Natural areas and their main characteristics. Natural areas and their main features

The geographical envelope is not tripled equally everywhere; it has a “mosaic” structure and consists of individual natural complexes (landscapes). Natural complex – this is part earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, flora and fauna.

Each natural complex consists of components between which there are close, historically established relationships, and a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in the others.

The largest, planetary natural complex is the geographical envelope, it is divided into natural complexes lower rank. The division of the geographical envelope into natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth's crust and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, and on the other, the unequal amount of solar heat received by its different parts. In accordance with this, zonal and azonal natural complexes are distinguished.

The largest azonal natural complexes are continents and oceans. Smaller ones are mountainous and flat areas within the continents (West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian Lowland). The latter are divided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, Southern Andes). Natural complexes of the lowest rank include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.

The largest of the zonal natural complexes are geographical zones. They coincide with climatic zones and have the same names (equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, geographical zones consist of natural zones, which are distinguished by the ratio of heat and moisture.

Natural area is a large area of ​​land with similar natural components - soils, vegetation, fauna, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.

The main component of a natural area is climate, since all other components depend on it. Vegetation has a great influence on the formation of soils and fauna and is itself dependent on soils. Natural zones are named according to the nature of their vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other features of nature.

The climate naturally changes as it moves from the equator to the poles. Soil, vegetation and animal world determined by climate. This means that these components should change latitudinally, following climate change. The natural change of natural zones when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zonality. At the equator there are humid equatorial forests, and at the poles there are icy arctic deserts. Between them are other types of forests, savannas, deserts, and tundra. Forest areas, as a rule, are located in areas where the ratio of heat and moisture is balanced (equatorial and most temperate zone, east coasts continents in the tropical and subtropical zones). Treeless zones form where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppes, deserts). These are continental regions of the tropical and temperate zones, as well as the subarctic climate zone.

The climate changes not only in latitude, but also due to changes in altitude. As you go up the mountains, the temperature drops. Up to an altitude of 2000-3000 m, the amount of precipitation increases. A change in the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in soil and vegetation cover. Thus, in the mountains on different heights There are different natural areas. This pattern is called altitudinal zone.

The change in altitudinal zones in the mountains occurs in approximately the same sequence as on the plains, when moving from the equator to the poles. Located at the foot of the mountains natural area, in which they are located. The number of altitudinal zones is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographical location. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are located to the equator, the more diverse the set of altitudinal zones. Vertical zonality is most fully expressed in the Northern Andes. In the foothills there are moist equatorial forests, then there is a belt of mountain forests, and even higher - thickets of bamboo and tree ferns. With increasing altitude and decreasing average annual temperatures appear coniferous forests, which give way to mountain meadows, often turning, in turn, into rocky placers covered with moss and lichens. The peaks of the mountains are crowned with snow and glaciers.

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If you look at our Earth from a great height, from space, for example, then large blue expanses are clearly visible on it - oceans and white ice caps at Northern and South Pole. The rest of the Earth's surface will appear striped. Stripes of brown, yellow, and green run across the continents and, like belts, cover the entire Earth.

Why don't we, the inhabitants of the Earth, notice them? However, look at the map. It turns out that she is also striped. This is a map of natural areas.

Different parts of the Earth receive unequal amounts of heat from the Sun: the least at the poles and the most at the equator.

And precipitation - rain and snow - also does not fall equally everywhere. Where it is warm and humid, dense forests grow; where it is humid and cold, swamps form. Deserts appear in places where it is very hot and very dry.

The Arctic... Wow, how cold it feels from the ice piled up everywhere! What a piercing wind, what dark, choppy ocean water in this harsh polar zone. But it’s summer here, the sun doesn’t drop below the distant horizon around the clock.

To the south are wide expanses of tundra. Lakes, swamps and hummocks, grasses and mosses. And how many berries! Crimson cranberries, blue blueberries, orange cloudberries... Thousands of birds flock to the tundra for the summer. There are also trees in the tundra, just be careful not to step on them: polar birch and polar willow creep along the ground.

To the south of the tundra zone the forest begins. First - isolated, rare, gnarled trees. We are going south, and the trees are getting higher and thicker. Listen to the noise of mighty spruces and pines, transparent larches and strong cedars. This is a temperate forest zone. The dense taiga covers vast areas of Siberia and North America. And in Europe, where there is more rain and warmer winters, coniferous forests less: they are replaced by light forests of deciduous trees. There are a lot of birds and animals in the forests. In this zone there are neither very severe frosts nor very intense heat.

We continue our journey south. The forests begin to thin out and turn into isolated groves. Soon they too disappear. We are in the steppe zone. The hot sun stands high in the clear sky. The small rivers have completely dried up, the grass has turned yellow. But here the most fertile soils are chernozems. Look, the golden ears of wheat are swaying in the wind, green wall The corn rose, the bright yellow sunflower flowers opened...

The further south you go, the hotter the air, the drier the soil, the more land naked, devoid of vegetation. The desert zone begins. Desert plants - stunted bushes and grasses - grow singly. Between them are sands. All long summer There is no rain in the desert. Only in early spring For a short time, flowers bloom in it and the grass turns green. But although the desert is hot and dry, it has its own inhabitants: fleet-footed antelopes, jerboas, gophers, turtles, lizards and snakes.

And what is there south of the deserts? In our country there are mountains. They block our path, and we begin to climb the rocky path. And it seems as if we have turned north! The mountains also have different natural zones, and they replace each other from bottom to top, from the bottom to the top - the higher, the colder.

Now let's board a plane and fly straight to Africa! Let's see what is there, south of the world's greatest desert - the Sahara. The plane descended, and, barely moving away from it, we disappeared headlong into the thickets of grass. Individual, very thick trees rise above a sea of ​​grass. We are in the savannah zone. Carefully! There are many predators here.

South of the savannahs to the equator and south of it there is a zone tropical forests. How stuffy, how dark and damp it is in the forest. The air is saturated with moisture. The sun is overhead, but its light hardly passes through the dense foliage.

A latitudinal natural strip of land or the World Ocean, having uniform thermal conditions and atmospheric moisture, and, accordingly, relatively homogeneous landscape elements, is integral part geographical zone Earth. Syn.:… … Dictionary of Geography

natural area- — EN natural area An area in which natural processes predominate, fluctuations in numbers of organisms are allowed free play and human intervention is minimal. (Source: LANDY) EN sensitive natural area Terrestrial or aquatic area or other fragile natural setting with unique or highly valued environmental features. (Source: EPAGLO)… … Technical Translator's Guide

Specially protected natural area- 025 Specially protected natural area (Figure A.24) Standardized graphic content: silhouette of a tree next to the silhouette of an animal. Purpose: indication of the location of a protected area intended to protect flora and fauna. Region... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Natural zone, regional landscape unit, meaning a significant territory with a special type of climate, specific plant and soil cover and fauna. The geographic zone is one of the highest levels of latitudinal zonal physics... ... Ecological dictionary

Natural area with an arid climate; zone of deserts and semi-deserts. Here farming is possible only with artificial irrigation. Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Dedu. 1989 ... Ecological dictionary

Zone of secondary intergradation, a natural zone within the range of a species in which secondary contact (meeting, gene exchange) of previously geographically isolated (diverging, allopatric) populations occurs. Is of decisive importance when... Ecological dictionary

A natural zone distinguished by the characteristics of relief-forming processes. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Dedu. 1989 ... Ecological dictionary

Antarctic desert zone- The natural area, including Antarctica and nearby islands, has a harsh Antarctic climate and sparse polar vegetation... Dictionary of Geography

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• The Elusive World: The Ecological Consequences of Habitat Loss, Hanski I.. The book is dedicated to the analysis environmental consequences loss and fragmentation of habitats resulting from intensive economic activity people who have great importance For…
• An elusive world. Ecological consequences of habitat loss, Ilkka Hanski. The book is devoted to the analysis of the environmental consequences of the loss and fragmentation of habitats that occur as a result of intensive human economic activity and are of great importance for...

In the arctic deserts all year round close to zero. Summer is short and very cold. average temperature July not higher than +4°C. In winter it often drops to -50°C, there are strong winds, many days with snowstorms and; 85% of the zone is covered. The sparse vegetation cover consists of mosses, lichens, algae and rare flowering plants. Polar desert soils are very thin. Usually they have a layer of peat (1-3 cm) on top. Significant evaporation during the long polar day (about 150 days) and dry air lead to the formation of saline varieties of polar desert soils.

Fauna in Arctic zone poor, since the productivity of the plant mass is very low. The islands are inhabited by arctic foxes and polar bear. There are especially many polar bears. On the rocky shores of the islands there are “bird colonies” - colonies seabirds. Thousands of razorbills, gulls, guillemots, guillemots, kittiwakes, puffins and other birds nest on the coastal cliffs.

The tundra zone occupies about 8-10% of the entire territory of the country. There are short and cool summers with an average July temperature from +4°C in the north to +11°C in the south. The winter is long, harsh with strong and... The winds are cold throughout the year. In summer they blow from the North Arctic Ocean, in winter - from the chilled mainland. There is very little precipitation - 200-300 mm per year. Despite this, soils in the tundra are everywhere waterlogged, which is facilitated by waterproof permafrost and weak evaporation in conditions low temperatures. Typical tundra and podzolized soils have low thickness, low humus content, relatively high acidity and are usually swampy.

The vegetation cover is formed by mosses, lichens, shrubs and shrubs. All plants have characteristic forms and properties reflecting their adaptability to harsh climates. Dwarf and cushion-shaped forms of plants dominate, which help to use ground-level heat and provide shelter from strong winds. Due to the fact that summer is very short and the growing season is limited, most plants are perennials and even evergreens. These include lingonberries and cranberries. They all begin to vegetate immediately as soon as the snow melts. In the north of the zone there are arctic tundras dominated by moss-lichen groups and. Herbaceous species include sedge, cotton grass, and polar poppy. In the middle part of the zone there is a typical tundra with moss, lichen and shrub groups. The eastern part of the country is dominated by sedge-cotton grass hummocky tundras. The bushy lichen called moss (“reindeer moss”) is used to feed deer. Resin moss grows very slowly, at a rate of 3-5 mm per year. Therefore, restoration of pastures takes a very long time - within 15-20 years. For this reason, only nomadic animal husbandry is possible in the tundra, in which numerous herds of deer constantly move in search of food. Among the plants there are many berries: cloudberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries. There are thickets of bushy willow. In the south of the zone, where there is more heat and weaker winds, shrubby tundras dominate. Among the shrubs, the most common is dwarf birch, different types Iv. In shelters, thickets of bushy alder enter the tundra from the south. There are a lot of berry plants - blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, heather bushes and mushrooms grow.

The fauna of the tundra is very poor in species, but abundant in the number of individuals. Throughout the year they live in the tundra reindeer(wild and domestic), lemmings, arctic foxes and wolves, tundra partridge and White Owl. In summer many birds come. The abundance of food in the form of midges and mosquitoes attracts a huge number of geese, ducks, swans, waders and loons to the tundra to breed their chicks.

Farming in the tundra is impossible due to the low temperature of the soil and its poverty nutrients. But in the tundra, numerous herds of deer graze, furs are mined, and eider down is collected.

Forest-tundra is a transition zone between tundra and forest. It is much warmer in the forest-tundra than in the tundra. In a number of places, about 20 days a year, the average daily temperature is above +15°C, and the average July temperature is up to +14°C. The annual precipitation reaches 400 mm, which far exceeds evaporation. As a result, the forest-tundra has excess moisture.

In the forest-tundra there are forest and tundra plant groups nearby. The forests consist of crooked, low-growing birch, spruce and larch trees. Trees in forests are far apart from each other, since their root system is located in upper layers soil above permafrost. The forest-tundra contains the most productive reindeer pastures, since moss grows much faster here than in the tundra. In addition, deer can take refuge in forests from strong winds and use forest vegetation as food. Animals of both tundra and forests live here - elk, brown bear, squirrel, white hare, wood grouse and hazel grouse. Hunting produces a lot of furs, of which the most valuable are arctic fox skins.

The forest zone occupies more than half of the territory of Russia. But the forested area is only 45% of the country's area. In most of the zone, winters are harsh and cold. The January temperature, even in the south, is below 0°C. But summer is warm, and in some places even hot. The average July temperature in the north of the zone is +15°C, and in the south - +20°C.

In the taiga subzone, summers are cool. The average temperature in July is not higher than +18°C. The amount of precipitation (300-900 mm) slightly exceeds evaporation. The snow cover is stable and lasts all winter. The ratio of heat and moisture is such that it favors the growth of trees everywhere.

In the forest-steppe zone, summer becomes hot. The average temperature in July rises to +19…+21°С. In the north of the zone, precipitation (560 mm per year) is approximately equal to evaporation. In the south, evaporation slightly exceeds precipitation. Droughts are common here. The climate of the zone is unstable - wet years alternate with dry ones. In general, the forest-steppe has a warm and relatively dry climate.

Throughout the entire zone, small forested areas alternate with mixed-grass steppes. On the East European Plain, the forest-steppe is dominated by oak forests with an admixture of maple, ash, linden and elm. On West Siberian Plain The forests are dominated by birch and aspen. IN Eastern Siberia pine-larch forests with an admixture of birch and aspen. Under deciduous forests the same soil-forming processes occur as in the subzone deciduous forests. Therefore, gray forest soils are common here. Chernozem soils formed under areas of mixed-grass steppes.

The forests of the zone are inhabited by common forest species of animals and birds. And in the open steppe spaces there are gophers and brown hares (often), marmots, hamsters, and bustards (rarely). Both in the forests and in the steppe areas of the zone, wolves and foxes are common.

Favorable climatic conditions and high soil fertility have led to the fact that the forest-steppe is intensively developed and populated. Up to 80% of the land in this zone is plowed. Wheat, corn, sugar beets, and sunflowers are grown here. The extensive orchards produce a rich harvest of apples, pears, apricots and plums.

The steppe zone stretches in the south of the European part of Russia from the Black Sea and the foothills. In the east it stretches in a continuous strip to. Beyond the steppe areas they are found only in the intermountain basins of southern Siberia.

There are many people living in the steppes - gophers, marmots, hamsters, voles. There is a fox and a wolf. The most common birds are larks and steppe partridges. Some animal species adapted to the plowed territory, and their numbers not only did not decrease, but even increased. These include gophers, which cause great damage to grain crops.

The semi-desert zone is located in the Caspian region. She's dry sharply continental climate. In summer, average July temperatures rise to +23...+25°C, and in January they drop to -10...-15°C. The annual precipitation does not exceed 250 mm per year. Winter is extremely unstable - there are often strong winds and temperatures can drop to -40°C. Frosts may suddenly give way to thaws, accompanied by ice or (with a further drop in temperature). In this case, many sheep die, since they cannot get the grass from under the ice crust.

The semi-desert is dominated by wormwood-grass communities. But the vegetation cover is spotty and sparse. Between the clumps of plants there are areas of bare soil. The grass stand is dominated by feather grass, fescue, and tyrsa. Many types of subshrubs - white wormwood, prutnyak, biyurgun and others. Wormwood-grass vegetation is used as pasture. Many semi-desert plants are exceptionally rich in nutrients and are readily eaten by sheep, horses and camels. Agriculture is carried out only using irrigation.

Chestnut soils are zonal in the semi-desert. Compared to them, they are much poorer in humus, have less thickness and are often solonetzic. Throughout the zone there are solonetzes and, less frequently, solonchaks. The semi-desert is home to steppe and desert animals. The main animals are rodents: gophers, jerboas, voles, mice. A typical semi-desert animal is the saiga antelope. There are wolves, steppe polecats, and corsac foxes. Birds include the steppe eagle, bustard, and larks.

The desert zone is located in Caspian lowland. This is the driest territory in Russia. Summer is long and very hot. The average temperature in July is +25…+29°С. But very often the temperature in summer reaches +50°C. Winter is short, with negative temperatures. The average temperature in January is -4...-8°C. The snow cover is thin and unstable. The annual precipitation is 150 - 200 mm. Evaporation is 10 - 12 times higher than precipitation.

The vegetation cover of deserts is closely related to the nature of the soil. Plants that have powerful rhizomes and adventitious roots are common on sand, which strengthen the plant in loose soil and help find moisture. Solyanka, saltwort, and sarsazan are associated with salt marshes. In the northern part of the desert, wormwood and solyanka predominate. Common in the north sandy soils and gray-brown ones are often found. They are carbonate, solonetzic and contain little humus. Takyrs are ubiquitous. These are clayey soils in depressions - with impassable mud in the spring and a hard, cracked crust in the dry. Takyrs are practically devoid of vegetation.

It is inhabited by saigas and the sand cat. A large number of rodents - jerboas and gerbils, many lizards. Numerous insects are diverse - scorpions, tarantulas, mosquitoes, locusts.

Abundance sunlight and warmth, the long growing season allows one to grow high yields of the most valuable crops - grapes and melons - on irrigated lands. Numerous canals were built for irrigation, and... Thanks to irrigation, agricultural farms and new oases arose in the scorched desert. Vast desert grasslands are used for grazing sheep and camels.

The subtropical zone occupies large areas covered from the north by mountains. The Caucasus coast near Novorossiysk is dry subtropics with hot, dry summers, with an average July temperature of +24°C. Winter is relatively warm and humid. The average temperatures of the coldest month—February—are close to +4°C. Frosty periods are rare and short-lived. The annual precipitation reaches 600-700 mm with a maximum in winter period. Best time The year is autumn, when there are warm sunny days during September and October.

In the past, the dry subtropics were covered with forests of fluffy oak, tree-like juniper, and Pitsunda pine, groves of strawberry and sandalwood. Shrub thickets of shiblyak and maquis are widespread. Shibljak is a low-growing thicket of deciduous plants of fluffy oak, thorny shrubs, sumac, and rose hips. Maquis - thickets of evergreen shrubs and low trees: myrtle, wild olive, arbutus, tree heather, rosemary, holm oak. The soils of the dry subtropics are represented by brown forest and brown soils.

At present, the natural vegetation cover has been practically eliminated. Most of the territory is occupied by vineyards, gardens, parks of numerous sanatoriums and holiday homes.

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The warmth of the sun fresh air and water are the main criteria for life on Earth. Numerous climatic zones led to the division of the territory of all continents and waters into certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by huge distances, are very similar, others are unique.

Natural areas of the world: what are they?

This definition should be understood as very large natural complexes (in other words, parts of the Earth’s geographic zone), which have similar, homogeneous climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural areas is the flora and fauna that inhabit the given territory. They are formed as a result of the uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.

Table “Natural areas of the world”

Natural area	Climate zone	Average temperature (winter/summer)
Antarctic and Arctic deserts	Antarctic, Arctic	24-70°C /0-32°C
Tundra and forest-tundra	Subarctic and subantarctic	8-40°С/+8+16°С
	Moderate	8-48°С /+8+24°С
Mixed forests	Moderate	16-8°С /+16+24°С
Broadleaf forests	Moderate	8+8°С /+16+24°С
Steppes and forest-steppes	Subtropical and temperate	16+8 °С /+16+24°С
Temperate deserts and semi-deserts	Moderate	8-24 °С /+20+24 °С
Hardleaf forests	Subtropical	8+16 °С/ +20+24 °С
Tropical deserts and semi-deserts	Tropical	8+16 °С/ +20+32 °С
Savannas and woodlands		20+24°С and above
Variably humid forests	Subequatorial, tropical	20+24°С and above
Permanently wet forests	Equatorial	above +24°С

This characteristic of the natural zones of the world is only for informational purposes, because you can talk about each of them for a very long time, and all the information will not fit into the framework of one table.

Natural zones of the temperate climate zone

1. Taiga. It surpasses all other natural zones of the world in terms of land area (27% of the territory of all forests on the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees they cannot be maintained, so the taiga is dense coniferous forests (mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large areas of the taiga in Canada and Russia are occupied by permafrost.

2. Mixed forests. Characteristic to a greater extent for the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth. It is a kind of border between the taiga and deciduous forest. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Tree species: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as rowan, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows, soils in the zone mixed forests gray, not very fertile, but still suitable for growing plants.

3. Broad-leaved forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters and are deciduous. Occupy most of Western Europe, south Far East, northern China and Japan. The climate suitable for them is maritime or temperate continental with hot summers and fairly warm winters. As the table “Natural zones of the world” shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8°C even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. Characteristic the following types trees: ash, chestnut, oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, elm. The forests are very rich in mammals (ungulates, rodents, predators), birds, including game birds.

4. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinguishing feature is that they are practically complete absence vegetation and sparse fauna. There are quite a lot of natural areas of this nature; they are located mainly in the tropics. There are temperate deserts in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp changes in temperature across the seasons. Animals are represented mainly by reptiles.

Arctic deserts and semi-deserts

They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. A map of the world’s natural zones clearly shows that they are located in North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian continent. In fact, these are lifeless places, and only along the coast are polar bears, walruses and seals, arctic foxes and lemmings, and penguins (in Antarctica). Where the ground is free of ice, lichens and mosses can be seen.

Equatorial rainforests

Their second name is rain forests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and the Greater Sunda Islands. The main condition for their formation is constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and a hot climate (20°C and above). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is an impenetrable, dense jungle, which has become home to more than 2/3 of all types of creatures now living on our planet. These rain forests are superior to all other natural areas in the world. The trees remain evergreen, changing foliage gradually and partially. Surprisingly, the soils of humid forests contain little humus.

Natural zones of the equatorial and subtropical climate zone

1. Variably humid forests, they differ from rain forests in that precipitation falls there only during the rainy season, and during the period of drought that follows, the trees are forced to shed their leaves. The flora and fauna are also very diverse and rich in species.

2. Savannas and woodlands. They appear where moisture, as a rule, is no longer enough for growth variable-humid forests. Their development occurs in the interior of the continent, where tropical and equatorial climates predominate. air masses, and the rainy season lasts less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory of subequatorial Africa, the interior South America, partly Hindustan and Australia. More detailed information about the location is reflected in the map of natural areas of the world (photo).

Hardleaf forests

This climate zone is considered the most suitable for human habitation. Hard-leaved and evergreen forests are located along sea and ocean coasts. Precipitation is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to their dense leathery shell (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents them from falling. In some trees and plants they are modernized into spines.

Steppes and forest-steppes

They are characterized by an almost complete absence of woody vegetation, due to the poor level of precipitation. But the soils are the most fertile (chernozems), and therefore are actively used by humans for farming. The steppes occupy large areas in North America and Eurasia. The predominant number of inhabitants are reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants have adapted to the lack of moisture and most often manage to complete their life cycle during the short spring period, when the steppe is covered with a thick carpet of greenery.

Tundra and forest-tundra

In this zone the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic begins to be felt, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous trees cannot withstand it. There is an abundance of moisture, but there is no heat, which leads to swamping of very large areas. There are no trees at all in the tundra; the flora is mainly represented by mosses and lichens. It is considered to be the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. Due to the active development of gas and oil fields it is on the verge of an environmental disaster.

All natural areas of the world are very interesting, be it the seemingly absolutely lifeless desert, the endless arctic ice or thousand-year-old rain forests with boiling life inside.