On the topic: Organic fuels and their reserves on earth. Fossil fuels - oil, coal, oil shale, natural gas

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gas s and coal.

Natural and associated petroleum gases.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane, the rest is ethane, propane, butane, and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. 90% of it is consumed as fuel, the remaining 10% is used as raw material for chemical industry: production of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, soot, various plastics, medicines, etc.

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas, but it occurs together with oil - it is located above the oil or dissolved in it under pressure. Associated gas contains 30–50% methane, the rest is its homologues: ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains the same impurities as natural gas.

Three fractions of associated gas:

Gas gasoline; it is added to gasoline to improve engine starting;
Propane-butane mixture; used as household fuel;
Dry gas; used to produce acitelen, hydrogen, ethylene and other substances, from which rubbers, plastics, alcohols, organic acids, etc. are in turn produced.

Oil.

Oil is an oily liquid from yellow or light brown to black in color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Oil is a mixture of about 150 hydrocarbons with impurities of other substances, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

90% of produced oil is used as raw material for production various types fuel and lubricants. At the same time, oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

I call crude oil extracted from the depths of the earth. Oil is not used in its raw form; it is processed. Crude oil is purified from gases, water and mechanical impurities, and then subjected to fractional distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating mixtures into individual components, or fractions, based on the difference in their boiling points.

During the distillation of oil, several fractions of petroleum products are isolated:

The gas fraction (tbp = 40°C) contains normal and branched alkanes CH4 – C4H10;
The gasoline fraction (boiling point = 40 - 200°C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 H 12 – C 11 H 24; during repeated distillation, light petroleum products are separated from the mixture, boiling in lower temperature ranges: petroleum ether, aviation and motor gasoline;
The naphtha fraction (heavy gasoline, boiling point = 150 - 250°C), contains hydrocarbons of the composition C 8 H 18 - C 14 H 30, is used as fuel for tractors, diesel locomotives, and trucks;
The kerosene fraction (tbp = 180 - 300°C) includes hydrocarbons of the composition C 12 H 26 - C 18 H 38; it is used as fuel for jet aircraft and missiles;
Gas oil (tbp = 270 - 350°C) is used as diesel fuel and is subjected to cracking on a large scale.

After distilling off the fractions, a dark viscous liquid remains - fuel oil. Diesel oils, petroleum jelly, and paraffin are extracted from fuel oil. The residue from the distillation of fuel oil is tar, it is used in the production of materials for road construction.

Petroleum recycling is based on chemical processes:

Cracking is the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. There are thermal and catalytic cracking, which is more common nowadays.
Reforming (aromatization) is the conversion of alkanes and cycloalkanes into aromatic compounds. This process is carried out by heating gasoline at high blood pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Reforming is used to obtain from gasoline fractions aromatic hydrocarbons.
Pyrolysis of petroleum products is carried out by heating petroleum products to a temperature of 650 - 800°C; the main reaction products are unsaturated gases and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil is the raw material for the production of not only fuel, but also many organic matter.

Coal.

Coal is also a source of energy and a valuable chemical raw material. Coal contains mainly organic substances, as well as water and minerals, which form ash when burned.

One of the types of coal processing is coking - this is the process of heating coal to a temperature of 1000°C without air access. Coking of coal is carried out in coke ovens. Coke consists of almost pure carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in blast furnace production of cast iron at metallurgical plants.

Volatile substances during condensation: coal tar (contains many different organic substances, most of them aromatic), ammonia water (contains ammonia, ammonium salts) and coke oven gas (contains ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide (II), ethylene , nitrogen and other substances).

Oil refining

Oil is a multicomponent mixture various substances mainly hydrocarbons. These components differ from each other in boiling points. In this regard, if you heat oil, the most easily boiling components will evaporate from it first, then compounds with higher high temperature boiling, etc. Based on this phenomenon primary oil refining , consisting in distillation (rectification) oil. This process is called primary, since it is assumed that during its course no chemical transformations of substances occur, and the oil is only divided into fractions with different temperatures boiling. Below is a schematic diagram of a distillation column with a brief description of the distillation process itself:

Before the rectification process, oil is prepared in a special way, namely, it is removed from impurity water with salts dissolved in it and from solid mechanical impurities. The oil prepared in this way enters a tube furnace, where it is heated to a high temperature (320-350 o C). After heating in a tubular furnace, high-temperature oil enters the lower part of the distillation column, where individual fractions evaporate and their vapors rise up the distillation column. The higher the section of the distillation column is, the lower its temperature. Thus, on different heights The following fractions are selected:

1) distillation gases (selected from the very top of the column, and therefore their boiling point does not exceed 40 o C);

2) gasoline fraction (boiling point from 35 to 200 o C);

3) naphtha fraction (boiling point from 150 to 250 o C);

4) kerosene fraction (boiling point from 190 to 300 o C);

5) diesel fraction (boiling point from 200 to 300 o C);

6) fuel oil (boiling point more than 350 o C).

It should be noted that the middle fractions released during oil rectification do not meet the standards for fuel quality. In addition, as a result of oil distillation, a considerable amount of fuel oil is formed - far from the most popular product. In this regard, after primary oil refining, the task is to increase the yield of more expensive, in particular, gasoline fractions, as well as improve the quality of these fractions. These problems are solved using various processes oil refining , for example, such as cracking Andreforming .

It should be noted that the number of processes used in oil recycling is much larger, and we are only touching on some of the main ones. Let's now figure out what the meaning of these processes is.

Cracking (thermal or catalytic)

This process is designed to increase the yield of gasoline fraction. For this purpose, heavy fractions, for example, fuel oil, are subjected to strong heating, most often in the presence of a catalyst. As a result of this effect, long-chain molecules that are part of the heavy fractions are torn and hydrocarbons with a lower content are formed. molecular weight. In fact, this leads to an additional yield of a gasoline fraction that is more valuable than the original fuel oil. The chemical essence of this process is reflected by the equation:

Reforming

This process accomplishes the task of improving the quality of the gasoline fraction, in particular increasing its knock resistance (octane number). It is this characteristic of gasoline that is indicated at gas stations (92nd, 95th, 98th gasoline, etc.).

As a result of the reforming process, the proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons in the gasoline fraction increases, which have among other hydrocarbons some of the highest octane numbers. This increase in the proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons is achieved mainly as a result of dehydrocyclization reactions occurring during the reforming process. For example, if the heating is strong enough n-hexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst, it turns into benzene, and n-heptane in a similar way - into toluene:

Coal processing

The main method of processing coal is coking . Coking of coal is a process in which coal is heated without access to air. At the same time, as a result of such heating, four main products are isolated from coal:

1) Coke

A solid substance that is almost pure carbon.

2) Coal tar

Contains large number a variety of predominantly aromatic compounds, such as benzene, its homologues, phenols, aromatic alcohols, naphthalene, naphthalene homologues, etc.;

3) Ammonia water

Despite its name, this fraction, in addition to ammonia and water, also contains phenol, hydrogen sulfide and some other compounds.

4) Coke gas

The main components of coke oven gas are hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ethylene, etc.

SIBERIAN UNIVERSITY OF CONSUMER COOPERATION

TRANSBAIKAL INSTITUTE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Abstract on the discipline: fundamentals of global studies

On the topic: Organic species fuels and their reserves on earth.

Completed by student gr. 261

Kulakova A.V.

Checked by: Stepanov N.P.

Types of fossil fuels.

TO natural fuels of organic origin include peat, lignites, hard and anthracite coals, oil and natural gas. These materials are often called fossil fuels because they are the end products of physicochemical transformations of fossilized plant remains. A comparison of the compositions of various fuels shows that the relative carbon content compared to the hydrogen content decreases when moving from solid to liquid fuels and then to gaseous ones. All of these fuels can be produced from each other by changing the ratio between carbon and hydrogen content. All of them are valuable raw materials for the production of various chemical products, fuel for engines and lubricating oils, and also serve as sources of heat and electrical energy.

Natural gas. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of representatives of the methane series and containing small additions of other gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and sometimes helium. Typically the main component in natural gas is methane, however, sometimes there are significant impurities of ethane and, to a lesser extent, heavier hydrocarbons. Gases found in nature consist almost entirely of carbon dioxide, but such gases are not flammable. There are two types of natural flammable gases - dry and wet. Dry gases consist primarily of methane and sometimes also contain ethane and propane, but they do not contain heavier hydrocarbons that can condense when compressed. Wet combustible gases contain varying amounts of natural gasoline, propane and butane, which can be recovered by compression or extraction.

Petroleum products. Oil is a natural mixture of hydrocarbons that is liquid at normal pressure, but it contains dissolved volatile hydrocarbons that are released and form accumulations (caps) in the upper (closest to the earth's surface) part of the reservoir. At oil refining naphtha, lubricating oils, fuel oil and petroleum coke are obtained.

Fuel oil. Fuel oil is a mixture of heavy liquid hydrocarbons remaining after petroleum distillation. Its composition depends on the composition of crude oil and its distillation technology. Along with coal and natural gas, fuel oil is used as a fuel in both municipal services and industry, and has replaced coal as a fuel for sea and river vessels.

Petroleum coke. The solid component remaining after petroleum distillation is called petroleum coke. This solid mass usually contains from 5 to 20% volatile substances, 80 to 90% fixed carbon, about 1% ash and some sulfur. Although petroleum coke is used in a number of industries (for example, as a raw material for the manufacture of carbon electrodes and pigments for dyes), it is of great value as a source of heat (has a high calorific value) and is used in large quantities as asphalt tar.

Gas condensates. These products consist primarily of propane and butane, which are recovered from natural gas in settling tanks. They are also produced at oil refineries, where they are called liquefied cleaning gases. Gases of any origin that are highly volatile can be easily converted into a liquid state by increasing pressure. These condensates can then be transported through pipelines and in rail and tank trucks. They can be stored underground in artificial or natural tanks or above ground in special tanks.

Peat. Peat is a product of the death and incomplete decay of the remains of marsh plants under the influence of fungi and bacteria in conditions of excessive moisture and insufficient air access. Peat deposits are distributed throughout the world, and peat is used as a fuel where other, more efficient types of fuel (with a higher calorific value) are not available.

Coal. Coal is a mixture of carbon-containing mass, water and some minerals. It is formed from peat as a result of prolonged exposure to bacteriological and biochemical processes. Temperature and pressure play an important role in the transformation of peat into various types of coal. The action of running water leads to the appearance in the coal seams of greater or lesser amounts of foreign minerals, which are mixed with the carbon-containing mass. This mass is protected from the effects of air by a layer of rock covering it.

There are two ways to develop coal deposits. In open-pit mining, the coal seam is cleared of the underlying rock layer using excavators, which are then used to load the coal onto vehicles. When mining coal underground, a vertical mine or horizontal opening (adit) is constructed in the mountainside, leading to a seam of coal. In this case, coal is extracted from the seam by explosive breaking or using mechanical rippers and then reloaded into trolleys or onto conveyors.

Huge peat resources provide Russia with 1st place in terms of their reserves.

The extraction and processing of peat in the world is a highly profitable and promising type of business. As reported by RBC. Market Research", production profitability ranges on average from 30 to 40% per annum (excluding the cost of delivering products to the consumer). According to a study by the Nord Line company, peat can be used in various areas of the national economy - in agriculture, chemistry, medicine, oil refining, ecology, fuel industry, etc.

The use of peat as a fuel is especially beneficial: the cost of 1 Gcal obtained from burning peat is lower than that of all other types of fuel, except gas. In addition to the energy use of peat, the agricultural use of peat, which has proven itself to be a valuable organic material, has recently become widespread.

Peat is also an export item. The world demand for peat has a clear tendency towards steady growth.

The most “capacious” consumers of peat are Japan, the USA, countries of Europe and the Middle East, as well as other countries where work has been launched to increase soil fertility, prevent land erosion, and implement environmental programs.

Having huge peat resources (explored and predicted - 156.8 billion tons), which amount to 31.4% of the world's peat resources and provide Russia with 1st place in terms of their reserves, Russia currently practically does not use them. Thus, according to the Geological Fund (2001), peat production in 2000 amounted to 6.9 million tons. Development was carried out at 905 peat deposits, while as of 01/01/1988. 2063 peat deposits were exploited and 30.5 million tons of peat were extracted.

Coal industry

Coal is the fuel of the future. This is the opinion of the global energy community, including oil and gas producers.

The period of the end of oil civilization on Earth is approaching. Gas resources will last a little longer, but they are not endless. Oil reserves on the planet will last for 40-50 years, gas for 60-70, coal for up to 600 years. Therefore, the main sources of energy in the long term outside the oil and gas civilization will be coal and nuclear energy.

In the global fuel balance, coal accounts for 23% of the production of primary energy resources, 38% of the production of electrical energy, and 70% of the production of metallurgical products.

Coal, along with oil and gas, is a non-renewable hydrocarbon natural energy resource. Various types of coal contain up to 10% hydrogen and up to 90% carbon. Coal contains up to 90% of the energy potential of fossil organic fuels. Currently, the world produces about 5 billion tons per year of hard, brown and other types of coal.

According to some estimates, coal production in the next decade may increase to 7.5 billion tons per year (in the USA up to 2 billion tons). In Europe, the increase in coal consumption will be about 10% in 2003. In addition to the prospects for increasing production volumes, global trends in its production and use are international cooperation in the supply of coal and equipment for its mining and processing, growth in exports from both old countries (Australia, South Africa, Russia, USA, Poland, etc.) and from developing coal suppliers (total export volume more than 500 million tons). Only three ports - Durban, Richards Bay (South Africa) and Kembla (Australia) have a loading capacity of about 200 million tons per year.

World coal prices do not experience such wild fluctuations as oil prices; trade flows are largely stable. Only consistently high-quality coal (coal product) that meets environmental and technological requirements is in circulation. Despite the general increase in the volume of mass coal production, the desire for unbridled growth in production has become a thing of the past. Now, if fluctuations in production occur, this is explained by very precisely tuned mechanisms for the efficiency of coal production and use, and investment processes. Public forms of coordination are effectively used.

The intensive development and technical improvement of the coal industry in the country is characterized by the creation of large mining and processing plants based on promising deposits of brown and hard coal located in various natural and climatic zones. This requires new technical and technological solutions and more and more capital investments, taking into account the creation of the necessary infrastructure, energy costs for transporting minerals and cargo, for ventilation and the creation of satisfactory working conditions for miners.

Currently, coal accounts for 11.8% of the consumption of fuel and energy resources, which is significantly lower than the technical capabilities of the industry. According to forecast estimates, coal production will reach 280 million tons by 2010. An important component of the overall industry development strategy is to ensure environmental safety of production and living conditions for the population of coal-mining regions.

The coal industry is an important part of the fuel and energy complex (FEC). Coal is used in industry, at thermal power plants as fuel, as well as technological raw materials and fuel in metallurgy and the chemical industry (coking coals). The area-forming role of fuel is more pronounced the larger the scale and the higher the technical and economic indicators of the resources. Massive and cheap fuel attracts fuel-intensive industries, determining to a certain extent the direction of specialization of the region.

Currently, the Russian coal industry faces the need for deep reform. Over the past few years, the level of coal production has been declining (from 1990 to 1994, coal production in the Russian Federation as a whole decreased by one third), labor productivity in the industry is falling, and production costs are rising. A sharp decline in industrial production in recent years exacerbated the problem of effective demand for coal industry products and placed the vast majority of coal mining enterprises in an extremely difficult situation.

The coal industry is integral part The Russian fuel and energy complex, and, accordingly, its development strategy depends on the place assigned to coal in the future fuel and energy balance, and on the specific characteristics of the latter.

Table 2. WORLD OIL RESERVES (ESTIMATED DATA), BILLION. T
Region	Explored reserves	Industrial stocks
Middle East
CIS countries

Latin America
Far East and Oceania



Western Europe

Oil and natural gas reserves. It is difficult to calculate exactly how many years oil reserves will last. If current trends continue, annual oil consumption in the world will reach 3 billion tons by 2018. Even assuming that industrial reserves will increase significantly, geologists come to the conclusion that by 2030 80% of the world's proven oil reserves will be exhausted.

Coal reserves. Coal reserves are easier to estimate ( cm. table 3). Three quarters of the world's reserves, which are approximately 10 trillion. tons, occur in the countries of the former USSR, the USA and China.

Table 3. WORLD COAL RESERVES (INFORMATIONAL DATA)
Region	Billion T
CIS countries


Western Europe


Asia (excluding CIS countries and China)

Latin America

Although there is much more coal on Earth than oil and natural gas, its reserves are not unlimited. In the 1990s, global coal consumption was more than 2.3 billion tons per year. In contrast to oil consumption, coal consumption has increased significantly not only in developing but also in industrialized countries. developed countries Oh. According to current forecasts, coal reserves should last for another 420 years. But if consumption grows at the current rate, then its reserves will not be enough for 200 years.

Oil industry

The oil industry is one of the leading sectors of the fuel and energy complex and the entire economy. In its crude form, oil is practically not used due to its explosiveness. But when refining oil, not only high-quality fuel (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil) is obtained, but also various compounds that serve as raw materials for the production of modern chemical products (plastics, polymers, chemical fibers, etc.). ^

In terms of oil reserves (20 billion tons, 13% of world reserves), Russia ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. But oil production in Russia has been steadily declining in recent years. In 1999, it amounted to 305 million tons (59% of the 1990 level) - third place in the world. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, due to lack of funds, the volume of geological exploration work is insufficient. The increase in proven oil reserves only compensates for its production by 1/3. And at the developed fields, 52% has already been recovered. oil reserves. Secondly, almost 50% of already drilled wells are not in operation for various reasons (lack of equipment, funds for repairs, etc.). Thirdly, due to the lack of modern equipment, a significant part of the reserves is lost in the depths and cannot be recovered to the surface.

The main oil base of Russia is West Siberian. 70% of the country's oil is produced here. The largest deposits are located in the latitudinal course of the Ob River (Samotlor, Surgut, Megion). 50-60% of the oil has already been extracted from them. However, it is estimated that in Western Siberia only 12% of the oil was recovered. Therefore, in the near future (until 2010-2015) this base will remain the leading one.

The second largest oil base in Russia is the Volga-Ural (25% of production). Oil production here has been going on for almost 50 years and is constantly declining. From the largest deposits (Romashkinskoye, Tuymazinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye) From 70 to 90% of reserves have already been extracted. In the future, it is possible to develop new fields on the shelf Caspian Sea. But the feasibility of developing the oil industry here requires careful analysis. The northern part of the Caspian Sea is home to a unique population of sturgeon fish, which has no analogues in the world, and Volga-Akhtubinskaya poi ma- protected area. The issue of the status of the Caspian Sea has not yet been resolved.

Gas industry

Gas is the most cheap look fuel. Its production costs 2 times less than oil. Gas is also used as a valuable chemical raw material.

In terms of gas reserves (160 trillion m 3 ) Russia ranks first in the world (45% of world reserves). Gas production, unlike oil production, is quite stable. In 1999 it amounted to 591 billion m 3 - first place in the world. More than 1/3 of the produced gas is exported to Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic countries, Western Europe and Turkey.

More than 700 gas fields have been explored in Russia. But only 47% of its proven reserves are being actively developed. The vast majority of gas production (92%) comes from fields Western Siberia (Urengoy, Yamburg). In the near future, its share will remain just as high. It is estimated that only about 6% of gas resources have been recovered here.

Second largest gas production base Orenburg-Astrakhan (6% of production). The gas produced here has a very complex composition. It contains sulfur, helium, ethane, propane, butane and other valuable components. To process it at Orenburg And Astrakhan Large gas processing complexes have been built in the fields.

In the Timan-Pechora basin Less than 1% of gas is currently produced. However, its role may increase significantly due to the development of gas fields on the shelf (Shtpokma-novskoe etc.). Their resources are estimated at 1.7 trillion m3.

In the future, it is possible to form another large gas production base, including fields in the north Irkutsk region, Yakutia, Sakhalin. Gas reserves here are estimated at 54 trillion m3. Its development will help eliminate the fuel shortage in this region. A significant part of the gas will be able to be exported.

To transport gas to consumers in Russia, a unified gas pipeline system, with a total length of 150 thousand km. The country's largest gas pipelines were built from Urengoy and Orenburg (Fig. 41). In the near future, the Yamal-Europe (via Belarus) and Blue Stream (via the Black Sea to Turkey) gas pipelines will begin operating.

Coal industry

Coal reserves are much larger than oil and natural gas reserves. But its extraction is much more expensive. Therefore, after the discovery and development of large oil and gas reserves, the share of coal in the country’s fuel balance decreased from 59% (50s) to 8% (late 90s). Although in the eastern regions of the country its consumption remains very high. Most of the mined coal (CM) is used as fuel in industry and thermal power plants. The rest of the coal (coking) serves as raw material for the ferrous metallurgy and chemical industry.

More than 200 coal basins and deposits are known in Russia. Their total reserves are 6.4 trillion tons (23% of world reserves). But not all of them are being developed. The main criterion for bringing a field into production is cost 1 coal mining. It depends on the method of its extraction, quality (calorie content, presence of impurities, etc.), mining and geological conditions of occurrence (depth, thickness of layers, etc.). The cost is also influenced by the quality of equipment and the availability of modern production technologies. With the collapse of the USSR, 85% of coal engineering remained abroad.

The most productive and cheapest method of coal mining is open pit mining. Its share is constantly growing and now amounts to almost 60%. But it greatly violates natural complexes. Coal reserves that can be mined by open pit mining are mainly concentrated in the east of the country.

Coal production in Russia has been constantly declining and has only increased in recent years. It amounts to 249 million tons (2nd place in the world in brown coal production and 6th place in hard coal production). The main coal mining areas in Russia are concentrated in Siberia (64%). The European part accounts for only 25%.

The most important coal bases in Russia - Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk and Pechora basins. They differ significantly in their characteristics (Fig. 42, Table 27).

Table 27 Characteristics of the main coal basins in Russia Characteristics of the main coal basins in Russia

	Share of underground mining, %	average production depth, m	Average thickness of layers, m	Calorie content coal, thousand kcal/kg
Kuznetsky
Pechorsky
Kansko-Achinsky

Kuznetsk coal basin - main coal basin of Russia. It has large and well-studied reserves of high-quality coal, including coking coal. However, the basin has a disadvantageous geographical location. It is very remote from the main areas of coal consumption (Center and Far East). Coal is difficult to transport from here due to the poor development of railway networks in the east of the country.

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Vegetation cover with maximum reserves organic substances wherever it is..., all known on Earth reserves there is enough oil for humanity... on us. Therefore, the development of various alternative species fuel, And species transport and implementation their

1. Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coal. Their processing and practical application.

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gases and coal.

Natural and associated petroleum gases.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane, the rest is ethane, propane, butane, and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. 90% of it is consumed as fuel, the remaining 10% is used as raw material for the chemical industry: the production of hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, soot, various plastics, medicines, etc.

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas, but it occurs together with oil - it is located above the oil or dissolved in it under pressure. Associated gas contains 30–50% methane, the rest is its homologues: ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains the same impurities as natural gas.

Three fractions of associated gas:

1. Gasoline; it is added to gasoline to improve engine starting;

2. Propane-butane mixture; used as household fuel;

3. Dry gas; used to produce acitelen, hydrogen, ethylene and other substances, from which rubbers, plastics, alcohols, organic acids, etc. are in turn produced.

Oil.

Oil is an oily liquid from yellow or light brown to black in color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Oil is a mixture of about 150 hydrocarbons with impurities of other substances, so it does not have a specific boiling point.

90% of produced oil is used as raw material for the production of various types of fuel and lubricants. At the same time, oil is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.

I call crude oil extracted from the depths of the earth. Oil is not used in its raw form; it is processed. Crude oil is purified from gases, water and mechanical impurities, and then subjected to fractional distillation.

Distillation is the process of separating mixtures into individual components, or fractions, based on differences in their boiling points.

During the distillation of oil, several fractions of petroleum products are isolated:

1. The gas fraction (tbp = 40°C) contains normal and branched alkanes CH4 – C4H10;

2. The gasoline fraction (boiling point = 40 - 200°C) contains hydrocarbons C 5 H 12 – C 11 H 24; during repeated distillation, light petroleum products are separated from the mixture, boiling in lower temperature ranges: petroleum ether, aviation and motor gasoline;

3. Naphtha fraction (heavy gasoline, boiling point = 150 - 250°C), contains hydrocarbons of the composition C 8 H 18 - C 14 H 30, used as fuel for tractors, diesel locomotives, trucks;

4. Kerosene fraction (tbp = 180 - 300°C) includes hydrocarbons of the composition C 12 H 26 - C 18 H 38; it is used as fuel for jet aircraft and missiles;

5. Gas oil (boiling point = 270 - 350°C) is used as diesel fuel and is subjected to cracking on a large scale.

Petroleum recycling is based on chemical processes:

1. Cracking is the splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. There are thermal and catalytic cracking, which is more common nowadays.

2. Reforming (aromatization) is the transformation of alkanes and cycloalkanes into aromatic compounds. This process is carried out by heating gasoline at elevated pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Reforming is used to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline fractions.

3. Pyrolysis of petroleum products is carried out by heating petroleum products to a temperature of 650 - 800°C, the main reaction products are unsaturated gases and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil is a raw material for the production of not only fuel, but also many organic substances.

Coal.

Coal is also a source of energy and a valuable chemical raw material. Coal contains mainly organic substances, as well as water and minerals, which form ash when burned.

One of the types of coal processing is coking - this is the process of heating coal to a temperature of 1000°C without air access. Coking of coal is carried out in coke ovens. Coke consists of almost pure carbon. It is used as a reducing agent in blast furnace production of cast iron at metallurgical plants.

Volatile substances during condensation: coal tar (contains many different organic substances, most of them aromatic), ammonia water (contains ammonia, ammonium salts) and coke oven gas (contains ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide (II), ethylene , nitrogen and other substances).

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Abstract

Natural gas.Oil.Coal

1. Natural gas

Natural gas- a mixture of gases formed in the bowels of the Earth during the anaerobic decomposition of organic substances.

The main part of natural gas is methane (CH 4) - from 92 to 98%. Natural gas may also contain heavier hydrocarbons - homologues of methane: ethane (C 2 H 6), propane (C 3 H 8), butane (C 4 H 10). As well as other non-hydrocarbon substances: hydrogen (H 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrogen (N 2), helium (He).

Natural gas is a mineral resource. Often is associated gas during oil production. Natural gas in reservoir conditions (conditions of occurrence in the bowels of the earth) is in a gaseous state - in the form of separate accumulations (gas deposits) or in the form of a gas cap of oil and gas fields, or in a dissolved state in black gold or water.

Pure natural gas is colorless and odorless. Gas always fills a volume limited by walls that are impenetrable to it. To make it easier to detect a gas leak, odorants are added to it in small quantities - substances that have a sharp bad smell(rotten cabbage, rotten hay, rotten eggs).

Used in the form of natural gas, methane is used as a fuel. Methane is the starting product for the production of methanol, acetic acid, synthetic rubbers, synthetic gasoline and many other valuable products.

2. Oil

Oil is an oily liquid of dark brown or almost black color with a characteristic odor. It is lighter than water and practically insoluble in water. It contains about 1000 substances Most of these (80-90%) are hydrocarbons, that is, organic substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Oil contains about 500 hydrocarbon compounds - paraffin (alkanes), which make up half of all petroleum hydrocarbons, naphthenic (cyclanes) and aromatic (benzene and its derivatives). Oil also contains high-molecular compounds in the form of resins and asphalt substances. The total content of carbon and hydrogen in oil is about 97-98% (by weight), including 83-87% carbon and 11-14% hydrogen. Vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum, copper, magnesium are found in small quantities in oils , barium, strontium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, boron, arsenic, potassium and other chemical elements.

The properties of oil are based on its easy ignition. Moreover, an outbreak can occur already at +35 o, which is why oil storage tanks are made in such a way that an accidental increase in temperature does not lead to the ignition of petroleum products. If the composition is more discharged, and the gases dissolved in the oil have different proportions, then the ignition temperature can be above 100 o Celsius.

In organic solvents the liquid is allowed to dissolve. In water, on the contrary, oil is insoluble, but it forms with water stable emulsion oil can. Therefore, in order to separate water from oil, desalting and dehydration are carried out in industry. Crude oil is practically not used. It is cleaned and processed. There is primary and recycling oil.

Primary oil refining is distillation, as a result of which petroleum products are separated into their component parts (they are called fractions): liquefied gas; gasoline (automotive and aviation), jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel (diesel fuel), fuel oil. The first five types of petroleum products are fuel. And fuel oil is processed to produce: paraffin, bitumen, liquid boiler fuel, oils.

When bitumen is mixed with minerals, asphalt (asphalt concrete) is obtained, which is used as a road surface. Liquid boiler fuel used to heat houses.

A wide range of lubricants are produced from petroleum: lubricating oil; electrical insulating oil; hydraulic oil; grease; cutting fluid; petrolatum. Oils obtained from petroleum are used to prepare ointments and creams. The concentrate remaining after oil distillation is called tar. It is used for road and construction surfaces.

Recycling of oil involves changing the structure of its components - hydrocarbons. It provides the raw materials from which they produce: synthetic rubbers; synthetic fabrics; plastics; polymer films(polyethylene, polypropylene); detergents; solvents, paints and varnishes; dyes; fertilizers; pesticide; wax; and much more. Even oil refining waste has practical value. Coke is produced from oil distillation waste. It is used in the production of electrodes and in metallurgy. And the sulfur that is extracted from oil during the refining process is used to produce sulfuric acid.

gas coal fuel oil

3. Coal

Coal is a sedimentary rock, which is a product of deep decomposition of plant remains (tree ferns, horsetails and mosses, as well as the first gymnosperms). Most coal deposits were formed in the Paleozoic, mainly in Carboniferous period, approximately 300-350 million years ago.

By chemical composition coal is a mixture of high molecular weight aromatic compounds with high mass fraction carbon, as well as water and volatile substances from small quantities mineral impurities. Such impurities form ash when burning coal. Fossil coals differ from each other in the ratio of their constituent components, which determines their heat of combustion. Row organic compounds, which are part of coal, has carcinogenic properties.

Coal is used as fuel both in everyday life and in industry. It was the first fossil material that people used as fuel. It was coal that enabled the industrial revolution. In the 19th century, a lot of coal was used for transportation. In 1960, coal provided about half of the world's energy production. However, by 1970, its share had fallen to one third: coal as a fuel was replaced by other energy sources, in particular oil and gas.

However, the use of coal is not limited to this. Hard coal is a valuable raw material for the chemical and metallurgical industries.

The coal industry uses coal coking. Coke plants consume up to 1/4 of the coal produced. Coking is a process of processing coal by heating to 950-1050°C without oxygen. When coal decomposes, a solid product is formed - coke and volatile products - coke oven gas.

Coke makes up 75-78% of the mass of coal. It is used in the metallurgical industry for smelting iron and also as a fuel.

Coke oven gas makes up 25% of the mass of processed coal. Volatile products that are formed during coal coking are condensed with water vapor, resulting in the release of coal tar and tar water.

Coal tar makes up 3-4% by weight of coal and is a complex mixture of organic substances. Currently, scientists have identified only 60% of the resin's components, which is more than 500 substances! Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, phenols and coal oils are obtained from the resin.

Ammonia, phenols, and pyridine bases are separated from the tar water (it makes up 9-12% of the mass of coal) by steam distillation. From unsaturated compounds contained in crude benzene, coumarone resins are obtained, which are used for the production of varnishes, paints, linoleum and in the rubber industry.

Artificial graphite is obtained from coal.

Coal is also used as an inorganic raw material. From hard coal when processed into industrial scale Rare metals such as vanadium, germanium, gallium, molybdenum, zinc, lead, and sulfur are extracted.

Ash from coal combustion, mining and processing wastes are used in the production of building materials, ceramics, refractory raw materials, alumina, and abrasives.

In total, by processing coal it is possible to obtain more than 400 different products, the cost of which is 20-25 times higher than the cost of the coal itself, and the by-products obtained at coke plants exceed the cost of the coke itself.

By the way…

Coal is far from the best fuel. It has a big drawback: its combustion produces a lot of emissions, both gaseous and solid (ash), polluting environment. Most developed countries have strict requirements for the level of emissions allowed when burning coal. Emission reductions are achieved through the use of various filters.

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