spiral and coming from the ground.
It has long thalli, dissected towards the ends into smaller ones, like dill. Grows in the ground. She is originally from America.
Originally from tropical Asia, its thallus is thin and branched. Grows from the soil.
Algae similar to bushes of thin tall grass. It can be found in nature in swamps and along the banks of reservoirs.
Conferva. Unlike other algae, it does not take root at the bottom of the aquarium, but floats on the surface of the water. Found everywhere in Russian water bodies.
Pistia (water salad) also floats on the surface. Its thalli are quite large, about the size of a palm. The homeland of the plant is Africa.
Atlas-determinant of ornamental plants of the flower garden
Plants with colorful flowers: crocus (saffron), noctule, primrose, daisy, iris, tulip, tobacco, lily, astilbe, sweet pea, petunia, cosmos, zinnia, Turkish carnation, dicentra, columbine, salvia, nasturtium, pansy, mouse hyacinth, delphinium, aconite, phlox, gladiolus, peony, rudbeckia "Golden Ball", dahlia, aster, chrysanthemum, marigold, physalis.
Flowers in shades of yellow: doronicum, narcissus, daylily, calendula, snapdragon, goldenrod.
Climbers: clematis, echinocystis, virgin grapes, hops.
When summer ends, the flower beds are painted with all the colors of the rainbow. The asters are blooming. The petals of these beautiful flowers have a wide variety of colors - white, red, pink, purple, yellow. The size of the inflorescences ranges from very small to large. Some flowers look more like colored daisies, while others are fluffy, like chrysanthemums. Bushes also vary depending on the variety: from low and compact to tall. The history of the spread of many wonderful flowers is like a detective story. So, several centuries ago, China kept the secrets of its plants as state secrets. To obtain rare seeds, Europeans resorted to various tricks. Thus, back in the first half of the 18th century, monk Nicola Incarville from France, who received initial knowledge in botany and an assignment from the director of the Royal Garden of Versailles, he went to preach in China. While traveling around the country, he collected and secretly sent seeds of various plants to his homeland. Thus, the seeds of beautiful asters came to Europe.
. The chrysanthemum, like the aster, came to us from the East. The chrysanthemum is similar to the aster; their leaves are distinguished by the shape of their leaves: the aster has thin, elongated leaves, while the chrysanthemum has carved leaves, a little like oak leaves, only much smaller in size. The size and color of these flowers can also be very diverse depending on the variety and growing conditions. Chrysanthemums bloom all summer long late autumn. The plant blooms even when many flowers have already withered after the first frost. The plant is perennial, which means that in the spring chrysanthemums will grow again in the same place.
. Russian name dahlia was given to the flower in honor of the St. Petersburg botanist, geographer and ethnographer I. Georgi. There are several species of this plant, distributed mainly in the mountainous regions of Mexico, Guatemala, and Colombia. According to one legend, dahlias used to grow only in the royal garden and were protected like the apple of their eye. One day, a young gardener stole a flower and planted it under his beloved’s window. The gardener was thrown into prison, but the flower ceased to be a beautiful secret and became available to ordinary people. According to another legend, the dahlia grew when the ground thawed after ice age, on the site of the last extinct fire. Her appearance became a kind of symbol of the victory of life and the beginning of a new era.
Dahlia is a tall plant with large lush flowers, larger than a man's fist. And if the dahlia’s petals seem to be lined up in even rows according to height, petal to petal, forming the correct pattern - this is pompon dahlia. Its spherical inflorescences reach a diameter of about 7 cm. The difference from other dahlias is clearly visible in the shape of the petals, which are rolled into a tube along the entire length. In some varieties, they are folded inward and overlapped, resembling roof tiles. Dahlias can come in a variety of colors: red, burgundy, pink, yellow, orange, white, and even two-colored, in which the edges of the petals are lighter than the centers.
. The homeland of marigolds is America. They have long been used in rituals of local Indian tribes, as well as to get rid of various diseases. Marigolds came to Europe in the 16th century and were one of the first overseas flowers to appear in Russia. The flowers received the Russian name “marigolds” because of their petals, the surface of which resembles velvet. The British call this plant marigold, which means “Mary’s gold”, the inhabitants of Germany know it as studentbloom - student’s flower, and in Ukraine these beautiful flowers are called Chernobrovtsy. For the people of China, these flowers are a symbol of health and longevity; it is not for nothing that they are called “flowers of a thousand years.” Marigolds have flower heads in different shades of yellow, brown and orange. The peculiarity of the plant is that its leaves smell stronger, not the flowers. Marigolds bloom very profusely from June until the first frost.
. Africa is considered the birthplace of gladioli. The flower received its second name “sword” from the similarity of the narrow long leaves with swords, and the stem itself, tall and straight, resembles a gladiator’s sword. Each gladiolus flower is assembled from six lobes fused at the base and is shaped like a funnel. The color can be very different, from light yellow to dark burgundy, almost black; there are also blue flowers and even two-color ones. The corms of the flower were spoken of in ancient treatises as medicinal and magical, capable of curing diseases and protecting from enemies.
Perhaps no country in the world is as rich in forests as Russia. Legends are made about the trees of the forest, poems and songs are dedicated to them. Forest trees and shrubs are the “lungs” of our planet; thanks to the endless forest expanses, the air is saturated with oxygen, active absorption from the atmosphere occurs harmful impurities carbon dioxide.
Below you will find out which trees are often found in forests middle zone Russia, and you can see in the photographs what they look like.
Trees growing in the forest: pine, spruce and larch
Names of Russian trees such as pine, spruce and are familiar even to preschoolers; they are among the most common in our country.
forest tree Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) distributed in the European part of Russia, the Urals, Siberia, and other areas.
The pine reaches 20-40 meters in height. The trees have slender trunks covered with red-brown bark. The crown of young trees is cone-shaped, while that of old trees is wide and round.
Trees growing in the forest have a high crown, while trees growing in open areas have a low crown.
In medicine, unopened spring pine buds, pine needles, and resin are used. They contain essential oil, resins, starch, tannins, vitamins. Pine oil has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and general stimulating properties.
Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst) distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Forest-forming species.
Spruce reaches 30-35 m, there are trees 50 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. Spruce grows throughout its life; the maximum age of spruce is 300 years.
This is an evergreen forest conifer with a superficial root system.
Shade-tolerant, in a dense forest the crown remains in the upper part of the tree, and in trees growing in open areas, the crown starts from the ground itself.
European larch(Larix decidua) widespread in Siberia and Far East Russia.
Larch grows up to 50 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. Lives 300-400 years.
This type of forest tree has a cone-shaped crown. The root system is deep. Does not tolerate waterlogging.
The needles are annual, soft. Flattened, bright green, arranged spirally on elongated shoots, and in bunches on short shoots.
The cones are ovoid, 1.5-3.5 cm long, and ripen in autumn in the year of flowering. Mature cones open either immediately or, after overwintering, in early spring. The seeds are small, ovoid, with tightly attached wings. Fruiting begins at the age of about 15 years.
Larch wood is elastic, durable, resinous, and very resistant to rotting.
What trees grow in the forest: fir, cedar and juniper
The following photos and names of trees in Russia, not inferior in importance to pine, spruce and larch, are fir, cedar and.
Scots fir(Abies) distributed in the European part of Russia, Siberia, and the Caucasus.
The tree is 40-50 m tall, trunk diameter is about 1 m. Lives 500-700 years.
The crown is pyramidal. The bark is light gray, sometimes with a reddish tint.
The needles are flat, arranged in two rows, comb-like. The upper side is dark green, the lower side has white stripes.
Fruits in 25-30 years.
Siberian cedar(Pinus sibirica) - evergreen tree 30-44 m in height, trunk diameter about 1.5 m. Lives up to 500 years.
The crown is multi-peaked and dense.
The needles are dark green with a bluish bloom, 6-14 cm long, soft, triangular in cross-section, growing in bunches, five needles in a bunch.
Mature cones are large, elongated, ovoid, first purple and then brown, 5-8 cm wide, up to 13 cm long.
Each cone of this forest tree species contains from 30 to 150 seeds - pine “nuts”.
Common juniper (Juniperus communis) found almost throughout Russia.
Evergreen coniferous multi-stemmed tree or shrub 2-6 m in height.
The crown is multi-peaked and dense.
The needles are sharply needle-shaped, arranged in whorls of three needles, which are pressed to the shoot and stick out to the sides.
The “fruits” of juniper, cone berries, are green at first, but in the second year they are blue-black with a bluish bloom and resinous pulp.
Cone berries are used in cooking as a seasoning and for the production of tinctures. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking fish and meat.
Forest trees of central Russia with photos and names: oak, birch and linden
Of course, everyone knows the names of trees in central Russia such as oak, birch and linden.
English oak (Quercus robur) reaches a height of 20-40 m. It can live up to 2000 years, but usually lives 300-400 years.
The name of such a tree in Russia as common birch (Betula pubescens), is strongly associated with our country. Birch grows throughout the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Caucasus Mountains, is one of the symbols of the state.
Reaches 25-30 m in height and up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark of young trees is brownish-brown, and from 8-10 years it turns white. Lives up to 120 years.
The birch root system is highly developed, but penetrates shallowly into the soil.
Leaves are ovate or rhombic-ovate, 3.5-7 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide.
The tree is monoecious, but the catkins are dioecious. Fruiting catkins are 2.5-3 cm long, on pubescent legs, seed scales are 3-5 mm wide, ciliated along the edge.
Leaves and buds are used in folk medicine.
Linden heart-shaped, or small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) widespread in the European part of Russia, especially in the Urals.
20-38 m tall with a tent-shaped crown.
The bark is dark and furrowed on old trees.
The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, long-petiolate, toothed, green above, bluish below.
The flowers are regular, bisexual, with a double five-parted perianth, up to 1-1.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in pendulous corymbose inflorescences of 3-11 pieces. It blooms from the beginning of July for 10-15 days.
The fruits of this tree of the Russian forests are spherical, pubescent, thin-walled, one- or two-seeded nuts. The fruits ripen in August - September.
Linden blossom is used as a flavoring agent in perfumery, in the production of cognacs and liqueurs, and also as a tea substitute.
Honey plant. In terms of taste and healing qualities, linden honey has long been considered the best.
What trees are found in the forest: aspen, maple, elm and beech
The following photos and names of central Russia, not inferior to the others in their importance, are aspen, maple and beech.
Common aspen, or trembling poplar (Populus tremula) widespread in areas with temperate and cold climates in Europe and Asia.
Aspen has a columnar trunk, up to 35 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter.
Lives 80-90, rarely up to 150 years.
The bark of young trees is smooth, light green or greenish-gray, and cracks and darkens with age.
The leaves are round or rhombic, 3-7 cm long, acute or obtuse at the apex, with a rounded base, crenate edges, pinnate venation.
The fruit is a very small capsule.
Bees collect pollen from aspen flowers in April, and glue from the blossoming buds, which is processed into propolis.
Aspen is credited with the ability to ward off evil spirits.
Norway maple, or sycamore maple (Acer platanoides)- deciduous tree 12-28 m high with a dense spherical crown.
The bark of young trees is smooth, gray-brown, darkens and cracks with age.
The leaves are simple, palmate, opposite, with 5-7 serrated, coarsely toothed lobes, pointed at the ends of the lobes, glabrous, up to 18 cm in length.
Elm or elm (Ulmus)- predominantly deciduous plant. The height reaches 40 m with a trunk diameter of 2 m; some species grow as shrubs. The crown ranges from broadly cylindrical with a rounded apex to compact spherical.
Life expectancy is 80-120 years, living up to 400 years.
Beech, or European beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Deciduous tree up to 30-50 m tall with a slender columnar trunk with a diameter of up to 1.5 m (centuries-old trees up to 3 m), ovoid or wide-cylindrical crown.
Lives 500 years, sometimes up to 950 years.
The leaves are elliptical, broadly pointed at the base and apex, 4-10 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide.
In autumn the leaves are yellow, then brown, falling at the end of October.
Nuts are used for food: in their raw form they are harmful in large quantities; it is better to eat them fried.
All about forest trees: hornbeam and ash
What other trees grow in the forest in Russia? This section of the article describes hornbeam and ash.
Common or European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)
Tree 7-12 m high, sometimes up to 25 m. Trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, ribbed. The crown is dense, cylindrical. The bark of young trees is silver-gray, deeply cracking with age.
The leaves are oval, pointed, up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide, dark green on top.
Hornbeam is used to make musical instruments, veneer, instrument handles, and parquet.
Poplar (Populus)
A genus of fast-growing trees of the willow family. Large trees 40-45 m high and trunk diameter up to 1 meter.
The genus contains about 90 species.
Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
Distributed in the European part of Russia.
The tree is 20-30 m high and has a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. The crown is highly raised, openwork.
The bark is gray. The leaves are imparipinnate, consisting of 7-15 leaflets. The leaves are lanceolate, bright green above and light green below. The flowers are small, bisexual.
Honey plant.
Types of forest trees willow and alder
Speaking about what trees are found in the forest, of course, it is worth mentioning willow and alder.
Willow(Salix) represents a tree up to 15 m high or a less tall shrub. There are about 170 species of willows.
Due to the ability to produce adventitious roots, willows can easily be propagated by cuttings.
Leaves are alternate, petiolate.
The stem is branched, the branches are thin, twig-like, flexible, brittle, with matte or shiny bark.
The flowers are dioecious, small, collected in dense inflorescences. They bloom before the leaves bloom.
The fruit is a capsule that opens with two doors.
Willow bark and the twigs of some scrub willows are used to make wickerwork.
Measured alder, or sticky alder (Alnus glutinosa)- a tree up to 35 m high, with a trunk up to 90 cm in diameter. The crown is pyramidal.
Lives up to 80-100 years.
The root system is superficial.
The leaves are opposite, simple, round, 4-9 cm long, 6-7 cm wide.
Blooms in early spring, before foliage appears. The fruit is a cone 2 cm long and 2-2.5 cm wide.
Forest shrubs: wolfberry, heather, wild rosemary and hazel
Common wolfberry, or wolf's bast(Daphne mezereum)- deciduous, low-branched, 60-120 cm high, shrub growing in the form of a small tree.
The fruits are red oval drupes with spherical shiny seeds. Fruits in late July - August.
All parts of the plant, and especially the fruits, contain poisonous juice.
Common heather (Calluna vulgaris) grows in the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia.
Evergreen, strongly branched shrub with small triangular leaves.
Honey plant. Heather honey is a good antiseptic.
Ledum (Ledum)- an evergreen shrub, about ten species grow in Russia.
The leaves and branches of wild rosemary emit a sharp, intoxicating odor, causing dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes loss of consciousness.
Common hazel, or hazel(Corylus avellana)- deciduous, woody shrub, 2-7 m high. The crown is ovoid or flat-spherical. The bark of the trunks is smooth, light, brownish-gray.
The leaves are round, 6-12 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, usually narrowed to a point at the apex.
Staminate catkins up to 5 cm long; covering scales are densely pubescent, anthers are bare, with a tuft of hairs on top.
The nut is almost spherical or somewhat elongated, 1.8 cm long, 1.3-1.5 cm in diameter.
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
Computer atlas-identifier of trees and shrubs of the central zone of the European part of Russia
V autumn-winter period
(identifier for buds and shoots in a leafless state)
Determinant
represents computer program, which “produces” a list of identifying morphological characteristics characteristic of all objects of a given Atlas-identifier. In this determinant, 16 characteristics () are used as defining ones.
To work with the determinant, the user must select features (in any order) and answer options (sign values) - checking with his object (it, naturally, must be in front of the researcher). In this case, a list of all species included in the Key’s database will always be visible on the right side of the screen. With each answer, the number of species on this list will decrease until it comes to two or three or, ideally, one.
Textbook, or Handbook of Plant Morphology, contains information about the morphological structure of the objects included in the key. In relation to this determinant, the reference book includes information about shoot morphology And kidney morphology(see example below)
Sample description of morphological characteristics in the Textbook At the place where the fallen leaf is attached to the stem, it remains leaf scar(1 ), which has the appearance of a more or less sharply defined print-like spot or depression.
Leaf scars can be narrow or wide depending on the size of the petiole. The leaf scar is usually placed under the bud on a raised area called sheet pillow (2 ).On the leaf scar visible in the form of more or less large dots or tubercles leaf traces(3 ), which are traces of vascular bundles passing from the stem to the leaf petiole. There can be a different number of leaf traces: one, three, five or many. Sometimes leaf marks are not clearly visible, then you should make a thin section from the leaf scar (no more than 0.1-0.2 mm thick) and examine them with a magnifying glass. Since leaf scars and leaf marks are quite characteristic of each species, they are of great importance in identifying woody plants in a leafless state. Sample description of identifying characteristics in the Textbook: Sign No. 13: Stem surface. Based on this characteristic, all plants included in the guide are divided into 7 categories: 1 - Angular, with ribs or grooves: The surface of the stem has longitudinal edges, ribs or grooves:
2 - Warts: The surface of the stem is covered with cork or wax warts:
3 - Cork wings: The stem has corky growths (integumentary periderm), the growth of which can be uneven, resulting in the formation of longitudinal comb-like outgrowths:
4 - Peeling film or bark: The surface of the stem is covered with a flaky film or bark:
5 - Waxy coating: The surface of the stem is covered with a waxy coating (white, bluish), which can be easily wiped off with a finger:
6 - Scales (scabs): The surface of the stem is covered with small scales (scabs):
7 - The stem is flattened at the nodes: The shoot has an uneven thickness in different places - in the internodes it is rounded (in a cross section), and in the nodes it is flattened (oval in cross section):
|
Computer identifier of woody plants Can purchase in our non-profit online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated definition tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, as well as similar graphic dichotomous wanderer identifiers: trees in summer, shrubs in summer, trees in winter and shrubs in winter.
Application.
List of woody plant species included in the guide:
(species are given in alphabetical order)
| Actinidia kolomikta Aronia Michurina Common barberry Fluffy birch Hawthorn blood red Common horse chestnut Common raspberry Gray alder Black currant Pennsylvania ash |
Actinidia kolomikta Aronia mitschurinii Berberis vulgaris Betula pendula Betula pubescens Euonymus verrucosa Euonymus europaea Crataegus sanguinea Crataegus oxyacantha Crataegus monogyna Crataegus sp. Vaccinium vitis-idea Sambucus racemosa Calluna vulgaris Parthenocissus quinquefolia Cerasus vulgaris Daphne mezereum Ulmus laevis Ulmus pumila Ulmus glabra Vaccinium uliginosum Pyrus communis Swida alba Swida sanguinea Quercus robur Picea abies Picea pungens Lonicera xylosteum Lonicera tatarica Salix alba Salix caprea Salix viminalis Salix fragilis Salix myrsinifolia Salix acutifolia Salix aurita Amelanchier spicata Viburnum opulus Caragana arborescens Cotoneaster melanocarpus Acer platanoides Acer ginnala Acer tataricum Acer negundo Aesculus hippocastanum Frangula alnus Grossularia reclinata Corylus avellana Tilia platyphyllos Tilia cordata Larix decidua Rubus idaeus Juniperus communis Hippophae rhamnoides Alnus incana Alnus glutinosa Solanum dulcamara Physocarpus opulifolius Sorbus aucuparia Syringa josikaea Syringa vulgaris Prunus domestica Ribes rubrum Ribes spicatum Ribes nigrum Symphoricarpos albus Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Spiraea salicifolia Spiraea japonica Populus balsamifera Populus alba Populus tremula Populus nigra Thuja occidentalis Humulus lupulus Padus virginiana Padus maackii Padus avium Vaccinium myrtillus Philadelphus coronarius Rosa majalis Rosa rugosa Rosa canina Malus sylvestris Malus domestica Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus pennsylvanica |
Full descriptions and thumbnail images of all species included in this guide can be viewed/downloaded in the sections Abstracts And Nature Ecosystem website.
Computer identifier of woody plants Can purchase in our non-profit online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated definition tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, as well as similar graphic dichotomous wanderer identifiers: trees in summer, shrubs in summer, trees in winter and shrubs in winter.
List of identifying characteristics and their meanings:
| 1. Growth form 1 - tree 2 - bush 3 - shrub 4 - liana 5 - erect |
2. Deciduousness 1 - overwinters with leaves 2 - overwinters without leaves 3 - aboveground shoots die off |
3. Sheet type (if any) 1 - sheet 2 - needle-shaped needles 1 each 3 - needle-shaped needles 2 each 4 - needle-shaped needles 5 each 5 - scale-like needles |
4. Number of kidney scales 1 - no scales 2 - one (two fused) 3 - two 4 - three to five 5 - five-eight 5 - more than eight |
| 5. Kidney shape 1 - oval 2 - ovoid 3 - conical 4 - fusiform 5 - round 6 - lanceolate 7 - no kidney |
6. Kidney size 1 - less than 3 mm 2 - 3-7 mm 3 - more than 7 mm 4 - no kidney |
7. Number of buds at the top of the shoot 1 - one 2 - two 3 - three 4 - more than 3 5 - no kidneys |
8. Location of the kidneys 1 - regular, one bud per node 2 - regular, several buds in a node 3 - opposite, one kidney on both sides of the node 4 - opposite serial 5 - oblique 6 - whorled |
| 9. Features of the kidneys 1 - kidney on a leg 2 - sessile kidney 3 - bud in the leaf cushion 4 - no kidneys |
10. Pubescence of the shoot 1 - total escape 2 - kidneys only 3 - edges of ground scales 4 - no pubescence |
11. Additional escape formations 1 - thorns or prickles 2 - spikes 3 - spines 1 each 4 - spines 2 each 5 - spines 3 each 6 - spines 5 each 7 - antennae 8 - the shoot ends with a thorn 9 - no |
12. Shortened shoots 1 - yes 2 - no |
| 13. Surface of the stem 1 - angular or with ribs 2 - grooves 3 - warts 4 - cork wings 5 - flaky film or bark 6 - waxy coating 7 - scales (scabs) 8 - the stem is flattened at the nodes 9 - no features |
14. Bark color 1 - gray 2 - brown 3 - black 4 - green 5 - red 6 - yellow 7 - purple 8 - reddish 9 - yellow-brown 10 - red-brown 11 - gray-brown 12 - greenish-brown |
15. Core 1 - round 2 - oval 3 - triangular 4 - angular 5 - hollow |
16. Additional signs 1 - strong unpleasant odor 2 - smell black currant 3 - branches are brittle 4 - lemon color under the bark 5 - twig-like shoots 6 - “weeping” crown 7 - there are inflorescences |
We are surrounded by a huge number of trees and bushes. Sometimes we don't even think about how many species of these plants there are. Our article will describe the most popular representatives of deciduous trees and their varieties.
Acacia belongs to the genus Robinia of the Legume family. There are more than 600 species of this plant in the world. On average, the height of the tree reaches 25 meters, but sometimes shrub-like representatives are also found.
Important! All parts of acacia contain a toxic substance - the alkaloid robinine, therefore it is not recommended to use it independently for therapeutic purposes.
The homeland of acacia is North America, but today the tree grows in countries such as New Zealand, African countries, and Europe. 
The foliage is ovoid in shape. The upper part of the plate is green and has a smooth structure, and the bottom resembles velvet, gray-green in color.
The flowers of the plant are predominantly white or yellow and smell pleasant.
Let's look at the most common varieties:
Birch
There are about 120 species in the family. has a smooth bark that peels off thinly, and has alternate, petiolate leaves. The flowers are represented by staminate centers, and the fruit is a flattened single-seeded nut, which contains two membranous wings.
The most common varieties include the following:
Did you know? Karelian birch was used to make one of the Faberge eggs in 1917. The egg was named “Birch”.
Elm
Elm is a tall deciduous tree with ovate leaves that are curved at the base. The height of the plant can vary and depends on the height of the grafting. The crown is usually very wide, can reach 10 meters with a tree height of 5 meters.
It has a weeping shape. The inflorescences have an inconspicuous appearance, rather small, but the fruits are represented by large greenish lionfish. Swamp colored foliage. It grows well in moist, fertile soils, has good frost resistance, and is often found in city parks.
Let's look at the most common types of elm:
Hornbeam
The tree grows on mainland Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia. Its habitat covers deciduous forests. The height of the plant can reach 12 m, the diameter of the trunk is up to 40 cm. On average, a tree can live 150 years. It has a dense crown with a cylindrical shape.
The trunk is ribbed, the branches are quite long and thin. The tree has a shallow root system, lateral anchor roots that go deep into the ground and grow slowly.
The leaves are oval, approximately 15 cm long and 5 cm wide. The upper part is colored dark green color, lower - in pale green. With the arrival of autumn, the foliage turns lemon yellow.
Let's look at the most common types of hornbeam:
Oak
There are about 600 species in the genus, which grow in the temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere.
The tree has a powerful tent-shaped crown, leathery leaves, and deep roots. Loves light, grows well in rich soils, has good wind resistance, drought resistance, and longevity.
The most common types include:
Important! It is not recommended to grow red oak in large quantities - it has too hard leaves that take a long time to decompose, forming a “film” on the ground that will prevent other plants from growing.
Willow
Willow grows in Siberia, Northern China, northern Europe, and northern America. The height of the tree is approximately 15 m, but sometimes species up to 35 m in height can be found. Willows prefer damp places, so they most often grow on the banks of rivers and lakes.
The most common include:
Maple
The height of the tree varies and depends on its type. On average it can reach 30 meters. Maple is a long-liver - lives about 200 years. The bark is colored gray, and the trunk diameter can reach 1.5 m. It has large, veiny leaves with 5 lobes and pointed lobes.
In autumn, the foliage takes on an amber color. After leaf fall, seeds that resemble dragonflies in appearance begin to fall. Flowering occurs in May and lasts approximately 10 days.
Let's look at the most common types of maple:
Linden
Belongs to the Malvaceae family. The habitat is moderate and subtropical zone northern hemisphere. Includes about 45 species. It has alternate leaves, which are arranged in 2 rows.
Let's look at the most common ones:
Alder
Grows in Europe Western Siberia, in the Caucasus and North America. It is a tree whose height is about 20 m. It has a narrow ovoid crown and light gray smooth bark. Often used to strengthen river banks.
Among the most common types are:
Rowan
Rowan includes about 100 species. The habitat is Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caucasus. The tree has a height of 5 to 10 meters and a width of 4 to 6 meters. There may be one or several trunks.
Let's look at the most common types of rowan:
Did you know? The taste of fresh rowan fruits is bitter, but after the first frost the bitter glycoside of sorbic acid is destroyed, and the berries lose their bitterness.
Poplar
The height of the trees can reach 40 meters. They have small flowers that are collected in earrings. The fruit is represented by a capsule with very small seeds, in which there are tufts of hairs, the so-called “poplar fluff”. It is worth noting that fluff is present only in female specimens, so they should be avoided when landscaping.
Related articles
The best amulets against the evil eye and damage Amulet against the evil eye with hands for children
How to read the Psalter correctly
Delicious dishes with sausages
A glimpse of Bella. Romantic chronicle. A glimpse of genius. Messerer about Akhmadulina Boris Messerer glimpse of Bella romantic chronicle
I dreamed that I was sailing on a boat on the river
How to cook beef entrecote in a frying pan
About the company Foreign language courses at Moscow State University
Which city and why became the main one in Ancient Mesopotamia?
Why Bukhsoft Online is better than a regular accounting program!
Which year is a leap year and how to calculate it