Models of molecules of various substances. Molecules from plasticine

Today we will conduct a lesson not only in modeling, but also in chemistry, and we will make models of molecules from plasticine. Plasticine balls can be represented as atoms, and ordinary matches or toothpicks will help to show structural connections. This method can be used by teachers when explaining new material in chemistry, and by parents when checking and studying homework and the children themselves, who are interested in the subject. Easier and accessible way create visual material for mental visualization of micro-objects, perhaps, cannot be found.

Here are representatives of the world of organic and non-organic organic chemistry as an example. By analogy with them, other structures can be made, the main thing is to understand all this diversity.

Materials for work:

• plasticine of two or more colors;
• structural formulas of molecules from the textbook (if necessary);
• matches or toothpicks.

1. Prepare plasticine for modeling spherical atoms from which molecules will be formed, as well as matches to represent the bonds between them. Naturally, it is better to show atoms of different types in a different color, so that it is clearer to imagine a specific object of the microworld.

2. To make balls, pinch off the required number of portions of plasticine, knead in your hands and roll into shapes in your palms. For sculpting organic molecules hydrocarbons you can use red balls bigger size– this will be carbon, and the smaller blue ones will be hydrogen.

3. To form a methane molecule, insert four matches into the red ball so that they point towards the vertices of the tetrahedron.

4. Place blue balls on the free ends of the matches. Molecule natural gas ready.

5. Prepare two identical molecules to explain to your child how the molecule of the next hydrocarbon, ethane, can be obtained.

6. Connect the two models by removing one match and two blue balls. Ethan is ready.

7. Next, continue the exciting activity and explain how a multiple bond is formed. Remove the two blue balls and make the bond between the carbons double. In a similar way, you can mold all the hydrocarbon molecules necessary for the lesson.

8. The same method is suitable for sculpting molecules of the inorganic world. The same plasticine balls will help you realize your plans.

9. Take the central carbon atom - the red ball. Insert two matches into it, defining the linear shape of the molecule; attach two blue balls, which in this case represent oxygen atoms, to the free ends of the matches. Thus we have a molecule carbon dioxide linear structure.

10. Water is a polar liquid, and its molecules are angular formations. They consist of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The angular structure is determined by the lone pair of electrons on the central atom. It can also be depicted as two green dots.

These are so exciting creative lessons Definitely a must practice with children. Students of any age will become interested in chemistry and will understand the subject better if they are provided with visual material made by hand.

GBPOU NSO "Kolyvan Agrarian College"

Instructional technological map No. 1

according to OUD. eleven Chemistry

professions 35.01.23 Mistress of the estate, 01/19/04 Baker

Section 1: Organic Chemistry

Topic 1.1: Basic concepts of organic chemistry and theory of structure organic compounds.

Job title : Making models of molecules - representatives of various classes of organic compounds.

Goal of the work:

generalize and systematize students’ knowledge about the theory of the structure of organic compounds;

consolidate the ability to compose structural formulas of hydrocarbons;

The student must achieve the following results:

personal:

− a sense of pride and respect for the history and achievements of domestic chemical science; chemically literate behavior in professional activity and in everyday life when handling chemicals, materials and processes;

− readiness to continue education and advanced training in the chosen professional activity and objective awareness of the role of chemical competencies in this;

− the ability to use the achievements of modern chemical science and chemical technologies to improve one’s own intellectual development in the chosen professional activity;

meta-subject:

− usage various types cognitive activity and basic intellectual operations (statement of the problem, formulation of hypotheses, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization, identification of cause-and-effect relationships, search for analogues, formulation of conclusions) to solve the problem, the use of basic methods of cognition (observation, scientific experiment) to study various aspects of chemical objects and processes that need to be encountered in the professional field;

− the use of various sources to obtain chemical information, the ability to assess its reliability in order to achieve good results in the professional field;

subject :

− the formation of ideas about the place of chemistry in the modern scientific picture of the world;

Understanding the role of chemistry in shaping a person’s horizons and functional literacy for solving practical problems;

− mastery of fundamental chemical concepts, theories, laws and patterns;

Confident use of chemical terminology and symbols;

− mastery of basic techniques scientific knowledge used in chemistry: observation, description, measurement, experiment;

Ability to process, explain the results of experiments and draw conclusions;

− willingness and ability to apply cognitive methods in solving practical problems;

− developed ability to give quantitative estimates and make calculations using chemical formulas and equations;

− knowledge of safety rules when using chemical substances;

− formation of one’s own position in relation to chemical information obtained from various sources.

Form of study : individual

Standard time: 2 hours

Workplace equipment : Set of ball-and-stick models of molecules, table “Saturated hydrocarbons”, periodic table, instructions technological maps, notebooks

Literature:

Means of education: verbal (verbal), visual

Safety precautions: familiarized with safety rules at the workplace and in the office.

Guidelines

Hydrocarbons are organic substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon atom in all organic compounds is tetravalent. Carbon atoms can form straight, branched, and closed chains. The properties of substances depend not only on the qualitative and quantitative composition, but also on the order of connection of atoms with each other. Substances that have the same molecular formula, but different structure are called isomers. Prefixes indicate quantitydi - two,three - three,tetra - four;cyclo - means closed.

Suffixes in the names of hydrocarbons indicate the presence of a multiple bond:

en single bond between carbon atoms(C - C); en double bond between carbon atoms(C = C);
in triple bond between carbon atoms(WITH = WITH);
diene two double bonds between carbon atoms(C = C - C = C);

Radicals:methyl -CH 3 ; ethyl -C 2 N 5 ; chlorine -Cl; bromine -Br.

Example. Make a model of a propane molecule.

Propane moleculeC 3 H 8 contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms. The carbon atoms are connected to each other. Suffix– en indicates the presence of a single bond between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms are located at an angle of 109 28 minutes.

The molecule has the shape of a pyramid. Draw carbon atoms as black circles, hydrogen atoms as white circles, and chlorine atoms as green circles.

When drawing models, observe the ratio of atomic sizes.

Molar mass we find using periodic table

M(S 3 N 8 ) = 12 · 3 + 1 · 8 = 44 g/mol.

To name a hydrocarbon you need to:

Choose the longest chain.

Number starting from the edge to which the radical or multiple bond is closest.

Indicate the radical if several radicals are indicated each. (Number before the name).

Name the radical, starting with the smallest radical.

Name the longest chain.

Indicate the position of the multiple bond. (Number after name).

Example

When composing formulas by name, you need to:

Determine the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

Determine the position of the multiple bond. (Number after name).

Determine the position of radicals. (Number before the name).

Write down the formulas of radicals.

Lastly, determine the number and arrangement of hydrogen atoms.

Work order

Task No. 1 . Make models of molecules:

1) a number of alkanes: methane, ethane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane;

2) Cycloalkanes: cyclopropane,cyclopetane

3) 2-methylpropane,

4) 1,2-dichloroethane.

Draw molecular models in your notebook. Write the structural formulas of these substances. Find their molecular weights.

Task No. 2. Name the substances:

Task No. 3. Compose structural formulas of substances:

a) butene-2, write its isomer;

b) 3,3 - dimethylpentine-1.

Control questions

Name general formula saturated hydrocarbons.

Which substances are called homologues and which are isomers?

Teacher: Rachkovskaya A.I.

organic chemistry molecule isology

It is now generally accepted that one straight line connecting two atoms denotes one two-electron bond (single bond), the formation of which requires one valency from each of the bonded atoms, two lines - one four-electron bond (double bond), three lines - one six-electron bond (triple bond).

A representation of a compound with a known order of bonds between all atoms using bonds of this type is called a structural formula:

To save time and space, abbreviated formulas are often used, in which some of the connections are implied but not written:

Sometimes, especially in the carbocyclic and heterocyclic series, the formulas are simplified even further: not only are some bonds not written, but also some of the carbon and hydrogen atoms are not depicted, but are only implied (at the intersections of the lines); simplified formulas:

Tetrahedral model of the carbon atom

Basic ideas about chemical structure, laid down by A. M. Butlerov, were supplemented by Van't Hoff and Le Bel (1874), who developed the idea of ​​​​the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule organic matter and raised the question of the spatial configuration and conformation of molecules. Van't Hoff's work “Chemistry in Space” (1874) marked the beginning of a fruitful direction in organic chemistry - stereochemistry, i.e. the study of spatial structure.

Rice. 1 - Van't Hoff models: methane (a), ethane (b), ethylene (c) and acetylene (d)

Van't Hoff proposed a tetrahedral model of the carbon atom. According to this theory, the four valencies of the carbon atom in methane are directed towards the four corners of the tetrahedron, in the center of which there is a carbon atom, and at the vertices are hydrogen atoms (a). Ethane, according to Van't Hoff, can be imagined as two tetrahedrons connected at the vertices and freely rotating about a common axis (6). The model of the ethylene molecule represents two tetrahedra connected by edges (c), and molecules with a triple bond are represented by a model in which the tetrahedra are in contact with planes (d).

Models of this type have also proven to be very successful for complex molecules. They are successfully used today to explain a number of stereochemical questions. The theory proposed by Van't Hoff, although suitable in almost all cases, did not, however, provide a reasonable explanation of the type and essence of binding forces in molecules.

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7.1. The figure shows an experiment illustrating that bodies expand when heated. With a pen, circle in the picture the object that was heated in this experiment - a ball or a ring. Justify your answer.

7.2. Choose the correct statement.
According to modern ideas, when a flask with water cools, the water level in the tube drops because... .


7.3. Substances consist of tiny particles. What phenomena and experiments confirm this?

7.4. The table shows exact data on the change in the volume of water V as a function of time t during heating.

Answer the questions.
a) Is it possible to say that during the entire observation time the water in the flask was heated evenly? Explain your answer.

b) How did the volume of water change when heated?

8.1. Choose the correct statement.
If you heat a nail, it lengthens and becomes thicker. This happens because when heated... .

8.2. Write the words molecule, drop, atom in such an order that each subsequent element is part of the previous one.

8.3. The figure shows models of molecules of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. All molecules contain an oxygen atom (black). Fill in the blanks in the text.

8.4. Measure the length of your arm from your elbow to your little finger and compare the measurement to the size of a water molecule.


9.1. Fill in the blanks in the text. “In ____, the English botanist Robert Brown, looking through a microscope...”

9.2. The figure schematically shows liquid molecules surrounding a grain of paint placed in this liquid. The arrows indicate the direction of movement of liquid molecules at a certain point in time.

9.3. Mark those phenomena that are examples of Brownian motion.

9.4. The figure shows a broken line along which a speck of dust moved in the air for several seconds.

a) Explain why the speck of dust changed the direction of its movement many times during the observation of it.
Due to collisions with air molecules and other dust particles.

b) In the figure, indicate the points at which the dust particle was affected by the molecules surrounding it.

10.1. The glass cylinder is filled with pure water, and a solution of copper sulfate is poured into the bottom through a narrow tube. The cylinder is at rest when constant temperature. Show in the figure what the contents of the cylinder will look like at various intervals.

10.2. Two identical rubber balls are connected by a transparent hose (see figure), and the left ball in both cases is filled with hydrogen (color the hydrogen blue), the right one is empty in figure a, and in figure b is filled with air (color the air green). The hose is clamped between the balls.

10.3. Cross out one of the highlighted words to complete the correct explanation of the experiment described.

10.4. Home experiment.
Place at the bottom of a glass with cold water lump of sugar, but do not stir. Write down how long it took you to detect the presence of sugar molecules on the surface of the water in the glass and what “device” you used.

11.1. Fill in the gaps in the text using the words: stronger; weaker; attraction; repulsion.

11.2. Connect the phenomena and their corresponding explanations with lines.

11.3. Cross out one of the highlighted words to complete the correct explanation of the experiment described.

11.4. Complete the sentence to get the correct explanation of the phenomenon.

11.5. Fill in the blanks in the text. “In everyday life, we often encounter the phenomena of wetting and non-wetting.”

12.1. What state of matter is characterized by the listed characteristics?

The figure shows models of molecules of four chemical substances. How many chemical elements do these substances form? Write down the symbols of these elements.

the first is a water molecule, the second is a carbon dioxide molecule, the third is a methane molecule, the fourth is a sulfur dioxide molecule.

Hello, please help me solve test 2 in chemistry

8th grade
on the topic “Simple substances. Amount of substance.”

Option 1.
A1. The sign of the element forming a simple substance – a non-metal:
1) Na 2) C 3) K 4) Al
A2. Simple substance – metal:
1) oxygen 2) copper 3) phosphorus 4) sulfur
A3. State of aggregation simple substance mercury at normal
conditions:
1) solid 2) liquid 3) gaseous
A4. Chemical bond is covalent nonpolar
in substance:
1) iron 2) chlorine 3) water 4) copper
A5. Allotropic modification of oxygen:
1) graphite 2) white phosphorus 3) ozone 4) coal
A6. The notation 3O2 means:
1) 2 oxygen molecules
2) 3 oxygen molecules
3) 5 oxygen atoms
4) 6 oxygen atoms
A7. The mass of 3 moles of hydrogen sulfide H2S is equal to:
1) 33 2) 34 3) 99 4) 102
A8. Volume occupied by 2 moles gaseous substance With
formula SO2 (n.s):
1)22.4 l. 2) 33.6 l. 3) 44.8 l. 4) 67.2 l.
A9. Group of substances with ionic type chemical bond:
1) Cl2, H2, O2 2) KCl, NaBr, CaI2
3) H2O, CO2, NaCl 4) K2O, MgO, NaI

A10. Molar volume is. . .
1) volume of any gas at no. 2) volume of 2 g of any gas at zero
3) volume of 1 mole of any gas at no. 4) volume of 12 * 1023 molecules at no.
A11. 3 chlorine molecules:
1)3Cl2 2)3Cl 3)Cl2 4)6Cl
Q1. Identify a hard, soft substance that leaves a mark on paper, has a slight metallic luster, and is electrically conductive:
1) diamond 2) coal 3) graphite 4) white phosphorus
AT 2. The number of molecules in 2 mmol of water is:
1) 12*1023. 2) 12*1020. 3) 18*1020 4) 12*1018
AT 3. Substances arranged in increasing order of non-metallic
properties:
1) K, Na, Rb, Li 2) Li, Na K, Rb 3) Rb, K, Na, Li 4) Na, Rb, K, Li
C1. Calculate the volume of 140 kg. nitrogen N2 at no.

1) The sign of the element forming a simple substance - non-metal:

A.Na B.C C.K D.Al
2) Simple substance - metal:
A. oxygen B. Copper C. Phosphorus D. Sulfur
3) The physical state of the simple substance mercury under normal conditions:
A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gaseous
4) The chemical bond is covalent nonpolar in a substance:
A. Iron B. Liquid C. Gaseous
5) Allotropic modification of oxygen:
A. Graphite B. Ozone
B. White phosphorus G. Almaz
6) An atom of an element forming a simple substance - metal, corresponds to an electronic diagram:
A. +18))) B. +3)) C. +6)) D. +15)))
288 21 24 285
7) The entry ZO2 means:
A. 2 oxygen molecules
B. 3 oxygen molecules
B. 5 oxygen atoms
D. 3 oxygen atoms
8) The mass of 3 moles of hydrogen sulfide H2S is equal to: (with solution)
A. 33 g. B. 34 g. C. 99 g. D. 102 g.
9) The volume occupied by 2 moles of a gaseous substance with the formula SO2 (n.s.): (with solution)
A. 22.4 l. B. 33.6 l. H. 44.8 l. G. 67.2 l.
10) the amount of carbon dioxide CO2, which contains 36*10(23) molecules, is equal to: (with solution)
11) Match:
Type of chemical bond:
1. Ionic B. Covalent polar C. Metallic
Chemical formula of the substance:
A.CI2 B.K C.NaCI D.Fe D.NH3
12) Calculate the volume of oxygen O2 with a mass of 160 g (no.) (with solution)
13) Complete the definition: “Allotropy is a phenomenon...”
14) Select the properties that characterize graphite.
A. Hard
B. Soft, leaves marks on paper.
B. Colorless, transparent.
D. Has a slight metallic luster
D. Electrically conductive.

1.A pair of chemical elements having an external electronic

level 3 electrons?

1) Mg and Al 2) O and S 3) N and S 4) B and Al

2. An atom of an element forming a simple substance - a nonmetal - corresponds to
electronic circuit?

1) +11)2)8)1 2) +8)2)6 3) +12)2)8)2 4) +4)2)2

3. Nitrogen exhibits the highest degree of oxidation when combined with the formula:

1) NO2 2)NO 3)NH3 4)N2O5

4. Which substance has a covalent nonpolar bond?

1) O2 2) H2O 3) CaCl2 4) Ba

5. Electronic formula 1s2 2s2 2p1 corresponds to an atom:

1) beryllium 2) silicon 3) carbon 4) boron

6. With an increase in the charge of atomic nuclei in the series F -Cl - Br -I, nonmetallic
properties?

1) intensify 2) weaken 3) do not change 4) change periodically

7. indicate the formula of a compound with a covalent polar chemical bond:

1) H2 2) NH3 3) Ca3N2 4) C

8. The degree of oxidation of phosphorus in the compounds P2O5, PH3, Ca3P2, respectively
equal?

1) +3, -3, +5 2) -3, +3, +5 3) +5, +5, -3 4) +5, -3, -3

9. Are the following statements true?

A. In the period, the metallic properties of atoms of elements with increasing order
the numbers are getting stronger.

B. In the period, the metallic properties of atoms of elements with increasing order
numbers are weakening.

1) only A is true 2) Both judgments are true 3) only B is true 4) both judgments are not
are true

10. Chemical element, in the atom of which the electrons are distributed among the layers as follows:
2,8,8,2, in periodic table located:

A) in the 4th period, 2nd group, secondary subgroup

B) in the 4th period, 2nd group of the main subgroup

B) in the 3rd period, 5th group of the main subgroup

D) in the 3rd period, 5th group, secondary subgroup