Where is the lowest temperature recorded? Records in science and technology

What's the weather like? In principle, it is possible to live at +50°C and -50°C, and even in a greater range. Air conditioners, fans and jackets will help us with this. Well, someone, of course, will die and nothing can be done about it, because we don’t live in a terrarium.

Which one is the most low temperature air was registered on Earth?

The lowest air temperature on Earth was recorded in the Soviet Antarctic station“Vostok” on July 21, 1983, when the platinum thermometer at the weather site showed -89.2°C. This is the lowest temperature ever recorded meteorological observations.

The lowest temperature recorded in our country is -78°C. Incredible frost occurred in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River.

The lowest air temperature in inhabited areas of the planet was recorded in 1964 in Yakutia in the village of Oymyakon - -71.1°C. The entire interfluve of the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka rivers is considered to be the region of the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere.

Which one is the most heat air was registered on Earth?

The highest temperature on Earth recorded in Libya in 1922 is +57.8°C.

The highest soil temperature was recorded at Shurchi station in Uzbekistan. The temperature of irrigated light gray soils here reaches 79°C. At the Repetek station in Turkmenistan, the sand is heated to 77°C.

Which maximum temperature Can a person withstand outside air?

A person may be exposed to dry air at very high temperatures for a short time. A person can tolerate temperatures of 160°C. This was proven by English physicists Blagden and Chantry, who conducted an experiment on themselves. A person can tolerate a temperature of 104°C for 26 minutes, 93°C for 33 minutes, 82°C for 49 minutes, and 71°C for 1 hour; This was established during experiments with healthy human volunteers.

What is the minimum outdoor temperature that a person can withstand?

It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - on the speed of the wind. In Yakutia in winter, people spend hours in the cold, with air temperatures below -50°C, but they are dressed appropriately, and in the conditions of the central part of the Siberian anticyclone there is usually no wind. In Antarctica, winterers from continental stations are also happy long time you have to go outside, but there severe frosts are often accompanied by strong winds. Therefore, warm, windproof clothing is not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or cover their faces with the hood of a fur jacket (“parkas”). Staff scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, due to the nature of his occupation he is forced to systematically be outdoors, sometimes he uses electrically heated clothing, which has less weight than ordinary warm clothing, is less bulky, and less restricts movement. The minimum temperature at which people were briefly exposed to air is -88°C.


And two more facts

Maximum temperature hard objects, with which people can contact for a long time - about 50 degrees Celsius (at a higher temperature a burn occurs).

At a constant body temperature of more than 42°C, a person dies.

The record low temperature for the entire period of observations on Earth was recorded in Antarctica at the Russian Vostok station on July 21, 1983. The temperature of -89.2 °C was measured by polar explorers and recorded in the observation log. This record for a long time was not beaten. In December 2013, 30 years later, American scientists reported the discovery of an area in Antarctica where temperatures are often below record levels. According to their data, in this area the temperature can reach extreme values ​​of up to -93.2 °C.

According to the latest NASA data, the area with the coldest temperatures is high in the mountains of Antarctica between the Argus and Fuji peaks of the eastern Antarctic plateau. Research and measurements were carried out using the Landset 8 satellite.

The assumption that there are areas in Antarctica with temperatures below the recorded minimum arose among American researchers after a careful close examination of the eastern plateau revealed faults in the snow dunes. At the first stage of the research, measurements were carried out from satellites using the MODIS spectroradiometer (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and the highly sensitive AVHRR radiometer (the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer). Extremely low temperatures were recorded along the 620-mile ridge between Mount Argus and Mount Fuji, and even lower temperatures were recorded in pockets of the ridge. Then the measurements were continued by the more sensitive TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) infrared radiometer installed on board the new Landset 8 satellite. It was used to measure the lowest temperature on Earth.

[Image from NASA website]

Scientists tried not only to record the low temperature, but also to explain its origin. It was observed that the temperature drops rapidly under conditions clear skies when the earth releases heat into space. This creates a layer of super cooled air at the peaks above the surface of snow and ice. This layer is denser and heavier, so it can slide from the peaks to the plateau, after which the air enters the pockets of the ridge, as if into a trap, and cools even more. In fact, scientists have discovered not just points, but an entire high-mountainous region in Antarctica, in which temperatures often reach extremely low values.

It should be noted, however, that the lowest temperature on Earth -93.2 °C is not included in the Guinness Book of Records, since the measurements were carried out using a non-contact method from the Landsat 8 satellite, and not with a contact thermometer. (However, the question arises: was the contact thermometer used to measure the temperature at the Vostok base accurately calibrated?). However, new data on extreme temperatures on Earth has confirmed the presence of very cold zones in Antarctica.

A little information about Landset 8. The Landset 8 research satellite is designed to do more than just measure the temperature of the Earth's surface. It was launched on February 11, 2013 and now takes approximately 550 images of the Earth's surface in one day. high resolution. Moreover, the USGS processes the images, archives them and distributes them on the Internet absolutely free of charge. With Landset 8 it is now possible to track any changes related to natural phenomena and human activity. To learn more about the state of our planet, visit the Landset 8 website.

We know that the minimum possible temperature is -273.15 °C. At this temperature, the movement of particles stops, and the emissions released by them thermal energy becomes equal to zero. There must probably be a point beyond which the particles will no longer be able to release more thermal energy, having reached their maximum.

Modern physics believes that this point is at a level of 1.41679 × 10 32 K (Kelvins) and is called the Planck temperature. This is exactly what the temperature of the Universe was in the first fractions of seconds after the Big Bang.

How to convert Kelvin to Celsius?

In physics, it is convenient to measure temperature in Kelvin, which does not imply the presence of a scale negative temperature, that is, absolute zero here is zero. To represent the temperature in degrees Celsius, which are more familiar to us, it is enough to know the formula used to calculate the temperature in Kelvin. T K (temperature in Kelvin) = T C (temperature in Celsius) + T 0 (constant equal to 273.15). In other words, to convert Kelvin to Celsius, it is enough to subtract the number 273.15 from Kelvin. for example, 1000 K = 1000 - 273.15 = 726.85 °C.

Given the formula for converting Kelvin to degrees Celsius, we can represent the Planck temperature in degrees Celsius as 1.41679 * 10(32)-273.15 °C. Of course, this estimate was calculated theoretically and is based on the fact that if more energy is added to matter heated to the Planck temperature, this will not lead to an increase in the speed of particles and, as a result, an increase in temperature. But it will cause the appearance of new particles during chaotic collisions of existing ones, which will lead to an increase in the mass of matter. But let’s imagine that matter, heated to the Planck temperature, is still given more energy in order to try to heat it even more. In this case, the entire Universe is waiting... and no one knows what awaits the Universe after passing the Planck temperature point. It is likely that the gravitational interaction between particles of heated matter will become so strong that it will become equal to the other three interactions: electromagnetic, strong and weak. Not a single physical theory existing today can describe the physics of our world.

But let us return from cosmic affairs to earthly affairs. In his attempts to achieve the highest possible temperature within laboratories, man established temperature record at a level of about 5.5 trillion Kelvin, which can be written as 5 * 10 12 K. Of course, scientists did not heat a piece of iron to this unthinkable temperature - there simply would not be enough energy for that. This temperature was recorded during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider during the collision of lead ions at near-light speeds.

The weather is changing again, and here's a look at some of the insanely cold places where people actually live.

The lowest ever recorded was minus 128.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-89.2°C) at a Russian research station in Antarctica, Vostok, on July 21, 1983. While most cities aren't as terribly cold, some are still pretty close to that mark. Below are the eight coldest cities in the world where people live.

1) Verkhoyansk, Russia

According to the 2002 census, Verkhoyansk, Russia, has 1,434 inhabitants. It was founded as a fortress in 1638 and served as a regional center in animal husbandry and gold mining. Located 650 kilometers from Yakutsk, another cold place on our list, and 2,400 kilometers south of North Pole Verkhoyansk was used for political prisoners between 1860 and the beginning of the 20th century.

It is not surprising why undesirables were exiled here: in January the average temperature is minus 50.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-45.7 °C), and average monthly temperature remains quite low from October to April. In 1892, residents recorded temperatures of minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C).

2) Oymyakon, Russia

People in Oymyakon object to Verkhoyansk being given the title of coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, arguing that they have recorded temperature minimum at minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C) on February 6, 1933.

By the way, political prisoners were also often exiled here during the Stalinist regime. Oymyakon is located three days' drive from Yakutsk, and between 500 and 800 people live there. There is no mobile phone service here, there are few modern amenities at all, and schools in the village do not close at -52°C. Travel companies offer tours to Oymyakon as the “ideal destination” for an exotic adventure.

3) International Falls, Minnesota.

International Falls, Minnesota may not be as cold as Oymyakon, but it is one of the coldest places in the continental United States. About 6,703 people live in International Falls (2000 census), which straddles the US-Canada border.

Winters here are long and cold, with average temperatures in January of about 2.7 F (-16.2 °C). The mercury will reach zero on more than 60 nights per year, and the area receives a lot of snow (166 cm). International Falls is at war with the city of Fraser, Colorado over the use of trade name"The refrigerator of the nation."

4) Fraser, Colorado.

Fraser, Colorado is located at an elevation of 2,600 meters in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and is home to 910 residents (as of the 2000 census). Located close to popular ski resort Winter Park, Fraser enjoys some of the coldest winters in the continental United States. Average annual temperature During the year it reaches 32.5 degrees Fahrenheit (almost 0 °C), and in the summer it drops to 29 degrees (-1.66 °C).

5) Yakutsk, Russia

Yakutsk has a reputation as the coldest city in the world. The world's lowest temperature outside Antarctica was recorded near Yakutsk in the Yana River basin. In winter, the average minimum drops below −40 °C, starting in October and lasting until the end of April. In January, the average temperature reaches -34 degrees Fahrenheit (-36.6°C); the record low temperature recorded in January is minus 81.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 °C).

6) Hell, Norway

Hell, which means “hell,” became famous in Norway for the very successful combination of its name and subarctic temperature. average temperature air temperature in February 2010 was about 20 degrees Fahrenheit (-6.6 °C). Behind last years The flow of tourists to this city has increased significantly, mainly to take pictures in front of one of the railway station signs.

Hell freezes on average for a third of the year, from December to March.

7) Barrow, Alaska

Barrow is the northernmost city in the United States and is located just 2,100 kilometers south of the North Pole and 510 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. The small city, home to 4,581 people, was built in an area of ​​permafrost that is characterized by a lack of periodic thawing and very harsh winters.

The sun sets at the end of November and does not appear until the end of January. Even during summer days the air is very cold. Average temperatures don't rise until June, and even then barely - July averages a high of 40.4 degrees Fahrenheit (4.6 °C).

Barrow is the economic center of the North Slope, and many of its residents work in the energy industry. The city can only be reached by plane or sea.

8) Snedge, Canada

Located in the Yukon Territory, the village of Snedge was the first settlement in the Klondike during the Gold Rush. The village in the White River Valley recorded its lowest temperature of minus 81 degrees Fahrenheit (-62.8 °C) on February 3, 1947. This is the lowest recorded temperature in the continental North America. The average temperature in Snedge ranges between 10.3 °F (-12.05 °C) and 34.3 °F (1.2 °C).

The weather is changing again, and here's a look at some of the insanely cold places where people actually live.

The lowest ever recorded was minus 128.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-89.2°C) at a Russian research station in Antarctica, Vostok, on July 21, 1983. While most cities aren't as terribly cold, some are still pretty close to that mark. Below are the eight coldest cities in the world where people live.

1) Verkhoyansk, Russia

According to the 2002 census, Verkhoyansk, Russia, has 1,434 inhabitants. It was founded as a fortress in 1638 and served as a regional center in animal husbandry and gold mining. Located 650 kilometers from Yakutsk, another cold spot on our list, and 2,400 kilometers south of the North Pole, Verkhoyansk was used for political prisoners between 1860 and the early 20th century.

It's not surprising why undesirables were exiled here: in January the average temperature is minus 50.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-45.7 °C), and the average monthly temperature remains quite low from October to April. In 1892, residents recorded temperatures of minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C).

2) Oymyakon, Russia

People in Oymyakon object to Verkhoyansk being given the title of coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, arguing that they recorded a minimum temperature of minus 90 degrees F (-67.7 °C) on February 6, 1933.

By the way, political prisoners were also often exiled here during the Stalinist regime. Oymyakon is located three days' drive from Yakutsk, and between 500 and 800 people live there. There is no mobile phone service here, there are few modern amenities at all, and schools in the village do not close at -52°C. Travel companies offer tours to Oymyakon as the “ideal destination” for an exotic adventure.

3) International Falls, Minnesota.

International Falls, Minnesota may not be as cold as Oymyakon, but it is one of the coldest places in the continental United States. About 6,703 people live in International Falls (2000 census), which straddles the US-Canada border.

Winters here are long and cold, with average temperatures in January of about 2.7 F (-16.2 °C). The mercury will reach zero on more than 60 nights per year, and the area receives a lot of snow (166 cm). International Falls is in a bidding war with the city of Fraser, Colorado over the use of the "Refrigerator Nation" brand name.

4) Fraser, Colorado.

Fraser, Colorado is located at an elevation of 2,600 meters in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and is home to 910 residents (as of the 2000 census). Located near the popular Winter Park ski resort, Fraser enjoys some of the coldest winters in the continental United States. The average annual temperature throughout the year reaches 32.5 degrees Fahrenheit (almost 0 °C), and in the summer drops to 29 degrees (-1.66 °C).

5) Yakutsk, Russia

Yakutsk has a reputation as the coldest city in the world. The world's lowest temperature outside Antarctica was recorded near Yakutsk in the Yana River basin. In winter, the average minimum drops below −40 °C, starting in October and lasting until the end of April. In January, the average temperature reaches -34 degrees Fahrenheit (-36.6°C); the record low temperature recorded in January is minus 81.4 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 °C).

6) Hell, Norway

Hell, which means “hell,” became famous in Norway for the very successful combination of its name and subarctic temperature. The average air temperature in February 2010 was about 20 degrees Fahrenheit (-6.6 °C). In recent years, the flow of tourists to this city has increased significantly, mainly to take pictures in front of one of the railway station signs.

Hell freezes on average for a third of the year, from December to March.

7) Barrow, Alaska

Barrow is the northernmost city in the United States and is located just 2,100 kilometers south of the North Pole and 510 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. The small city, home to 4,581 people, was built in an area of ​​permafrost that is characterized by a lack of periodic thawing and very harsh winters.

The sun sets at the end of November and does not appear until the end of January. Even during summer days the air is very cold. Average temperatures don't rise until June, and even then barely - July averages a high of 40.4 degrees Fahrenheit (4.6 °C).

Barrow is the economic center of the North Slope, and many of its residents work in the energy industry. The city can only be reached by plane or sea.

8) Snedge, Canada

Located in the Yukon Territory, the village of Snedge was the first settlement in the Klondike during the Gold Rush. The village in the White River Valley recorded its lowest temperature of minus 81 degrees Fahrenheit (-62.8 °C) on February 3, 1947. This is the coldest recorded temperature in continental North America. The average temperature in Snedge ranges between 10.3 °F (-12.05 °C) and 34.3 °F (1.2 °C).