This industry plays a decisive role in the development of scientific and technological progress and increasing the efficiency of social production through chemicalization. Using the achievements of science and technology, products of metallurgy, electric power, fuel and forestry industries, it ensures the production of textile (fiber), food (additives) industries, construction and mechanical engineering (plastics, paints, varnishes) and increases agricultural productivity (fertilizers).

Products of the chemical industry can be divided into items for industrial purposes, the output of which is about 60% (group “A”), and items of long-term or short-term personal use - 40% (group “B”).

The chemical industry maintained production volumes, managing to adapt to the needs of the foreign market, adapting to significant changes in the domestic market.

The approximate composition of products produced by the most important branches of the chemical industry is as follows:

The chemical industry itself: caustic soda, synthetic resins, plastics, paints and varnishes, etc.;

Mineral fertilizer industry: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, as well as chemical plant protection products;

Petrochemical industry: synthetic rubbers, ethylene, propylene, benzene and others.

By degree of influence of individual factors on the location of chemical production they can be divided into several groups.

IN first group includes industries gravitating towards sources of raw materials. This is typical for many chemical industries that consume large number raw materials per unit of production or poorly transportable raw materials (for example, sulfuric acid). These production facilities are usually located as close as possible to sources of raw materials. These include the production of potash fertilizers, caustic and soda ash, synthetic dyes, some types of plastics and synthetic rubbers.

In second group unite industries gravitating towards fuel and energy resources. They are characterized by high consumption of fuel, thermal or electrical energy per 1 ton of product. These are the production of calcium carbide and cyanamide, many types of chemical and synthetic fibers, methanol, etc.

IN third group includes industries that gravitate towards areas where labor resources are concentrated. These industries are characterized by the high labor intensity of their products and, as a social factor, should contribute to the fullest employment of the population in small and medium-sized cities. Such industries include enterprises for processing plastics, producing rubber products and tires, viscose and nylon fiber.

Fourth group are made up of industries that gravitate towards areas of consumption. These include industries producing low-transportable products (acids, sponge rubber, hollow plastic products), as well as low-concentration substances (ammonia, liquid fertilizers, superphosphate and products for completing finished products).

Fifth group unites mixed production facilities that produce products for general consumption and use a variety of raw materials. The location of such production facilities is possible both near the raw material base and in areas where products are consumed.

It should be noted that this division is conditional, since many chemical production can be classified into different groups. In addition, when locating most chemical production facilities, it is necessary to take into account the availability of water resources and environmental factors.

The location of the chemical industry is influenced by the industry's production connections: intra- and inter-industry. The specificity of these connections is that the share of intra-industry consumption is quite high (40%), at the same time, chemical products are used in almost all spheres of the national economy.

The established production hubs, the basis of which is the chemical industry, include the Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Kemerovo, Ufa, Salavat-Sterlitamak, Bereznikovsko-Solikamsk hubs.

Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in the metallurgical, oil refining, textile and food industry. The raw materials for producing sulfuric acid are sulfur pyrite (pyrite) and sulfur. Sulfuric acid is also produced from sulfur dioxide captured during sulfide ore smelting, sour crude oil refining, and desulfurization of coke oven and natural gas. Sulfuric acid plants are located at places of consumption due to the fact that the acid is poorly transportable. In a number of areas, the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the main industries based on the use of their waste. For example, sulfuric acid produced at the Sredneuralsk copper smelter, Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum and other non-ferrous metallurgy plants.

The sulfuric acid industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid are located in the central regions (Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky, Chernorechensky (Dzerzhinsk) plants) and in the Urals (Bereznikovsky, Perm plants).

Soda industry. Its products are used in the glass and chemical industries, as well as in non-ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, textiles and household goods. It is located in the Perm region (Bereznikovsky plant), in Bashkortostan (Sterlitamak plant), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant).

Production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen). It is an important branch of the chemical industry. The main raw materials for the production of superphosphate are apatites and phosphorites. The largest enterprises in the superphosphate industry include the following chemical plants and combines: Apatit (Kola Peninsula), Voskresensky (Moscow region), Nevsky (St. Petersburg). Much attention is paid to the production of superphosphate in granular form and the production of concentrated phosphate fertilizers. A peculiarity in the location of the superphosphate industry is that most superphosphate plants operate on Khibiny apatites. This results in the transportation of huge quantities of raw materials over long distances. However, it should be borne in mind that Khibiny apatites, even in Siberia, are cheaper raw materials than local phosphorites.

The production of potash fertilizers is carried out by the Solikamsk and Bereznikovsky plants in the Urals.

Nitrogen industry. This industry has a wider distribution area. In the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the main raw material is ammonia, the starting elements for which are hydrogen and nitrogen. There are several ways to produce synthetic ammonia. Ammonia production by coke conversion requires large amounts of coal, and electrical production requires large amounts of energy. In this regard, ammonia production plants used to be located in areas of coal deposits or near sources of cheap electricity. Currently, the nitrogen industry uses natural gas as a raw material (the technology for producing ammonia from natural gas is being widely introduced). This will ensure the most rational placement of the nitrogen fertilizer industry throughout the country, bring production closer to areas of consumption, and use local types of raw materials and cheap energy. Regions such as the Volga region, Western Siberia, and the North Caucasus have very favorable conditions for the development of this industry.

Large nitrogen-fertilizer enterprises were built in the most important coal and metallurgical centers. Based on the use of low grades of coal, the Bereznikovsky Chemical Plant in the Perm Region and the Novomoskovsk Chemical Plant in the Tula Region were built. Nitrogen fertilizer enterprises were built on the basis of coke oven gas in Kuzbass (Kemerovo Chemical Plant) and in the Urals. In combination with ferrous metallurgy, Lipetsk and Cherepovets also became centers for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. A nitrogen fertilizer plant was put into operation in the North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk).

Production of synthetic rubber and rubber products, plastics and chemical fibers is the most important branch of chemistry of organic synthesis.

Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber are located in St. Petersburg (Red Triangle), Moscow (Kauchuk), a number of large factories have been built in Voronezh, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities. A rubber-asbestos plant was created in Yaroslavl.

Plastics are widely used in a wide variety of industries as substitutes for metals, as well as glass, wood and other materials. For the production of plastics, various hydrocarbon raw materials are used, obtained in the oil refining and coal processing industries, coke production, gas shale and wood chemical industries. Large plastics factories were built in the Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo) and in the North-West (St. Petersburg). New large plastics industry bases have been organized in the Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd), in the Urals (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and in other areas of the country .

The geography of synthetic rubber production includes both old (Voronezh, Efremov, Yaroslavl) and new centers (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sterlitamak, Volzhsk, Nizhnekamsk, Perm).

The production of artificial and synthetic fibers is concentrated in the Central and Northwestern regions. Factories for their production are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo ( Saratov region), Barnaul; synthetic fiber factories - in Kursk, Krasnoyarsk, Volzhsky, Saratov.

• The chemical industry is a major environmental polluter. Therefore, the air in the city of Berezniki is one of the most polluted in Russia. Khimprom plant in Ufa. Bashkiria.
• Khibiny is a mountain range on the Kola Peninsula.
• In the 90s In global rubber consumption, synthetic rubber accounts for almost 99%.

The chemical industry is a unique industry. They work real miracles here: they not only process natural resources, but also create fundamentally new types of raw materials that do not exist in nature. As a result, plastic products, detergents (laundry powders, bathtub cleaning liquid, etc.) appear on store shelves. plastic bags and much more, without which it is difficult to imagine our life.

People have learned to produce different products from one type of raw material. For example, oil is not only gasoline for cars, kerosene for airplanes, plastics, but even food products, such as fish caviar. It also happens the other way around: there is only one product, but you can get it in several ways. This is how synthetic rubber is produced, for example.

Chemical industry enterprises are divided into two large groups: basic chemical plants that produce minerals (fertilizers, acids, soda, dyes, explosives, etc.) and organic synthesis plants; which produce synthetic fibers, resins, plastics, rubber, caoutchouc and other substances.

BASIC CHEMISTRY. FROM FERTILIZERS TO ACIDS

Surprisingly, it is thanks to the chemical industry, which produces mainly artificial substances, that the most “natural” sector of the economy is developing - agriculture. When harvesting, along with grain, potatoes and other products, a person takes nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the fields - chemical elements without which plants cannot live. They are called “biogenic (i.e., life-giving) elements.” In order for the harvest to be abundant, it is necessary to restore the “nutrient bank” of the soil. Mineral fertilizers, which are produced by the chemical industry, can help with this.

Our country produces nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. As a rule, each type combines two or three biogenic elements in different proportions. Such fertilizers are complex, or complex. They are much more profitable for agriculture than simple ones (with one element). However, they are named after their main nutrient.

Russia ranks fifth in the world in the production of mineral fertilizers (9.1 million tons in 1997). Potassium fertilizers are used the most. One of the world's largest deposits of potassium salts, Verkhnekamskoye, is located in the Western Cis-Urals. Large factories operate in the cities of Solikamsk and Berezniki, the products of which are expected not only in Russia, but also in other countries of the world.

The feedstock for nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas. Nitrogen plants operate in Cherepovets, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Perm, Novomoskovsk. Sometimes they use gas generated during the smelting of metals (the so-called coke basin), therefore the largest metallurgical plants in Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Novokuznetsk, and Nizhny Tagil include chemical plants.

Reserves of apatite (from which phosphate fertilizers are produced) in Russia are small. Large deposits are concentrated in the Khibiny Mountains, small deposits are scattered throughout the country. Plants for the production of phosphate fertilizers usually operate on a mixture of local raw materials and raw materials brought from the Khibiny.

Another important product of basic chemistry is sulfuric acid. It is needed by almost all industries, so its production volumes serve as a kind of indicator of the development of basic chemistry in the country. According to this indicator, Russia ranks fourth in the world after the USA, China and Japan (1997).

CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. AT THE EDGE OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

In the 30s The designers of combat vehicles and aircraft were faced with a seemingly impossible task. To produce new types of military equipment, rubber was required, and it was this that was never available in Russia. Natural rubber was obtained from the juice of the Hevea plant, which grows only in South America. Very little natural rubber was produced in the world, and it was expensive. Russia could not afford to have the country's defense dependent on trees growing thousands of kilometers from its borders. Therefore, the government set the task for chemist scientists to create synthetic rubber, which in its properties is not inferior to natural rubber. In 1931, the first plant in the USSR for the production of synthetic rubber began operating based on the technology created by Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev.

At first, rubber was obtained from alcohol and limestone. Therefore, the first factories were built in areas where there were a lot of cheap raw materials (for the production of alcohol) and cheap electricity (for processing limestone). In the 50s Almost all factories have switched to the most profitable raw materials - they are obtained from oil. Modern enterprises produce ordinary and special-purpose rubbers (most often for the military industry). There are rubbers that are insoluble in gasoline, cold-resistant, and resistant to radioactive radiation etc. Such rubbers are created in Kazan, Moscow, Sterlitamak, and ordinary ones - in Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Togliatti, Krasnoyarsk. Rubber is used to make tires and various rubber products. Their production is very labor-intensive, so the number of workers in large factories reaches 5 thousand people. In Russia, tire factories operate in Moscow, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Volzhsky, Kirov, Omsk, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, etc.

The world's production of plastics is rapidly growing - polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, thermoplastics, etc. These substances are produced from oil. The importance of polypropylene, the most common plastic in the world, is especially important. The technology for its production is very complex, so polypropylene was in short supply in Russia for a long time until they learned to make it at the Moscow Oil Refinery and the Tomsk Petrochemical Plant. Large plastics production plants are located in Nizhny Tagil, Novokuibyshevsk, Omsk, Angarsk, Volgograd, Dzerzhinsk. Russian chemical plants sell their products not only within the country, but also abroad.

A special place is occupied by fiberglass - a modern material for the aviation industry, marine shipbuilding and many other sectors of the country's economy. Fiberglass plastics are made from especially pure quartz sands, adding some chemicals. The most famous centers for the production of glass thread and fiber in Russia are located in Novgorod, Gus-Khrustalny, and Syzran.

The production of synthetic and artificial fibers is of great importance for the Russian economy. Cotton is not grown in our country; it has to be imported from abroad. Flax fiber from domestic raw materials is of low quality. However, synthetic fibers are successfully replacing both flax and cotton. These fibers are used to make clothing, carpets and many other products. Artificial fibers are produced from cellulose - the basis for artificial silk. Chemical fiber is produced in Serpukhov, Ryazan, Kursk, Volzhsky, Kemerovo.

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CENTERS

Mining and chemical factories and petrochemical plants producing plastics are built near the sites where raw materials are extracted. Factories that make tires and other rubber products typically employ several thousand people, so they are located in densely populated areas. Chemical production is often combined with a plant in another industry. For example, phosphate fertilizer factories are part of a copper smelter (since the ore containing this valuable non-ferrous metal contains a lot of phosphorus), and petrochemical enterprises are part of oil refineries.

In the Central Economic Region, plastics and chemical fibers are processed, mineral fertilizers are produced, as well as paints and household chemicals. The pharmaceutical industry is developed here. The largest centers of the chemical industry are Yaroslavl, Novomoskovsk, Ryazan.

In the North-Western economic region (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Luga) there are many chemical enterprises that produce fertilizers, dyes, and household chemicals.

In the Volga region (Nizhnekamsk, Novo-Kuibyshevsk, Balakovo, Volzhsky) petrochemistry, production of plastics, rubber, tires, and chemical fibers are developed.

The Ural economic region (Perm, Salavat, Sterlitamak) stands out in Russia for the scale of development of coal chemistry, as well as petrochemistry. The region produces mineral fertilizers, soda, and plastics.

The basis of the chemical industry of Western Siberia is coal chemistry (Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk) and petrochemistry (Omsk, Tomsk and Tobolsk).

The economic crisis that gripped the country in the 90s could not but affect the chemical industry. Thus, in 1997, factories produced only half the volume of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, synthetic resins and plastics that they could in principle produce. However, the Russian chemical industry is potentially capable of creating all the modern substances that the country needs.

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

one of the most dynamic sectors of modern heavy industry (mining chemical, basic chemical, mineral fertilizers, polymer materials, synthetic dyes, etc.). Main regions of X. p.: USA, foreign Europe, Japan, CIS countries. The production of complex high-tech chemical products is concentrated in the USA, Western. Europe, Japan. X-ray industry is developing rapidly in countries rich in oil and gas resources (Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela).

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Chemical industry

one of the most important branches of heavy industry. The chemical industry includes the mining chemical industry (extraction, enrichment and primary processing of raw materials), basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), synthesis of polymer materials (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber and etc. and products made from them), pharmaceutical industry, rubber industry, production of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, synthetic dyes, varnishes, household chemicals and other chemicals. The specifics of the industry include a wide variety of raw materials used, equipment and technology used. The raw material base is all types of combustible minerals (gas, oil, shale), mineral raw materials (potassium, table and other salts, phosphorites, apatites, sulfur), air (nitrogen, oxygen), as well as many types of waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry itself. Industry production (especially pharmaceuticals and plastics) is growing at a fast pace. International trade is carried out mainly. between industrialized countries. In terms of exports of chemical products, Germany (1st place in the world), the USA, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Japan stand out. All large companies in the chemical industry are the largest transnational corporations in the world (Bayer, BASF, Hoechst - Germany; Dow Chemical, DuPont - USA; IKI - Great Britain, etc.).

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "CHEMICAL INDUSTRY" is in other dictionaries:

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Chemical industry

The chemical industry is a branch of heavy industry. It determines the development of scientific and technological progress, expands the raw material base of industry and construction, is a necessary condition for the intensification of agriculture (production of mineral fertilizers), and satisfies the population’s demand for consumer products.

The structure of the chemical industry is constantly becoming more complex and improved. For recent years microbiology and the pharmaceutical industry became independent branches. A new sub-industry has emerged - household chemicals.

The chemical industry consists of the following branches:

– mining and chemical (extraction of mineral raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, sulfur);

– basic chemistry (production of acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers);

– chemistry of organic synthesis (production of hydrocarbon raw materials and semi-finished products for the production of polymer materials);

– polymer chemistry (production of resins, plastics, synthetic rubber and chemical fibers);

– processing of polymer materials (production of tires, rubber, polyethylene film);

– production of synthetic dyes.

The chemical industry consumes many types of raw materials:

– mineral raw materials (sulfur, phosphorites, salts) and mineral fuels (oil, gas, coal);

– plant raw materials (timber industry waste);

– water and air;

– industrial waste from metallurgy and oil refining enterprises (coke oven and sulfur dioxide gases);

– agricultural waste.

Chemical industry is a branch of industry that includes the production of products from hydrocarbon, mineral and other raw materials through their chemical processing.

Table 7.1.

Sub-sectors of the chemical industry

Sub-sector	Examples
Inorganic chemistry	Ammonia production, soda production, sulfuric acid production
Organic chemistry	Acrylonitrile, phenol, ethylene oxide, urea
Ceramics	Silicate production
Petrochemistry	Benzene, ethylene, styrene
Agrochemistry	Fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides
Polymers	Polyethylene, bakelite, polyester
Elastomers	Rubber, neoprene, polyurethanes
Explosives	Nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose
Pharmaceutical chemistry	Medicines: syntomycin, taurine, ranitidine
Perfumes and cosmetics	Coumarin, vanillin, camphor

The main ways (in order of decreasing importance) to increase the economic efficiency of production in the chemical industry are to reduce:

– resource intensity (due to increasing the yield of the target product from raw materials, processing production waste/ballast into related products);

– specific depreciation charges (due to the introduction of production units with increased unit capacity);

– energy intensity (due to the introduction of energy-saving technologies, energy technology schemes using secondary energy resources);

– personnel costs (through complex automation and complete mechanization of production).

Table 7.2.

The largest chemical companies in Russia

Modern chemical technologies have a number of advantages over mechanical processing of substances. This makes it possible:

– transform an unlimited range of raw materials into valuable industrial products;

– to bring into circulation new types of raw materials as technological progress progresses (natural gases for the production of ammonia; associated petroleum gases for the production of synthetic rubber);

– replace expensive raw materials ( food products) cheap (wood or mineral);

– comprehensive use of raw materials (from oil to obtain fuel oil, motor fuel);

– utilize industrial waste (sulfur dioxide gases – production of sulfuric acid, coke oven gases – production of ammonia);

– produce the same products from different types of raw materials (synthetic rubber from wood, coal and gas) and, conversely, obtain different chemical products from the same raw materials (coal is used to produce ammonia, synthetic fibers).

Inter-industry and intra-industry combinations are widely developed in the chemical industry.

Polymer chemistry (resins, plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers) is the main branch of petrochemistry, which is developing rapidly.

Production of plastics - from synthetic resins, from coal, associated petroleum gases, hydrocarbons from oil refining, partly from wood raw materials.

The initial stages of the technological process are confined to the sources of raw materials. Further processing of resins with subsequent production of plastics is consumer-oriented.

This industry arose in the early 20s in the Central region: Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Novomoskovsk ( Tula region) and gradually spread to other areas provided with raw materials: St. Petersburg, Dzerzhinsk, Kazan, Kemerovo, Novokuybyshevsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Salavat, Tyumen, Ekaterinburg, Ufa.

Production of chemical fibers. Chemical fibers are either artificial or synthetic.

Artificial (from natural polymers, such as cellulose). Acetate and viscose are produced from them: Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Krasnoyarsk

Synthetic (from synthetic resins, during the processing of oil, gas, coal). They are used to produce nylon, nitron, and lavsan. Centers: Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky

The main amount of chemical fibers is produced in the European part of the country, differing in material, energy, water, and labor intensity of production. The production of chemical fibers is consumer-oriented, i.e., the textile industry or located in close proximity to it.

Joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers: Klin, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul

Production of synthetic rubber. It first appeared in the world in the 30s in the USSR (synthesized by Academician Lebedev). The main amount of synthetic rubber is used for the production of tires (65% - 70%) and rubber products (about 25%). The first enterprises arose in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Kazan, Efremov

They were associated with regions and centers of the rubber industry and mechanical engineering. We used food raw materials (potatoes).

The transition to mineral raw materials has dramatically changed the geography of production. Now synthetic rubber is focused on synthetic alcohols obtained from hydrocarbons and oil refining of associated gases, located in the Urals, Volga region and Western Siberia: Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Samara, Saratov, Sterlitamak, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Perm, Ufa, Orsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk .

There are complexes of interdependent production:

– oil refining – synthetic rubber – tire production: Omsk, Yaroslavl;

– hydrolysis of wood – ethyl alcohol – synthetic rubber – tire production: Krasnoyarsk;

Basic chemistry – (production of nitrogen, potassium fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda). Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of potassium salts.

In Russia, the ammonia method for producing nitrogen fertilizers (from ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate) has been adopted. The basis for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is ammonia, previously synthesized from nitrogen, air and hydrogen. Nitrate and carbamide are produced from ammonia. This method is based on the use of coke, coke oven gas, and water. Now almost all ammonia is produced from natural gas (cheap raw materials), so enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are located in areas where gas resources are distributed (North Caucasus) and along the routes of main gas pipelines (Center, Volga region, North-West).

Enterprises operating on coke are located either in coal basins (Beryazniki, Gubakha, Kizel, Kemerovo, Angarsk) or at a distance from them (Derzhinsk, Moscow), since coke can be transported over considerable distances.

If coke oven gas serves as the raw material, then nitrogen production gravitates towards coal coking centers or is combined with ferrous metallurgy, where hydrogen is produced as a waste of coke oven gases (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk). Centers: Novomoskovsk, Shchekino, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region, based on the use of oil refining waste Salavat), Togliatti, Kemerovo, Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory)

The phosphate fertilizer industry focuses mainly on the consumer and sulfuric acid, and to a lesser extent on sources of raw materials. The main reserves of phosphate raw materials are in the European part (on the Kola Peninsula - in the Khibiny Mountains - apatite nepheline ores, ores from which phosphate fertilizers are obtained in the chemical industry). Almost all phosphate fertilizers in Russia are produced from apatite concentrate. Phosphorites are of local importance in the European part of the country. The Voskresensky chemical plant operates at the Egorovskoye field. Industrial reserves of phosphorites are available in the Bryansk region - Poltenskoye; in the Kirov region - Verkhnekamskoe; in the Kursk region - Shelrovskoye - but this raw material is suitable only for the production of phosphate rock. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid, which is produced from imported or local raw materials. Often the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the production of phosphate fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by some centers of ferrous metallurgy (Cherepovets) and non-ferrous metallurgy (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Vladikavkaz), where the raw material for sulfuric acid is industrial waste, for example, sulfur dioxide. Centers: St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Perm.

The sulfuric acid industry uses sulfur pyrite (pyrite) - the Urals, native sulfur - Alekseevskoe deposit (Samara region). Certain sources of sulfur are becoming important gas condensate fields.

Since the main consumer of acid is the phosphate fertilizer industry, the centers of production of sulfuric acid and phosphate fertilizers coincide with each other.

Soda industry. Soda is the technical name for sodium carbonates. Hydrocarbonate – baking soda. Normal carbonate is calcined sulfur. Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide. The main raw materials are table salt and lime. For 1 ton of finished product, 1.5 tons of limestone, 5 m 3 of salt brine and a large amount of fuel are required. There are reserves of natural soda in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovskoye deposit.

Caustic soda is used in soap, glass, pulp and paper, textile industry. In medicine and the food industry - baking soda. Centers: Berezniki, Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan), Mikhailovskoye ( Altai region), Usolesibirskoe (Irkutsk region).

The microbiological industry is new industry, which acquired independent significance in the 60s under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Currently, its role in the country's industrial production has increased significantly due to the need to intensify agriculture.

Structurally, there are two main groups of industries that differ from each other in the raw materials used:

– production of feed protein substances (feed yeast) from hydrocarbon raw materials;

– production of feed yeast from raw materials of plant origin (hydrolysis of wood and plant waste from agriculture)

Microbiology includes: enterprises of the hydrolysis industry and the chemistry of organic synthesis. They are united into one whole by the purpose of the manufactured product and the nature of the technological process.

Enterprises using hydrogen raw materials focus on oil refining centers, which is due to the high material intensity of production. To obtain 1 ton of protein, 2.5 tons of hydrocarbons are needed. Enterprises focusing on hydrocarbon raw materials are located, respectively, in the Volga region and the Volga-Vyatka region (Nizhny Novgorod).

Enterprises focusing on raw materials of plant origin obtain feed yeast by interacting with enterprises of the hydrolysis industry, which processes sawmill waste, food waste and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs, sunflower husks, rice and cotton hulls. Hydrolysis production is focused on raw material bases, located together with sawmilling (Krasnoyarsk, Kamsk, Zima (Irkutsk region), Arkhangelsk, Volgograd) or combined with pulp and paper production (Arkhangelsk, Solikamsk and Krasnokamsk - Perm region).

Chemical industry, its sectoral composition and importance in the national economy of the country. (Factors for the location of the chemical industry. The role of combining production processes.)

1. Definition of the industry, its importance and production volumes.

Chemical industry- a complex industry that, along with mechanical engineering, determines the level of scientific and technical progress, providing all sectors of the national economy with chemical technologies and materials, including new, progressive ones, and producing consumer goods.

The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of heavy industry, is the scientific, technical and material basis for the chemicalization of the national economy and plays an extremely important role in the development of productive forces, strengthening the defense capability of the state and in ensuring the vital needs of society. It unites a whole complex of industries in which chemical methods of processing objects of embodied labor (raw materials, materials) predominate, allows solving technical, technological and economic problems, creating new materials with predetermined properties, replacing metal in construction, mechanical engineering, increasing productivity and saving costs of social labor. The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.

The importance of the chemical industry is expressed in the progressive chemicalization of the entire national economic complex: the production of valuable industrial products is expanding; Expensive and scarce raw materials are replaced with cheaper and more abundant ones; produced complex use raw materials; Many industrial wastes, including environmentally harmful ones, are captured and disposed of. Based on the integrated use of various raw materials and recycling of industrial waste, the chemical industry forms complex system connections with many industries and is combined with the processing of oil, gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the forestry industry. Entire industrial complexes are formed from such combinations.

At the core production process The chemical industry most often involves transforming the molecular structure of a substance. The products of this sector of the national economy can be divided into items for industrial purposes and items for long-term or short-term personal use.

Consumers of chemical industry products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for controlling plant pests, in feed additives (livestock farming); transport – in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industries are becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft manufacturing, jet technology, radar, space technology, and rocketry are unthinkable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthetic fuel (see Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

Key performance indicators of the Russian chemical and petrochemical industry

Number of enterprises

Product volume, billion rubles.

Number of industrial production personnel, thousand people.

including workers, thousand people

Profit, billion rubles

Profitability level, %

Increase in costs by 1 rub. products,% compared to the previous year

Table 2

Production of the most important types of chemical products in Russian Federation

Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, million tons

Soda ash, million tons

Caustic soda, million tons

Mineral fertilizers in terms of 100% nutrients, million tons

Including

phosphate, million tons

nitrogen, million tons

potash, million tons

Chemical plant protection products (in 100% terms), thousand tons

Thousand tons

Fiberglass and products made from them, thousand tons

Synthetic detergents, thousand tons

Laundry soap, thousand tons

Toilet soap, thousand tons

Feed microbiological protein, thousand tons of commercial product

Chemical fibers, million tons

In 1990 – 1991 The volume of chemical production in the Russian Federation was about 70% of its production in the former USSR. The share of Russian chemical products in the industrial volume in 1995 did not exceed 9%. The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia that began after the collapse of the USSR continues to this day. The need of the country's national economy for chemical products is not satisfied due to the lag and reduction in capital construction, incomplete use of existing production capacities, delays in the import and development of new production facilities, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incompleteness of equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, lack of personnel with the required qualifications, as well as due to disruption of technology and increased frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons. The issue has arisen of the urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country.

The stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.

In recent years, new joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry holding type, have become widespread. Inter-industry holdings are associated with the integrated production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in one or another product of the holding and capable of investing large amounts of money in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises associated with consistent technology for processing different types of raw materials and intermediate products within the chemical complex itself. It is expected to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution to environmental protection issues.

2. Industry composition of the chemical industry.

The chemical industry unites many specialized industries, heterogeneous in raw materials and purpose of products, but similar in production technology.

The modern chemical industry in Russia includes the following industries and sub-sectors.

Chemical industry sectors:

1. mining chemical(extraction and enrichment of chemical mineral raw materials - phosphorites, apatites, potassium and table salts, sulfur pyrites);

2. basic (inorganic) chemistry(production of inorganic acids, mineral salts, alkalis, fertilizers, chemical feed products, chlorine, ammonia, soda ash and caustic soda);

3. organic chemistry:

Production of synthetic dyes (production of organic dyes, intermediates, synthetic tanning agents);

Production of synthetic resins and plastics;

Production of artificial and synthetic fibers and threads;

4. production of chemical reagents, highly pure substances and catalysts;

Photochemical (production of photographic film, magnetic tapes and other photographic materials);

5. paint and varnish(production of whitewash, paints, varnishes, enamels, nitro enamels, etc.);

6. chemical-pharmaceutical(production of medicinal substances and drugs);

Production of chemical plant protection products;

7. production of household chemical goods;

Production of plastic products, fiberglass materials, fiberglass and products made from them.

8. microbiological industry.

Petrochemical industries:

Production of synthetic rubber;

Production of basic organic synthesis products, including petroleum products and carbon black;

Rubber-asbestos (production of rubber and asbestos products).

In addition, on the basis of waste gases and by-products, a certain part of chemical products is produced in the coke industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, wood processing (timber chemistry) and other industries. On a technological basis, the chemical industry includes the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as the microbiological industry (protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.).

Chemicalization of the national economy– one of the decisive levers for increasing production efficiency and quality of work in all spheres of human activity.

The most important advantage of using chemical processes and materials is the ability to create materials with predetermined properties that have the necessary lightness and strength, anti-corrosion and dielectric properties, and the ability to work in extreme conditions.

The use of artificial and synthetic materials provides a significant, often decisive, increase in labor productivity, a reduction in the cost of products, an improvement in their quality, facilitates conditions and improves production standards, and frees up labor and material resources.

Polymer materials have caused a genuine revolution in almost all sectors of the economy. The use of plastics, rubber, paints and varnishes and chemical fibers lightens the weight of aircraft, ships, cars, increases their speed, saves a significant amount of expensive and scarce materials, extends the life of machines and equipment, and increases their productivity.

Plastics and synthetic resins, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers and products made from them, paints and varnishes are especially widely used in mechanical engineering.

In agriculture, the main part of the increase in yield is achieved through the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products.

In some cases, especially for new branches of technology, chemical products turn out to be indispensable (in microelectronics, instrument making, nuclear and rocket technology).

The introduction of chemical products into production leads to a huge economic effect in the form of saving scarce and expensive natural materials.

3. Industry location and structure.

The location of chemical industry sectors is influenced by factors, among which the most important are raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, and infrastructure. The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. The costs of raw materials due to the high value of raw materials or their significant specific costs range from 40 to 90% based on the production of 1 ton of annual products. Typical industry use huge number names of raw materials of mineral, plant, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role.

It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, to produce many types of chemicals and chemical materials. Intra-industry and inter-industry combination and cooperation of production has become widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants emerged, in conjunction with gas and oil refining.

A simplified scheme for the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry.

distillate

Catalytic reforming

enlarged combined installation)
chemical fiber

Ethylene Propylene BDF

Finished products polymer chemistry

Nylon-chemical fiber Lavsan-chemical fiber Nitron-chemical fiber

Chemical production is divided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium-labor-intensive, low-labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive. It is advisable to create labor-intensive industries in areas with abundant labor resources, and non-labor-intensive ones in areas with a shortage of labor resources.

The location of the industry can be represented as a list of economic regions specializing in the chemical industry. The coefficients of specialization of the chemical industry are high in the regions of the European part of the country: Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North-West. They are also significant in the Central, Ural, North Caucasus and West Siberian regions.

From this we can conclude: the chemical industry is developed as a branch of specialization in all regions, except for the outlying, remote ones, which do not have a sufficiently powerful socio-economic factor - there is no large population, qualified labor resources and consumers (Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern). The exception here is the West Siberian region, whose specialization in the chemistry of organic synthesis is due to large volumes of hydrocarbon production in the main oil and gas province of the country and the construction of new processing plants here. The largest hubs of the chemical industry in Russia are the following cities: Nizhnekamsk, Tolyatti, Moscow, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Dzerzhinsk, St. Petersburg.

The following groups of chemical production are distinguished:

1) raw material orientation: mining and chemical industries that utilize non-transportable raw materials (coconut gas, sulfur dioxide) or are characterized by a high raw material index (production of soda ash);

2) fuel, energy and raw materials orientation: highly energy-intensive industries (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);

3) consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for delivering products to the consumer or production of difficult-to-transport products (sulfuric acid).

The chemical industry consists of two main parts: organic chemistry synthesis and polymers(or organic chemistry) and basic(inorganic) chemistry, including the mining and chemical industry. In addition, there is a group of other industries, which includes paint and varnish, aniline dye, photochemical, etc.

I.Chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers.

This is a relatively new industry, using mainly oil, associated and natural gas, and coal as raw materials. Petroleum and gas chemistry are based on oil and gas processing (fuel industry), using non-primary sources of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, natural and associated gas), and their processed products: gasoline, propane, butane and other raw materials for the production of polymer chemistry. The polymer materials industry includes, first of all, the production of monomer materials and polymer intermediates (ethylene-polyethylene; propylene-polypropylene, etc.).

Thus, fuel industry enterprises in the central regions of the country, using imported oil and gas, throw away raw materials for the chemical industry, which are already their own raw materials. These enterprises are located, as a rule, in the central regions of the European part of the country, at the end points of oil and gas pipelines or along their routes, as well as in fuel production areas.

Since the possibilities for combining production in the petrochemical industry are extremely wide - from powerful full-cycle plants to individual production of raw materials or the final stage - the following individual productions can be distinguished in this multi-stage process.

Plastics and synthetic resins industry originated initially in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, and Ural regions using imported raw materials. This industry is distinguished by the largest scale of production among all industries of polymeric materials, due to the widespread use of plastics as a modern structural material, replacing valuable non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel), glass, wood and others. Many consumer goods are made from plastic.

The production volumes of plastics and synthetic resins in the country are still insufficient: if in Russia 11 kg of them were produced per capita in 1997, then economically developed countries– 10-13 times more (Germany – 143, USA – 125, Japan – 116 kg).

Production is widespread in the industrial regions of the European part of the country: Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuyevo); North-West (St. Petersburg); Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd, Samara); Volgo-Vyatsky district (Dzerzhinsk); Ural (Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat); as well as in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk).

Among the CIS countries for the production of plastics, Ukraine (Lisichansk, Gorlovka) stands out; Belarus (Grodno, Novopolotsk); Georgia (Rustavi). Table No. 3 presents the leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins.

Table 3

Leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins (million tons)

United Kingdom

Republic of Korea

Netherlands

Chemical fiber and thread industry in recent years, it has changed its structure due to the increase in the production of synthetic fibers (nylon, lavsan, nylon), with a decrease in the share of artificial fibers, primarily viscose, made mainly from cellulose, and acetate, the raw material for which is lint - cotton fluff. The raw materials for the production of synthetic chemical products are synthetic resins obtained from the processing of oil, associated petroleum and natural gases and coal.

Synthetic fibers are widely used for the manufacture of a variety of fabrics, knitted and carpet products, parachute silk, fishing nets, cord for tires, leather substitutes and many other types of products.

The production volumes of chemical fibers and threads and, consequently, the level of their use in the domestic textile industry are 5-8 times less than the volumes produced in economically developed countries. If in Russia only about 1 kg of them were produced per capita in 1997, then in economically developed countries - more than 10 (USA - 17, Japan - 14, Germany - 13 kg).

Enterprises gravitate towards areas where the textile industry is concentrated, among which the Central Economic Region (Serpukhov, Klin, Tver, Ryazan, Shuya), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volga Region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels) stands out. Some large enterprises are located in the Central Black Earth region - Kursk (9%), Western Siberia - Barnaul, Eastern Siberia- Krasnoyarsk.

The production of synthetic fibers is available in Ukraine (Kyiv, Cherkassy, ​​Chernigov); in Belarus (Mogilev, Grodno); in Georgia (Rustavi). Table No. 4 presents the leading countries in the production of chemical fibers.

Table 4

Leading countries in the production of chemical fibers (million tons)

United Kingdom

Republic of Korea

United Kingdom

Synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SR) arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central, Volga, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). Rubber is essential in the production of widely used rubber products. The absence in our country of full-fledged rubber plants - sources of natural rubber (the main source used throughout the world was the Brazilian Hevea) led to the invention in the 30s. in the USSR synthetic rubber. Its modern production in recent years has all to a greater extent focuses on hydrocarbon raw materials, which explains the focus on oil refining regions and centers, while simultaneously moving closer to the consumer - tire and rubber production.

Nowadays, to produce 1 ton of synthetic rubber, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed, instead of 9 tons of grain or 22 tons of potatoes. Therefore, the production of synthetic rubber has largely moved from the central regions (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh), where it first arose not yet in alcohol from potatoes, to the Volga region (Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), to the Urals (Perm, Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky) and to Western Siberia (Omsk, Tobolsk).

As a rule, joint production is complex: oil refining - synthetic rubber - soot and cordon production - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl). There are examples with other feedstocks: wood hydrolysis – synthetic rubber – tire production (Krasnoyarsk).

Synthetic rubber production is available in the CIS countries: Azerbaijan (Baku, Sumgait); Kazakhstan (Karaganda).

II.Basic chemistry.

It is mainly based on the mining and chemical industry, producing mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, soda and a large number of other products.

In 1997, Russia produced (in terms of 100% nutrients) 9.5 million tons of mineral fertilizers (per capita – 65 kg). In the USA (1995) – 25 million tons (95 kg). In Canada, for example, 400 kg of mineral fertilizers are produced per capita. Table No. 5 presents the leading countries in the world production of mineral fertilizers.

Table 5

Leading countries in global production of mineral fertilizers (in million tons of nutrient)

The sharp decline in fertilizer production in the country (16 million tons was produced in 1990) is primarily due to a lack of funds among agricultural consumers. A significant part of the fertilizer production capacity is not used or is mostly exported.

I. Mineral fertilizers there are three types: nitrogen– produced by the nitrogen fertilizer industry (fertilizers), potassium, phosphate or phosphorus– phosphate fertilizer industry. They are produced in our country in a ratio of 3:2:1.

Nitrogen fertilizers obtained from the combination of air nitrogen with hydrogen (ammonium nitrate, urea, etc.). The cheapest source of hydrogen in our time is associated, natural, and coconut gases. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer plants gravitate towards gas pipelines (Volga region, Center), as well as to centers of ferrous metallurgy (Ural, Cherepovets).

Potash fertilizers obtained from potassium-sodium salts, dissolving them in water, followed by crystallization from a solution of separately potassium salts (KCL) and sodium salts (NaCL). This production is weight-loss and is entirely focused on the deposits of potassium salts of the Urals (Berezniki, Solikamsk).

Among the CIS countries, Belarus (Soligorsk) and Ukraine (Kalush, Stebnik) stand out for the production of potash fertilizers based on large deposits of potassium salts.

Phosphate fertilizers obtained from apatites (“fertility stone”) and phosphorites. When producing superphosphate, two tons of fertilizer are obtained from a ton of enriched apatite, which determines the attraction of superphosphate plants to agricultural areas.

The main source of raw materials is the Khibiny apatite deposit. Phosphorite reserves are available in the Central Economic Region - Yegoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits. Large enterprises are located in the Central Economic Region (Voskresensk), Central Chernozem Region (Uvarovo), and North-Western Region (St. Petersburg, Volkhov).

From the CIS countries for the production of superphosphate and double superphosphate at large deposit Kazakhstan stands out for phosphorites of the Karatau ridge. The Karatau-Dzhambul TPK was formed here.

II.Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium sulfate), in metallurgy (decomposition of ores, such as uranium), for the purification of petroleum products, the production of artificial fibers, dyes, medicinal and detergents, and explosives. The raw material base includes, first of all, fossil raw materials: sulfur pyrite - pyrite (Ural) and native sulfur (Volga region - Alekseevskoye deposit in the Samara region). In addition, sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur dioxide captured during the smelting of sulfide ores, sour crude oil refining, and desulfurization of natural and coconut gas. The main source of sulfur are individual gas condensate fields - Astrakhan, Orenburg.

The importance of the production of sulfuric acid and the breadth of its use are very eloquently demonstrated by the production volumes. Thus, in 1997, 6.1 million tons of sulfuric acid monohydrate were produced. The production of sulfuric acid is dangerous for transportation and tends to occur in places where mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, and plastics are produced. The main enterprises are located in the Central region - Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky plants; in the Volgo-Vyatka region - Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk; in the Ural region - Bereznikovsky and Perm plants.

III. Soda industry. Soda, which has several types, is used in the chemical, glass, pulp and paper and textile industries, in non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as in everyday life. The soda industry requires a combination of salt, limestone and coal (fuel). Enterprises for the production of caustic and soda ash are oriented in their location mainly to raw material bases - deposits of table salt (NaCl), as well as potassium salt (KCL), since potash plants produce a large amount of table salt in the form of waste. The main enterprises are located in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in Eastern Siberia (Usolye).

Among the CIS countries in the production of soda, Ukraine stands out (Artemovsk and Slavyansk).

4. Economic regions of the country in which the largest chemical industry complexes have developed.

Central region– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid;

Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);

North-West region– production of phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);

Volga region– petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);

North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;

Siberia (Western and Eastern)– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 6 and 7).

Table 6

Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic region by the mid-90s. (in % of total)

Mineral fertilizers

Caustic soda

Soda Ash

Chemical fibers

Synthetic resins and plastics

Synthetic rubber

Tires

Phosphorus

Potash

Russia, total

Western zone

Northern

Northwestern

Central

Volgo-Vyatsky

Central Black Earth

Povolzhsky

North Caucasian

Ural

Eastern zone

West Siberian

East Siberian

Far Eastern

Table 7

Territorial structure of production of chemical and petrochemical industry products by regions of Russia in 1995 (as a percentage of the total)

Russia, total

Northern

Northwestern

Central

Central Black Earth

Volgo-Vyatsky

Povolzhsky

North Caucasian

Ural

Total: Western zone of Russia

West Siberian

East Siberian

Far Eastern

Total: Eastern zone of Russia

From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four enlarged chemical and chemical forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.

Northern European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatites, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. On apatite raw materials Kola Peninsula The main chemistry is based - the production of phosphate fertilizers in the country. Organic chemistry in the future will be developed through the processing of local oil and gas resources in the Northern Economic Region.

Central base formed due to consumer demand for products of the processing industry, which operates mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. Based on local and imported raw materials, production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.

Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potassium, table salts of the Urals and Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products from the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemicals – 50%, forest industrial products – about 20%. The limiting factor for the further development of this base is environmental.

Siberian base has the most promising opportunities thanks to unique and diverse raw material resources: oil, gas of Western Siberia, coal of Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. Thanks to a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors, the petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal chemical (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) industries received accelerated development.

5. Structure of the chemical industry of Kuzbass and its production and technical potential.

The chemical complex of the Kemerovo region is one of the largest in Siberia, complex in structure, including the industry of organic synthesis, chemical fibers, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, plastics, etc.

The origin of the chemical industry in Kuzbass is associated with the start of construction in 1915. coke plant in Kemerovo. This marked the beginning of the development of coal chemistry based on the use of coke oven gas obtained during the sintering of coal in coke oven batteries.

Today, the chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, of which 8 are located in Kemerovo.

The bulk of chemical products are produced at such large enterprises as OJSC "Azot", AK "Khimvolokno", PA "Spectrum", AF "Tokem", PA "Progress" and PA "Organika" (Novokuznetsk), JSC "Purin" (Anzhero-Sudzhensk). Repair and construction base - AP "Sibkhimremont", research centers - design institute GIAP, engineering and scientific center AF "Tokem", research institute PO "Organika", departments, problem laboratories, faculties of universities in the region. The level of monopolization in the chemical industry in the mid-90s was 82-83%.

The industry produces about 300 types of chemical products. The share of Kuzbass chemistry in the production of chemical products in the Russian Federation: synthetic ammonia - 9%, synthetic resins and plastics - 7%, synthetic dyes - 5%, caprollactam - 100%, chemical fibers - 8.5%, in member countries CIS: share of caprolactam - 25%, press powders - 45%, chemicals for rubber - 50%, anthraquinone coatings - 100%.

Table 8

Structure of gross output of the chemical industry of Kuzbass (gross output – 100%)

Types of products

Share of industry gross output, %

Basic chemistry (mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, etc.)

Manufacturer of chemical fibers

Synthetic resins and products

Paints and varnishes and synthetic dyes

Chemical and pharmaceutical production

Organic synthesis products and rubber products

Other types

The share of morally and physically obsolete PPOF in the industry by the mid-90s was about 50%, which negatively affected the development of the industry during the period of its structural restructuring. Replenishment of PPOF, their renewal is hampered by the reduction in production in the Russian Federation, disruption of ties with the CIS countries, and high prices for equipment on the foreign market. Only certain enterprises (AF "Tokem", JSC "Azot", PA "Spectrum") could purchase part of the equipment on the foreign market.

In the mid-90s, enterprises in the industry retained high intellectual potential, partly due to the old composition of personnel, partly due to a reduction in the number of teaching staff (by 20-40%) in the course of adapting to new development conditions. The share of the PPP industry in the industry decreased to 6.2%.

In the first half of the 90s, the volume of production in the chemical industry decreased, specific gravity unprofitable enterprises in 1995 was above 88%. The share of industry products in the total volume of industrial production was -7.5%, the chemical and pharmaceutical industry - 0.7%. Production volumes were maintained and even slightly increased only in the sectors of export products - caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion-exchange resins.

The process of development of the industry was complicated by the accelerated pace of privatization. By 1994, 29.4% of enterprises were federally owned, 5.9% were part of public organizations (associations), 29.4% were privately owned, and mixed Russian ownership was 35.3%. The volume of production was distributed accordingly among these groups - 7.3%; 0.1%; 11.3%; 81.3%.

At the enterprise level, the process of restructuring production was difficult. At Azot OJSC, due to the lack of domestic raw materials and high production costs, the production of aniline-based caprolactam and the tire vulcanization shop were closed. The conversion of the Progress software was difficult, during 1988-1991. The range of commercial products was replaced, the production of defense products was completely withdrawn in 1994. At the same time, the range of consumer goods was sharply expanded, and the production of safe explosives for the fuel and energy complex and bricks from waste from the Antonovsky mine management was mastered.

The process of technical re-equipment and reconstruction does not stop at AK Khimvolokno, AF Tokem, PA Progress, especially in export-supplying production - caprolactam, ion-exchange resins, cord fabric, mineral fertilizers, etc. This makes it possible to calculate for high product quality and competitiveness.

In the composition of the commodity structure of exports of the region's products, the share of the chemical industry increased from 7.6% in 1993 to 9.6% in 1995.

Exports of chemical products mainly included products of large-scale production - organic chemical fertilizers, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda and small-scale production medicines. The Kemerovo region provides itself with mineral fertilizers by 92.4%, chemical fibers by 23.4%, and synthetic resins by 51.5%.

Chemical products are exported from Kuzbass to the regions of Siberia: mineral fertilizers account for 55.8% of their production, chemical fibers and threads – 16.1%, synthetic resins and plastics – 36.1%, caustic soda – 22.7% . Accordingly, these indicators for the Russian Federation are 69.6; 92.2; 74.1; 61.8. Polyamide cord fabric is supplied to Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul; polyamide textile threads - to Novosibirsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Cheremkhovo.

The chemical industry of Kuzbass supplies its products, including to the USA, Great Britain, and China.

Table 9

Export of chemical products from Kuzbass to foreign and neighboring countries in 1995 (% of total production)

Types of chemical products

CIS countries

Far abroad countries

Nitrogen fertilizers

Chemical fibers and threads

Synthetic resins and plastics

Caustic soda

Scientists in the field believe that in the process of structural restructuring of the chemical complex, basic production should be gradually reduced - especially large-scale chemicals producing raw materials and semi-finished products, and the final stages of production should be created, focused on the production of materials and their processing - the production of plastic and rubber products for the construction and machine-building complexes ; materials for the production of packaging for food and non-food products, consumer goods, etc.

The prospects for the territorial location of chemical production in the region should be determined not so much by the availability of raw materials, energy, water, etc. resources, but also by such indicators as the intensity of settlement and industrial saturation of the area. Based on this, the creation and development of new chemical production facilities is impractical in such areas of the region as the old large industrial hubs - Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk; in areas where new coal deposits are being developed - Erunakovsky, Leninsky, Karakansky, etc.; in the southern regions of the region, where recreational zones are being formed.

A springboard for the development and location of new chemical production can be:

The northeast of the region, where the western wing of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin enters;

Angers industrial hub, where for the labor resources released as a result of the closure of the coal industry, the existing chemical and pharmaceutical production capacities can be expanded and new ones created for the processing of structural materials.

6. Brief description main chemical production facilities in Kuzbass (acids, fertilizers, fibers, caprolactam)

OJSC "Azot" is the largest chemical enterprise in the region. It accounts for about half of the fixed assets, workers, and products of the region's industry. This enterprise has modern, highly profitable production facilities and continuously improves technology in order to increase production efficiency and reduce environmental damage. Produces: ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion exchange resins, catalysts and chemicals for rubber and caoutchoucs, tires for passenger cars.

Kemerovo AK Khimvolokno is one of the large enterprises in the Russian Federation for the production of polyamide cord, technical and textile threads, fibers and granules (nylon-6). The raw material used is caprolactam, supplied by Azot OJSC. The main product is polyamide cord fabric, the output of which accounts for up to 60% of the total production volume. Tires made from Kuzbass cord are mostly produced at tire factories in Siberia.

Polyamide textile threads are widely used for the production of hosiery, knitwear and various fabrics.

AK Khimvolokno is the largest supplier of primary and secondary polyamide of various grades in both the domestic and foreign markets.

The company has developed a program for technical development, improvement of production and development of new types of products. It is planned to produce high-strength grades of polyamide cord fabric, as well as to organize on free space the production of anode cord, which has a number of specific properties that allow it to be used for the production of tires: aviation, extra-large and special-purpose. Work is underway to expand the range and improve the quality of textile polyamide threads through the production of modified, antistatic, thinner threads of various colors. To meet the needs of Siberian enterprises for glass-filled polyamide, an organization for the production of composite materials based on polyamide using fillers of fine and fibrous structure is being developed.

AF "Tokem" is the largest manufacturer of polymer materials in Russia. Main types of products: solid and liquid phenolic resins, injection-molded and pressed phenolic boards, including low-phenolic, ion-exchange resins, formaldehyde, textolite and decorative laminated plastic, household and technical plastic products.

JSC "Spectrum" is an enterprise with modern technologies and competitive products - produces anthraquine dyes for wool, plant and artificial fibers.

PA "Progress" is an enterprise of the Russian military-industrial complex, which for 55 years has been producing pyroxylin gunpowder and ammunition. The conversion process began in 1988. At the first stage of conversion, there was an increase in the output of already mastered consumer goods products. Since 1993, the production of microcellulose, stabilized ester, decorative films based on PVC and linoleum (half-film), water-dispersed paints, matting nitro varnish, and adhesives for household and general technical purposes began. The production of emulsion explosives, including those used in underground mining, is developing. One of the areas of conversion in the fuel and energy complex was developments aimed at increasing safety and productivity in underground coal mining - the production of materials for mine ventilation pipes was prepared.

The production of soluble emulsion oil used in hydraulic support during underground mining in coal enterprises, as well as superfine basalt fiber, was launched.

Table 10

Products manufactured by enterprises

Company name

Manufactured products

JSC "Azot"

Ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion exchange resins, catalysts and rubber chemicals

JSC "Khimvolokno"

Polyamide cord fabrics, technical and textile threads, fibers, granulates

AF "Tokem"

Polymer materials, solid and liquid phenolic resins, cast and pressed phenolic boards

JSC "Spectrum"

Anthraquine dyes

Progress software

Microcellulose, stabilized ester, decorative linoleum films, water-dispersion paints, explosives

7. Problems of development of the chemical industry of Kuzbass.

In Soviet times, the chemical complex of the Kemerovo region had a strong position. In the structure of industrial production in Kuzbass until 1989, the chemical complex accounted for approximately 17.8%, the number of employees exceeded 60 thousand people. Of the industries, chemistry was third - after the coal industry and metallurgy.

Today, the chemical industry is experiencing a complex of problems associated with changes in the entire economic structure of Russia and Kuzbass in particular. The main problems are non-payments, lack of investment, non-payment of wages, the need to modernize many industries, the destruction of inter-industry ties, and environmental problems.

The chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized enterprises with a workforce of only 23.1 thousand people. This is only about 4.9% of the fixed assets of the region's industry. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of chemical enterprises in the region is 37.7%; in Kemerovo – 63.3%.

The period 90-94 was characterized by a sharp drop in production volumes and a reduction in the number of workers. Especially at the Progress, Kommunar, and Spectrum factories. The process of curtailing production was smoothed out by the fact that enterprises capable of producing products for export began to actively engage in independent supplies of them abroad. This was facilitated by a favorable situation on the global mineral fertilizer market. In 1993-1994 the price of urea, the main product exported by Azot JSC, reached $200 per ton, and the plant produced over 50 thousand tons of it. Crystalline caprolactam also sold well. Its price per ton on the world market is close to $1,800.

Since 1995, prices for mineral fertilizers on the world market began to fall catastrophically.

This is due to several reasons - crises of overproduction in the countries of Southeast Asia and a number of crises in countries consuming mineral fertilizers; inconsistency of pricing policy, dumping of countries producing mineral fertilizers. The internal reason is high tariffs for rail transportation ($40 per ton when the cost of a ton of products does not exceed $30).

The 1997 crisis had an even more negative impact on chemical industry enterprises. After all, the most important features of the chemistry of Kuzbass are the wide production and technical connections of chemical industries. The paralysis of the banking system and, as a consequence, the failure to make current payments aggravated the difficult situation of the chemical enterprises of Kuzbass. The financial crisis has also exacerbated the problem working capital enterprises. Fines, penalties, and penalties for payments to budgetary and non-budgetary funds began to grow like a snowball. At the end of 1997, Mezhregiongaz JSC stopped supplying gas to Azot. The block of shares was “diluted” among 20 thousand individuals and dozens of private shareholders. In 1998, subsidiaries of JSC Gazprom acquired about 58% of all shares of JSC Azot on the secondary market. In 1998, external management was introduced at the enterprise, and then an agreement was concluded between the regional administration and Gazprom on cooperation in the development of the chemical industry of the region and, above all, JSC Azot as the base enterprise of the chemical industry of Kuzbass. Azot and Gazprom's subsidiary, JSC Gas-Petrochemical Company, entered into a tolling agreement. The company was faced with the task of supplying a wide range of raw materials for the production of Azot and targeting sales to various consumers (from domestic agricultural producers to foreign importing companies).

The increase in production volumes in January-March 1999 led to a sharp increase in accounts payable to all major suppliers of raw materials, electricity, and contractors. As of March 1, 1999, accounts payable approached 500 million rubles.

A difficult situation has also developed at other chemical enterprises: Khimprom, Khimvolokna, Kommunar.

As a result of the corporatization of enterprises, technological chains were disrupted and the private interests of individual producers were allowed to predominate over the general ones.

On the initiative of the governor, in November 1998, an association of chemical enterprises of Kuzbass was created - “Chemistry of Kuzbass”, uniting all chemical enterprises in the region. And on February 15, 1999, by decree of the regional administration, the Siberian Chemical Company was proclaimed. The founders of the company were the regional administration (52% of shares) and Gazprom’s subsidiary Gazsibkontrakt, the main gas supplier to Azot (48% of shares).

The company's objectives: development and implementation of measures to overcome the crisis; coordination of the work of enterprises connected by the unity of the production process with a complete technological cycle and having common interests in the production and sale of products; enterprise integration; increasing production efficiency and product competitiveness; consolidation of financial and production resources.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian Chemical Company, as well as for the entire chemical complex of the region, is JSC Azot. Today, Azot supplies almost 100% of caprolactam to Khimvolokno JSC; sulfenamide and diafen – 18 enterprises in Russia and 6 in the CIS and foreign countries; cyclohexane and dimethylformamide - “Khimprom”; technical water – Novokemero CHPP.

The effect of cooperation with the Siberian Chemical Company for a number of enterprises of the chemical complex today is:

by JSC "Azot":

Replenishment of working capital;

Stable supply of gas and energy to production;

Supply of raw materials at optimal prices;

Growth in production volumes;

according to JSC"Khimvolokno":

Increase in production volumes by 1.5 times;

Significant reduction in wage arrears;

ByJSC "Khimprom":

Increase in production volumes by more than 2 times;

Reducing wage debt by 3-4 times.

There are certain difficulties when building relationships and connections with other enterprises of the Kuzbass chemical complex. Thus, Khimvolokno cannot develop and pursue an independent policy without a stable supply of caprolactam from Azot JSC. But direct supplies of liquid caprolactam to Khimvolokno and Azot are not profitable, based on the characteristics of the caprolactam market, both global and Russian, and the existing price environment. The price of liquid caprolactam supplied to Khimvolokno today is 25.2 thousand rubles. with VAT, and the price of caprolactam supplied for export is 41% higher. Under these conditions, Azot’s interest in supplying raw materials to the Kemerovo Khimvolokna plant lies in the additional processing of caprolactam and making a profit by reducing prices for the Khimvolokna product received in return - cord. The sale of cheaper cord will allow Azot to compensate for losses associated with lowering the price of caprolactam.

For chemical enterprises in the region, the creation of the Siberian Chemical Company makes it possible to attract partners, establish contacts, and conclude product supply agreements. This is also an opportunity to eliminate intermediaries.

Investments - how to own funds, and from the company’s funds - have already allowed:

Carry out major overhauls of the sulfuric acid workshop and ammonia production;

Start technical re-equipment of chemical production;

Resume the frozen construction of the 3rd ammonia production facility.

Some enterprises, such as JSC Spektr in Kemerovo, have still not decided whether they will remain on the industrial map of the region or go into oblivion.

Recently, the lion's share of chemical enterprises in Kuzbass has fallen under the ax of bankruptcy. Thus, for 5 months of 1999, power engineers issued 245.6 million rubles in payments to chemists and petrochemists. Consumers paid a little more than a fifth in cash - 50 million rubles. And the total amount of settlements even exceeded current payments by seven million rubles and amounted to 252.6 million. As of June 1, 1999 chemists owe a lot to power engineers - about 118 million rubles (not counting hundreds of millions of rubles of frozen debt under decisions arbitration court when industry enterprises are declared bankrupt).

There have been positive changes in payments to energy workers and the main debtor Azot after the change of external manager. The situation with payments is worse at Khimvolokn: out of a five-month consumption of eight million rubles, six million were paid, less than one and a half million in cash. The company already has current debts of almost 4.5 million rubles. The calculations of the energy chemical company through which it builds relations with OJSC Khimprom cannot be called satisfactory). She gave only 700 thousand rubles from current payments this year in money, 21.8 million in products and offsets, but 4.8 million are still in the balance.

8. Conclusion.

The chemical industry, along with metallurgy, thermal energy and pulp and paper production, is included in the group of large-scale emissions of harmful substances that have the greatest impact on the state of the atmosphere, water resources, soil pollutants and groundwater. Particularly dangerous are relatively small in volume, but highly toxic waste from the microbiological industry, the production of pesticides, etc. Emissions, primarily from the chemical industry, pollute many areas of the country. Thus, in the cities of Samara, Novokuybyshevsk, Tolyatti, Chapaevsk (Volga region) the atmosphere is especially oversaturated toxic substances: benzopyrene, hydrogen fluoride, dioxin, ethylenebenzene. A number of particularly hazardous chemical production facilities are located in the city of Dzerzhinsk (Volga-Vyatka region), the atmosphere and territory of which contains cyanides, dioxins, and tetraethyl lead in high concentrations. In the r. Oka, after discharges from Dzerzhinsk factories, the content of methanol, cyanide, and formaldehyde increases sharply. The condition of the river is worsening. Chapaevka, whose water after discharges waste water The Chapaevsky chemical fertilizer plant becomes practically unusable due to high level pesticide pollution. The largest plant "Apatit" (Northern region) causes great damage to the natural environment of the Kola Peninsula.

In order to improve the environment in technological processes The industry needs to use: oxidation and reduction using oxygen and nitrogen, electrochemical methods, membrane technology for separating gas and liquid mixtures, biotechnology, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.

The urgent tasks in the Russian chemical industry are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with the widespread use of new and latest technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, recycling industrial waste, and financing priority areas of development.

List of used literature:

1. Regional economy: Tutorial for universities / T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobednina, G. B. Polyak, etc. Edited by prof. T. G. Morozova - M: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, 1995. - 304 p.

2. V. A. Kopylov: Geography of industry in Russia and the CIS countries: Textbook. – M: Information and Implementation Center “Marketing”, 1999. – 160 p.

3. Daily scientific and technical magazine No. 10: “Chemical Industry” / founders: Russian Federation Committee on the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry, LLC “TEZA”, International Federation of Chemists JSC “Tekhnokhim” / Editorial Board: M. G. Slinko – editor-in-chief, 1999 (published since December 1924), 72 pp.

4. Eremenko V. A., Pecherkin A. S., Sidorov V. I. // Khim. prom., 1992, No. 3, 56 p.

5. Economics of the chemical industry / ed. Klimenko V.L.- L: 1990.- 288 p.

6. Technology of the most important industries / ed. Grinberg A.M., Khokhlova B.A. - M.: Higher School, 1985. – 310 s.

7. Socio-economic situation of the Kemerovo region. 1998. Statistical collection of Kemerovo, 1999.- 231 p.

8. Natural and intellectual resources of Siberia. Sibresurs ’95/ Abstracts of the first scientific-practical conference. Sections " Chemical production"," Coal and coal products. - Kemerovo, 1995. - 148 p.

9. Ilyichev A.I., Vyatkin M.P., Kalishev N.V. Kuzbass: Resources, economics, market. Kuzbass encyclopedia. T.1.- 1995.- 288 p.

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