Extreme situation of man in the natural environment. Dangerous situations in natural conditions

The entire history of human development is the evolution of the use of the natural environment in the process of human life, so his connection with nature has always been the closest. Later, thanks to technological progress, man created an artificial habitat that guaranteed him a safer and more comfortable existence. However, no matter how perfect and automated this comfortable world may be, a person in it always exists only at the expense of nature and its resources, therefore he cannot avoid contact with it, and therefore experience its influence, including in extreme situations .

They can arise as a result of human interaction with the environment and pose a threat to his life, health and property. For example, all kinds of injuries, poisoning by plant and animal poisons, infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness, heat stroke and hypothermia, bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases. A number of extreme situations (cold, heat, hunger, thirst, overwork, environmental poisoning, physical pain) can be classified as environmental. special meaning under certain circumstances. The degree of their adverse effects can be so pronounced that it leads to the development of disease and stress.

Environmental factors contributing to the development or occurrence of extreme situations: air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure level, wind, hurricane. These also include terrain, water sources, flora and fauna, photoperiods (polar day and night), fluctuations magnetic field Earth.

Factors that provide protective functions that contribute to the normal functioning of people in extreme situations of the natural environment: clothing, emergency equipment, signaling and communication devices, water and food supplies, emergency floats, improvised means used for various purposes.

Depending on the material conditions (equipment, equipment, the presence of emergency stowage) and the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions, the same situation can have different consequences; say, a forced landing of an airplane in the desert is certainly more extreme than the same landing in the taiga.

Extreme situations usually occur when a person is forced to be at a considerable distance from his habitable place. Depending on the professional activity, lifestyle and habits, various extreme situations are possible.

Such a danger is possible primarily for people whose profession is directly related to being in natural environment. These are not only geologists, archaeologists, hunters, fishermen, but also military personnel, long-distance drivers, workers Agriculture etc. Prerequisites for such situations may be:

A) insufficient qualifications. A heavy truck driver, accustomed to good roads, suddenly found himself on a bad dirt road and his vehicle got stuck. This forces him to seek help from people, to go to locality, and for this you need to be able to navigate the terrain. The situation can be aggravated by perishable or urgent cargo;

b) sudden change in weather conditions. The climber was caught on the way by snow and rain and severe cold. He is forced to change the schedule and the calculated route, so the return time is delayed, which can lead to food shortages and forced starvation. The simplest extreme situation. And if at the end of the route he must be picked up by a helicopter, then bad weather can pose a problem for long-term survival;

V) equipment failure, Vehicle. A tractor driver who finds himself in a car with a stalled engine in a snowy winter, at a temperature of -20-30 ° C, is at risk, since in such conditions the distance in deep snow
The 5-6 km distance to the central estate is not easy to overcome. Will there be clothing suitable for walking in the cabin, and most importantly, shoes?

The risk of ending up in an extreme situation increases for people forced to change their usual place of residence. Changes in climatic and geographical conditions can be aggravated by insufficient preparation or equipment of the traveler. This option applies not only to people whose profession requires frequent travel - military personnel, construction workers, but also to ordinary citizens traveling to the south, to the mountains or to other unusual or exotic places.

Less likely, but most dangerous, is a situation of forced autonomy. A person who finds himself alone with nature experiences the influence of not only natural factors (temperature, solar radiation, humidity), but also psychogenic - fear of loneliness, stress state, which is especially dangerous when it is necessary to act decisively and quickly. The effect of these factors can be so pronounced that it can lead to the development of stress. The danger of a situation of forced autonomy also lies in the fact that any person can be exposed to it in the event of, for example, a transport accident or in the most prosaic situation (loss of orientation in a suburban forest, and there are no matches, no compass, no food supplies at hand).

We must not forget about the possible cases when a traveler or tourist using water from untested sources runs the risk of getting poisoned so seriously that it could pose a threat to his life, especially if this happened in a remote area where qualified medical care is not available. It is always necessary to remember about the possible disruption of the ecological balance under human influence, and that more than 70% of water sources have water unsuitable for human consumption.

All of the above leads us to the conclusion that to prevent danger and increase human survival in extreme natural conditions it is necessary:

To achieve advanced training of specialists;

Reduce the degree of risk by improving the reliability of machinery and equipment;

Level up physical development and fitness;

Conduct special training on survival in extreme situations in natural conditions, including preparation of equipment and supplies;

Teach people the correct behavior when forced to change climatic and geographical living conditions.

In Chapter 3 we examined in detail the reasons for the forced autonomous existence in natural conditions. These reasons are due to the occurrence of natural disasters, emergencies and extreme situations in the natural environment.

Just like any other emergency, in a situation of forced autonomous existence, a successful outcome depends primarily on the correct actions from the first moment of its occurrence.

The main condition that determines the success of survival or death is the mood of a person (group) for a successful exit from this situation, his desire to return home, moral obligations to loved ones, society, and the awareness that he still has a lot to do.

A successful outcome, and often the life of a person (group) caught in a situation of forced autonomous existence, depends on correct, thoughtful, practiced actions to the point of automaticity.

The first thing you need to do is try to calm down and objectively assess the current situation. Analysis of many situations shows that very often the greatest danger for victims is not the accomplished fact itself, but the consequences that await them as a result of the first rash actions.

It is important at the time of an emergency or extreme situation to show a sense of self-control, not to succumb to fear, which does not contribute to concentration and making the right decisions.

The first actions under the influence of emotions are dictated by the instinct of self-preservation and are not always correct. We must try to perceive the danger in parts, identifying the priority ones and the promising ones (which may occur if...).

Let us consider in parallel actions in emergency and extreme situations in the natural environment during forced autonomous existence, caused by various reasons: a vehicle accident in an uninhabited area, loss of orientation or the result of a natural disaster.

An emergency situation usually occurs suddenly, and its development cannot always be predicted. Therefore, the course of action in such situations depends on the specific situation.

The experience of many people who have been in extreme situations associated with vehicle accidents (airplanes, trains, vehicles, etc.) has made it possible to determine a general scheme of priority actions for victims of disaster (Diagram 5).

In the event of a forced landing of an aircraft, a natural disaster (avalanche, threat of mudflow, forest fire), you must immediately leave danger zone. In this case, you should take the wounded to a safe area, try to take away all available equipment, supplies of water and food without risking life. After this, you should quickly discuss the current situation, determine the safest place, outline the route to it and relocate there. All work at the accident site is led by the crew commander or group senior.

Only after finally making sure that all people and equipment, food and water supplies are safe, do they begin further actions.

If an extreme situation occurs in the natural environment (loss of orientation, falling behind the group, sudden deterioration

weather conditions) under no circumstances should you conflict and relax. Endurance, self-control, discipline, and most importantly, the desire and ability to survive will help you win. General scheme of priority actions for those caught in extreme conditions in nature are shown in diagram 6.

Both in emergency and extreme situations in the natural environment, priority actions should be aimed at providing medical care victims, then to eliminate the threatening factor or quickly get away from it.

In parallel with the provision of medical care, it is necessary to begin the construction of a simple temporary shelter that can protect victims from wind, snow, rain or scorching sun. Hypothermia or excessive overheating of the body can significantly complicate the situation. Then, in addition to all the existing difficulties, you will have to deal with the consequences of hypothermia and overheating (frostbite, general hypothermia, heat and sunstroke). In extreme situations, this will only worsen the situation of the victims. Special attention At the same time, attention should be paid to the wounded, weakened, women and children.

We should not forget that the situation may worsen due to sudden changes in weather. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor its condition and anticipate the possibility of its change.

For the same purpose, an inspection is carried out appearance, tidying up your clothes and shoes. In an extreme situation, when it is impossible to receive outside help, it is important to preserve the things you have on you, since normal life activities in the future depend on it. We must make every effort to preserve heat resources in cold weather and internal water reserves in hot weather. If clothing needs repairs, it should be done immediately. Care should be taken for people who do not have enough clothing to protect themselves from cold and heat, and if possible, distribute it evenly among all victims.

If there is a lack of clothing in cold weather, it is necessary to use existing property that can protect against the cold. Everyone should know: protecting the body from the cold will primarily affect food savings.

After this, they collect in one place all the things lost when leaving for a safe place, items of equipment (at first glance, perhaps unnecessary), which may be useful in the future. emergency situation. They are sorted, separating what is needed first and what is temporarily unclaimed, and are packaged or neatly stored in a safe place.

In an extreme situation, all things, equipment and personal property, including personal hygiene items, become public and are used to meet the needs of all victims. All food products and available water supplies are collected into a single reserve, forming an emergency reserve. Those responsible for the safety of things, equipment, and products are appointed. Their unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. After this, a natural question arises: what to do next?

To decide on further actions, you need to assess the actual situation and answer the following questions.

1. If your location is unknown, were you following the assigned (agreed) route at the time of the accident? If your absence is discovered, the initial search will be carried out in the area of ​​your intended route.

2. Are the remains of the vehicle clearly visible from the air or surrounding hills? Can you make them visible better?

3. Do local authorities have sufficient manpower and resources at their disposal to organize an effective search?

4. Are weather conditions conducive to the operation of search and rescue aircraft and helicopters?

5. Are transit or other aircraft flying over you? If yes, how often?

6. Do you know your exact location? If yes, how close are you to any populated area? What is the nature of the terrain between you and this locality? What are climatic conditions and possible difficulties of the proposed travel route? How long will it take to reach this settlement?

7. Will all members of the group or crew be able to withstand the passage in this area? Are there any seriously injured victims requiring immediate medical attention?

8. Do you have enough things and equipment for a long journey, do you have compasses, matches, etc.?

9. What supplies of food and water do you have? Assess your emergency supplies and those that can be replenished from natural sources. Is there a good source of water near the site of your accident? Will you be able to get food in a deserted area after you use up your emergency reserves?

10. What do you know about how to survive in the natural conditions in which you find yourself? If you are not confident in your knowledge and skills, stay in place for three days.

There are two decision options: stay at the scene of the accident and wait for help or try to get to the nearest populated area.

The decision to leave the scene of an incident is made in cases where:

— there is no certainty that the group’s exit (departure) point is known about the incident;

— the location of the nearest populated area is known exactly, the distance to it is small and the state of people’s health allows it to be overcome;

There is an immediate threat to life: a forest fire, a break in the ice field, a flood, etc.;

— people cannot be detected by rescuers at this place due to the dense vegetation surrounding them;

— for three days there is no communication or help.

At the scene of the incident, you need to indicate the direction of your departure: leave a note, lay out an arrow, make notches in the trees, tie up bunches of grass, etc.

Before leaving, you should conduct a thorough reconnaissance, determine the direction of exit, pack and prepare everything you need for carrying (maybe even a fire, if there are no matches).

Having decided to leave the scene of the incident, you must adhere to certain rules(Scheme 7).

The decision to remain at the scene of the incident is made if:

— a distress signal or message about the scene of an incident is transmitted using an emergency radio station;

- the location of the incident is not precisely determined, the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass (mountains, forests, deep ravines, swamps, thick layer of snow cover, etc.);

Diagram 7. Procedure for making a decision to leave the scene of an incident and the sequence of their implementation

Diagram 8. Procedure for making a decision to remain at the scene of an incident and the sequence of their implementation

— the direction to populated areas and the distance to them are unknown;

— most people cannot move independently due to injuries or illnesses.

Once you decide to remain at the scene of an incident, you must adhere to the basic rules safe behavior, which will allow you to survive and wait for help from rescuers (Diagram 8).

In a temporary camp, by building a reliable shelter from available materials, it is possible to create conditions for normal rest, long-term preservation of normal life activities, and provision of care for the sick and wounded. Being in one place makes it easier to organize the collection of edible plants, berries, fishing and hunting.

To organize such a camp it is necessary to develop detailed plan action, which includes:

1) choosing the most suitable place for the camp, taking into account the terrain, the proximity of firewood and water, the absence of dangers on its territory (dead wood, rockfalls, avalanches, flooding, etc.);

2) camp planning: determining a place for the construction of temporary but reliable housing, places for cooking, storing food, property, garbage and toilets;

3) determining the type of temporary shelter, based on the capabilities of the area and the abilities of the “builders”;

4) preparation and start of construction of the shelter;

5) preparing a place for a fire, preparing a sufficient amount of firewood and lighting a fire.

To successfully implement this plan, as well as to create a normal climate in the group, it is necessary to distribute responsibilities among all its members, taking into account their state of health and abilities. As you can see, here the actions are carried out in the same way as in a regular tourist group. Then it is clear that it is necessary to identify the people responsible for building a home, extracting and searching for food, breeding, maintaining a fire and preparing hot food, providing medical care, etc.

In this case, an indispensable condition is that everyone must have an assignment. This is not a far-fetched requirement. The fact is that the success of survival in an extreme situation is determined by the abilities and capabilities of not only each member of the group individually, but also the group as a whole. However, the life activity of the entire group depends on the physical and moral state of each member of the group. Therefore, from the first moments of an accident, it is necessary to make efforts (and sometimes considerable efforts) to preserve the moral and volitional state of the group as a whole and each participant individually.

An indispensable condition for the successful actions of the group in an extreme situation is the presence of a leader. It can be a full-time leader - a crew commander, a leader of a tourist group. In their absence, they can become one of the most prepared people, an authoritative person who can unite the team and direct its efforts to survive in an extreme situation. This could be a person familiar with the rules of survival - a tourist, a hunter, a geologist.

With skillful leadership, the group will get rid of such negative manifestations of human behavior as panic, confusion, self-doubt, disunity in actions, selfishness and dependency. Otherwise, conflicts are inevitable, seemingly for the most insignificant reasons. To prevent them from flaring up, gaining strength and splitting the group is the task of the leader. Solving this problem will help you avoid many additional troubles to the existing ones.

In the event of a vehicle accident, the group may be completely different people. However, even members of a tourist group caught in an extreme situation may exhibit previously unknown qualities. With the decisive role of the leader, much depends on the group members. Tolerance for the weaknesses or irritation of others, the ability to be the first to reconcile will help to avoid conflicts that destroy the unity of the group. Although there are also creative conflicts that make it possible to find best solution some kind of problem. In an extreme situation, when everyone’s nerves are on edge, destructive conflicts usually arise.

The leader's unity of command does not mean refusal to consult with group members on any issues. The ability to listen to them - great dignity leader. But, not agreeing with the arguments of the interlocutors, he must reasonably explain the reason for making his own decision.

Summing up the description of the priority actions of a person (group) caught in an extreme situation of forced autonomous existence, we can draw a general conclusion about the rules of behavior based on the results of analysis of similar situations by specialist rescuers. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, you must:

be able to anticipate danger;

be able to control your behavior;

be independent;

be able to think and think through;

make quick decisions;

be persistent and stubborn when required;

be able to obey if necessary;

do not despair if you no longer have the strength, fight for your life;

look for other ways before giving up completely; and...even then don’t give up.

Thus, a successful outcome in an extreme situation depends on the person himself, on his will, concentration, discipline, physical training, and most importantly - the ability to act in an extreme situation.

Extreme situations in natural conditions

In an extreme situation in natural conditions, a person or group of people is forced to lead an autonomous existence.

Autonomous existence- this is the existence of one person or group of people who, by chance, find themselves in a critical situation, alone with nature.

It may be due to the nature of the profession, which involves working in natural conditions, for example, geologists, geophysicists, prospecting drillers, oil workers, hydrologists, etc. Currently, these specialists work on a rotational basis, i.e. in shifts of 15-30 days. The shift method is used to save financial resources- at the same time, there is no need to build expensive settlements with all the infrastructure. The autonomous existence of people in the above professions is voluntary, and they prepare for it in advance.

A forced autonomous existence is very complex and very difficult, when people who are not prepared for such moments in life find themselves alone with nature by accident, usually in vehicle accidents.

In both types of autonomous existence, the main task is to survive, for which it is necessary to suppress fear, provide mutual assistance (self-help), save property and equipment, prepare temporary shelter, analyze the situation (establish communication, orientate, develop a survival plan), obtain food and water, prepare signaling means.

An important condition for survival in conditions of autonomous existence are the actions of a person or group of people to preserve life and health.

The first action is construction shelters. Temporary shelter can be an awning, a raincoat, snow pits and caves, a hut made of branches and other aids. A fire is built next to the shelter for cooking, heating, and drying clothes.

Types of fires: node, star, hut, well, etc. Dry branches piled up in the form of a hut flare up best. Fire can be produced with the help of bast, roots of dry trees and a stick or twine, but the best way to produce a spark is to strike a stone against a stone (the stone must be a fragment of granite, since the stones of the Cretaceous deposits are soft and do not produce a spark). A spark can be produced by striking steel against steel or a hard stone against steel.

When starting a fire, you must take measures to prevent a fire; to do this, it must be lit in a prepared, cleared area, away from trees (especially dry ones) and preferably in an elevated, open place.

Under such conditions, a fire is easier to detect from flying airplanes, helicopters, and even from special-purpose satellites (part of international system rescue in case of accidents on water and land).

In order for a fire to be detected from the air, it is necessary to make the fire smoke by throwing damp branches with leaves (or pine needles) or green grass into the flaring fire. It is also necessary to take into account that in good, clear and windless weather, the smoke from the fire rises in a column and if there is wind at altitude (even weak), the smoke “falls”. If the weather is cloudy, with a slight wind, then the smoke from the fire will “lie down” immediately and spread over the ground. In case of cloudy, windless weather, smoke will spread around the fire, creating very unpleasant moments for the person or people who are near the fire - their eyes will begin to “eat” and they will water.

Under such conditions, you can get poisoned carbon monoxide and combustion products (components). When a birch tree burns, for example, goes black smoke, especially from large, thick branches, but birch gives off a lot of heat, its firebrands smolder for a long time. This also applies to other hardwoods - oak, maple, larch, etc. Linden, aspen, spruce, and pine burn quickly, produce less heat, and firebrands burn out quickly. From linden it is good to use bast (bast) - the bark of the lower layer. The bark of linden (both dry and wet) comes off better than other species, and it extends along the trunk, while in birch it extends across (the so-called birch bark).

Considering all of the above, the fire should be lit at elevated place or on a slope, then the smoke from the fire will not “spin” around it, creating inconvenience for you in cloudy, quiet weather, but will fall down the slope.

To provide food and suppress hunger, you can use young branches and leaves of trees (linden, hazel, etc.), shrubs, as well as plants (only non-poisonous ones) as food. TO poisonous plants include henbane, hemlock, wolfberry, wolf bast, raven eye, etc. Many berries have medicinal properties, like plants, you just need to know which ones. Poisonous berries and plants can cause severe poisoning.

To quench your thirst (drink water), you can also use non-poisonous plants with succulent leaves and berries, as well as young tree branches. This is in the absence of reserves and natural sources of water - springs, springs, rivers, lakes, ponds, as well as precipitation (rain, snow, dew, frost, ice). The search for water can be carried out using a vine, a bioframe, by the presence of damp soil and lush, lush vegetation. Water disinfection is carried out using filters, silver, panthocide tablets (1-2 tablets per 1 liter of water, leave for 30 minutes), iodine (8-10 drops per 1 liter), by boiling.

Young ones can be used for eating edible mushrooms, after frying them over a fire or coals, using firebrands like a kebab, stringing them on a damp branch. By the way, you can get hot vitamin tea from raw large branches. To do this, you need to hold the raw branches over the fire obliquely - the thick end of the branch is above the fire, and the thin end is over some container - a mug, cup or ordinary plastic bag. Water will release from under the bark of a damp branch and flow down. Soft trees are better suited for this purpose - linden, willow, willow and willow. Willow, willow and willow provide the most water. If willow, willow and willow grow, this is the first sign of close groundwater.

If, when searching for mushrooms, you come across poisonous ones (fly agaric, chanterelles, honey mushrooms (false - both types), pale toadstools), do not pick them - they are eaten by forest animals (fly agaric is eaten in small quantities by elk and deer (obviously, to treat worms)).

If there are bodies of water (river, lake) at the site of the accident, then you can organize fishing using branches - a rod made of tree bast, and use a button, pin, or any shiny small object as a spinner.

To hunt birds, you can make a trap from branches or bast - a cage with a slamming “door”.

Natural dressing material(in case of injury in the event of a vehicle accident) are moss, dry grass, finely torn thin bast of linden, birch, willow, willow, willow, etc.

If the nearest settlements, roads and rivers are far away, then you need to settle down thoroughly, and immediately after lighting a fire or several fires, lay out tree branches SOS sign, and if there is snow, then trample the SOS sign and mark it with branches.

At night, several bonfires (smokeless and fire), also arranged in the form of an SOS sign, are used.

If PSND signal cartridges are available, cartridges with bright orange smoke are used during the day, and with bright crimson fire at night.

If there is no clearing, then the bushes are cut down (broken out) in the form of an SOS sign.

The size of the signs should be about 6 × 1 m - 6 × 1.5 m; in steps adult it will be approximately 7 × 2 steps or 7 × 3 steps.

The sign can be made from pieces of yellow or orange fabric - they are clearly visible from afar.

If you are moving towards a populated area or road (highway), you must be able to navigate the terrain. In the Northern Hemisphere, the direction to the north can be determined by standing with your back to the sun at noon (at noon - the sun is at its zenith). The shadow will indicate the direction north, west will be on the left, east will be on the right. Local noon can be determined using a vertical pole 0.5-1 m long by the shortest length of its shadow on the surface of the earth.

It must be remembered that at 6-7 am the sun is in the east, and at 7 pm in the west (depending on the time of year, the location of the sun will be slightly different, for example, sunrise in summer is at 5 am, and sunset at 8-9 pm).

The direction to the south can be determined by the large accumulation (influx) of resin on the side of the trunk corresponding to the south coniferous tree. In ravines, snow melts faster on southern slopes. The growth rings on stumps on the south side are wider, and moss grows more on the north side of the tree. You can also determine south and north by anthills, the flat side of which faces south. Mushrooms usually grow on the north side of the tree. After getting your bearings and determining your location, you should choose an exit route to a populated area or highway.

When moving and crossing frozen bodies of water, you must be extremely careful, since the thickness of the ice in the lake (especially on the river) is uneven along the edges and in the middle places.

On a lake, the ice may be thinner above springs that emerge from the ground, and on a river, the ice is thinner above a fast current.

Crossing frozen bodies of water is allowed in winter if the ice thickness is 4-5 cm, in autumn and spring - at least 10 cm. Transparent ice with a bluish or greenish tint is the most durable, white-matte with yellowness is less reliable, loose, spongy ice is extremely dangerous.

To avoid falling through the ice when moving and crossing, you should consider and do the following:

1) if the ice under you cracks or begins to break, quickly return with a sliding step or crawl to the shore;

2) always go out on the ice with a stick in your hand and a screwdriver or knife in your pocket. These items help you get out of a hole or hole;

3) if you are carrying a load, then it is better to remove the load before going out on the ice and secure it on two large branches, the ends of which are held in both hands, i.e. make something like a sleigh;

4) walk on ice large group people are allowed only when the ice thickness is 7-9 cm (this is the width of the palm of an adult), and each person in the group must walk at a distance of 5-6 m from each other;

5) you cannot jump on the ice and stomp, testing its strength, especially in the zone fast current or the key coming out of the ground;

6) crossing a frozen body of water on skis and with a load is very risky; it is better to secure the load on the skis, and use poles as a means of traction, securing them to the skis.

If the ice breaks under your weight, you should:

1) get rid of heavy things that hinder movement;

2) get out onto the ice in the place where the fall occurred (the ice may break when you fall or slip);

3) do not waste time getting rid of clothes, since in the first minutes, until they are completely wet, they keep the person on the surface;

4) crawl onto the ice using the “screw in” method, i.e. rolling from back to stomach;

5) stick sharp objects (knife) into the ice, pulling towards them;

6) move away from the broken hole by crawling in your own tracks.

If you have a compass (for example, on a watch), you can use it, but you must take into account that in each area there are certain corrections for magnetic declination (pilots have such data on their flight maps); the same applies to the large compass. Therefore, compass readings need to be clarified based on the position of the sun and other landmarks. At night you can navigate by the stars; to do this you need to determine the position of large stars (the North Star, Ursa Major etc.). If you have to walk for several days, then at the scene of the accident you must first orient yourself by the sun, mosses, anthills and spend the night on the spot, and start moving according to all certain signs early in the morning, at dawn.

Considering the current state of vehicles of all types (airplanes, helicopters, cars, all-terrain vehicles), before using them, you should prepare in advance everything you need, and first of all, a medical kit in a minimum set, a knife (hunting or kitchen), etc.

The main thing is not to lose composure, faith in your strength, your mind and your luck in any difficult situation.

He may behave rashly, which will ultimately become a factor that will put his life in extreme danger.

Classification of extreme situations

Different emergency situations can be classified in several ways:

1. In terms of their significance.
2. From the point of view of the danger or safety of an event.
3. From the point of view of subjectivity and objectivity, and so on, emergency and extreme situations are most often distinguished.

What are the differences?

This is a certain situation that has arisen as a result of an accident at certain territory. It could be a catastrophe or a natural disaster. That is, phenomena that can lead to human casualties or severe damage to the health of one or another group of people.

An extreme situation is a situation that goes beyond the normal. This is a phenomenon that is associated with an unfavorable or threatening factor for human life. Despite their similarities, these two concepts are slightly different. An extreme situation is direct interaction person with the situation that takes place during short period time. Ultimately, this leads him to the need to adapt in order to save his own life.

If we talk about what is worse for human life, undoubtedly, examples of extreme situations appear not just as extraordinary events, but as particularly dangerous events or even a number of threats to life.

Earthquakes

Data natural phenomena occur quite often in Russia. The greatest danger during an earthquake is building collapses. In such a situation, people find themselves under destroyed walls and concrete floors. It is almost impossible to get out on your own, and even if such a possibility exists, any unnecessary wrong movement can lead to additional collapses, so it is best to stay in place and wait for rescuers.

Being in such a confined space, most people begin to panic. You should try as much as possible to cope with this condition, since in such a situation there will be very little air in your location.

The more nervous you are, the more frequently you will breathe, and the faster your reserves of precious oxygen will be depleted. That is why you need to try to calmly assess the situation and determine what is best for you. this moment do.

Fire

Natural extremes or events caused by human activity can lead to quite dangerous consequences. For example, during an earthquake, broken electrical wiring leads to fires. Of course, they can also be caused simply by inattention or drought.

During a fire, the main thing is to remember all the basics of safety. If you are in a room from which there is no way to leave, try to fill all the cracks and doorways with damp rags in order to block the way for fire and acrid smoke. Stay below, as this is where the air remains cleanest and most breathable.

There are often examples of extreme situations when, in case of panic during a fire, people simply jumped out of the windows, and most often this ended in death, although in fact, after examining the premises, it turned out that if the victims had remained inside, the chance of survival would have been much higher.

Thus, starting to panic, you can not only make the wrong decision, but also lead yourself and others to the most tragic consequences. Survival in extreme situations requires utmost calm.

There is no doubt that any threat to a person’s life or health forces him to act impulsively and feel great stress. In fact, this is precisely the main danger.

During an extreme situation, victims spend a huge amount of their energy, and thus, all the resources in the body begin to quickly deplete. Life forces leave a person who succumbs to panic much faster, and his psychosis becomes contagious to others. Examples of extreme situations indicate that, first of all, it is very important to try to remain balanced and not give in to despair.

In similar stressful situations is divided into two categories.

1. Rational behavior. The most favorable adapted state, which allows a person to fully control not only himself, but also those around him. The faster the victim adapts to the current situation, the faster he will be able to find ways out of the problem.
2. Negative. The most common model. It manifests itself in irrational behavior, which becomes dangerous not only for the person himself, but also for those around him. Such an “alarmist” can set off the entire crowd, and even if the entire group was calm before, then under his influence everyone will become hysterical. If you find yourself next to a person who cannot control his emotions, try to calm him down.

Conclusion

As you know, this does not happen, and the faster you rationally assess your situation, the faster you will cope with your internal stress. Numerous examples extreme situations clearly demonstrate that only calm can become a decisive factor.

In the section on the question Give examples of extreme situations in natural conditions and name their causes? given by the author compound the best answer is Natural dangerous phenomena And natural disasters the nature
phenomena are divided into types, which, in turn, into types.
Let's consider the classification of these phenomena.
Geophysical include earthquakes, seaquakes and
volcanic eruptions, etc.
Geological, which include landslides, mudflows, landslides and talus,
avalanches (both ground and snow), slope washouts, subsidence
loess rocks, karst phenomena accompanied by the collapse of the earth-
surface, etc.
Meteorological: these include storms (9–11 points), hurricanes (12–
15 points), tornadoes and tornadoes, squalls, vertical vortices, large hail,
showers, heavy snowstorms and snowfall, severe frost and ice, frosts,
heavy fog, extreme heat, dry winds, drought, etc.
Hydrological (sea and river) include typhoons
(tropical cyclones), tsunamis, seaquakes, strong fluctuations in sea level
sea ​​conditions, pressure and intense drift of ice, etc. – sea; flood
water, flood, rain floods, low water levels, early ice-
tav and others - river.
Hydrogeological: low groundwater level; high level
groundwater line, etc.
Natural fires are divided into forest, steppe, peat
(surface) and underground fires of mineral fuels.
Infectious diseases that may be single,
epidemic and pandemic nature (for more details, see section
le "Fundamentals of medical knowledge").
Massive destruction of farm animals and
Stenius.
Let's consider

Answer from Instrumentation[newbie]
An extreme situation is a situation that is different from normal life and is fraught with danger to humans.

Answer from Oleg Tyush[newbie]
change of climatic and geographical conditions; a sharp change in natural conditions; diseases or injuries to the human body requiring extreme medical care; forced autonomous existence.