Description of climatic zones of Russia. Climatic zones of Russia

Introduction

The characteristics of climatic conditions used to describe a particular area are a complex of average daily, monthly and annual values of all meteorological quantities, as well as data on their variability. Each meteorological quantity directly affects other characteristics of the state of the atmosphere, which, in combination and interaction, create what we call “climatic conditions”. Any changes, within certain limits, in climatic conditions, even in the same climatic region, affect the flora and fauna that adapt to the climatic conditions of this region. Human activity and well-being also depend on climatic conditions. Finally, the economic and especially agricultural importance of each geographical area is directly determined by its climate.

Using certain physical, geographical and meteorological characteristics of individual areas, meteorologists and climatologists tried to classify the Earth's climates. One of the criteria for classifying climates is air temperature. Precipitation data is also used as a basis for climate classification. Another indicator for identifying climatic regions is vegetation cover. Finally, as a criterion for climate classification, data on the predominance of certain air masses is taken.

Main climatic zones of the Earth

Compare different climatic conditions It's easier if you describe them in general terms. According to air temperature data in geographical zones broad generalizations can be made. Further detailing is carried out taking into account the terrain, proximity of continents or bodies of water, etc.

Tropical latitudes

Zone tropical climate are limited in the north and south to areas in which the average temperature of the coldest month is not lower than 18ºС. Within this climate zone lies equatorial belt low blood pressure, created by the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

The main feature of the tropical climate zone is heavy rains accompanied by thunderstorm activity. The high air humidity prevailing in the equatorial calm zone favors the existence of dense and humid tropical forests(jungle). During periods when the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves south or north, small interseasonal changes in climate conditions occur. However, there are no significant contrasts between the amount of precipitation in different seasons, typical for higher latitudes, in the tropical climate zone.

From the data in table. 1 shows that in Indonesia the amount of precipitation is much more variable than in, for example, Zaire, although temperature fluctuations in these areas are insignificant. Alternate high and low temperatures It’s also different here than in temperate latitudes(Table 2).

Table 1. Data for two cities located in the tropical climate zone (average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation)

Table 2. Data for a station located in the monsoon climate zone (average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation)

Temperate latitudes

In the climate zone of temperate latitudes, the average temperature of the warmest month is about 25ºС. Most of this climatic zone lies between the centers of formation of different air masses (warm and cold). Many areas of this zone have a dry climate, with arid and semi-arid deserts and steppes.

On the western coasts of the continents in the southern part of this zone, the climate is of the Mediterranean type. Temperatures here are moderate, with wet winters and dry summers due to the belt high blood pressure. On the eastern coasts of the continents, temperature fluctuations are more significant than on the western coasts, which are under the influence of continental air masses. Accordingly, the climate of the eastern coasts is closer to the climate of tropical latitudes.

In the northern part of temperate latitudes, in the zone of predominant westerly transport, temperature fluctuations are even more significant, precipitation is variable, and the prevailing steppe climate determines the development of vast meadow spaces.

Polar regions

Only a few species of animals are found in the polar regions, and vegetable world represented by small and low-growing species. The average temperature of the warmest month is 10ºС. In these areas it happens very short summer with clear sunny weather, although the arrival solar radiation insignificant. There is also little precipitation here, but there is permafrost.

Other factors influencing climate

The formation of climates in different regions of the Earth is strongly influenced by many factors that do not depend on latitude, for example, relief, proximity to large bodies of water, wind conditions, etc. Factors related to the terrain have their influence at any latitude.

Wind. When considering the influence of wind on climate, it is important to know where the center of this air flow formed, in a hot or cold area, wet or dry, in addition, over which areas the air flow moved and changed its properties.

Continental climate. This is usually a dry climate, typical of the inland regions of continents, where precipitation is low and air humidity is low throughout the year. The amplitude of air temperature fluctuations depends on the latitude of the area. IN tropical zone Earth's continental climate is characterized by small temperature fluctuations, but in temperate latitudes its interseasonal contrasts can be large. Deserts and steppes are the most striking manifestation of a dry continental climate (Table 3).

Table 3. Data for two cities located in the polar climate zone (average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation)

Maritime climate

In areas with a maritime climate, especially on oceanic islands, air temperature fluctuations are small, it changes very little from day to night and from summer to winter. Due to the softening influence of a large body of water temperature fluctuations Here they lag behind changes in solar radiation much more than on the continents.

From the table 4 it can be seen that the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current is detected, for example, in a smaller amplitude of temperature fluctuations, i.e. more even temperatures in Vardø (Norway) compared to Barrow (Alaska). The stronger influence of the sea in Vardø is also reflected in the amount of precipitation at this point.

Table 4. Data for two cities, one of which is located in the sea zone arctic climate, and the other in the continental climate zone of the tundra (average monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation)

Coastal climate

Coastal climate is a direct result of the influence of sea currents, as well as the wind exposed to these currents. The coasts lie in the transition zone between areas with maritime and continental climates. In the zone of predominant westerly transport on the western shores of the continents, the climate is maritime, while on the eastern shores it is continental. In the trade wind belt, the eastern shores of the continents gravitate more towards maritime climate, and western - to the continental.

Climate of mountains and plateaus

The influence of relief on climate is most noticeable in mountainous regions and especially on plateaus. The air temperature, of course, decreases with increasing altitude above sea level. Precipitation in mountainous areas occurs more often at altitudes up to an average of 2,100 m; above that, seasonal precipitation amounts quickly decrease. Rising movement air along the mountain slopes reduces the amplitude of its temperature fluctuations and smoothes out its interseasonal contrasts. On the plateaus, the air mixes weakly and becomes quite stable, as a result of which the amplitude of changes in its temperature here is much greater than above the plains.

A mountain range often serves as a divide between climate zones, with the effectiveness of the divide depending on the prevailing wind direction. If air is forced to rise along mountain slopes, its properties change greatly. This leads to air masses, formed on the windward and leeward slopes of mountains, differ greatly.

IN Lately The shelves of shops and markets are full of plants exotic for our country. And familiar crops are replenished with new varieties and varieties. Sellers assure that all these crops are zoned and are perfectly adapted for growing in our difficult climate. But is this really so?

The climate of our country, characterized by warm or even hot summers but cold and long winters, is naturally not suitable for all flora. Assess the ability of plants to withstand cold winter a concept called winter hardiness helps. Some (mosses and lichens) tolerate even the lowest winter temperatures, others (birch, oak) can only grow in more benign conditions, and still others (magnolia, oleander) are not at all suitable for harsh winters.

Perhaps every experienced gardener knows which plants are adapted to our climate. But what to do with the new products on the market, how to find out whether the newly acquired green pet will survive the harsh winter? In fact, there is no problem here - in reference books, documents and on the labels of specimens from nurseries, the frost resistance zone suitable for the plant is indicated. Let's figure out what it is.

What are frost resistance zones?

Frost resistance (or winter hardiness) zones are climatic regions globe, suitable for growing certain types of plants. They are based on temperature scale showing the average annual minimum temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Currently, the most comprehensive scale of frost resistance used everywhere is the so-called USDA scale or zones.

USDA zones

For the first time, the USDA scale was developed by the Ministry Agriculture USA for the needs of farmers and crop producers, and then the proposed zoning began to be used throughout the world. The scale includes 13 zones (from 0 to 12), each of which is divided into 2 more subzones, the boundaries of which were determined based on the minimum average annual temperatures. At first, only the territory of the United States was described, and then other countries. Now all regions of the globe belong to one or another zone on the USDA scale, and all plant species are divided according to their adaptability to different climatic conditions.

For example, a plant described as “hardy to zone 10” means it can withstand a minimum temperature of -1°C. A more hardy plant, "zone 9 hardy", can withstand minimum temperatures of -7°C, etc.

USDA zoning is currently a universal frost resistance scale used by modern farms. However, it has many disadvantages and does not take into account a number of the most important factors, such as:

Snow depth. It is known that snow perfectly protects the root system of plants from frost, so crops that freeze out in snowless regions can survive well in areas where there is a lot of snow in winter.

[!] A plant breeder from Poland noticed one interesting feature: azaleas dying from the cold in Eastern Europe, had a great winter in the Moscow region, where the climate is much harsher. It turned out that the rhododendrons were protected by snow, which prevented the root system from dying.

Temperature changes. Many crops are afraid not so much of frost as of sudden temperature changes in winter. A sudden thaw, causing the snow to melt, and an equally sudden cold snap leads to the death of the roots. That is why a number of plants, for example some types of bamboo, which can withstand severe frosts, cannot survive in our climate.

[!] In the 60s of the last century, due to such a sudden change in winter temperature (from -1°C to -29°C), the maple collection of the Moscow State University Botanical Garden was severely damaged.

Spring frosts are another factor limiting the cultivation of heat-loving species. In our country this problem is especially relevant: in middle lane frosts can return even at the end of May.

[!] You don’t have to look far for examples. The May cold of 2017 destroyed a significant part of the grapes in Crimea.

Average annual precipitation. Humidity is an important climatic parameter that also affects plant adaptation. For example, some crops tolerate dry, cold air well, but do not survive in humid climates.
Other factors: the difference between day and night temperatures, terrain (presence of hills and lowlands), soil types, daylight hours, wind rose, etc.

Russia, divided into USDA climate zones, looks something like this:

Some cities in our country belong to the following frost resistance zones: zone 1 - Tiksi, Batagai, zone 2 - the greater territory of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, zone 3 - Khabarovsk, Magadan, Vorkuta, zone 4 - Moscow and the Moscow region, Vologda, Arkhangelsk , Chelyabinsk, Ufa, zone 5 - St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Voronezh, Bryansk, Saratov, zone 6 and 7 - Krasnodar.

As for labels on plants from nurseries, for Moscow and St. Petersburg you should choose crops acclimatized for zones 1-4, as well as 5a and, partially, 5b.

As you can see, USDA zoning is far from perfect, so work in this direction is constantly ongoing.

Alternatives

The flawed USDA system prompted a search for alternatives. And now they use not only the above concept, but also some others. Firstly, USDA zones have been expanded and their number significantly increased. In addition, one of the means of determining frost resistance zones was the use of so-called “indicator plants”. It is known that the range of some species is strictly limited depending on the climate, and therefore the presence of any indicator plant indicates that the territory belongs to a particular frost resistance zone.

In addition, some countries have developed their own climate maps based on long-term meteorological observations. One of these countries was Great Britain.

In 2012, the Royal Horticultural Society of the United Kingdom presented its frost hardiness rankings. This ranking describes all plants found in the UK and is widely used by English gardeners.

The English plant frost resistance system consists of 9 parts:

H1a (more than 15°C) – growing in a greenhouse;
H1b (from 10 to 15°C) and H1c (from 5 to 10°C) – outdoor cultivation only in summer;
H2 (from 1 to 5°C) – crops that can tolerate a slight decrease in temperature, but are not resistant to frost;
H3 (from -5 to 1°C) - crops that tolerate the climate of the coastal regions of Great Britain;
H4 (from -10 to -5°C) - crops adapted to the climate of most of the UK;
H5 (from -15 to -10°C) - crops adapted to the climate of most of the UK and can withstand a significant drop in temperature in winter;
H6 (from -20 to – 15°C) – frost-resistant crops that can grow throughout Northern Europe;
H7 (less than -20°C) are the most frost-resistant crops.

Frost resistance zones in the USSR and Russia

In our country, work to determine frost resistance zones began at the beginning of the 20th century, and then continued after October revolution. And, although at first the maps were imperfect, and the climatic regions were too generalized, in the 60s the work was continued: the number of zones increased to 42 (to 60 together with subzones). The work was called “Tree-cultivating regions of the USSR.” In addition to zoning, work was also carried out to divide plants found in the USSR into climatic regions. The list consisted mainly of tree crops, but the number of species included in it was very large - about 700.

Professor A.I. Kolesnikov, who led the work, summarized the data obtained in the publication “Decorative Dendrology”. This book has still not lost its relevance.

WITH detailed description You can familiarize yourself with the tree-growing regions of the USSR.

The work did not stop there, and the detailing of zoning continued. Other factors affecting the winter hardiness of plants began to be taken into account: not only the minimum, but also the average annual temperatures of the winter and summer months, average and minimum humidity, evaporation and annual precipitation. The number of frost resistance zones increased to 76, and the plants recommended for each zone were divided into three groups - “main”, “additional” and “auxiliary”:

the main one is plants that are well acclimatized for the area,
additional - crops that can grow in the climatic zone under consideration only with good care (shelter for the winter),
auxiliary – sporadic plants.

Unfortunately, serious government research on this topic has no longer been carried out, although both the climate and the range of plants have changed, and enormous practical experience has been accumulated. From time to time, individual farms attempt to compile similar maps, but due to lack of resources, their work is limited to certain areas.

How to increase frost resistance of plants

In conclusion, I would like to give some advice from gardening practice. With proper care, many crops recommended for more favorable climatic zones can be grown here. To increase the winter hardiness of certain species, it is recommended:

Protect the root system from frost. This can be done using coniferous spruce branches, dry fallen leaves, peat, sawdust, and industrial covering material. Polystyrene foam, which has high heat-insulating properties, has also proven itself well.
Cover not only the roots, but also the above-ground part of the plant. Of course, it is difficult to protect the crown of powerful tree crops (although some gardeners manage to wrap the lower part of the trunks with fabric or polyethylene), but liana-like species and plants with flexible stems should be carefully laid on the ground and covered.

[!] It is especially important to protect young crops, whose age is 2-3 years. Their root system is not yet fully formed and is located close to the surface of the earth.

Climate is decisive for geographical location natural areas. Where deserts are dry and hot, where it rains and the sun shines all year round, there is lush vegetation. equatorial forests. But in one climatic zone There may be boundaries of several natural zones.

Climatic zones and natural zones

First of all, let's look at the table.

Table " Natural areas climatic zones"

Features of the climate of natural zones of the world

Equatorial forests

It is very hot here all year round and there are tropical rains. The average temperature in winter is +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear division into seasons; all months are warm and humid.

Savannah

Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. There are two distinct periods: drought in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.

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Rice. 1. Drought in the savannah

Deserts

The climate is arid, with rapid temperature changes observed throughout the day. IN winter period At night it can even be below zero. In summer, the sun warms the dry air by 40-45°.

Rice. 2. Frost in the desert

Steppes and forest-steppes

Winters are moderate, summers are dry. Even during the warm period of the year, at night the air temperature can drop to below zero. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. Feature steppe zone are cold, piercing winds blowing from the north.

Deciduous and mixed forests

They are characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.

Rice. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest

Taiga

It is characterized by cold, dry winters, but hot summers, which last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.

Tundra and forest-tundra

The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.

Arctic and Antarctic deserts

Zone eternal winter. Summer is very short and cold.

Total ratings received: 106.

Russia is a country that occupies a huge area. Many peoples and ethnic groups live on its territory. But, in addition to this, it is also divided into different climatic zones. Depending on this, different flora and fauna settle in different areas of the country. What are the climatic zones of Russia, what are the criteria for division and what are the features of these zones - read about all this in the presented article.

Total number of climate zones

Initially, you need to understand how many climate zones exist in general. So, in nature there are four of them (counting from the equator line):

Tropical.
Subtropical.
Moderate.
Polar

Generally speaking, the division into climatic zones occurs in accordance with the average temperature of the surface heated by the sun's rays. It should be noted that such zoning was based on many years of observations and conclusions drawn from analytical data.

About the climatic zones of Russia

What are the climatic zones of Russia? The country's territory is very large, which allowed it to be located in three of them. So, if we talk about zones, there are three of them on the territory of Russia - temperate, arctic and subarctic. However, the natural and climatic zones of Russia are divided according to meridians, of which there are 4 on the territory of the state, related to the 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th meridians. That is, there are four climatic zones, the fifth is called special.

Table of natural and climatic zones

There are 4 climatic zones in Russia. The table is presented for easier perception of information:

Climate zone	Territories	Peculiarities
1st zone	South of the country (Astrakhan region, Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Rostov region, Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia, etc.)	Warm areas of the country, winter temperatures are around -9.5 °C, in summer they can rise to +30 °C (the maximum recorded in the last century is +45.5 °C)
2nd zone	This is the Primorsky Territory, as well as regions located in the west and north-west of the country	The zone is very similar to the 1st. Here, too, the average winter temperature is around -10 °C, summer temperature is approximately +25...+30 °C
3rd zone	Regions of Siberia and Far East, which are not included in the 4th zone	Winter temperatures are significantly colder, reaching -20...-18 °C on average. In summer, temperatures fluctuate in the range of +16...+20 °C. Windiness is low, wind speed rarely exceeds 4 m/s
4th zone	Northern Siberia, Far East, Yakutia	These areas are located below the Arctic Circle. Winter temperatures are around -41 °C, summer temperatures are close to 0 °C. Windiness – no more than 1.5 m/s
Special zone	There are territories located beyond the Arctic Circle, as well as Chukotka	The winter temperature here is around -25 °C, the wind speed in winter can reach 6.5 m/s

Considering the climatic zones of Russia, it should be noted that most of the country is located in the Arctic and subarctic zones. Also, quite a lot of territories occupy the temperate zone. There are not so many subtropics, it is less than 5% of the entire territory of Russia.

Arctic climate

It is necessary to start considering the climatic zones of Russia with the Arctic climate. It is characteristic of the special, as well as part of the 4th zone. Mainly located here arctic deserts, as well as the tundra. The soil hardly warms up, Sun rays they just slide on the surface, which does not allow the flora to grow and develop. The fauna is also scarce, the reason for this is the lack of food. Winter takes up most of the time, which is about 10 months. During the summer period, the soil does not have time to warm up, since the heat in the region of 0-+3 ° C lasts no more than a couple of weeks. During the polar night, temperatures can drop to -60 °C. There is practically no precipitation, it can only be in the form of snow.

Subarctic climate

Widely distributed in Russia. So, it includes the 4th zone, as well as partially special and third. Winter is also long and cold, but less severe. Summer is short, but the average temperature is 5 degrees higher. Arctic cyclones cause strong winds, cloudiness, and there is precipitation, but not heavy.

Temperate climate

The 3rd and 2nd climatic zones of Russia belong to the temperate climate. Covers most of the country's territory. The seasons are clearly defined here, there is spring, summer, autumn and winter. Temperatures can range from +30 °C in summer to -30 °C in winter. For convenience, scientists divide this zone of Russia into 4 more:

Moderate continental. Summer is hot, winter is cold. Natural zones can replace each other from steppes to taiga. Atlantic air masses predominate.
Continental. Temperatures range from -25 °C in winter to +25 °C in summer. A large number of precipitation. The zone is formed mainly by western air masses.
Sharply continental. Partly cloudy and little precipitation. In summer the soil warms up well, in winter it freezes deeply.
Marine and also monsoon climate s. Characterized by strong winds called monsoons. Precipitation is heavy and there may be flooding. Summer is not hot, the average air temperature is +15...+20 °C. Winters are very cold, air temperatures can drop to -40 °C. In coastal areas, winter and summer are more moderate.

Subtropical climate

1 climatic zone of Russia partially covers a small territory of the country in the region Caucasus Mountains. Summer here is long, but not hot. In winter, the temperature does not fall below 0 °C. Due to the proximity of the mountains, there is quite a lot of precipitation, it can be plentiful.

Tropics and equatorial zone not on Russian territory.

Road climate zones

Few people know, but there are also road climatic zones in Russia. They are divided according to the features of the building highways For certain territory(depending on temperatures, precipitation and other climatic indicators). In this section you can find 5 zones.

Zone	Peculiarity
1	These are cold tundras, a permafrost zone. The road goes as follows settlements: De-Kastri – Birobidzhan – Kansk – Nes – Monchegorsk
2	This zone is characterized by forests where the soil is very abundantly moist. Tomsk-Ustinov-Tula
3	Forest-steppe, soils are also very moist. Turan – Omsk – Kuibyshev – Belgorod – Chisinau
4	The soils are not so moistened. The road passes through the cities of Volgograd – Buynaksk – Julfa
5	These are desert roads, arid soils, which are also characterized by high salinity

The benefits of dividing into climate zones

Why distinguish climatic zones in Russia? Table 1 and Table 2 indicate that there are many of them. All this exists for convenience. Thus, this division is important for many areas of activity and knowledge. Most often, such zoning is important:

For tourism business, resort planning.
When constructing buildings, roads (including railways), communications design.
When assessing the possibility of people living in a given territory.
When planning the extraction of minerals and natural resources.
When organizing agriculture, farming.

Well, generally speaking, knowledge of climate zones helps many people improve their lives in different parts of the country. This knowledge helps many people optimize and develop a particular territory for living. For example, cold areas require high costs, in temperate climate It is best to breed livestock and grow useful vegetation.

Russia is the largest state by area, which is geographically located on the continent of Eurasia. Russian Federation has a huge extent from north to south and from west to east. Its climatic conditions are quite varied.

What are climate zones?

The main characteristic of individual zones is climate - the interaction of temperature, humidity, air currents, and solar intensity. Natural-territorial complexes have the character of latitudinal or sublatitudinal strips encircling the entire territory of the globe. They differ in climatic conditions, soil cover, relief features, flora and fauna. Climatic zoning is used on the territory of Russia. The state is located in the following zones:

Arctic;
subarctic;
moderate;
subtropical.

Territorial division

The first belt covers the islands, as well as the coast of the North Arctic Ocean. In the territory located from the East European Plain and Western Siberia to 60 degrees northern latitude Subarctic climate prevails. Most of Russia is located in temperate zone. Which can be divided into:

temperate continental,
continental,
sharply continental,
monsoon

The territory of the European part of Russia is located in the temperate continental climate zone. Western Siberia and the territory of the extreme southeast of the East European Plain are located in the continental climate zone. The territory of Central Siberia is a zone of a sharply continental belt. The Far East is characterized by a monsoon climate.

The smallest area is located in the subtropical climate zone. This is the Black Sea coast.

Delimitation of Russian territory

The climatic zones of Russia can be determined using special card temperatures The territory on the map is delimited into regions with similar natural conditions. Each region is characterized by an average annual minimum temperature range. The dates of the first autumn and last spring frosts can also be additionally indicated.

The natural and climatic zones of Russia are located in the temperature spectrum from minus five in the warmest regions to minus sixty in the coldest. You can determine the region in which the area you are looking for is located simply by looking at the map. Or, if greater accuracy is required, you can calculate it yourself by obtaining the arithmetic mean of temperatures in the selected zone over the past ten or more years.

Perpetual frost zone

The first climatic zone of Russia is tundra or arctic and subarctic. It includes most of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Thus, in its eastern part, average annual temperatures prevail, reaching minus forty-five degrees Celsius. 1 climatic zone of Russia is characterized by very cold, long, little snow winters and short, relatively warm summers. This zone is characterized by a short frost-free period. This condition has a huge impact on the development of flora. Dwarf trees and shrubs grow in this zone.

For growing crops, this climatic zone provides only a few warm summer months, during which the permafrost retreats and frees up small patches of land for planting for the most persistent and inventive farmers. But nevertheless, the widespread use of greenhouses, frost-resistant and early-ripening crops makes it possible to harvest almost all known vegetables and fruits even in these harsh conditions.

Taiga climatic zone of Russia

The vast territory can be classified as the second climatic zone. This is almost the entire territory located between the European part in the west and the third climatic zone in the east, stretching along the entire coast. This zone is located from Karelia to Kamchatka. Winter temperatures are moderate. However, the territory located in the east of this zone has more harsh winters. So, in Eastern Siberia The severe winter period with little snow is accompanied by a drop in air temperatures to minus forty or forty-five degrees Celsius. Russia's climatic zone 2 is characterized by very severe weather conditions. Increased dampness promotes the covering of the soil with mosses. The soil is cold and wet. Near bodies of water, the soil temperature is somewhat warmer, but this is not enough for the production of grain crops. Severe freezing of the ground in winter can also be considered a complicating factor.

Forest-steppe and steppe climatic zones of Russia

Climate zones three and four include the most densely populated part of the country. This strip extends all the way from the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions through almost the entire European part of Russia to the border with Kazakhstan and ends in the Altai Republic.

Also, climate zone 3 of Russia covers the Far Eastern regions of the country along the entire east coast and includes parts of regions. This is Chukotka autonomous region, Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Region, Khabarovsk region, Sakhalin region, Primorsky region and Jewish Autonomous region. The area is dominated by a monsoon climate. Cold snowy winters give way to cool and wet in summer. Frequent fogs and typhoons are typical.

Steppe - 4th climatic zone of Russia. Territorially includes the Lower and Middle Volga region, North Caucasus, Southern Urals. And southern regions Western and Eastern Siberia. This zone is characterized by little snowy winters and dry summers. IN central Russia we can distinguish the territory adjacent to the shores of Lake Baikal. Here, due to geographical factors, a kind of temperature oasis was formed.

Dry steppe climate zone

This region is geographically located from the Eastern Ciscaucasia to the Subural Plateau. The fifth climatic zone also includes areas of the Kulunda steppe and territories located in the intermountain basins of Tuva and Transbaikalia. This area is characterized by dry summers with moderate temperature. Winter frosts are not uniform throughout the territory. IN eastern regions the fifth zone experiences more severe winters.

Climatic zones six to nine

Based on the map of climatic zones of Russia, built on long-term observations and analysis of temperature regimes in various parts of the country, we can say that the entire territory of the country is located in temperature regions from the first to the ninth.

Climate zones Russia 6-9 include mainly southwestern regions countries. These natural complexes can be characterized as follows:

6- desert-steppe;
7-desert;
8-foothill semi-desert;
9-mountain.

The belt, extending from the sixth to the ninth zone, provides the most favorable conditions on Russian territory. The southern coastal region along the Caspian Sea can be classified as zone seven, and the warmest one - six.

The southeastern region of the Russian Plain and part Caspian lowland occupy deserts and semi-deserts. These climatic zones of Russia are characterized by high summer temperatures and low winter temperatures. A small amount of precipitation affects the aridity of the climate. This zone is characterized by drought-resistant flora.

In the desert and semi-desert zone special place occupies the area of the Volga delta and the Akhtuba floodplain. The life-giving moisture of the river turns the area into a green oasis.

The warm, mild climate of the Caucasus allows this territory to be included in zones nine and eight. They can be characterized as rather soft and warm winter. Temperature This period practically does not reach the negative temperature range. This factor contributes to the rich diversity of vegetation.

In conclusion

The climatic zones of Russia are diverse. Knowledge about each of them is indispensable for Everyday life and are used in a wide variety of industries. Certain natural conditions impose certain restrictions both during construction and when using this or that equipment. When conducting economic activity The climatic conditions of the zones must be taken into account. The nature of Russia constantly challenges man, trying to test his volitional and spiritual qualities. But, without a doubt, no matter how difficult the conditions are, no matter what dangers they pose, a person will always find a rational solution and a way out. difficult situation, and the earth will be covered with sprouts of young plants, new buildings will appear, and nature will submit to man.