Features of the geographical location of the Russian Federation. Features of the geographical location of Russia

Geographical position is a characteristic geographical feature and is a description of it position on the Earth's surface And in relation to other geographical objects with whom he interacts in one way or another. Any geographical object has its geographical location. That is, a geographic location can be described for a country, region, natural complex, mainland, park, etc.

Every country has borders with other countries. The number of neighboring countries, the length of borders with them, the type of border (land, sea, river) are an important component of the description of the geographical location of the country. In addition, not only directly bordering neighboring countries are considered, but also countries located across one or more states. Therefore, neighbors of the 1st order, 2nd order, and 3rd order are distinguished.

For example, Russia directly borders on 16 states. Our longest border is with Kazakhstan. Next come China, Mongolia, Ukraine, Finland, Belarus and others. Russia has only maritime borders with Japan and the United States.

The more neighbors a country has, the better for its development, since this allows for the establishment of various socio-economic ties.

Geographic location is a fairly capacious characteristic. Therefore, there are different types of geographical location. Each type emphasizes a specific feature.

Physiographic location describes the position of the country relative to natural objects (continents, oceans, mountains, etc.). For example, Russia is located on the territory of Eurasia and has access to the oceans.

Economic-geographical location describes economic relations with other countries, assesses their level and development prospects.

Geopolitical situation- This is an assessment of relations with other countries, mainly security. The description of the geopolitical situation answers the question of whether relations with other countries are friendly or hostile.

Transport-geographical location describes the features of transport connections with other countries, as well as within the country.

Ecological-geographical location countries determines environmental hazard and its level from neighboring countries. For example, harmful emissions from production in some countries can enter the territory of other countries.

When describing a certain type of geographical location, another one may also be partially described, since they can influence each other. For example, the physical-geographical location directly affects the economic-geographical one. Therefore, when describing the economic-geographical position, the physical-geographical position is also partially described.

The assessment of a number of types of geographical location of countries is not constant. Countries change and develop. Consequently, their geographical location changes.

Russia is located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, occupying about 1/3 of the territory of Eurasia. The European part of the country (about 23% of the area) includes territories west of the Ural Mountains (the border is conventionally drawn along the Urals and the Kuma-Manych depression); The Asian part of Russia, occupying about 76% of the territory, lies east of the Urals and is also called Siberia.

The extreme northern point of Russia is Cape Fligeli on Rudolph Island of the Franz Josef Land archipelago (81°51" N), the extreme eastern point is Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait (the western of the two Diomede Islands, 169°0" W. ). The extreme northern and eastern continental points of Russia: Cape Chelyuskin on the Taimyr Peninsula (77°43" N) and Cape Dezhnev on Chukotka (169°39" W). Data extreme points at the same time they are also the corresponding extreme points of Eurasia. Extreme southern point Russia (41°11" N) is located southwest of Mount Bazardyuzyu, on the border of Dagestan with Azerbaijan. The westernmost point lies in the Kaliningrad region at 19°38" E. d., on the Baltic Spit of the Gulf of Gdansk Baltic Sea; but the Kaliningrad region is an enclave, and the main territory of Russia begins to the east, at 27 ° 17 "E, on the Russian border with Estonia, on the banks of the Pedya River.

The eastern border of Russia is maritime. It passes through the expanses of water of the Pacific Ocean and its seas - the Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering seas. Here Russia borders with Japan and the USA. The border runs along more or less wide sea straits: with Japan - along the La Perouse, Kunashirsky, Izmena and Sovetsky straits, separating the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kunashir and Tanfilyeva (Lesser Kuril Ridge) from the Japanese island of Hokkaido; with the United States of America in the Bering Strait, where the Diomede Island group is located. It is here that the state border of Russia and the United States passes along a narrow (5 km) strait between the Russian Ratmanov Island and the American Kruzenshtern Island.

The western border along almost its entire length does not have clearly defined natural boundaries. It starts on the coast Barents Sea from Varangerfjord and passes first through the hilly tundra, then along the valley of the Pasvik River. In this area, Russia borders on Norway. Russia's next neighbor is Finland. The border runs along the Manselkä hills, through heavily swampy terrain, along the slope of the low Salpouselka ridge, and 160 km southwest of Vyborg it approaches the Gulf of Finland. In the far west, on the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gulf of Gdansk, is the Kaliningrad region of Russia, which borders Poland and Lithuania. Most of the region's border with Lithuania runs along the Neman (Nemunas) and its tributary, the Sheshupe River.

The southern border is predominantly land. It starts from Kerch Strait, connecting the Sea of Azov with the Black Sea, and runs through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the mouth of the Psou River.

Further, the Russian border passes through the Caspian Sea, from the coast of which, near the eastern edge of the Volga delta, the land border of Russia with Kazakhstan begins. It passes through deserts and dry steppes Caspian lowland, in the area of the junction of Mugodzhar with the Urals, along the southern steppe part Western Siberia and in the Altai mountains.

The northern border, like the eastern one, is sea. She walks through the seas of the Arctic Ocean.

Russia is washed by 13 seas belonging to three oceans; Besides, South part eastern coast of Kamchatka, eastern and southeastern coasts of most Kuril Islands They are washed directly by the Pacific Ocean, that part of it that is not part of any sea, as well as by the internal Caspian Sea. Three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean (Black, Baltic, Azov), six to the Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian, Chukotka) and three more to the Pacific (Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese) .

The northern part of Russia lies beyond the Arctic Circle, in a cold thermal zone. The rest of Russia is located in the northern temperate thermal zone.

So, Favorable

Eurasian situation;

Land border;

Access to 13 seas of three oceans;

The most large territory in the world;

Leading place in natural resources;

Predominance of the temperate zone;

Single economic space.

Unfavorable Features of the geographical location of Russia:

1/3 of the territory is unsuitable for life; 80% of natural resources in the Asian part;

Transport problems;

Uneven settlement and economy;

Remoteness of the eastern regions;

Worsening of the state of affairs with the collapse of the USSR.

The influence of the geographical location and size of the territory on the characteristics of nature and the economy of the country.

The main features of its nature are associated with the geographical location of Russia. Russia is a northern country. Our Motherland is a country of forests and tundras, a country of snow and permafrost, a coastal country, but its shores are washed mainly by cold, arctic northern seas.

Russia is located in the harshest northeastern part of the vast continent. On its territory there is a pole of cold Northern Hemisphere. Russia is open to the cold breath of the Arctic Ocean. Most of its territory lies north of 60° N. w. These are the polar and subpolar regions. South of 50° N. w. only about 5% of Russia's territory is located. 65% of the country's territory is located in the permafrost zone.

In this northern territory about 150 million inhabitants are concentrated. Nowhere in the world, neither in the north nor in southern hemisphere, there are no such crowds of people at such high latitudes.

The northern specifics of the country leave a certain imprint on the living conditions of people and the development of the economy. First of all, this is manifested in the need to build insulated dwellings, heat housing and industrial premises, provide housing for livestock (and this is not only the construction of special livestock buildings, but also the procurement of feed), create special equipment in the northern version, snow removal equipment for clearing highways, streets and sidewalks, expending additional fuel reserves for work Vehicle at low temperatures. All this requires not only the organization of special production, but also enormous material resources, primarily energy costs, which ultimately leads to colossal financial investments.

The nature of our country creates great limitations in development Agriculture. Russia is in a risky farming zone. The lack of heat for the development of agricultural crops, and in the southern part - moisture, leads to the fact that crop failures and shortages are a common phenomenon in our agriculture. Major crop failures occur every decade. This requires the creation of significant state grain reserves. Harsh conditions limit the possibilities of growing high-yielding forage crops. Instead of fairly heat-loving soybeans and corn, we have to grow mainly oats, which do not produce such high yields. This, along with the costs of housing livestock, affects the cost of livestock products. Therefore, without state support(subsidies) the agriculture of our country, achieving self-sufficiency, is capable of ruining the entire country: all the industries associated with it and, above all, its main consumer - the population.

Thus, the northern position of Russia determines the complexity of running the entire economy of the country and the high costs of energy resources. To maintain the same standard of living as in Western Europe, we need to expend 2-3 times more energy than European countries. Just to survive one winter without freezing, each resident of Russia, depending on the area of his residence, needs from 1 to 5 tons of standard fuel per year. For all residents of our country, this will amount to at least 500 million tons (40 billion dollars at current world fuel prices) Baburin V.L. Geography. - 2008 - No. 45. .

Russia's position can be characterized as intercontinental, interoceanic and northern circumpolar. The main distinctive feature of Russia's position is that its western, so-called European part, where almost 4/5 of the total population lives, is located within Eastern Europe, while its eastern part, extending widely beyond the Urals, is already in Northern Asia. About 14% of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle, in a permafrost zone covered by a long (in some places up to 60 days) polar night, which extends to numerous archipelagos and islands of the Arctic Ocean: Franz Josef Land, New Earth, Kolguev Island, Severnaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands and others. Only 900 km separates the North Pole of the Earth from Cape Fligeli (81o 51′ N) on Rudolf Island.
Russia is the northernmost state in the world. Almost 2/3 of its territory belongs to the Northern zone. The specific physical and geographical location affects the possibilities of economic development. First of all, this applies to agriculture: in Russia, the zone of risky farming covers about 95% of the territory. The “northernity” of Russia imposes significant restrictions on the development of the territory. The country incurs enormous costs due to the need to heat buildings, increase the volume of construction materials, produce warm clothing and footwear, build and maintain a road transport network, strengthen engineering structures, etc.
From the north, the territory of the Russian Federation is washed by the Arctic Ocean, from the east - by the Pacific Ocean, in the west and southwest there is access to the seas Atlantic Ocean. The northern mainland tip of Russia (Cape Chelyuskin) is located on the Taimyr Peninsula (77o43′ N and 104o18′ E). The northernmost point of the Russian Federation (81o51′ N) is located on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago. The extreme southern point of Russia - the vicinity of the city of Bazardyuzyu (41o 10′ N) is located in Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan. The highest point of the Russian Federation is located on the Main Caucasus Ridge - Elbrus (5642 m).
The western extreme point is located in the Kaliningrad region on the Baltic Spit in the Baltic Sea (19o38′ E); the eastern mainland tip of Russia is at Cape Dezhnev (169o40′ W), the extreme eastern point is in the Bering Sea on Ratmanov Island (160o2′ W) (maritime border with the USA).
The largest islands: Novaya Zemlya, Sakhalin, Novosibirsk, Severnaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Kuril, Wrangel, Kolguev, Vaygach, etc.

Answer

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Indicate the main features of the geographical location of Russia: in which hemispheres our country is located; determine the extent of Russia from west to

east along the Arctic Circle, where the length of 1° parallel is 44.5 km, and from north to south along the 110th meridian (length of 1° meridian = 111 km); which distinguishes the geographical location of Russia from the geographical location large countries peace. What is unique about Russia's geographic location?

1. Which statement about the geographical location of Russia is true?

1) In the southwest it borders with Ukraine
2) The extreme northern point of the country is located on the Yamal Peninsula
3) The area of the country exceeds 20 million square meters. km.
4) Russia is washed by the seas of four oceans
2. Which statement about the geographical location of Russia is true?
1) the length of the territory from north to south exceeds 10 thousand km
2) Russia is not washed by the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.
3) The extreme northern mainland point of the country is Cape Dezhnev
4) Part of the territory of Russia is located in the Western Hemisphere.

. Give examples of events or phenomena that could have an impact on changing the position of Russia - physical-geographical, environmental-geographical,

Mira. What territory does it occupy? What are the main features of the geopolitical and economic-geographical position of Russia?

Basic information about Russia

The modern state of Russia appeared on the world map only in 1991. Although the beginnings of its statehood arose much earlier - about eleven centuries ago.

Modern Russia is a federal type republic. It consists of 85 subjects, varying in area and population. Russia is a multinational state, home to representatives of more than two hundred ethnic groups.

The country is the world's largest exporter of oil, gas, diamonds, platinum and titanium. It is also one of the world leaders in the production of ammonia, mineral fertilizers and weapons. The Russian Federation is one of the leading space and nuclear powers on the planet.

Geographical location area, extreme points and population

The country occupies a huge area of 17.1 million square meters. km (first place in the world in terms of territory). It stretches for ten thousand kilometers, from the shores of the Black and Baltic Seas in the west to the Bering Strait in the east. The length of the country from north to east is 4000 km.

The extreme points of the territory of Russia are as follows (all of them are displayed in red symbols on the map below):

northern - Cape Fligeli (within Franz Josef Land);
southern - near Mount Kichensuv (in Dagestan);
western - on the Baltic Spit (in the Kaliningrad region);
eastern - Ratmanov Island (in the Bering Strait).

Russia directly borders 14 independent states, as well as two partially recognized countries (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). An interesting fact: about 75% of the country’s territory is located in Asia, but almost 80% of Russians live in its European part. Total population of Russia: about 147 million people (as of January 1, 2017).

Physico-geographical position of Russia

The entire territory of Russia is located within the Northern and almost all (with the exception of a small part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) - within the Eastern Hemisphere. The state is located in the northern and central part of Eurasia and occupies almost 30% of Asia.

In the north, the shores of Russia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in the east by the Pacific. In the western part it has access to the Black Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean. The country has the longest coastline of any country in the world - over 37 thousand kilometers. These are the main features of the physical and geographical position of Russia.

The country has colossal natural resource potential in terms of richness and diversity. Its vast expanses contain rich oil and gas deposits, iron ores, titanium, tin, nickel, copper, uranium, gold and diamonds. Russia also has huge water and forest resources. In particular, about 45% of its area is covered by forest.

It is worth highlighting other important features of the physical and geographical position of Russia. So, most of the country is located north of 60 degrees northern latitude, in the permafrost zone. And in these difficult natural climatic conditions millions of people are forced to live. All this, of course, left its mark on the life, culture and traditions of Russian people.

Russia is located in the area of so-called risky farming. This means that the successful development of agriculture in most of it is difficult or impossible. So, if there is not enough heat in the northern regions of the country, then in the southern regions, on the contrary, there is a moisture deficit. These features of Russia's geographic location have a noticeable impact on the agro-industrial sector of its economy, which is in dire need of government subsidies.

Components and levels of the economic and geographical position of the country

By region we mean the totality of connections and relationships of individual enterprises, settlements and areas with facilities that are located outside the country and have a strong impact on it.

Scientists identify the following components of EGP:

transport;
industrial;
agrogeographical;
demographic;
recreational;
market (position relative to sales markets).

The EGP assessment of a country or region is carried out at three different levels: micro-, meso- and macro-level. Next, we will assess Russia's macro position in relation to the surrounding world as a whole.

Features and changes in the economic and geographical position of Russia

The size of the territory is the most important feature and benefit of the economic and geographical position of the Russian Federation, with which many prospects are associated. It allows the country to ensure a competent division of labor, rationally allocate its production forces, etc. Russia borders on fourteen countries of Eurasia, among which are powerful raw material bases of China, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Numerous transport corridors ensure close cooperation with the countries of Western and Central Europe.

These are, perhaps, the main features of the geographical location of Russia economic nature. How has it changed in recent decades? And has it changed?

After the collapse of the USSR, the country deteriorated noticeably. And above all transport. After all, Russia’s access to the strategically important waters of the Black and Baltic Seas was significantly limited in the early 1990s, and the country itself moved several hundred kilometers away from the highly developed countries of Europe. In addition, Russia has lost many of its traditional markets.

Geopolitical position of Russia

Geopolitical position is a country’s place in the world political arena, its relationships with other states. In general, Russia has ample opportunities for economic, political, military, scientific and cultural cooperation with many countries in Eurasia and the planet.

However, these relations do not develop with all states. the best way. So, in last years Russia's relations with a number of NATO countries - the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, which were once close allies - have significantly deteriorated Soviet Union. This fact, by the way, is called the largest geopolitical defeat of the Russian Federation in the new century.

Russia’s relations with a number of post-Soviet states remain complex and rather tense: Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the countries of the Baltic region. The geopolitical position of the country changed significantly in 2014 with the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula (in particular, in the Black Sea region).

Changes in the geopolitical position of Russia in the twentieth century

If we consider the twentieth century, the most noticeable shift in power on the European and world political arena occurred in 1991. The collapse of the powerful USSR entailed a number of fundamental changes in the geopolitical position of Russia:

more than a dozen young and independent states, with whom it was necessary to establish a new type of relationship;
the Soviet military presence was finally eliminated in a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe;
Russia received a rather problematic and vulnerable enclave - the Kaliningrad region;
The NATO military bloc has gradually moved closer to the borders of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, over the past decades, quite strong and mutually beneficial ties have been established between Russia and Germany, China, Japan, and India.

As a conclusion: Russia in the modern world

Russia occupies a huge territory, possessing enormous human and natural resource potential. Today it is the largest state on the planet and an important player on the global stage. We can highlight the most important features of the geographical location of Russia, here they are:

The vastness of the occupied space and the enormous length of the borders.
Amazing variety natural conditions and resources.
Mosaic (uneven) settlement and economic development of the territory.
Wide range of commercial, military and political cooperation with various neighboring states, including the leading economies of the modern world.
The instability and instability of the country's geopolitical position over the past decades.

The peculiarities of Russia's geographical location are extremely advantageous. But it is important to learn how to use these benefits (natural, economic, strategic and geopolitical) correctly and rationally, directing them to increase the power of the country and the well-being of its citizens.

INTRODUCTION

1. POSITION OF RUSSIA ON THE CONTINENT

2. INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF RUSSIA

3. SEAS WHICH WASHES THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Geographical position is the position of any point or object on earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects. IN physical geography the geographical location of objects is determined by their relationship to continents and oceans, seas, mountains, rivers and others natural objects, as well as in relation to the equator and prime meridian ( geographical coordinates). The geographical location of Russia is relevant to all of the above-mentioned terrestrial and natural objects. In terms of area, it occupies a leading position in the world. Therefore, the topic of this work is both interesting and relevant.

The object of her research is geographical location Russian Federation.

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the geographical location of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of this work is to identify the advantages of the geographical location of the Russian Federation.

In the course of the work, the following tasks were solved: to determine the position of Russia on the mainland; consider the factors of geographical location that influence the development of the economy of the Russian Federation; characterize the seas washing the territory of Russia.

In working on the topic, the basic methods of sociology were used: observation, comparison, generalization.

The research was carried out with the help of the works of: V.P. Zheltikova, I.A. Karlovich, T.G. Morozova, A.T. Khrushchev.

As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn that the geographical location of the Russian Federation, the size of its territory, the presence of seas and outlets to the World Ocean contribute to the development of its economy.

1. POSITION OF RUSSIA ON THE CONTINENT

Russia is located in the Northern Hemisphere on the largest continent globe- Eurasia, in two parts of the world. About 1/5 of its territory occupies the eastern half of Europe and 4/5 - the northern part of Asia. From the north, the country is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, from the east - by the Pacific. In the west and southwest are the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.

The area of Russia is 17.1 million km 2, which is almost equal to the area of South America.

Not only individual states, but even entire continents - Australia, Antarctica - have an area smaller than Russia (Fig. 1, 2).

Rice. 1. The area of Russia in comparison with the area of the continents (in million km 2

Rice. 2. Area of Russia compared to area. Largest countries in the world (million km)

Extreme points. The northernmost point of our country - Cape Fligeli (81 about 49 "N) is located on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Only 900 km separates it from North Pole. The northern point of Russia on the continent - Cape Chelyuskin (77 ° 43 "N) is located on the Taimyr Peninsula, and the southernmost in Dagestan, on the watershed of Samur and Kura, southwest of Mount Bazardyuzyu / 41 about 11 "N). . The length of the country from north to south is more than 4 thousand km. With such a large area comes significant climatic differences. They are caused by a change from north to south in the amount of solar heat reaching the Earth's surface. Following the climate, other components of nature change. That's why they're so diverse natural areas Russia: from arctic deserts to temperate deserts.

The extreme western point lies on the sandy spit of the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad (19 ° 38 "E). But due to the fact that the Kaliningrad region is separated from the rest of Russia by the territory of other states, it has turned into a kind of “island” point The main territory of Russia begins almost 500 km to the east. Here, on the border with Estonia, lies the westernmost point of the compact territory of Russia (27 o 17 "E). Just south of this point the borders of three states meet: Russia, Latvia and Estonia.

The easternmost point on the mainland is Cape Dezhnev (169°40"W) on the Chukotka Peninsula. The easternmost island point is on Ratmanov Island (169°02"W) in the Bering Strait. Thus, the eastern edge of our country is located in the Western Hemisphere. The distance between the extreme western and eastern points more than 170°, which is about 10 thousand km. When evening falls on the Baltic coast, the dawn of a new day flares up in Chukotka Geography: reference book [Text]. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS, 2008. - P.24. .

Not only a significant difference in time, but also a change in the degree of continentality and severity of climate, as well as other components of nature, determines the large extent of the territory from west to east.

Boundaries. The length of Russia's borders is more than 60 thousand km. On land there are over 22 thousand km, on sea - over 40 thousand km. The western and southern borders of Russia are predominantly land, and the northern and eastern borders are sea. The maritime boundaries are 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast. They separate territorial waters, into which entry of foreign ships is possible only with the consent of Russia. The border of the country's maritime economic zone lies 200 nautical miles from the coasts and islands. Foreign vessels may navigate within this zone without special permission, but Scientific research and the development of natural resources is possible only in agreement with the Russian government.

The western border begins at the coast of the Barents Sea in the northwest Kola Peninsula, crosses the Baltic Sea and reaches the Black Sea. Almost along the entire length of this border there are no clearly defined natural boundaries. Russia's western neighbors are Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. The Kaliningrad region is separated from the rest Russian territory Lithuania. In the south the region borders with Poland.

The southern border stretches from the shores of the Black Sea to the coast of the Sea of Japan. For a considerable length it passes through inaccessible and sparsely populated areas. In the western part - along the Greater Caucasus, and in the eastern part - along the Argun, Amur and Ussuri rivers. In the south, Russia borders with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and Korea.

Russia's eastern border is maritime; its closest neighbors are Japan and the USA. The La Perouse and Kunashir straits separate the Russian islands of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The Bering Strait is home to the Russian Ratmanov Island and the US-owned Krusenstern Island. The border between Russia and the United States runs along a narrow (5 km) strait between these islands.

In the north, Russia’s borders pass through the waters of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The Russian sector of the Arctic stands out here.

Thus, the territory of the Russian Federation is very vast, occupying several geographical zones. Hence its climate is varied, its borders are long, its neighbors are numerous.

2. INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF RUSSIA

Russia - northern country. More than half of its territory lies north of 60° N, including over 20% beyond the Arctic Circle. Nowhere in the world is there such a large concentration of people at such high latitudes (143 million people) as in Russia Zheltikov, V.P. Economic geography [Text] / V.P. Zheltikov. - Ed. 3rd - Rostov n/d, 2004.- P.55. .

Russia is the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere, and more than 65% of its territory is located in the permafrost zone. In this regard, enormous material costs are required for the construction of housing and transport routes, heating, and warm clothing for the population.

Due to its northern location, Russia belongs to a zone of risky agriculture, which is characterized by frequent crop failures caused by natural and climatic conditions. The possibilities for the development of agriculture from the north are limited by Arctic cold and permafrost, and from the south by the hot breath of deserts and semi-deserts, which occupy the northernmost position in the world in the central regions of Eurasia.

Russia has enormous mineral wealth, but the country's main resources are located in the most severe zone, so their development is very expensive.

Already by the time of Peter I and Catherine II, Russia had emerged as the largest state in terms of territory in the entire history of mankind. Naturally, its borders turned out to be the longest, and state borders must be protected. This requires fairly large military expenditures and a large army.

And finally, the vast expanses of the country require the development of a transport network that makes it possible to connect all its regions together, and this, in turn, requires large transport costs, which significantly increases the prices of labor products transported from one region to another. Maintaining transport routes in good condition in harsh climatic conditions also requires large expenses.

From large states only Canada has a position similar to Russia at fairly high latitudes on the northern edge of the continent. The southernmost regions of Canada are located at the latitude of the mountainous regions of Dagestan and Vladivostok, and the northern continental margin lies at the same latitude as the central part of the Mal Peninsula. However, more than half of Canada's population lives south of the latitude of Volgograd, and there are uninhabited territories north of the Arctic Circle.

The large extent of Russia's territory from west to east (about 170°) determines a significant difference in time between different regions of the country. At every moment of the day same time happens only at points located on the same meridian. This time is called local. By international agreement, standard time has been introduced.

The entire surface of the globe was divided by meridians into 24 time zones, the difference between which was one hour of time, or 15° of longitude. The time within each zone is considered the same, equal to the local time of the median meridian of this zone. However, time zone boundaries are drawn strictly along meridians only on seas, oceans and sparsely populated areas. Usually, for ease of use, they are drawn along state and administrative boundaries (Fig. 59). The zone whose time is determined by the time of the prime (Greenwich) meridian is considered zero. From there, the belts are counted to the east. The beginning of a new day is conventionally considered to be the XII time zone, i.e. meridian 180°. This is the date line. On both sides of it, the hours and minutes of standard time coincide, and calendar dates vary by day. Russia is located in 10 time zones: from the second to the eleventh. Economic geography of Russia [Text] / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.- P.37. .

In 1930, in order to make better use of daylight hours, clock hands throughout the country were moved one hour ahead compared to standard time. Since this was done in accordance with the decree (decree) of the Soviet government, the new time was called maternity leave. The maternity time of the second time zone in which Moscow is located is called Moscow time.

Since 1981, in our country, for the period from the end of March to the end of October, summer time. The clock hands are moved one hour ahead compared to maternity time. The introduction of summer time is aimed at rational use daylight hours and energy savings.

Thus, the geographical location of the Russian Federation influences the development of the economy and the quality of life of the population.

3. SEAS WHICH WASHES THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA

The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to the basins of three oceans and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainage basin. Russia has a large trade, fishing and Navy. Water and Natural resources The seas washing the territory of the country are taken under state protection. Together with other countries, Russia is fighting the pollution of seas and oceans with oil and chemicals that negatively affect their organic world.

Seas of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean basin includes six seas: Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. They were formed due to flooding sea waters coastal parts of the mainland and therefore shallow. Their average depth is less than 200 m. The seas are separated from each other by islands and archipelagos: Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. All seas, except the White Sea, are marginal. They communicate with the ocean through wide open spaces of water. The White Sea is inland.

The nature of the northern seas lying in arctic belt mainly between 70° and 80° N, very severe. Surface water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are low throughout the year. The severity of the climate and the associated sea ice cover increase from west to east. All year round Most of the ocean is frozen. Only the southwestern part of the Barents Sea, where the branch of the warm North Atlantic Current enters, is free of ice in winter. Here on the shore of the Kola Peninsula is the ice-free port of Murmansk. Under the influence of winds and currents, the ice in the Arctic Ocean moves (drifts). When ice floes collide and compress, piles of ice are formed - hummocks up to 15 - 20 m high. Hummocks are especially numerous in the Kara and Chukchi seas. Economic geography of Russia [Text] / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.- P.41. .

Ice cover and the long polar night are unfavorable for the development of plankton, therefore the biological productivity of the Arctic seas is low. Only the Barents Sea is of significant commercial importance. It comes here along with the Atlantic waters. a large number of plankton, followed by schools of fish. In second place is the White Sea, whose productivity is 4 times lower. Mined in the seas of the Arctic Ocean sea beast(seal, beluga).

The Northern Sea Route, 5,600 km long, passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean. This is the shortest sea route from the western part of Russia to the Northeast and Far East. The ships are completed in less than a month. The distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok through the North and Norwegian Seas and further along the Northern Sea Route is 14,280 km, and through the Suez Canal - 23,200 km. From Murmansk to Vladivostok - 10,400 km.

The Northern Sea Route connects not only the western and eastern outskirts of Russia, but also the mouths of navigable rivers in Siberia. This made it possible to accelerate economic development and use the rich natural resources of the northern regions of the country. Navigation along the Northern Sea Route currently continues for about four months. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are used to navigate ships here.

Seas of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean basin includes three seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan, washing the eastern coast of the country. From open ocean they are separated by the Aleutian and Commander's. Kuril and Japanese islands. These are the largest and deepest of the seas washing the territory of Russia. Through numerous straits between the islands, the water exchange of these seas with the Pacific Ocean occurs. They have clearly defined ebbs and flows. The highest tide heights are observed in the Sea of Okhotsk; in Penzhinskaya Bay the tide reaches 13 m.

The structure of the bottom and the depths of the seas of the Pacific Ocean differ sharply from the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In the topography of their bottom, the underwater outskirts of the continent can be traced - a shelf, a clearly defined continental slope and deep-sea basins. The maximum depths of each of the seas reach 3.5 - 4 thousand m near the island arcs that limit them, on which there are numerous active volcanoes. Behind the island arcs on the Pacific Ocean side there are deep-sea trenches - the Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka (maximum depth 9717 m). Here, at the boundary of two lithospheric plates, strong earthquakes, seaquakes and the waves they cause are generated - tsunami Karlovich, I.A. Geoecology: textbook for higher school [Text] / I.A. Karlovich. - M.: Academic. Project: Alma - Mater, 2005. - P.45. .

The seas of the Pacific Ocean are located mainly in the temperate zone and differ more warm waters than the Arctic ones. However, in winter time in the waters of the seas, strongly cooled air from the continent is carried out, so almost the entire Sea of Okhotsk and the northern parts of the Bering and Japanese seas they freeze in winter. Even to Vladivostok at the most harsh winters ships are carried out by icebreakers.

The organic world in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially in the Japanese Sea, is much richer and more diverse than in the Arctic seas. Only in the seas of the Far East do valuable sea animals live - seals and sea otter(sea otter). Pacific herring, cod, flounder, salmon, as well as mollusks and crustaceans, crabs, mussels, oysters, and shrimp are of great commercial importance. They are of economic importance seaweed, for example kelp ( seaweed). The transport importance of the Pacific seas is also great.

The seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea. Three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin: the Baltic, Black and Azov. They are all internal. These seas extend deep into the land and have a relatively weak connection with the ocean through narrow, shallow straits. Sea tides are practically not observed here. The seas are highly desalinated due to the influx of large amounts of river water. The Caspian Sea is part of the ancient single Caspian-Black Sea basin. Currently, it is a closed, endorheic lake that retains some marine features.

The seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea are quite warm. In winter, the Azov Sea, the shallow northern parts of the Black and Caspian Seas and the bays of the Baltic Sea are covered with ice for a short time. All seas are of great transport importance. Their ports serve international and domestic shipping lines. The coasts of the Atlantic Ocean are of great importance for organizing recreation for the population.

Due to the fact that the seas of the Atlantic Ocean have a different history of development and are distant from each other, their nature is very different. The Baltic Sea is the youngest. It was formed in quaternary period due to flooding of the sagging section of the platform by sea waters. The sea is shallow. Its coastline is characterized by significant ruggedness. Off the coast of Russia there are large sea bays: Finnish and Gdansk. Strong, long-lasting westerly winds raise the water level in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. This caused floods in St. Petersburg, located at the mouth of the Neva River.

The fauna of the Baltic Sea is not rich and diverse. Main commercial fish are herring, Baltic sprat, cod and eels.

The deep-sea basins of the Black and Caspian Seas are large tectonic depressions in the region of Alpine folding. When they sank, the adjacent southern parts of the platform were also lowered, and when they were flooded by sea waters, the shallow northwestern regions of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the northern part of the Caspian Sea emerged.

The southern position of these seas determines high temperatures surface waters and significant evaporation from their surface. Despite this, the seas are highly desalinated. Together with river waters, they receive a large amount of nutrients, which creates favorable conditions for living organisms to live. However, the waters of the Black Sea from a depth of 200 m are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide and are practically devoid of life, so its fishing significance is small Economic and social geography of Russia [Text] / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - P.36. .

Azov and Caspian Sea- the most important fishing areas. The Caspian Sea contains up to 80% of the world's most valuable reserves. sturgeon fish. The Black and Caspian Seas are of great transport importance.

Thus, the geographical position of the Russian Federation gives it access to three oceans, and this means an abundance of fish, sea animals, the development of the fleet, access to sea routes and powers.

russia geographical sea economy population

CONCLUSION

Russia is located in the Northern Hemisphere on the largest continent of the globe - Eurasia, in two parts of the world. About 1/5 of its territory occupies the eastern half of Europe and 4/5 - the northern part of Asia. The length of Russia's borders is more than 60 thousand km. On land there are over 22 thousand km, on sea - over 40 thousand km. The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to the basins of three oceans and the Caspian Sea. Russia has a large commercial, fishing and naval fleet.

Russia belongs to the zone of risky agriculture, which is characterized by frequent crop failures caused by natural and climatic conditions. It has enormous mineral wealth, but the country's main resources are located in the most severe zone, so their development is very expensive. The vast expanses of the country require the development of a transport network and high transport costs, which significantly increases the prices of labor products transported from one region to another.

Russia's position in many time zones has certain advantages and disadvantages. The positive thing is that the night hours in different regions do not coincide in time. This makes it possible to transfer electricity from one area to another, where the need for it is this moment greatest. The inconvenience is manifested in the fact that when residents of European Russia fly to the Far East and, vice versa, their biological rhythm (time of sleep and wakefulness) is disrupted for some time. Television and radio broadcasts from Moscow have to be repeated for residents of the eastern regions of the country at another, more convenient time for them.

Thus, the geographical location of the Russian Federation has its advantages and disadvantages, which affects its economy, human resources and authority in the world community.

LITERATURE

1. Geography: reference book [Text]. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS, 2008. - 656 p.

2. Zheltikov, V.P. Economic geography [Text] / V.P. Zheltikov. - Ed. 3rd - Rostov n/d, 2004. - 384 p.

3. Karlovich, I.A. Geoecology: textbook for higher school [Text] / I.A. Karlovich. - M.: Academic. Project: Alma - Mater, 2005. - 512 p.

4. Economic geography of Russia [Text] / Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007.- 479 p.

5. Economic and social geography of Russia [Text] / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 672 p.

Features of the geographical location of the Russian Federation. Features of the geographical location of Russia

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