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The legal profession obliges employees to conduct constant observations of people’s behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

A practicing lawyer must strive to notice all the essential features in the observed object (victim, suspect, accused, etc.), a phenomenon, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflecting reality. Sensations can be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation skills, the most important role is played by visual and auditory sensations.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the cultivation of attention. Without attention, deliberate perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

Observation as a personality quality develops in the conditions of practical activity. To become observant, you must first acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To transform a skill into a lasting quality, targeted, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in the daily life of a legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.

The lawyer must strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the significant signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize observation by setting a specific, specific goal. Only a rationally set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.

In parallel with targeted observation, it is necessary to develop universal observation. Such observation skills provide a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process of practical work on the object from different points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

UDK 159.9 BBK 88.4

PROFESSIONAL OBSERVATION AS THE BASIS OF PERSONAL SAFETY OF A STATE TRAFFIC INSPECTION EMPLOYEE

ARTEM ALEXANDROVICH PERKOV,

Lecturer at the Department of Criminal Law, Criminology and Psychology, Oryol Law Institute

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.V. Lukyanova, E-mail: [email protected] Scientific supervisor: Doctor of Psychology,

Associate Professor Kostina L.N. Scientific specialty: 19.00.03 - Labor psychology, engineering psychology, ergonomics"

Citation index in the NIION electronic library

Annotation. Professional observation remains one of the most under-researched topics in the psychology of work of a traffic police officer. At the same time, there is a growing number of specialists who claim that loss of vigilance and distracted attention cause injuries and deaths of employees when solving operational and service tasks.

Keywords: observation; professionally important quality; communication; personal safety; observation.

Annotation. Professional observation remains one of the most not researched topics in the psychology of labor of a Bodies of internal affairs officer. At the same time, there is a growing number of specialists who say that loss of vigilance and distracted attention are the cause of injuries and death of employees in solving operational and service problems.

Keywords: observation; danger; communication; personal safety; observation

The need to solve operational and official tasks in difficult conditions, constant communication with various categories of citizens, and an increase in the number of job responsibilities certainly places increased demands on the personality of a State Traffic Inspectorate employee. Training a professional for the traffic police should include not only the formation of a solid base of knowledge, skills and possessions, but also the development of psychological properties and qualities necessary for the successful completion of the tasks facing the police. One of these properties is observation.

Interest in observation was high in Soviet psychology, in particular, B.G. paid great attention to the study of this property. Ananyev, who developed the idea of ​​complicating the observation process as an irreversible consequence of improving observation means. Subsequently, observation as a professionally important quality was considered in the context of the profession to which the researcher belonged (O.V. Suvorova, E.S. Sycheva, F.C. Koblov, E.V. Skripnikova, V.A. Kryshtop, E. V. Kosova, L.N. Kostina, etc.). A significant work, where not only a theoretical analysis of observation was given, but also

practical exercises were laid down to develop this quality, the work of L.A. Regush.

Observation of a police officer as a professionally important quality has not been studied as widely as, for example, communicative competence, but it is equally important in importance, and perhaps even more significant. Specialists whose scientific interests lay in the area of ​​analyzing the professionally important qualities of police officers could not ignore such an important quality in their works. V.A. pointed out observation as an important component of professionalism. Vasiliev, who considered her ability to notice subtle details, E.A. Kozlovskaya, who gave priority to observation in identifying the necessary information, Yu.V. Chufarovsky, who paid great attention to the observation plan, A.A. Volkov, who revealed the connection between observation and success in solving operational and service tasks. It is especially worth noting the contribution to the analysis of observation as a professionally important quality of police officer A.M. Stolyarenko, who formed the structure of observation, proposing its three components: professional attentiveness; professional

sional sensitivity; professional sensitivity.

Consideration of observation is currently characterized by excessive theorization. Many scientists analyze this property, considering its components, but, unfortunately, very few ways and forms of developing it among police officers are proposed. At the same time, an important condition for the personal safety of a traffic police officer is enough level preparedness, which also presupposes possession of safe work methods, a formed personal mindset for survival, psychological qualities that allow one to adequately assess the situation, make correct and quick decisions and not lose self-control in dangerous situations. Without developing observation skills, it is hardly possible to ensure the safety of yourself, your partner and other road users.

Despite the importance of the concept of “observation,” there is no common understanding of it. There are several approaches to observation. Among the main approaches is the consideration of observation as a general cognitive ability that ensures effectiveness in understanding and making sense of the world. Observation of an internal affairs officer as a personality trait in the structure of special abilities allows one to effectively solve operational and service tasks. As a property of the sensory organization of a person, observation is part of the process of perceiving the surrounding world. The activities of a psychologist indicate the specificity of professional observation, which lies in the selectivity and hierarchy of the components of the personality structure, subject to visual diagnosis. And finally, observation, as an ability within the framework of social abilities, is formed during the socialization of the individual and ensures the growth of social competence. At the same time, observational researchers note that this phenomenon must be considered in a social context, that is, in the context social interaction, in the process of communication. Observation organizes cognitive processes, conditioning their functioning on the existing goal of observation. We see the most optimal definition of observation given by L.A. Regush, who understood it as “... a mental property based on sensation and perception and being a property of sensory organization, mediated by the properties and conditions of perception and sensation, presupposing a well-developed visual analyzer, high absolute and relative sensitivity.”

A.M. Stolyarenko wrote that it should be directed, that is, selective. In order to ensure this selectivity, the teacher must know the external manifestations of pedagogical reality.

ness. This statement is also true for employees of the State Traffic Inspectorate, for whom observation is a professionally significant quality, formed in the process of professional training and profiling training, improved in the process of solving operational and service tasks and is an important component of professional competence. In this regard, the main task of a specialist - a psychologist - is to create in the employee an understanding that observation, which comes with experience, is expensive - the employee will have to make many mistakes, putting his life in danger. Consciously acquiring professional observation skills can conserve an employee's resources and possibly save his life.

Literature

1. Ananyev B. G. Sensory-perceptual organization of a person // Cognitive mental processes: sensations, perception / Ed. A.V.Zaporozhets, B.F.Lomov, V.P.Zinchenko. - M., 1982.- P.7-88, 219-327.

2. Gritskov D.M. Psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of sociocultural observation in the theory and practice of teaching foreign languages ​​// Psychological and pedagogical journal Gaudeamus, No. 1 (13), 2008. pp. 52 - 64.

3. Personal safety measures for inspectors of the road patrol service of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia [Text]: educational and practical manual / edited by. ed. R.Sh. Garipova; R.Sh. Garipov, M.M. Ziganshin, A.K. Khammatullin, D.L. Panshin. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional - M.: DGSK Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2015. - 72 p.

4. Profiles of professional competencies of employees of road safety units / L.N. Kostina, A.A. Perkov. - Orel: OrYuI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.V. Lukyanov, 2015. - 80 p.

5. Regush L.A. Workshop on observation and observation skills. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 208 p.: ill. - (Series “Workshop in Psychology”).

6. Stolyarenko A.M. Legal pedagogy: Course of lectures. - M., Ekmos, 1999. - 496 p.

7. Tereshchenko Yu.V. The content of professional observation of police officers // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies, 1998, No. 1 (7). pp. 71-75.

8. Kostina L.N., Perkov A.A. Profiling training as a factor in developing professional observation skills of State Traffic Inspectorate employees // Science and practice. 2014. No. 4 (61) pp. 138-140.

9. Psychology in the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies: a textbook. In 2 parts. Part 1 / L.N. Kostina. - Orel: Oryol legal

Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2011. - 146 p.

10. Kostina L.N. Visual psychodiagnostics as a method of cognition and preliminary assessment of personality in the professional activity of a psychologist // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2016. No. 6. pp. 195-196.

1. Anan "ev B. G. Sensomo-pertseptivnaya organizatsiya cheloveka // Poznavatel"nye psikhicheskie protsessy: oshchushcheniya, vospriyatie / Pod red. A.V.Zaporozhtsa, B.F.Lomova, V.P.Zinchenko. - M., 1982.- S.7-88, 219-327.

2. Gritskov D.M. Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie usloviya razvitiya sotsiokul"turnoy nablyudatel"nosti v teorii i praktike prepodavaniya inostrannykh yazykov // Psikhologo-pedagogicheskiy zhurnal Gaudeamus, No. 1 (13), 2008. S. 52 - 64.

3. Mery lichnoy bezopasnosti inspektorov dorozhno-patrul "noy sluzhby GIBDD MVD Rossii: uchebno-prakticheskoe posobie / pod obshch. red. R.Sh. Garipova; R.Sh. Garipov, M.M. Ziganshin, A.K. Khammatullin, D.L. Pan"shin. - Izd. 2-e, pererab. i dop. - M.: DGSK MVD Rossii, 2015. - 72 s.

4. Profili professional"nykh kompetentsiy sotrudnikov podrazdeleniy obespecheniya

bezopasnosti dorozhnogo dvizheniya / L.N. Kostina, A.A. Perkov. - Orel: OrYuI MVD Rossii imeni V. V. Luk"yanova, 2015. - 80 s.

5. Regush L.A. Praktikum po nablyudeniyu i nablyudatel "nosti. 2nd izd., pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe. - SPb.: Piter, 2008. - 208 s. : il. - (Seriya “Praktikum po psikhologii”).

6. Stolyarenko A.M. Yuridicheskaya pedagogika: Kurs lektsiy. - M., Ekmos, 1999. - 496 s.

7. Tereshchenko Yu.V. Soderzhanie professional"noy nablyudatel"nosti sotrudnikov OVD // Psikhopedagogika v pravookhranitel"nykh organakh, 1998, No. 1 (7). S. 71-75.

8. Kostina L.N., Perkov A.A. Obuchenie profaylingu kak faktor formirovaniya professional"noy nablyudatel"nosti sotrudnikov Gosavtoinspektsii // Nauka i praktika. 2014. No. 4 (61) S. 138-140.

9. Psikhologiya v deyatel "nosti sotrudnikov organov vnutrennikh del: uchebnoe posobie. V 2 chastyakh. Ch. 1 / L.N. Kostina. - Orel: Orlovskiy yuridicheskiy institut MVD Rossii, 2011. - 146 s.

10. Kostina L.N. Vizual"naya psikhodiagnostika kak metod poznaniya i predvaritel"noy otsenki lichnosti v professional"noy deyatel"nosti psikhologa // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2016. No. 6. S. 195-196.

Profiling in the activities of internal affairs bodies.

Textbook allowance. UMC stamp “Professional textbook”. Grif of the Research Institute of Education and Science. Ed. V.L. Tsvetkova. M.: UNITY-DANA, 2014.

The theoretical foundations and possibilities of practical application of profiling technologies in order to prevent illegal actions by identifying potentially dangerous persons and situations are considered. The possibilities of using areas of applied psychology to identify persons with unlawful intentions are shown. The ideas about personality assessment technologies based on visual psychological diagnostics are systematized; methods of countering psychological influence from potential criminals are considered; the features of communication with profiling objects are revealed; methods of mental self-regulation of emotional states in the activities of a profiler are presented; shows ways to develop skills in recognizing potential criminals by their verbal portrait and typology of behavior.

Black Sea Fleet of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Department of Humanities

Test

in the discipline “Psychology and pedagogy in activities”

Department of Internal Affairs employees"

on the topic (option 7):

Features of formation psychological readiness police officers to perform official tasks

Introduction

Each specific science differs from other sciences in the characteristics of its subject. Clarifying the specific features of phenomena studied by psychology is much more difficult. Understanding these phenomena largely depends on the worldview held by people faced with the need to comprehend psychological science.

On modern stage social development, psychology increasingly occupies a key position in the system of sciences. Currently, there is a need to apply psychology in any field of knowledge. However, this need is most noticeable when solving specific legal problems.

The main thing in a lawyer’s activity is working with people. It includes a number of interrelated aspects: studying and assessing people, establishing and developing psychological contacts with them, exerting a certain influence on them, training, education, etc. The acquisition of psychological knowledge is simply becoming a necessity for workers in any legal profession, including employees of internal affairs bodies.

An in-depth study of these aspects requires a psychological analysis of personality and legal activity, which is based on the study of basic psychological phenomena, processes, states, and their characteristics in the legal field (needs, motives, goals, temperament, attitude, social orientation and other characteristics of the individual).

The psychological culture of a lawyer presupposes that all employees of legal bodies have a system of psychological knowledge, as well as skills and techniques that would provide them with a high culture of communication. Psychological knowledge increases the efficiency of legal activity, contributes to its humanization and continuous improvement.

In practice, there are two ways to apply psychological knowledge: direct and indirect. In the first case, the learned patterns are directly used in carrying out a particular activity. In particular, knowledge of the laws of perception, imagination, thinking, adaptation, etc. is directly applied and used.

More often, psychological knowledge is applied indirectly, since the learned patterns cannot be applied and used immediately. It is necessary first to identify how these general patterns change in the special conditions of a certain activity, when performing its tasks. In applied psychology we deal primarily with the indirect application of psychological knowledge.

1. Theoretical aspects psychological

preparation for legal practice

1.1. Human memory

In the activities of a lawyer, where the leading is the communication process, obtaining information and remembering it is the basis on which all practical actions are built. In this regard, training in memory skills is one of the main ones in the system of psychological preparation for legal practice. This training should be organized and carried out taking into account the main patterns of memory.

Memory is a complex mental process that includes:

1) remembering objects, phenomena, persons, actions, thoughts, information, etc.;

2) retaining in memory what was memorized;

3) recognition upon repeated perception and reproduction of what is remembered.

The physiological basis of memory are traces of nervous processes stored in the cerebral cortex.

The impact of the environment on the human brain is carried out either through the direct impact of objects and phenomena on his senses, or indirectly through the word: story, description, etc. These impacts leave corresponding traces in the cerebral cortex, which can then be revived by repeated perception ( recognition) or by recall.

In psychology there is a distinction four type of memory.

Visual-figurative memory manifests itself in the memorization, preservation and reproduction of visual, auditory, gustatory, temperature, etc. images. This can be a visual representation of the object of observation, the interlocutor, a piece of terrain, a building, the process of communication, etc. Visual-figurative memory is of great importance for human educational and creative activity.

Verbal-logical memory expressed in memorizing and reproducing thoughts. This type of memory is closely related to speech, since any thought must be expressed in words. The features of this type of memory are taken into account during the learning process. To make memorization more effective, figurative speech and intonation are used.

Motor memory depends on muscle sensations, on excitation and inhibition of the corresponding pathways and nerve cells For example, an investigator can very clearly imagine his actions that he performed while observing a criminal. If, after some time, he has to verbally describe this procedure, then, unnoticed by himself, he can reproduce the movements he performed.

Emotional memory is a memory for emotional states that took place in the past. As a rule, vivid emotional images are quickly remembered and easily reproduced. Distinctive features of emotional memory are the breadth of generalization and the depth of penetration into the essence of a once experienced feeling. The properties of emotional memory depend on the functioning of the sense organs.

The following are distinguished: kinds memory: visual, auditory, motor and mixed. In accordance with this, a legal worker must imagine what type of memory is inherent in himself, as well as the people with whom he will have to work. This is necessary in order to make appropriate adjustments when perceiving and describing events in order to make the right decision.

There is also a distinction between long-term and short-term memory. Short-term memory retains information in incomplete form. Long-term memory is used to remember information for a long time, often for a lifetime. This type of memory is the most important and the most complex. Information about short-term and long-term memory is very significant for investigative work.

The flow of the processes of memorization, preservation and subsequent reproduction is determined by what place this information occupies in the subject’s activity, what its significance is, and what he does with this information. The most productive memory for material related to With purpose activity, with its main content. In these cases, even involuntary memorization can be more productive than voluntary.

The influence of emotions on the memorization process should be taken into account. It will be more productive if perception is carried out against the background of heightened emotional states. When a phenomenon and event touches the senses, the mental activity of the witness, victim, suspect and accused will be more active, forcing them to repeatedly return to the experience.

Forgetting is a process opposite to imprinting and storing. Forgetting is a physiologically quite normal phenomenon. If all the information accumulated in memory simultaneously surfaced in a person’s consciousness, then productive thinking would be practically impossible. Only through an effort of will do people each time retrieve from long-term memory that part of the information that is necessary to perform a given type of activity. “The movement of thought,” writes A. N. Luk, “is the thread that transfers the necessary information from long-term memory to operational memory.” This is also the mechanism for reproducing testimony by a witness, victim, suspect, or accused.

The memorization mindset plays a big role in memorizing material. As practice and experimental research show, people who perceive material only in order to write it down forget this material much faster, in contrast to those who memorize the same material with the “remember for a long time” attitude. Of particular importance here is the importance of the material. If a person clearly realizes that the material being memorized determines the success of an important operation, then the goal of strong memorization is easily formulated. This leads to the following conclusion: memorized material should be classified according to importance.

In legal activities, it is advisable to remember perceived information according to plan:

1) main idea (comprehension of what is remembered),

2) facts and events (what, when and where happens),

3) the reasons for the events occurring,

4) conclusions and source of information

To correctly assess the testimony of a witness, victim, suspect, accused, it is important for law enforcement officials and judges to know the laws of the process of human memory development. Memory develops and improves throughout a person’s life. It is influenced by the development of the human nervous system, the conditions of education and training, and the activities performed. At the same time, development occurs both quantitatively and qualitatively. Depending on the ups and downs of the levels of intellectual functions, ups and downs occur in a person’s memory.

Research has found that between the ages of 18 and 25, memory usually improves, remains at the same level until the age of 45, and then gradually begins to weaken. However, if people are involved in active activities, then this decline may not be noticeable. If due to the type of activity a person has to constantly remember something, then memory not only does not degrade, but, on the contrary, develops.

There are cases of memory loss (amnesia), when events that fill a certain period of time fall out of consciousness. Memory loss can occur, in particular, in the victim after an injury or fainting. Often, an investigator or prosecutor who skillfully uses the method of associations succeeds in eliminating amnesia.

Based on research by psychologists, we can conclude that strengthening memory is associated with cultivating willpower, attentiveness, and observation with the use of meaningful memorization techniques. The following can be recommended memory development techniques:

1. Repetition of what has been learned. It is known that K. Marx was constantly repeating even what he had mastered well. “He had the habit of re-reading his notebooks and places marked in books after long breaks in order to fix them in his memory. He sharpened his memory from a young age, learning by heart, on Hegel’s advice, articles in an unfamiliar language.” A worker in the legal profession must periodically refresh his memory of everything that he has learned in the process of activity (re-read and review sources, think through the information received, etc.).

2. Targeted exercises. All types of memory can be developed through special exercises:

a) learning digital material,

b) memorizing prose and poetry,

c) remembering images.

For example, while walking you admired the landscape that amazed you. To capture it in memory, you need to look at the landscape carefully several times in a row, closing and opening your eyes and comparing what you see with what you imagine when your eyes are closed. Gradually the visual impression will become fuller and brighter. If you need to assess a situation in a matter of seconds or remember a large amount of visual information, the memorization skills acquired through this method will be very useful to you.

3. Observation training. To remember what you see, you need to develop your powers of observation. It helps improve involuntary memory. For this purpose, regular exercises in thinking about and remembering what happened during the day, week, month, etc. can be recommended.

Hygiene memory

Memory is the most important function of intelligence. Therefore, every person, especially a legal worker, must observe memory hygiene. In this regard, the following can be recommended:

1) when you are tired, you cannot constantly “cheer up” yourself with tonic drinks (tea, coffee, alcohol). The harm of these “cheer ups” lies in the fact that while ridding oneself of the feeling of fatigue, a person does not relieve fatigue, and prolonged “cheer up” leads to nervous disorders;

2) during intense mental work (reading, drafting documents, preparing for important meetings, events), it is advisable to take short breaks from work for 10-12 minutes after 40-45 minutes. Thoughtful organization of the working day and adequate sleep are also necessary;

3) proper nutrition is essential for memory at least three times a day with the obligatory consumption of fats and carbohydrates.

Memory is the basis on which any professional activity is based.

1.2. Thinking and intuition in problem solving

Legal work is constantly associated with solving a wide variety of problems. Thinking as a mental process is always aimed at revealing deep connections rooted in objective reality.

Thinking is called the process of reflecting in human consciousness the essence, natural connections and relationships between things and phenomena of nature and society. Thinking arises on the basis of practical activity from sensory knowledge and goes far beyond its limits. It enables a lawyer to understand such aspects of objective reality that are hidden from his eyes.

Thinking proceeds on a verbal basis. Words create the necessary material shell of thought. The better a thought is thought out, the more clearly it is expressed in words and, conversely, the clearer the verbal formulation, the deeper the thought. “Thinking,” wrote IP Pavlov, “represents nothing else but associations, first elementary, standing in connection with external objects, and then chains of associations. This means that every small first association is the moment of the birth of a thought.” Human thought is formulated in images, concepts and judgments. Judgments can be general, particular and individual. They are formed in two main ways:

1) directly, when they express something What perceived

2) indirectly - through inferences or reasoning.

The thinking process is, first of all, analysis, synthesis and generalization. Analysis is the identification of certain aspects, elements, properties, connections, relationships, etc. in an object. For example, when analyzing the behavior of the accused in a criminal case, the investigator mentally divides this behavior into some criteria for individual parts.

The unification of the components of the whole, identified by analysis, is synthesis. In the process of synthesis, a connection occurs, a correlation of those elements into which the cognizable object was divided. Analysis and synthesis are always interconnected. The inextricable unity between them clearly appears already in the cognitive process

Comparison consists of comparing objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships with each other. So, in order to decide the question of whether or not this person suspects in a specific criminal case, it is necessary to divide the individual’s behavior into individual signs - actions and, if possible, compare them with the standard signs of this crime. The identified coincidence or discrepancy of characteristics serves as the basis for decision-making.

In the course of generalization, something common stands out in the compared objects - as a result of their analysis. These properties common to various objects come in two types:

1) common as similar characteristics;

2) general as essential features.

Consequently, every essential property is also common to a given group of homogeneous objects, but not vice versa, not every common (similar) property is essential to a given group of objects. Common essential features are identified during and as a result of in-depth analysis and synthesis. Let us note that the laws of analysis, synthesis and generalization are the main internal specific laws of thinking.

In modern psychology there are mainly three types of thinking:

1) visually effective,

2) visually figurative,

3) abstract (theoretical) thinking.

Visual-effective (subject-based) thinking manifests itself in the practical life of a person. It accompanies him at all stages of development; a person resorts to facial expressions and gestures, analyzing and synthesizing the objects of his activity, his behavior. Addressing an interlocutor, following an example, showing actions or talking about them are always associated with visual-effective thinking. The development of this type of thinking is very important for the performance of motor or operator activities of a practicing lawyer.

Visual-figurative thinking appears in situations when a person begins to think in visual images that arose earlier. For example, when conducting investigative actions, thinking about the route to a goal in the city, the investigator imagines in visual images all possible routes of movement. He analyzes each of them and, comparing the length, intensity of traffic and pedestrians at certain hours, mentally solves the problem. The more complete and detailed the information about a given city, microdistrict, street, house, apartment where the crime was committed, the more vividly the images of situations will appear to the investigator, the more correctly he will be able to make a decision.

Imaginative thinking helps predict the behavior of persons suspected in a criminal case, helps learning with the help of visual aids, and facilitates the preparation of analytical documents, reviews, and scientific reports. Developed imaginative thinking contributes to the implementation of the tasks of communicative, managerial and cognitive activities of a practicing lawyer.

Abstract (theoretical) thinking appears most clearly where it is necessary to use abstract concepts and theoretical knowledge to perform mental operations. Such thinking is carried out mainly on the basis of logical reasoning. This thinking helps a lawyer understand complex categories of social sciences and operate with them in the process of communication

In the process of life, no person, naturally, uses any type of thinking in isolation; a legal worker is no exception.

Practical thinking is carried out through the use of general mental operations (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, abstraction and concretization) and classification, systematization, structuring. Practical thinking is creative.

Let's briefly look at the qualities of creative thinking.

1. The problematic nature of the approach to the phenomena being studied– this quality of creative thinking is manifested in the ability to find questions to be clarified, researched, problematic situation where it seems to many that it does not exist, that everything in the case under investigation is simple. For example, the investigator uses the problematic nature of thinking at the junction of reconstructive and search activities.

2. Dynamic thinking– the ability to quickly, creatively navigate the case under investigation, to highlight what is worthy of primary attention and what should be distracted from, the speed of grasping information and determining the grounds that need to be followed in the subsequent development of the version. This quality of thinking also helps in such investigative actions as interrogation.

3 Efficiency of thinking– inclusion of mental operations (observation, imagination), which are the most significant in the study of physical evidence and various legal facts; efficiency of thinking is also necessary in the search activities of the investigator for a reasonable combination of observation, imagination and intuition.

4. Breadth of thinking– this is the productivity of creative work in solving many problems. This quality is especially necessary for investigators and judges investigating or considering economic crimes, where greater versatility and rational application of knowledge, skills and experience in the process of cognitive activity are needed.

5. Depth of thinking manifests itself in identifying essential properties, connections and relationships between objects and phenomena. A concrete expression of the depth of thinking is the combination of analysis and synthesis. Depth of thinking is closely related to selectivity. The narrower the problem or phenomenon, the more properties and details can be considered when studying it.

6. Validity in putting forward versions of the case under investigation– in high-quality elaboration. Courage, originality and validity differ from discursive thinking in that these qualities precede logic in the process of cognition, especially in the first stages of the investigation. Thus, an investigator, possessing these qualities, is much more likely to come up with a probable version when trying out options than another who does not have these qualities.

7. Logical thinking– this is the development of the consistency of the thought process, the rigor and “insight” of evidence, the ability to draw generalizing conclusions from extensive and varied legal facts.

8. Criticality and impartiality(objectivity) of thinking is the core of the mental process of a legal worker, without which he cannot establish the truth.

A specific feature of creative problem-solving processes is the presence in them intuition.

Intuition is usually considered as a specific method of cognition, in which the illusion of direct perception of the desired conclusion arises. With the help of intuition, the truth is revealed to the human mind through direct observation without the use of logical definitions and evidence as intermediate links of knowledge. The effectiveness of making intuitive decisions depends on many factors. The experience of the judge and investigator, their knowledge, skills and abilities are especially important here. Their mental state also plays a big role. A state of cheerfulness and elation has a positive effect on the generation of intuitive decisions, and, conversely, fear, depression, and confusion reduce intuition to the level of pointless fortune-telling. Intuition, in addition, is associated with the individual psychological characteristics of a person. Some people tend to act in many cases from the logic of facts, others very often rely on intuition. However, in all cases, the basis of intuition is experience, and its strength or weakness is rooted in past experience.

Experimental studies of the thinking process have shown the presence of a stable correlation between thinking, memory, attention and perception. The most revealing correlations are between thinking and various aspects of memory. For the development of thinking, the skills of reading, communication, generalization, comparison, analysis, synthesis, etc. are also important. Thus, in order to form and develop thinking, you need to train everything as actively as possible structural components intelligence.

Working on problematic tasks is of particular importance for the development of creative thinking. The problematic task is the launch of mental operations. It is characterized by the fact that it creates a certain contradiction between the knowledge that a person has and phenomena that he cannot explain within the framework of his knowledge. The appearance of this difficulty gives rise to activation of thinking, will, and emotions. A person searches for a solution to a problem, and in the process of searching, professional thinking qualities are formed.

1.3. Speech in legal work

Speech in the activities of a lawyer acts as a carrier of information and as a means of influence. There are different types of influence through speech: the influence of a person on a person, a person on a group of people, a person on an audience, etc.

The speech activity of a legal worker is mainly the influence of a person on a person and a person on a group.

The study of practice shows that, firstly, the sound of the speaking voice cannot be considered without connection with the general behavior of a person, secondly, the sound of the voice is inseparable from individuality, thirdly, the education of voice timbre cannot be considered only as work on the vocal cords and, in -fourth, the vocal apparatus must be trained not only with special exercises, but also with everyday speech.

The speech activity of a lawyer can be classified as oral and written speech, internal and external, dialogical and monological, ordinary and professional, prepared and unprepared.

Oral speech is the main tool of communication. With its help, communication and management activities are directly carried out. For oral speech, it is important that the interlocutors hear and see each other. Research shows that a person who listens to an interlocutor without seeing him has a sharp decline in perception.

Written speech characterized by the absence of an interlocutor and does not depend on the real situation. A legal worker, when starting to compile various documents (certificates, reports, protocols, etc.), searches and finds linguistic means to express the results of his thinking. Written speech must be grammatically correct. For business papers, writing should be driven by concise phrases, precise concepts and appropriate terminology. A lawyer must be fluent in various styles of the Russian language.

Inner speech serves to reproduce in the mind various images that are reflected in a person’s behavior (in facial expressions, gait, etc.) The uncontrolled emergence of images in one of the interlocutors provides the other (and even more so an attentive observer) with objective data for certain conclusions. A legal worker must definitely learn to control his inner speech.

External speech This is essentially ordinary oral or written speech. It is generated spontaneously, but in some cases it is preceded by the stage of inner speech.

A type of oral speech is dialogical speech. Its semantics depends on how what is said is perceived by the interlocutor. The same word or phrase can be pronounced differently and mean an order, request, friendly remark, reprimand, reprimand, etc.

Can be represented in a variety of forms by a legal worker monologue speech. This is a speech in front of an audience, reading aloud, oral report, etc. This type speech activity has become widespread in legal practice. Mastering the technique of monologue speech involves mastering the basics of oratory.

Live communication between people is carried out through everyday speech. She is very expressive and understandable. Intonation and emphasis are of great importance here. People are greatly influenced by the norms of speech communication, therefore, when mastering the art of everyday speech, you need to pay close attention to the grammar and style of the language. This is especially important when working with representatives of the intelligentsia.

Professional speech requires some education. This type of speech is typical for communication between specialists, including lawyers. A large role in this matter is played by various aspects of professional speech vocabulary, pronunciation of terms and special phrases, logic of statements, etc.

In the activities of a practicing lawyer prepared speech prepared answers to questions, speeches at trials, a pre-thought-out monologue in a conversation during interrogation, etc. are used everywhere. Preliminary work on the content and form of upcoming verbal communication is important and necessary. At the same time, constant adherence to a pre-developed text fetters the creative thinking of a legal worker and makes him dogmatic. Therefore, the lawyer, along with careful preparation utterances must also include improvisation.

Unprepared speech is very close to improvisation. In essence, improvisation is one of the complex processes of creative use of experience. Without preliminary painstaking work on the topic of the speech, for example in court, or during a discussion, improvisation is impossible. In this regard, improvisation can be considered a certain stage in the development of speech activity, which is preceded by the stage of prepared speech.

1.4. Professional observation

The legal profession obliges employees to conduct constant observations of people’s behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

Observation refers to the process of purposeful perception of people, objects, events and phenomena. The main thing in observation is the ability to visually or with the help of hearing notice certain changes in the observed phenomenon, connect them with other phenomena and draw logical conclusions. Observant people are able to notice even minor details and draw important conclusions from them. Observation is inherent in all persons with a central nervous system. But this does not mean that all people possess these qualities to the same extent. Poor ability to notice phenomena and lack of a plan in observation lead to the fact that people with poorly developed powers of observation will make significant mistakes when solving official problems. Legal work requires people with high level observation.

Psychologists have proven that observation skills develop in the process of specific activities. At the same time, its development is facilitated by special training exercises, as well as training with abstract objects. Observation as a personality quality is formed by cultivating certain mental functions of a person’s sensations and perceptions.

A practicing lawyer must strive to notice all the essential features in the observed object (victim, suspect, accused, etc.), a phenomenon, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflecting reality. Sensations can be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation skills, the most important role is played by visual and auditory sensations.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the cultivation of attention. In psychology, it is understood as the direction and concentration of the psyche on certain observable objects or phenomena of life. Attention is included as a necessary component in all types of human mental activity. Without attention, deliberate perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

Observation as a personality quality develops in the conditions of practical activity. To become observant, you must first acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To transform a skill into a lasting quality, targeted, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in the daily life of a legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.

The lawyer must strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the significant signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize the observation, setting a specific, specific goal. Only a rationally set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.

In parallel with targeted observation, it is necessary to develop universal observation. Such observation provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process of practical work on an object from different points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

The development of observation skills should be based on the principles of purposefulness, planning and systematicity. Compliance with these principles provides a legal worker with observation as a personal quality.

1.5. Will and its education

To perform a variety of official tasks, especially in extreme conditions, a practicing lawyer often requires the exertion of all mental forces. At the same time, achieving any goal requires dedication, initiative, perseverance, endurance, self-control, courage, boldness and perseverance. All these qualities are inextricably linked with the manifestation of will.

Will is one of the aspects of the human psyche that provides a person with the opportunity to consciously regulate his actions and actions in accordance with the set goal, taking into account certain circumstances.

In order to keep himself within the framework determined by practical activities, a legal worker, in most cases, must show his will, restraining emotional excitement. At the same time, he invariably activates his second signal system (word). "It's ok developed person“,” notes I. P. Pavlov, “the second signaling system is the highest regulator of human behavior.” And since the word is a signal of signals, it can influence the activity of the first signaling system (impressionability, emotionality) and subordinate it. With the help of a word addressed to himself, a lawyer can regulate his activities at his own discretion.

In the practical activities of lawyers, there are cases when their internal state does not meet the requirements of external activity (behavior in a crisis situation). For example, practical activity requires decisive action, and the internal state of a legal worker, subject to the influence of negative emotions, inhibits the necessary activity. And he has to, through an effort of will, suppress inhibiting emotions and begin active activity that corresponds to a practical goal.

The lack of a strong will can push even a persistent person to undesirable actions that are completely out of character for him. Showing more will here means a lot. “Great will,” writes A. S. Makarenko, “is not only the ability to wish for and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself to give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a situation, and a desire and a refusal at the same time.”

From the above it follows that the employee’s behavior law enforcement or a judge in its essence is conscious and purposeful, and not spontaneous and unorganized. This behavior is called volitional behavior and presupposes that the legal worker has certain volitional qualities.

The volitional qualities of a practicing lawyer basically accumulate the components of his emotional and volitional stability and connect the intellect and moral structures of the individual. I.M Sechenov writes: “Neither everyday life nor the history of peoples present a single case where one cold, faceless will could accomplish some kind of moral feat. Next to it always stands, defining it, some moral motive, whether in the form of a passionate thought or feeling.”

High moral motives permeate all the strong-willed qualities of a legal worker. Strong-willed qualities include: commitment, initiative, perseverance, endurance and self-control, courage, boldness, determination, perseverance. The named positive volitional qualities are opposed by their antipodes: lack of purpose, lack of initiative, lack of perseverance, lack of self-control, cowardice, indecisiveness, instability. A person endowed with such qualities is weak-willed and incapable of performing even the most basic task.

According to the famous psychologist A.G. Kovalev, volitional insufficiency can manifest itself in extremely diverse forms, divided into passive and active forms of volitional insufficiency. Passive forms include easy suggestibility and lack of independence, lack of persistence. Active forms include impulsiveness and stubbornness.

The study of the general forms of manifestation of volitional insufficiency is important in order to distinguish genuine volitional qualities from a parody of them, as well as to choose the right ways and means for volitional education and self-education.

An employee of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies must be well aware that through purposeful self-education one can develop all the positive volitional qualities in oneself. Many people think that such training requires a special time. This opinion is wrong. You can cultivate will in any environment. Everyday life and educational activities provide many opportunities for such education; the will is cultivated in overcoming any difficulties. You can also use special exercises for this.

1.6. Emotional self-regulation

The activities of legal workers often take place under conditions of high nervous tension. Therefore, a lawyer needs to be able to manage his emotions in order to maintain efficiency in any conditions.

Emotion(from the Latin “to excite”, “to excite”) is a person’s experience of his personal relationship to real activity. It should be noted that some human emotions coincide with the emotions of animals, such as rage and fear. However, due to the presence of reason, as well as special needs based on emotions, a person has formed more complex experiences called feelings.

The term “emotion” denotes a specific, relatively elementary form of experiencing feelings.

The peculiarity of emotions is their direct connection with needs. Until a person's needs are satisfied, homeostatic balance cannot be achieved - correspondence between needs and reality.

In the process of human development, systems of positive and negative emotions have developed.

Positive emotions: satisfaction, joy, delight, jubilation, pride, admiration, complacency, confidence, self-satisfaction, respect, trust, sympathy, tenderness, love, gratitude, clear conscience, relief, security, gloating, etc.

Negative emotions: grief (sorrow), displeasure, melancholy, sadness, boredom, despair, grief, anxiety, fright, fear, horror, pity, compassion, disappointment, resentment, anger, contempt, indignation, hostility, envy, hatred, anger, jealousy, doubt , confusion, embarrassment, shame, remorse, remorse, disgust, etc.

As you can see, the division of emotions into positive and negative is carried out exclusively on the principle of pleasure and displeasure. Positive emotions affect the nervous system, contribute to the healing of the body, and negative emotions - to its destruction, lead to various diseases.

In a person’s life, the emotions mentioned above create various forms of emotional states in the individual: mood, passion and affect.

Mood– this is the most common emotional state, characterized by low intensity, significant duration, ambiguity and “unaccountability” of experiences. A legal practitioner must be able to control his mood and, if necessary, create a certain mood in the target of influence. To do this, he needs to know the reasons and circumstances that cause the mood. They fall into four groups:

1) organic processes(illness, fatigue create a low mood, health, good sleep, physical activity lift the mood);

2) external environment (dirt, noise, stale air, irritating sounds, unpleasant coloring of the room worsen the mood, cleanliness, moderate silence, fresh air, pleasant music, appropriate coloring of the room improve the mood);

3) relationships between people (friendliness, trust and tact on the part of others make a person cheerful and cheerful, rudeness, indifference, distrust and tactlessness depress the mood),

4) thought processes (imaginative representations that reflect positive emotions create an uplift in mood, images associated with negative emotions depress the mood).

Passion– strong and deep long lasting emotional condition. “Passion is the essential force of a person energetically striving for its object.” It activates his activities, subjugates all his thoughts and actions, mobilizes him to overcome difficulties, to achieve his goals, passion for his favorite work allows him to achieve exceptional success, passion for struggle gives rise to courage and fearlessness. However, passion can both shape a personality and destroy it.

Affect- an emotional experience that occurs with great and pronounced intensity. Features of affect:

a) violent external manifestation,

b) short duration,

c) lack of accountability of a person’s behavior during affect,

d) diffuseness of experience (affect captures the entire personality, his mind, feelings and will).

A legal worker should know that, in principle, any emotions can, depending on the circumstances, intensify and reach the point of passion.

Feelings Unlike emotions, they are characterized by awareness and objectivity. There are lower feelings-experiences and higher feelings-experiences. There are three groups of feelings: moral, aesthetic and intellectual (cognitive).

Moral feelings reflect a person’s attitude to the requirements of morality. The system of moral feelings consists of a sense of justice, honor, duty, responsibility, patriotism, and solidarity. Moral feelings are closely related to a person’s worldview, his beliefs, thoughts, and principles of behavior.

Aesthetic feelings arise in people as a result of experiencing the beauty or ugliness of perceived objects, be they natural phenomena, works of art or people, as well as their actions and actions. The basis of aesthetic feelings is the innate human need for aesthetic experience. Constantly accompanying human activity, aesthetic feelings become active drivers of human behavior.

In the work of a lawyer, aesthetic feelings play a unique role as catalysts of behavior. They acquire great importance for communication, since those who are able to respond to the aesthetic experiences of the interlocutor, as a rule, acquire authority and respect.

Intellectual feelings associated with human cognitive activity. They arise in the process of gnostic and research activities. Of the variety of intellectual feelings, the main ones are considered to be the feeling of clarity or vagueness of thought, surprise, bewilderment, guesswork, confidence in knowledge, and doubt.

Intellectual feelings are an impulse that enhances the need for knowledge and stimulates human emotions.

If professional activity proceeds successfully in the emotional sphere, a state of euphoria is created in a legal worker (increased liveliness, talkativeness), with a predominance of positive emotions. And, conversely, in case of failure, he develops uncertainty, fear, anxiety and sometimes even fear. All this disorganizes the behavior of a young legal professional. For experienced legal workers who are fluent in their profession, such a decline, as a rule, does not occur.

The impact of the situation can cause an intense stress state in the body, which can either enhance the lawyer’s performance or cause illness. In these cases we talk about emotional stress. Most often, emotional stress occurs as a result of the accumulation of negative emotions. Stress is often preceded by unpleasant processes, conflict situations in the family and at work, suspiciousness, unreasonable fears and anxieties.

Stress is characterized by the presence of three phases: the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase. People with a stable emotional sphere, as a rule, overcome the anxiety phase and engage in an active fight against stress factors, pull themselves together, and intelligently weigh the pros and cons. Emotionally unstable people are overcome by anxiety, which then turns into fear, and the phase of anxiety is immediately followed by a phase of exhaustion.

The resilience of any person, both a legal professional and a client, to stressful situations can be provided in two ways by a system of his emotional training and thorough training, that is, detailed information on facts of interest to the client, playing out possible difficult situations, etc.

Methodologically, emotional training is based on the principle of psychological science about the connection between the psyche and the activity of the psyche, just as consciousness is formed in activity. The content of the training is based on the concept of psychology about the relationship between feelings and physical actions. Education of a person’s emotional sphere is possible only through action. Autogenic training is also used, which is a process of self-hypnosis. The main tool of training is the word addressed to oneself.

Through systematic and persistent practice, a person can learn to relax his muscles. Having mastered the skills of auto-training, a legal worker in various situations will be able to slow down breathing and heart function at will, dilate blood vessels, induce heat in any part of the body, fall asleep wherever and whenever he wants, and remain cool in tense situations.

This is explained by the fact that almost half of the brain cells regulate the human motor system. Therefore, when self-hypnosis speaks, for example, about muscle relaxation, these cells send corresponding impulses to the muscle structure. And, if the muscles relax, weak response signals are sent to the brain, which has a calming effect on the person. Relaxation of the facial muscles is especially important, since they send much more impulses to the brain than the muscles of the whole body. That is why, having learned to control at least the muscles of the face, a person can master the skills and abilities to influence his nervous system.

A practicing lawyer who has mastered the skills of autogenic training gains confidence in his abilities, and this has a beneficial effect on his emotional and volitional stability, promotes faster adaptation to a constantly changing environment and increases his efficiency.

2. Psychological characteristics execution

official tasks by police officers

Legal work is very diverse and complex and has a number of features that distinguish it from the work of most other professions. The law enforcement activities of most legal professions take place in the field of public relations and are distinguished by the extreme variety of tasks they solve. Each new case for an investigator, judge, prosecutor, lawyer represents a new task, and the less template these individuals allow, the more likely the correct outcome in the search for truth.

It should be noted that the legal regulation of all professional activities distinguishes legal work from other professions and gradually leaves its mark on the personality of each lawyer. All activities of an investigator, prosecutor, judge, lawyer, notary, etc. with all its complexity and diversity, it always occurs within the framework of legal regulation. Already when planning his activities, each lawyer mentally compares his future actions with the norms of the current legislation regulating these actions.

Most legal professions are characterized by highly emotional work. Moreover, in a number of cases, activity is accompanied by negative emotions, the need to suppress them, and emotional release is very often delayed for a relatively long period of time.

Professional legal activity is mainly a government activity. The state sets certain goals and objectives for law enforcement agencies aimed at eliminating crime in the country. The state is creating a special system for training, retraining and improvement of law enforcement and judicial authorities. These requirements, as the legal culture of all members of society grows, increase both in relation to the entire law enforcement system, and to each of its links, to each of its employees.

The work of many legal professions (prosecutor, judge, investigator, operational worker and others) presupposes that the subject of labor has special powers, the right and obligation to exercise power on behalf of the law. Along with this right, most of the individuals listed above develop a professional sense of increased responsibility for the consequences of their actions.

The main task of the psychology of legal work is to identify rational relationships between the requirements that the profession places on it. In understanding these patterns, the psychology of legal work relies on methods, theoretical principles and experimental data from various sciences: general and differential psychology, labor psychology, legal sociology, law, etc. The systems approach assumes that the central aspect of the study is the process of activity and allows us to give a fairly accurate description of this process, taking into account all the elements involved in it.

The responsible and complex work of legal professionals places increased demands on them. Most of these professions are currently considered prestigious, although many young people, choosing these professions for themselves, do not have a clear idea of ​​the complexity of this activity and, most importantly, they have no idea what requirements will be placed on them.

Legal activity is an activity related to the rules of law, and some of its types contain this basic concept in their very name: law enforcement activity, law enforcement activity, human rights activity, etc. Legal activity is a work that requires great effort, patience, knowledge and high responsibility, based on the strictest adherence to the law.

For most legal professions, a characteristic feature is the organizational side of the activity, which has two main aspects:

1) organizing one’s own work during the working day, week; organizing work on a specific case under irregular working hours;

2) organization of joint work with other officials, law enforcement agencies, etc.

In legal proceedings, the search for truth is a creative process, therefore the investigator, prosecutor, judge, lawyer always need sensitivity, attention, humanity, the ability to penetrate the inner world of a person, etc.

Psychological analysis of professional legal activity allows us to identify a number of stages through which the movement towards the final goal took place - establishing the truth. The following aspects are highlighted in this activity: cognitive, communicative, organizational, certification, educational.

The psychological study of professions is a necessary condition for the scientific organization of labor. Legal psychology, studying the patterns of mental activity in investigative, judicial and other legal activities, is called upon to reveal the psychological uniqueness of this activity, to characterize the psychological side of the professional qualities necessary for an investigator, judge, operational worker and other legal workers, to indicate ways of their acquisition and improvement.

Improving the quality of a lawyer’s work is impossible without taking into account the individual characteristics of his personality and the correspondence of personal qualities to the objective requirements of this profession.

One of the main results of a psychological analysis of legal activity should be the creation of a legal professionogram, which is a comprehensive reflection of the main aspects of this activity, as well as the personality traits that are realized in it.

The activities of each legal specialty, to one degree or another, include the following aspects: social, search, reconstructive, communicative, organizational and certification.

1. Social activities. Covers the political aspect in the activities of an investigator, prosecutor, operational worker, correctional officer, etc. as organizers of the fight against crime in the area assigned to them. Includes preventive measures, legal propaganda, participation in the re-education of the criminal to return him to the social norm of behavior.

2. Search activity consists of collecting the initial information necessary to solve professional problems. The proportion of this activity is highest in the professional profiles of an investigator, an operational worker, and a judge.

3. Reconstructive activities. This is the current and final analysis of all collected information on the case and a proposal based on its synthesis, analysis and special knowledge working versions (hypotheses). Work planning is also the result of reconstructive activity.

4. Communication activities is to obtain the necessary information in the process of communication. This activity has a particularly large share during interrogations, as well as in the activities of lawyers, operational workers, and teachers of correctional institutions.

5. Organizational activities consists of volitional actions to implement and verify working versions and plans. It is divided into two aspects: self-organization and organization of people in the collective solution of a professional problem.

6. Certification activities– bringing all information received on the case into a special form prescribed by law (resolution, protocol, sentence, etc.).

The basis of an investigator’s professiogram is the search side of the activity, which realizes the desire to solve a crime and consists of collecting initial information to solve professional problems. The search side of the investigator’s activity has special meaning at the first stage of the investigation and consists in isolating from environment forensically significant information (traces left by the crime, weapons of the criminal, etc.), which gives the investigator the opportunity to reliably present the crime event with the same degree of accuracy as required by law. Language and speech, i.e. The communicative side of the activity is the main tools in investigative work, which is a system of complex relationships and interactions between the investigator and the persons involved in the case in order to obtain the information necessary to solve the crime from people by communicating with them. During interrogations, the fate of the person being interrogated is often decided, as well as the fates of other people. The investigator is helped to win this fight by special scientific knowledge in the field of psychology and interrogation tactics, his professional skills.

The investigator constantly has to experience a lot of extraneous influences, resist various, including unlawful influences, opposition from interested parties, and sometimes act in an unfavorable environment, under conditions of overload and extreme tension of nervous and physical forces. Therefore, the investigator must be able to organize his mental state. He must strive to have the skills to manage his volitional and emotional sphere. Persistence, the core quality of will, is expressed in constant readiness to overcome obstacles, the ability to hold a specific goal in mind for a long time, mobilizing all one’s strength to achieve it.

The investigator is the organizer of the investigation, makes responsible decisions, he achieves their implementation and at the same time acts as an organizer of the activities of many people. Practical work constantly requires concentration, accuracy and organization from him.

The reconstructive side of the investigator’s activity is manifested in the processing of information and decision-making. An investigator nowadays must know a lot: criminal law, criminal procedure, criminology, criminology and psychology, accounting, forensic ballistics, etc. The investigator is required to have versatile education, but first of all he needs a general culture.

The structure of the investigator’s professional profile also has a social aspect, in which he appears as an organizer of the fight against crime in his area or in his area. In the fight against crime, his actions are aimed at identifying the causes, conditions and taking measures to eliminate them.

The work of an investigator requires the diversified development of his attention. He must cultivate purposeful, voluntary attention. This is due to interest in your work. In the absence of such interest, all efforts aimed at developing attention may be ineffective.

Forensic observation - when examining a crime scene - is a systematic, purposeful, thoughtful perception of the situation. This perception in psychology is called observation. It involves the active work of all senses. In order for the observation to be as effective as possible, it is always important to obtain a general understanding of what happened before starting the inspection. Initial information is often very contradictory and may not be confirmed later, but it nevertheless allows the investigator to outline an examination plan and begin to build a mental model of what happened.

Psychological observation is a necessary prerequisite for predicting human behavior and controlling it for the purposes necessary for the investigator. It can be especially important in those investigative actions where people are the source of evidentiary information, and the choice of optimal tactics is entirely determined by their mental characteristics. Psychological observation is also necessary for the investigator when carrying out other activities for proper interaction with the participants in the case under investigation. For example, the ability to diagnose the mental state of the person being searched facilitates the search for hidden objects.

When analyzing the various levels of operational-search and investigative activities that form their structure, the communicative side especially stands out. The study of its structure, knowledge of the psychological patterns of communication in the special conditions of criminal procedural regulation makes it possible to develop recommendations aimed at increasing the efficiency of the investigator’s work at this level. The communicative aspect in the activities of the investigator is one of the dominant ones, since, perhaps, first of all, he must have the extraordinary abilities of the interlocutor who conducts a conversation in particularly difficult, sometimes extreme conditions.

In accordance with the norms of the criminal procedure law, the investigator has the right to give instructions that are binding on the bodies of inquiry; the investigator determines the need for interaction, the goals and directions of the crime investigation. Often the investigator has to act as the leader of teams carrying out actions in difficult and sometimes extreme conditions: search and detention of several persons, inspection of a complex transport incident (train crash), inspection of a fire scene, etc.

The following organizational qualities are required for investigative work:

1. Self-organization, energy, perseverance, providing. purposeful investigation of a criminal case, systematic work on it.

2. Responsibility, exactingness, resourcefulness, ability to keep secrets when leading teams of people during the investigation of a criminal case.

3. Self-control, self-criticism, discipline, self-esteem in relationships with colleagues and management.

The personality of the investigator, as can be seen from the above, is multifaceted and complex. It develops and is formed mainly as a result of the interaction of many factors, but the main and determining factor is the personality of the person who has chosen the profession of an investigator as one of his main life goals. Of great importance in shaping the personality of the investigator is training and professional activities, which impose a complex set of requirements on his personal qualities and professional skills, their development and consolidation in the structure of the personality.

Profession of a judge is extremely complex, diverse and implements a significant number of special qualities and skills of the individual, which, when brought into the system, organically enter into the structure of the judge’s personality and determine his creative potential and individual style of activity.

The professional activity of a judge is clearly regulated in detail by law. A judge is endowed with authority, exercises power on behalf of the state, and this develops a professional sense of increased responsibility for the consequences of his actions. This is developed on the basis of high moral qualities, legal awareness, as a result of a constant understanding of the responsibility and importance of one’s activities to society and the state.

In his activities, a judge must be guided, along with the Constitution and other legislative acts in force in the territory Russian Federation, generally accepted norms of morality, rules of conduct, contribute to the establishment in society of confidence in the justice, impartiality and independence of the court. He must avoid anything that could diminish the authority of the judiciary. A judge must not damage the prestige of his profession for the sake of personal interests or the interests of others.

The constant responsibility of a judge to society extremely stimulates his cognitive abilities, analysis of all information received, and requires clarity and precision from him in decision-making. “A judge must be a person who, through his personal behavior, his attitude to work, has earned trust and authority, a person who has extensive socio-political experience, knows how to understand people, and must also be a cultured person.”

In practice, judges influence the following aspects of public opinion:

Form a sense of justice among citizens;

Criminal trials create a socio-psychological atmosphere of the inevitability of punishment;

With a high culture of trials, an atmosphere of moral condemnation is created directly around criminals and their accomplices;

Trials stimulate public opinion to identify the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of a crime.

The behavior and appearance of a judge must be such that he immediately inspires respect, so that everyone present is convinced of his correctness, ability, and ability to solve complex cases and decide the fate of people. The ability to demonstrate these qualities is one of the main specific features of the communicative properties of a judge’s personality.

The main thing in the communicative properties of a judge’s personality is not the desire to be pleasant in communication, but the ability to show by one’s appearance the ability and desire to thoroughly understand all the circumstances of a given case. This is what inspires respect for the judge and for justice in general, and is an incentive for all participants in the process to carefully and in detail present the facts, their assessment, their understanding of certain facts. The communicative qualities of a judge should not include excessive gesticulation, irritability, rudeness, ridicule, or excessive edification. A judge must have such qualities as tact, politeness, restraint in behavior, emotions and speech.

The peculiarity of a judge’s activity lies in the fact that he cannot and should not impose his opinion on both other judges and all other participants in the process. This feeling is developed on the basis of the judge’s deep conviction that only the freely expressed opinion of each participant in the process makes it possible to ultimately correctly know the truth and make the right decision.

It is important for a judge to develop a reproducing imagination, since only with its help will he be able, on the basis of mainly verbal information, to mentally recreate a model of a past event, the circumstances of which are being considered in a court hearing.

It is a mistake to think that the role of a judge is limited to listening carefully to explanations and answers to questions asked. He also needs to have the ability to actively influence defendants, victims, and witnesses who give false testimony. The judge must be able to suggest the norm of behavior, show the inconsistency, logical unjustification of the behavior of a person in court. An experienced judge in a trial is always distinguished by impartiality and restraint.

The reconstructive side of a judge’s activity is the current and final analysis of all information collected on the case, the final goal of which is to make a fair sentence or decision in accordance with the current legislation. In reconstructive activities, general and social intelligence, memory, imagination, thinking, and intuition of a judge are realized. It should be noted that the judge’s thinking must be objective, comprehensive, specific and certain. As a rule, intuition and imagination are involved only in assessing information at the initial stages of investigating a case.

The need to carry out the functions of organizing a trial, the activities of many participants in the process requires the development of certain qualities of an organizer in a judge - discipline, composure, purposefulness, perseverance, organization of all his actions, all his activities. The diverse functions of a judge can be performed only if he has cultivated accuracy in the performance of each individual action, each element of the overall structure of judicial activity.

Certification activity completes the judge’s professional profile and represents the reduction of all information obtained during the process into special forms provided for by law: sentence, protocol, ruling, decision, etc. This activity implements the general and special culture of the judge’s written speech, his professional skills in drafting written documents. documents on the case.

Activities of prosecutors multifaceted and responsible, it is specifically related to the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens. No violation of the law should go unanswered by the prosecutor's office, which is charged with enforcing the laws.

In the Russian Federation there are the following branches of prosecutorial supervision:

1) supervision over the implementation of laws by government bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens (general supervision);

2) supervision over the implementation of laws by the bodies of inquiry and preliminary investigation;

3) supervision over the implementation of laws when considering cases in courts;

4) supervision over the implementation of laws in places of detention, in places of pre-trial detention, during the execution of sentences and other compulsory measures imposed by the court.

In their practical activities, to achieve success, the prosecutor and his assistants must have certain personal qualities and, in particular, thinking.

The prosecutor must have extraordinary strong-willed qualities. His professional activity requires great personal initiative, dedication, perseverance, perseverance, and good organizational skills.

The communicative and authentication aspects of the prosecutor’s activity are associated with the use of speech in its main forms, both oral and written.

Forming the prosecutor's opinion on punishment when considering a criminal case in court is a complex process that takes into account legal data provided for by law, as well as many other factors. The prosecutor participates in the case almost from the moment of initiation until the sentencing, so the opinion of the public prosecutor plays a special role. In the process, he always expresses it first. Therefore, it is very important that it be clearly formulated and convincingly argued.

A certain skill is required from the prosecutor when conducting interrogations in the courtroom, especially interrogations of members of an organized criminal group who occupied various hierarchical positions in this group.

Political maturity, moral purity, and understanding of the significance of one’s work multiply the strength and abilities of the prosecutor, help him navigate correctly in a difficult situation, and protect him from a narrowly professional attitude towards his duties.

Activities of a criminal investigation inspector, located at the forefront of the fight against crime, consists of solving, investigating and preventing criminal offenses: murders, robberies, robberies, banditry, thefts, etc. His activities often take place in extreme conditions and are characterized by high emotional tension. Therefore, work in the criminal investigation department requires from an employee great resourcefulness, courage, initiative, good figurative memory, the ability to control oneself, quickly and calmly make decisions, a high level of self-organization and perseverance.

This diverse and quite complex work, in most cases associated with a certain risk, is regulated by law, within the framework of which the criminal investigation officer operates.

The diverse activities of criminal investigation workers are carried out mainly in two forms.

Firstly, together with the investigator, the criminal investigation inspector goes to the scene of the incident, participates in inspection, search, detention and other investigative actions.

Secondly, criminal investigation officers, using professional methods and techniques, set themselves the task of preventing the implementation of criminal plans. In these cases, criminal investigation workers have to use special techniques to obtain the necessary information about criminals, their connections, locations and intentions. In most cases, the result of this activity is that the criminal is unexpectedly caught red-handed.

As in the structure of the investigator’s professional profile, the search side is actively manifested in the activities of the criminal investigation inspector, which consists in identifying traces of the criminal and creating his psychological portrait, which makes it possible to conduct a search and subsequent identification of the individual. Isolating the necessary information at the scene of an incident, the criminal investigation inspector concentrates his attention on the “critical figures” (location of a burglary, explosion, corpse, etc.) and “critical fields” (path of entry and escape route of the criminal, etc.).

For a criminal investigation inspector, observation as a mental process and form of activity develops an intellectual quality - professional observation, which becomes a personality trait of the inspector and is very important for him. This observation can also be called insight - a quality that is very important for a criminal investigation inspector.

An important aspect of psychological observation is the ability to observe oneself, analyze one’s actions and actions, take into account one’s mistakes and correct them in a timely manner.

Organizing the receipt of information from various people about the identity of the criminal, his characteristics, specific connections, and possible location is the communicative side of the activity of a criminal investigation inspector.

The essence of the certification side of this inspector’s activity is to record the information obtained in a special written form.

The organizational side of his activities is important for a criminal investigation inspector. He often has to go to the scene of an incident, meet with a large number of people, and visit various institutions and organizations. To do this, the inspector must have a high level of self-discipline, the ability to plan time, organize the work of volunteer assistants and the public, actively using their help and support.

The reconstructive side of the inspector’s activity consists in mentally recreating the picture of the crime, developing the main versions of the case and preparing a plan aimed at successfully solving the crime. He must also strive to prevent crimes, to create an environment in his area that would prevent the implementation of criminal intentions on the part of the subject contingent of persons. To do this, the inspector needs to come into contact with people, be able to take into account a rapidly changing situation, show resourcefulness and restraint, combine persuasion and coercion in compliance with legal regulations.

In practice, difficult situations often arise at the time of arrest. Here the inspector should clearly determine the method of detention in a given situation, taking into account the identity of the person who needs to be detained. A glance, a specific turn of phrase, or movement should not go unnoticed.

Activities of employees to combat economic crimes painstaking, outwardly ineffective. However, no one else returns to society and the state such a large amount of material assets as the employees of these departments. The criminals they have to deal with are, as a rule, very literate, fairly qualified and resourceful people. They know how to hide the results of their criminal activities well.

The work of these employees differs from the work of the criminal investigation department. In criminal investigation, work is mainly carried out “from the crime” (murder, rape, theft, etc.), and in the fight against economic crimes, inspectors have to “go to the crime”, looking for it based on subtle signs. Employees of this service have to check statements and complaints from citizens about violations and abuses in the trading system, about deception of customers, mis-grading, inflated prices, about the life of certain financially responsible persons “beyond their means,” etc. It is necessary to have a large stock of versatile knowledge, experience and patience in order for the picture of a disguised theft of property to be recreated from the listed signs.

Employees of the fight against economic crimes must have a good knowledge of accounting, commodity science, product manufacturing technology, features of processing, transportation and storage of various consumer goods in order to use this knowledge to uncover complex, disguised thefts.

The professional profile of an employee fighting economic crimes highlights the social, communicative, search, organizational and certification aspects of the activity, in which personal qualities, skills and abilities are realized that ensure success in his complex work. The main thing for the inspector is the ability to understand people, distinguish an honest person from a money-grubber, navigate the complex hierarchy of a group of embezzlers and accurately identify a weak link in it, through which a complex and fairly disguised theft could be revealed. When investigating this category of cases, it is important to identify the motives, conditions and goals that contributed to the commission of specific thefts in various areas of industry, urban and agriculture, trade, etc.

Main tasks local police inspector are to ensure public order, identify the causes and conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, and take the necessary measures to eliminate them in the serviced territory. The district inspector protects the rights and legitimate interests of every citizen, as well as organizations, institutions and enterprises from criminal attacks and other offenses.

The professiogram of a district inspector highlights the social, constructive, organizational, certification, communicative and search aspects of activity, in which personal qualities, skills and abilities are realized that ensure success in his difficult work.

Activities of a traffic police inspector is mainly associated with regulating traffic and preventing traffic accidents on streets and roads. The structure of a traffic police inspector’s professional profile is complex, including a number of professions. First of all, this is the profession of a law enforcement agency inspector, in which, as mentioned above, all six aspects characteristic of this type of activity are realized: search, communicative, identification, organizational, reconstructive and social. A traffic police officer must manage various vehicles and to do this, have the qualities included in the driver’s professional profile. He must be an attentive and decisive person, and also have a heightened sense of responsibility for his actions.

Customs officer fights violations of customs rules and smuggling. Its activities are directly related to the crossing of the State Border of the Russian Federation by citizens of our country and foreigners. As a rule, customs offices are located directly near the border, as well as at airports where foreign flights terminate, and at seaports. Characteristic feature activities of a customs inspector is a time crunch: in the vast majority of cases customs inspection things and passengers is connected with the schedule of planes, trains, ships, etc.

Let us note that in the activities of any customs inspector, and especially the operational worker of this body, there are search, organizational, communicative and constructive aspects. The proportion of search activity is especially high, which ensures success in detecting contraband.

In practical activities, a talented inspector has a very high search dominant, which ensures the “isolation” of the necessary information. Specific requirements are also imposed on the communicative, organizational and intellectual qualities of customs workers, since their activities usually take place under conditions of severe time pressure, constant communication with a large mass of people, etc. In addition to special knowledge, a customs inspector must speak foreign languages, know economics, commodity science, and have a good understanding of people.

Conclusion

The process of preparing a person for legal activity consists of successive stages: career guidance, professional selection, professional education, training and improvement. Let us briefly look at the characteristics of the listed stages.

Career guidance– this is knowledge of the characteristics of the legal profession, as well as professionally necessary and contraindicated qualities and personality traits of a specialist.

Professional selection involves the targeted activities of universities, prosecutors and the Ministry of Internal Affairs for specialized selection on the basis of and taking into account the necessary and contraindicated qualities and personality traits for a certain legal profession. At the final stage of professional selection, an interview is carried out, during which various aspects of the personality are analyzed and assessed. During the interview, the inclinations and orientation of the individual are studied. In the field of social activities, the future lawyer is required to strive for truth, the triumph of justice, humanism, honesty, and integrity.

One of the important tasks of the prosecutor's office, justice and court, as well as universities, is to coordinate their actions in selecting applicants, organizing their training and education.

The need for self-education is organically included in general structure the relationship of the individual to the world around him, to people, to himself, to his activities and is one of the internal motives that encourages a person to behave highly morally. The desire for knowledge, for work and social activities encourages a person to further improve his abilities, to take active action in the name of duty as a conscious need to fulfill his duties to society, the team, and himself.

The role of a law school in the process of training and education is great and responsible, which must develop the student’s inclinations into a system of qualities, skills and abilities necessary for the personality of the future lawyer to conscientious fulfillment their work tasks.

List of used literature

1. Boronin L.G. Physiology and biochemistry of memory. – M., 1965.

2. Vasiliev V.L. Legal psychology. – M., 1991.

3. Dulov A.V. Forensic psychology. – Minsk, 1975.

4. Luk A. N. Memory and cybernetics. – M., 1966.

5. Makarenko A. S. Complete. collection op. in 7 vols. – M., 1958. .

6. Nikiforova A.S. Emotions in our life. – M., 1974.

7. General psychology / Ed. acad. A V. Petrovsky. – M., 1986.

8. Pavlov I. P. Complete. collection op. T.Z. – 2nd ed. – M., 1955.

9. Pekelis V. Your capabilities, man. – M., 1973.

10. Psychology / Ed. A. P. Rudika. – M., 1974.

11. Psychology / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. – M., 1986.

12. Ratinov A.R. Forensic psychology for investigators. – M., 1867.

Nikiforova A.S. Emotions in our life. – M., 1974, p. 25.

Psychology / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. – M., 1986, p. 381-383.

Vasilyev V.L. Legal psychology. – M., 1991, p. 137.

Dulov A.V. Forensic psychology. – Minsk, 1975, p. 88.

Ratinov A.R. Forensic psychology for investigators. – M., 1867, p. 92.

Chertkov A. Prosecutor's proposals on punishment. // Legality. – 1993. – No. 12. – p. eleven.

1.4. Special methodology of legal psychology

1.5. History of the emergence and development of legal psychology

Chapter 2. Psychological determination of lawful behavior

2.1. Psychology of Law

2.2. Legal consciousness as a private scientific theory of legal psychology

2.3. Legal psychology of communities

2.4. Legal psychology of personality

2.5. Psychological aspects of legal socialization

2.6. Factors influencing the legal psychology of the population

2.7. Social and psychological portrait of a civil servant and legality

2.8. The influence of the media on the legal psychology of the population

2.9. Psychology of personal security

2.10. Psychology of criminal responsibility

Chapter 3. Criminal psychology

3.1. Fundamentals of studying and assessing the psychology of the personality of a criminal

3.2. Psychology of individual acceptability of committing a criminal act

3.3. Criminogenic motivation and social perception in criminal behavior

3.4. Psychology of the criminal environment

3.5. Psychology of criminal groups

3.6. Psychology of Criminal Violence

3.7. Psychological aspects of victimization of crime victims

3.8. Socio-psychological monitoring of crime trends

Chapter 4. Personal psychology of a lawyer

4.1. Fundamentals of personality psychology of a lawyer

4.2. Professional orientation of a lawyer’s personality

4.4. Lawyer's abilities

4.5. Professional skill of a lawyer and its psychological components

4.6. Professional and psychological preparedness of a lawyer

Chapter 5. Psychology of management in law enforcement agencies

5.1. Psychological concept of management in law enforcement agencies

5.2. Personality in the management system

5.3. Personality of the head of a law enforcement agency

5.4. Psychology of style and methods of management of law enforcement personnel

5.5. Value-target factors in management

5.6. Psychology of organizational relations in management

5.7. Management information support and psychology

5.8. Psychological aspects of managerial influences and decisions

5.9. Psychology of current organizational work

5.10. Psychology of managerial demands

5.11. Psychology of organizing interaction between services and departments of a law enforcement agency

5.12. Psychological support for innovations in law enforcement agencies

Chapter 6. Psychology of working with legal personnel

6.1. Psychological selection for law enforcement agencies

6.2. Psychological and pedagogical aspects of legal education

6.3. Moral and psychological preparation of a lawyer

6.4. Professional and psychological training of a lawyer

6.5. Psychological support for the legality of a lawyer’s actions

6.6. Psychology of discipline in law enforcement agencies

6.7. Prevention of professional deformation of law enforcement officers

Chapter 7. Psychological service in law enforcement agencies

7.1. The current state of psychological service and the conceptual basis of its functioning

7.2. Psychological diagnostics as a function of psychological service

7.3. Psychological correction and personality development as a function of psychological service

7.4. Main directions of psychological support for working with personnel

Chapter 8. Psychological actions in law enforcement

8.1. The concept of psychological actions and psychotechnics

8.2. Psychological analysis of professional situations

8.3. Psychological analysis of legal facts

8.4. Psychological portrait and its compilation

8.5. Studying a person in psychological observation

8.6. Visual psychodiagnostics of criminal personality traits

8.7. Drawing up a psychological portrait of the criminal based on traces at the scene of the crime

8.8. Psychological observation of the group

8.9. Psychology of professional communication, establishing contact and trusting relationships

8.10. Psychological influence in law enforcement

8.11. Psychological analysis of citizens' messages

8.12. Psychology of diagnosing lies and hidden circumstances

8.13. Psychodiagnostics of a person’s involvement in an offense in the absence of evidence

Question 1. “Do you know why you were invited to this conversation?”

Question 2. “Do you believe that this crime (incident) (say what happened) was actually committed.

Question 2. “Do you have any new thoughts or suspicions about who could have committed this crime (incident)?”

Question 4: “How do you think the person who did this feels?” A question that encourages a person to describe his internal experiences in connection with the committed offense (crime).

Question 5. “Is there any reason that does not allow you to be excluded as a suspect?” A question that clarifies a person’s attitude towards himself as a suspect by others.

Question 6. “Is there an explanation for the fact that you were (could have been) seen at the crime scene (incident)?”

Question 8. “Did you do it?” It must sound at intervals of three to five seconds after the first. By looking into the eyes of the person being interviewed, you can capture his emotional reaction to the question.

Question 10. “Would you like to take a polygraph test?” You are not asking the interviewee to do this, but are only talking about the possibility of participating in such a test.

8.14. Legal psycholinguistics

8.15. The psychology of exposing disguises, staging and false alibis

8.16. Forensic psychological examination

8.17. Post-mortem forensic psychological examination

8.18. Non-expert forms of using the special knowledge of a psychologist in criminal proceedings

8.19. Unconventional psychological methods for solving and investigating crimes

Chapter 9. Psychotechnics in the work of a lawyer

9.1. Psychotechnics of speech

9.2. Psychotechnics of using speech and non-speech means

9.3. Psychotechnics of constructing statements

9.4. Psychotechnics of speech proof and refutation of objections

9.5. Psychotechnics of Ineffective speech

9.6. General psychotechnics of professional thinking of a lawyer

9.7. Psychotechnics of reflective thinking

Psychological workshop (to part III)

Chapter 10. Psychological features of professional legal actions

10.1. Preventive and post-penitentiary psychology

10.2. Psychological features of juvenile delinquency prevention

10.3 Psychology of road safety

10.4. Psychological aspects of the fight against economic crime

10.5. Psychology of investigative activity

10.6. Psychology of interrogation

10.7. Psychology of confrontation, presentation for identification, search and other investigative actions

Chapter 11. Extreme legal psychology

11.1. Psychological features of extreme situations in law enforcement

11.2. Employee alertness and alertness

11.3. Psychology of personal professional safety of a law enforcement officer

11.4. Psychological aspects of detaining offenders

11.5. Psychological foundations of negotiating with criminals

11.6. Psychological support for the actions of law enforcement officers in emergency circumstances

11.7. Head of a law enforcement agency in extreme conditions

Chapter 12 Psychological characteristics of the activities of personnel of various law enforcement agencies

12.1. Psychology of prosecutorial activity

12.2. Features of professional psychological selection of personnel for the prosecutor's office

12.3. Psychology of police activity

12.4. Psychology of customs activities

12.5. Psychological characteristics of a jury trial

12.6. Psychology in advocacy

12.7. Psychology of the activities of bodies executing punishment (penitentiary psychology)

12.8. Psychology of private security and detective services

Psychological workshop (to part IV)

8.5. Studying a person in psychological observation

The concept and meaning of psychological observation. The most accessible and most widely applicable way of obtaining psychological information about a person of professional interest to an employee of a legal body is by observing him, observing him from the side, during a conversation, during professional contact. This can be realized through psychological observation - a special psychological action that a legal professional should master.

Psychological observation - a special psychological action that serves the solution of law enforcement problems and is intended to study the psychological characteristics of people with whom a legal professional has to deal. 1 Its significance lies in its wide accessibility and efficiency (the ability to quickly obtain at least some information about a person and his psychology). Everything depends practically on the employee himself, his desire and his professionalism. Psychological observation is implemented with the help of special psychological techniques that meet its purpose and the rules that specify them. It would be a simplification to attribute his success only to a certain technique of work. Its implementation requires a professional to have a special stable internal attitude towards psychological observation, the presence of certain psychological knowledge, as well as increased psychological sensitivity(sensitivity to external manifestations of human psychology). All these components are interconnected. The very use of psychological observation techniques requires an up-to-date attitude, the desire and desire of a professional to use them. Inverse relationship - the practice of using techniques develops and strengthens attitude and psychological sensitivity, a professional habit arises, appropriate skills and abilities are formed, experience is accumulated, and knowledge is improved.

Psychological observation provides information about a person, but its reliability should not be overestimated. Man as an object of psychological observation is very complex and ambiguous. Much of it contains psychological information: how he entered the room, how he approached, how he sat down, where he put his hands, what phrase he said and why, why he lingered on one question and avoided another, why he lowered his eyes, when his eyelids fluttered, at whom and in what watched the moment and much more. All this amounts to language of external manifestations of human psychology (Fig. 8.3). Its meanings are probabilistic and, nevertheless, a professional should understand them. This language will tell a professional more than a person about himself. There are citizen “artists” who try to mask their real thoughts, attitudes, qualities, states, which, of course, to a certain extent makes it difficult to understand the language of external manifestations and read the latter. However, a true professional will confidently distinguish the feigned from the real, the sincere from the deceitful. The fact is that the “artist” lives a double inner life: a demonstrated one, intended for display, and a real one, “for internal use.” Constant transitions from one to another in the process of communication one way or another reveal this bifurcation in numerous signs of inconsistency. Even if a professional fails to formulate a clear psychological portrait person, then, based on the results of psychological observation, he develops dissatisfaction, assumptions, and suspicions, prompting him to carry out additional checks and, ultimately, to establish the truth.

Rice. 8.3. Observable signs of human psychology

The technique of selectivity and reliability of psychological observation. The interest of a law enforcement officer in surveillance is not idle curiosity, it is always specific. This specificity is expressed in interest in drawing up a psychological portrait (which, as noted above, in legal activity is always selective and accentuated) or individual psychological phenomena (for example, sincerity or deceit).

The rule of selectivity and determination recommends paying attention to the definition of observation tasks in each specific case, using recommendations for drawing up a psychological portrait, and clarifying which external manifestations, acting as signs of psychological phenomena to be assessed, are subject to observation and recording.

Rule of complexity warns about the inadmissibility of categorical! psychological assessments based on a single recording of some signs; It is necessary to double-check the information, strengthening monitoring for their repeated manifestations. In addition, taking into account the integrity of the psyche, one should collect the widest possible range of information that corresponds to the structure of the psychological portrait. This will allow for more reliable assessment of individual manifestations.

Rule of resistance to socio-psychological effects that reduce the reliability of psychological observation. These include the effects of “first impression”, “first information”, halo, and inertia. In the context of law enforcement, preliminary or existing information about the person with whom he is meeting has a particularly strong and negative impact. They automatically form in him a search attitude, a perception in a person’s external data and behavior of what confirms the available information received from other persons or from documents. The rule requires always to be objective, not to succumb to first impressions, to be independent, to judge a person only by directly observed and verified facts, to double-check your impressions, and to be critical of the assessments made about him and his qualities.

A technique for identifying personality traits through observation. By appearance, facial expressions, pantomime, products of activity, words, speech, one can judge a number of qualities of a person. Rules:

on vocabulary, speech structure, presentation of thoughts, answering questions judge his education, culture, professional affiliation, mental development, resourcefulness, criminality, legal awareness, features of legal psychology, etc.;

by pronunciation assess his national and regional affiliation, possible place of birth and long-term residence, education;

by tempo of speech, intonation, gestures, expressiveness of facial expressions and expressiveness of speech evaluate his type of temperament, emotional balance, self-control, willpower, self-esteem, culture, system of value priorities. Thus, a person with a choleric temperament is fast, his speech rate is consistently high, his facial expressions are expressive, his behavior is characterized by impetuosity, impatience, and incontinence;

on things and objects belonging to a person - see §8.3.

Method of identifying criminally significant signs in observation. For a law enforcement officer, the significance of such signs is especially great.

Rule for assessing signs of criminalization of speech. Contamination of speech with words from criminal jargon is characteristic of some categories of modern youth. A derivative of their ideas about the “fashionability” and “modernity” of such a language is a certain psychological characteristic. Addresses such as “citizen chief”, “commander”, words and expressions characteristic of “thieves’ music” and the ability to “talk about a fiddle” deserve evaluation. The more there are, the more precise their use of words (which can be assessed by an employee familiar with criminal jargon), the more reliable the assessments.

Rules for paying attention to tattoos. For the most part, they are not just decorations and manifestations of perverted tastes, but carry a semantic load that reveals the attitude of its bearer to the law, law enforcement officials, devotion to the criminal world, status in the criminal environment, talk about plans for the future, the nature of criminal activity, the number of “prisons” ", etc. Often located on visible parts of the human body (hands, fingers, ears, nose, etc.), they should not go unnoticed and not interpreted psychologically.

The rule of observing gestures, movements, details of clothing, and behavioral habits. In the recent past, experienced employees very clearly noticed people who were (or were) related to the criminal world by short haircut, somewhat old-fashioned clothes, a tendency to wear padded jackets or leather jackets, the absence of a tie (“noose”), a jacket thrown over the shoulders, a mannered gait, etc. Nowadays, most of these signs are outdated, but some have survived. Characterized by intense gestures, expressive movements of the hand and fingers (in the criminal world, in places of deprivation of liberty, gestures are used for the silent exchange of information and communication), a certain manner of entering a room, gait, communication behavior, squatting against a wall, feigning illnesses, a method storage of certain things, peculiarities of waiting (three steps in one direction, three in the other), calling some people and himself by nickname, inability to use a knife and fork in the dining room, the habit of mixing different dishes into one, the presence of expensive rings on his fingers and etc. Of course, not each of these signs can be interpreted unambiguously, but taken together they become more definite. Sharpers, pickpockets and a number of other criminal “specialties” have their own characteristic habits and signs. The development of a complex of signs deserves further development by legal psychology.

A technique for identifying signs of a person engaged in criminal activity in observation. Today, however, in most cases it is not difficult to judge who leads a criminal lifestyle; The main difficulty is in obtaining evidence. Still, it is important to understand this, because persons occupying high places in the criminal hierarchy often prefer to stay in the shadows.

The rule for monitoring signs of personality inconsistency. Often such signs are: a discrepancy between the detected qualities and the appearance that a person is trying to give himself (for example, the unexpected discovery of a sharp mind, observation, sophistication in objections and answers to questions, detailed and accurate knowledge in some area, which is difficult to expect, for example, a “simple”, inconspicuous person, leading a quiet and modest lifestyle, holding an ordinary position); demonstrative detection of “crystal” honesty, decency, selflessness, charity, etc.; increased readiness for self-defense, acute alertness, heightened reaction to suspicion and suspicion of others, strict self-control, etc.

The rule for monitoring signs of behavior of persons about to commit or have committed a crime, It is especially significant for police officers serving on the streets and in public places, private security, etc. Noteworthy:

Wariness, increased tension, nervousness, unnatural cheerfulness or swagger of a person, especially when he notices a police officer or the latter approaches him to check his documents;

Hasty or overly tense gait, indicating a desire not to draw attention to oneself;

Anxious, impulsive looking back (“is there any surveillance”) and to the sides;

The use of techniques for breaking away from surveillance (last-minute entry into a bus, metro and the same exit, numerous transport transfers, etc.);

Having objects, bundles, suitcases in your hands at night or in places where people rarely carry them;

Inconsistency of age, clothing and what a person is carrying in his hands, etc.

Characteristic of these individuals, as, indeed, of those who have extensive criminal experience, is the habit of not allowing anyone to follow them from behind. They either speed up their pace or let the person behind them pass.

It enhances the productivity of detecting a person about to commit a crime and the law enforcement officer’s knowledge of how to commit certain crimes. For example, such knowledge is used by detectives of task forces involved in searching for and apprehending pickpockets. They know where and when to look for them, how to pick them out from the crowd, and when to catch them red-handed.

The rule for taking into account the psychological characteristics of identifying persons on the wanted list. The search is carried out on the basis of the use of various portraits (photographs, hand-drawn portraits, verbal portraits, etc.), however, success depends on taking into account the capabilities of human memory by those who orient and instruct police officers going on duty. It is difficult to remember data about even five people if the instruction is not accompanied by the distribution of copies of portraits. Much depends on the training of employees’ professional memory, the ability to recall information, compare a portrait and the actual person being observed, and check identity documents.

A technique for identifying and assessing a person’s mental state. Excitement, fear, joy, worry, tension, relaxation, anger, confusion, even calm can tell a lot to an observant lawyer.

The rule for observing external signs of mental states. Such signs are: voice intonation, changes in its tempo, pauses, timbre; eye expression and direction of gaze; complexion and sweat appearance; gestures, speech (in a state of tension, for example, the posture is somewhat unnatural, the fingers may tremble or tensely clench into a fist), hand movements (in a state of excitement, a person takes something in his hands, begins to rotate, accelerates the rotation). As one experienced lawyer rightly said: “We must look not only at the Criminal Code, but also at the person’s eyes.” It is difficult to judge a person in general without once looking closely, studying him in the eyes. Observation improves in good lighting conditions.

Rule for monitoring changes in mental state. In the course of solving and investigating crimes, detaining criminals, suppressing violations of public order, and in other cases, it is useful, if not necessary, for an employee to know the mental state of the offender, victim, and witness. Calmness or the emergence of anxiety, fear, increased tension and the appearance of sweat at some moments of the meeting and conversation indicate the significance of the moment, its danger or avoidance of danger. This, in particular, is what the diagnosis of lies and hidden circumstances is based on (see § 8.12).

Method of psychological probing. An experienced lawyer does not passively wait for the person he is interested in to reveal his own psychology. He actively brings it out with the help of this technique and its rules.

For example, a search was carried out in the apartment of one of the suspects, but it did not yield results. Then the team leader ordered the suspect to be taken to another room and all the furniture in this room to be rearranged. When the suspect was brought back into the room, he was observed. He, seeing the changes, quickly ran around the room with a restless gaze, holding it for a while on the grandfather clock, and calmed down, smiling. From them they extracted material evidence that was carefully hidden there. The suspect gave himself away with his reaction.

Method of monitoring informationally significant psychological reactions in the course of an investigative or other professional action performed by an employee:

Eye movements;

Appearance of confusion, delay in response. Silence can say more than an answer;

Avoiding a direct answer, moving the conversation to other questions;

Change in mental state;

Sudden redness and sweat on the face, tapping with a finger, increased manipulation of an object in the hands (pen, pencil, matchbox, button, ashtray, etc.), lighting a cigarette, etc.;

Involuntary dilation of the pupils of the eyes;

Naturalness (pretentiousness of reactions), etc.

"Swinging" technique. Everyone has known the game “hot and cold” since childhood.

This technique is similar to hers. When an interrogation, conversation, movement approaches a dangerous topic, question, place, fact for a person who knows his guilt, but shows insincerity and secrecy, his internal tension increases; when they move away, it decreases. These internal reactions are involuntary, it is almost impossible to restrain them from “splashing out”, and an attempt not to express them outwardly turns out to be even more noticeable, since it is unnatural.

Psychological manifestations cannot be hidden from an experienced, psychologically observant lawyer, and any attempts by the perpetrator to deceive him, as a rule, are unsuccessful. The language of external manifestations is always more sincere than words.

"Cm.: O'Connor Joseph and Grinder John. Introduction to neurolinguistic programming: Trans. from English - Chelyabinsk, 1997; Human factor in law enforcement systems. Languages ​​of the human brain and body: problems and practical use in the activities of internal affairs bodies. - Orel, May 29 - June 2, 1995; Shchekin G.V. Visual psychodiagnostics and its methods. - Kyiv, 1992; Skrypnikov A.I., Lagovsky A.Yu., Begunova L.A. The significance of a suspect’s behavioral reactions for rapid assessment of his psychological characteristics. - M., 1995; Kupriyanov V.V., Stovichek G.R. Man's face. - M., 1988.