What does it mean to determine coordinates? What are geographic coordinates: latitude and longitude

To determine latitude It is necessary, using a triangle, to lower a perpendicular from point A to the degree frame onto the line of latitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds on the right or left along the latitude scale. φА= φ0+ Δφ

φА=54 0 36 / 00 // +0 0 01 / 40 //= 54 0 37 / 40 //

To determine longitude It is necessary, using a triangle, to lower a perpendicular from point A to the degree frame of the line of longitude and read the corresponding degrees, minutes, seconds from above or below.

Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map

The rectangular coordinates of the point (X, Y) on the map are determined in the square of the kilometer grid as follows:

1. Using a triangle, perpendiculars are lowered from point A to the kilometer grid line X and Y and the values ​​are taken XA=X0+Δ X; UA=U0+Δ U

For example, the coordinates of point A are: XA = 6065 km + 0.55 km = 6065.55 km;

UA = 4311 km + 0.535 km = 4311.535 km. (the coordinate is reduced);

Point A is located in the 4th zone, as indicated by the first digit of the coordinate at given.

9. Measuring the lengths of lines, directional angles and azimuths on the map, determining the angle of inclination of the line specified on the map.

Measuring lengths

To determine on a map the distance between terrain points (objects, objects), using a numerical scale, you need to measure on the map the distance between these points in centimeters and multiply the resulting number by the scale value.

A small distance is easier to determine using a linear scale. To do this, a measuring compass is sufficient, the solution of which equal to the distance between given points on the map, apply it to a linear scale and take a reading in meters or kilometers.

To measure curves, the “step” of the measuring compass is set so that it corresponds to an integer number of kilometers, and an integer number of “steps” is plotted on the segment measured on the map. The distance that does not fit into the whole number of “steps” of the measuring compass is determined using a linear scale and added to the resulting number of kilometers.

Measuring directional angles and azimuths on a map

.

We connect points 1 and 2. We measure the angle. The measurement is carried out using a protractor, it is located parallel to the median, then the angle of inclination is reported clockwise.

Determining the angle of inclination of a line specified on the map.

The determination follows exactly the same principle as finding the directional angle.

10. Direct and inverse geodetic problem on a plane. When performing computational processing of measurements taken on the ground, as well as when designing engineering structures and making calculations to transfer projects into reality, the need arises to solve direct and inverse geodetic problems. Direct geodetic problem . By known coordinates X 1 and at 1 point 1, directional angle 1-2 and distance d 1-2 to point 2 you need to calculate its coordinates X 2 ,at 2 .

Rice. 3.5. To the solution of direct and inverse geodetic problems

The coordinates of point 2 are calculated using the formulas (Fig. 3.5): (3.4) where X,atcoordinate increments equal to

(3.5)

Inverse geodetic problem . By known coordinates X 1 ,at 1 points 1 and X 2 ,at 2 points 2 need to calculate the distance between them d 1-2 and directional angle 1-2. From formulas (3.5) and Fig. 3.5 it is clear that. (3.6) To determine the directional angle 1-2, we use the arctangent function. At the same time, we take into account that computer programs and microcalculators give the main value of the arctangent= , lying in the range90+90, while the desired directional anglecan have any value in the range 0360.

The formula for transition from kdepends on the coordinate quarter in which the given direction is located or, in other words, on the signs of the differences y=y 2 y 1 and  x=X 2 X 1 (see table 3.1 and figure 3.6). Table 3.1

Rice. 3.6. Directional angles and main arctangent values ​​in the I, II, III and IV quarters

The distance between points is calculated using the formula

(3.6) or in another way - according to the formulas (3.7)

In particular, electronic tacheometers are equipped with programs for solving direct and inverse geodetic problems, which makes it possible to directly determine the coordinates of observed points during field measurements and calculate angles and distances for marking work.

Each point on the planet's surface has a specific position, which corresponds to its own latitude and longitude coordinates. It is located at the intersection of the spherical arcs of the meridian, which corresponds to longitude, with the parallel, which corresponds to latitude. It is denoted by a pair of angular quantities expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds, which has a definition of a coordinate system.

Latitude and longitude are the geographic aspect of a plane or sphere translated into topographic images. For more exact location of any point, its altitude above sea level is also taken into account, which makes it possible to find it in three-dimensional space.

The need to find a point using latitude and longitude coordinates arises due to the duty and occupation of rescuers, geologists, military personnel, sailors, archaeologists, pilots and drivers, but it may also be necessary for tourists, travelers, seekers, and researchers.

What is latitude and how to find it

Latitude is the distance from an object to the equator line. It is measured in angular units (such as degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, etc.). Latitude on a map or globe is indicated by horizontal parallels - lines that describe a circle parallel to the equator and converge in the form of a series of tapering rings towards the poles.

Therefore, they distinguish the northern latitude - this is the entire part earth's surface north of the equator, as well as south - this is the entire part of the planet’s surface south of the equator. The equator is the zero, longest parallel.

• Parallels from the equator line to the north pole are considered to be a positive value from 0° to 90°, where 0° is the equator itself, and 90° is the top of the north pole. They are considered as northern latitude(N.S.).
• Parallels extending from the equator towards the south pole are indicated by a negative value from 0° to -90°, where -90° is the location of the south pole. They are counted as southern latitude (S).
• On the globe, parallels are depicted as circles encircling the ball, which become smaller as they approach the poles.
• All points on the same parallel will be designated by the same latitude, but different longitudes.
  On maps, based on their scale, parallels have the form of horizontal, curved stripes - the smaller the scale, the straighter the parallel strip is depicted, and the larger it is, the more curved it is.

Remember! The closer to the equator a given area is located, the smaller its latitude will be.

What is longitude and how to find it

Longitude is the amount by which the position of a given area is removed relative to Greenwich, that is, the prime meridian.

Longitude is similarly characterized by measurement in angular units, only from 0° to 180° and with a prefix - eastern or western.

• The Greenwich Prime Meridian vertically encircles the globe of the Earth, passing through both poles, dividing it into the western and eastern hemispheres.
• Each of the parts located west of Greenwich (in the Western Hemisphere) will be designated west longitude (w.l.).
• Each of the parts distant from Greenwich to the east and located in the eastern hemisphere will bear the designation east longitude (E.L.).
• Finding each point along the same meridian has the same longitude, but different latitude.
• Meridians are drawn on maps in the form of vertical stripes curved in the shape of an arc. The smaller the map scale, the straighter the meridian strip will be.

How to find the coordinates of a given point on the map

Often you have to find out the coordinates of a point that is located on the map in a square between the two nearest parallels and meridians. Approximate data can be obtained by eye by sequentially estimating the step in degrees between the mapped lines in the area of ​​interest, and then comparing the distance from them to the desired area. For accurate calculations You will need a pencil with a ruler, or a compass.

• For the initial data we take the designations of the parallels closest to our point with the meridian.
• Next, we look at the step between their stripes in degrees.
• Then we look at the size of their step on the map in cm.
• Using a ruler, measure the distance from given point to the nearest parallel, as well as the distance between this line and the neighboring one, we convert it into degrees and take into account the difference - subtracting from the larger one, or adding to the smaller one.
• This gives us the latitude.

Example! The distance between the parallels 40° and 50°, among which our area is located, is 2 cm or 20 mm, and the step between them is 10°. Accordingly, 1° is equal to 2 mm. Our point is 0.5 cm or 5 mm away from the fortieth parallel. We find the degrees to our area 5/2 = 2.5°, which must be added to the value of the nearest parallel: 40° + 2.5° = 42.5° - this is our northern latitude of the given point. IN southern hemisphere the calculations are similar, but the result has a negative sign.

Similarly, we find longitude - if the nearest meridian is further from Greenwich, and the given point is closer, then we subtract the difference, if the meridian is closer to Greenwich, and the point is further, then we add it.

If you only have a compass at hand, then each of the segments is fixed with its tips, and the spread is transferred to the scale.

In a similar way, calculations of coordinates on the surface of the globe are carried out.

And it allows you to find the exact location of objects on the earth's surface degree network - a system of parallels and meridians. It serves to determine the geographic coordinates of points on the earth's surface - their longitude and latitude.

Parallels(from Greek parallelos- walking nearby) are lines conventionally drawn on the earth's surface parallel to the equator; equator - a line of section of the earth's surface by a depicted plane passing through the center of the Earth perpendicular to its axis of rotation. The longest parallel is the equator; the length of the parallels from the equator to the poles decreases.

Meridians(from lat. meridianus- midday) - lines conventionally drawn on the earth's surface from one pole to another along the shortest route. All meridians are equal in length. All points of a given meridian have the same longitude, and all points of a given parallel have the same latitude.

Rice. 1. Elements of the degree network

Geographic latitude and longitude

Geographic latitude of a point is the magnitude of the meridian arc in degrees from the equator to a given point. It varies from 0° (equator) to 90° (pole). There are northern and southern latitudes, abbreviated as N.W. and S. (Fig. 2).

Any point south of the equator will have a southern latitude, and any point north of the equator will have a northern latitude. Determining the geographic latitude of any point means determining the latitude of the parallel on which it is located. On maps, the latitude of parallels is indicated on the right and left frames.

Rice. 2. Geographical latitude

Geographic longitude of a point is the magnitude of the parallel arc in degrees from the prime meridian to a given point. The prime (prime, or Greenwich) meridian passes through the Greenwich Observatory, located near London. To the east of this meridian the longitude of all points is eastern, to the west - western (Fig. 3). Longitude varies from 0 to 180°.

Rice. 3. Geographical longitude

Determining the geographic longitude of any point means determining the longitude of the meridian on which it is located.

On maps, the longitude of the meridians is indicated on the upper and lower frames, and on the map of the hemispheres - on the equator.

The latitude and longitude of any point on Earth make up its geographical coordinates. Thus, the geographical coordinates of Moscow are 56° N. and 38°E

Geographic coordinates of cities in Russia and CIS countries

City	Latitude	Longitude
Abakan	53.720976	91.44242300000001
Arkhangelsk	64.539304	40.518735
Astana(Kazakhstan)	71.430564	51.128422
Astrakhan	46.347869	48.033574
Barnaul	53.356132	83.74961999999999
Belgorod	50.597467	36.588849
Biysk	52.541444	85.219686
Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)	42.871027	74.59452
Blagoveshchensk	50.290658	127.527173
Bratsk	56.151382	101.634152
Bryansk	53.2434	34.364198
Veliky Novgorod	58.521475	31.275475
Vladivostok	43.134019	131.928379
Vladikavkaz	43.024122	44.690476
Vladimir	56.129042	40.40703
Volgograd	48.707103	44.516939
Vologda	59.220492	39.891568
Voronezh	51.661535	39.200287
Grozny	43.317992	45.698197
Donetsk (Ukraine)	48.015877	37.80285
Ekaterinburg	56.838002	60.597295
Ivanovo	57.000348	40.973921
Izhevsk	56.852775	53.211463
Irkutsk	52.286387	104.28066
Kazan	55.795793	49.106585
Kaliningrad	55.916229	37.854467
Kaluga	54.507014	36.252277
Kamensk-Uralsky	56.414897	61.918905
Kemerovo	55.359594	86.08778100000001
Kyiv(Ukraine)	50.402395	30.532690
Kirov	54.079033	34.323163
Komsomolsk-on-Amur	50.54986	137.007867
Korolev	55.916229	37.854467
Kostroma	57.767683	40.926418
Krasnodar	45.023877	38.970157
Krasnoyarsk	56.008691	92.870529
Kursk	51.730361	36.192647
Lipetsk	52.61022	39.594719
Magnitogorsk	53.411677	58.984415
Makhachkala	42.984913	47.504646
Minsk (Belarus)	53.906077	27.554914
Moscow	55.755773	37.617761
Murmansk	68.96956299999999	33.07454
Naberezhnye Chelny	55.743553	52.39582
Nizhny Novgorod	56.323902	44.002267
Nizhny Tagil	57.910144	59.98132
Novokuznetsk	53.786502	87.155205
Novorossiysk	44.723489	37.76866
Novosibirsk	55.028739	82.90692799999999
Norilsk	69.349039	88.201014
Omsk	54.989342	73.368212
Eagle	52.970306	36.063514
Orenburg	51.76806	55.097449
Penza	53.194546	45.019529
Pervouralsk	56.908099	59.942935
Permian	58.004785	56.237654
Prokopyevsk	53.895355	86.744657
Pskov	57.819365	28.331786
Rostov-on-Don	47.227151	39.744972
Rybinsk	58.13853	38.573586
Ryazan	54.619886	39.744954
Samara	53.195533	50.101801
Saint Petersburg	59.938806	30.314278
Saratov	51.531528	46.03582
Sevastopol	44.616649	33.52536
Severodvinsk	64.55818600000001	39.82962
Severodvinsk	64.558186	39.82962
Simferopol	44.952116	34.102411
Sochi	43.581509	39.722882
Stavropol	45.044502	41.969065
Sukhum	43.015679	41.025071
Tambov	52.721246	41.452238
Tashkent (Uzbekistan)	41.314321	69.267295
Tver	56.859611	35.911896
Tolyatti	53.511311	49.418084
Tomsk	56.495116	84.972128
Tula	54.193033	37.617752
Tyumen	57.153033	65.534328
Ulan-Ude	51.833507	107.584125
Ulyanovsk	54.317002	48.402243
Ufa	54.734768	55.957838
Khabarovsk	48.472584	135.057732
Kharkov (Ukraine)	49.993499	36.230376
Cheboksary	56.1439	47.248887
Chelyabinsk	55.159774	61.402455
Mines	47.708485	40.215958
Engels	51.498891	46.125121
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk	46.959118	142.738068
Yakutsk	62.027833	129.704151
Yaroslavl	57.626569	39.893822

Latitude is the angle φ between the local zenith direction and the equatorial plane, measured from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES - latitude and longitude, determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. On the maps search engines by default, coordinates are shown in degrees s decimal with "-" signs for negative longitude.

Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative. To completely determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The main disadvantage in practical application G.S.K. in navigation is the large angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole.

These coordinates are visible, for example, when plotting routes from arbitrary points. Other formats are also recognized when searching. The most common way to find a point on the surface of the Earth (globe) is well known - using geographic coordinates called latitude and longitude. Parallels and meridians form a grid system of coordinates on the surface of the Earth, with the help of which any place on Earth can be accurately determined.

We can imagine the Earth as a sphere rotating on its own axis. The ends of the axis are the North and South Poles. The equator is a line of latitude with a value of 0°. This means that the Equator is the starting point for measuring other lines of latitude.

All lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and are sometimes also called parallels. The equator divides the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres. Northern latitudes have positive values, and southern latitudes have negative values. Ultimately, it was decided that the line of zero longitude passes through the Greenwich Laboratory, located in England on the eastern outskirts of London. This line is also called the prime or Greenwich meridian.

What is longitude?

Each line of a circle can be divided into degrees with minutes and seconds. Degree geographic longitude is 1/360th of the equator. The interval between the 39th and 40th parallels is 1° of latitude. The interval between the 175th and 176th meridians is 1° of longitude. Thus, the complete record of the geographical coordinates of the Ngauruhoe volcano is: 39° 07′ S, 175° 37′ E. 39 degrees, seven minutes south latitude.

What is latitude?

A second of latitude is approximately 0.03 kilometer, or approximately 30 meters. At the equator it is approximately 111 kilometers, the same distance as a degree of latitude. The size of longitude gradually decreases and tends to zero as the meridians converge at the Earth's poles. So, at a latitude of 45°, a degree of longitude is approximately 79 kilometers. As degrees of longitude vary in size, minutes and seconds of longitude also change, decreasing in size towards the poles.

Almost all globes have lines of parallels and meridians. Also, many globes have a so-called meridian arc, which not only serves to hold the sphere of the globe on a stand, but also helps determine geographic coordinates. There is a degree scale on the meridian arc (see photo). Latitude is determined using this scale. If there is no degree scale on the meridian arc, then there is such a scale on the prime meridian (Greenwich) and on the international date line (180° meridian). But longitude is determined by the equator.

If this point is above the equator, then it will be northern latitude, if below the equator, it will be southern latitude. Then determine the longitude. To do this, you need to look at the numerical value of the point of intersection of the equator and the meridian arc. This value must be viewed on the equator scale. It combines the beauty of levitation and modern technology.

An electromagnetic globe is a wonderful gift and souvenir for you and your friends. Geographic latitude points lying in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is considered to be positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and those close to the equator as low. The choice of the prime meridian is arbitrary and depends only on agreement.

Within geographic envelope‘height above sea level’ is usually used, measured from the level of the “smoothed” surface - the geoid. Such system of three coordinates turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. The orientation of the axes in the geographic coordinate system (GCS) is selected according to an algorithm. The orientation of the XYZ trihedron, due to the rotation of the earth and the movement of the vehicle, is constantly shifting with angular velocities.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates. All GPS navigators and major cartographic projects on the Internet operate in this coordinate system. The generally available accuracy when working with geographic coordinates is 5 - 10 meters on the ground. Coordinates are angular values ​​and are expressed in degrees. Geographic coordinates will appear in the search bar of the map (as well as in the panel on the right).

A panel with the address and geographic coordinates will appear below the search bar. The current location is usually captured as a waypoint from which coordinates can later be read.

At the same time numeric values coordinates remain available (they can be seen in the search bar of the map that opens via the link). Please note that the point markers displayed on the map are tied to roads, and their position corresponds only approximately to the entered coordinates. The recording forms can be simply converted into one another (1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds).

On Google maps and Yandex maps, latitude first, then longitude (until October 2012, the reverse order was adopted on Yandex maps: first longitude, then latitude). Longitude - the angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through this point, and the plane of the prime meridian, from which longitude is measured.

Modern technologies greatly facilitate our lives, making it easier, simpler and more convenient. Among the variety of such innovations, an important place is occupied by tools that make it easy to navigate the terrain, build a convenient route to a particular geographic point, and find toponyms and other topographical objects on the map. One of the options for finding the desired object on the map is to search for it using geographic coordinates. And in this material I will tell you how to search by coordinates on Yandex Map, and what are the features of this search.

As you know, in the modern digital market of cartographic services there are several competing companies that offer the user the ability to search for a point by coordinates. The list of such services includes the popular “Google Maps”, “Yandex.Maps”, “2GIS” (specializing in detailing cities), “Bing Maps”, “HERE WeGo”, “OpenStreetMap” and the previously existing “Yahoo! Maps" (now closed).

The main competitors in the Russian market are “ Google.Maps" And " Yandex.Maps" If using maps from Google is preferable on a global scale, then in the vastness of Russia we would recommend using the Yandex company’s service. The latter provides better coverage of Russia, has high level details, boasts a special tool for editing maps by users called “People's Map”, displays existing traffic jams in domestic cities, works well with “Geocoder”, and has other useful features.

To determine your location in the Russian Federation, it is better to use Yandex.Maps

At the same time, you can use the Yandex.Maps functionality either using a regular desktop browser on a PC or by installing the Yandex.Maps mobile application to your phone (for example, from the Play Market).

Search by latitude and longitude

If you are faced with the question of finding any geographical location on the map, or there is a need to point out a place on the map to another person, then you should use the method of determining the location geographical feature by its coordinates, including latitude or longitude.

Let me remind the reader that latitude coordinates show the location of the desired object in relation to the North and South Pole (i.e. it is a point between north and south), and longitude coordinates determine the location of the object between east and west.

The usual zero latitude is the equator, therefore, South Pole is located at 90 degrees south latitude, and North Pole– at 90 degrees north latitude.

In this case, northern latitude is designated by the letter “N” (Nord), South – by the letter “S” (South), western longitude by the letter “W” (West), and eastern longitude by the letter “E” (East). ).

Find a place by coordinates on the Yandex Map

To determine the latitude and longitude coordinates of an object, just open “Yandex.Maps”, find the object we need on the map, and click on it with the cursor. A small window will immediately open next to the cursor, informing about the selected object and indicating its latitude and longitude coordinates.

Now, to find this object on the map, it will be enough to write down these numerical values, and then simply enter them separated by commas in the “Yandex.Maps” search bar and press enter. The map will immediately move to the given location and point you to the object specified by the entered coordinates.

It is most convenient to share such coordinates while somewhere in nature; the other party will easily find your location simply by entering your coordinates into the Yandex.Maps search bar.

In addition to finding the desired point by latitude and longitude, the Yandex.Maps functionality makes it possible to build a pedestrian, car, or bus route to it. To do this, just enter the numbers of latitude and longitude of the object you need into the search bar, click on enter, and after it is displayed on the screen, click on the button on the left “Build a route”.

Click on “Build route” to build various options route to the desired geographical point

You will need to enter the coordinates of the starting point of your journey (or type its address), and the service will automatically plot the most optimal route to it, and also indicate the approximate travel time and mileage.

Conclusion

If you need to search by your coordinates on Yandex Map, then it will be enough to enter the coordinates of the desired object by latitude and longitude in the search bar, and then press enter. If you just need to get the coordinates of the object you need, it will be enough to find it on Yandex.Map, click on it, and the required latitude and longitude coordinates will immediately be displayed in the sign that appears on the left.