Distributed in Northern Mongolia: in the Khangai, in the northern part of the Mongolian Altai, in the Amur region, and Japan. There is no continuous zone here. Spruce and fir are common. In the eastern part of the zone, cryptomeria and thuja are added to these species. In the Amur region, Daurian larch. In Hokkaido - Hokkaido spruce, Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir, Japanese pine, Far Eastern yew. The undergrowth here often contains evergreen grasses and shrubs, including bamboo.

Mixed forests.

Distributed in the Amur region and Manchuria. The Manchurian flora includes a lot relict species arcotrettic flora. Here, in the intermountain basins, which the glacier did not reach, specific shelters for plants were formed. The Manchurian flora is more thermophilic than the modern one. Now it is mixed with more cold-resistant species; the undergrowth is mostly relict. In the first tier of these forests there are representatives of modern Japanese and Chinese flora: Korean cedar, white fir, whole-leaved fir, Algin larch, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, Amur and Manchurian linden, greenbark and bearded maples, and noleaf ash. In the undergrowth are Amur lilac, Ussuri buckthorn, Manchurian currant, chokeberry, rhododendron, Amur aralia, grapes, hops, lemongrass.

Broad-leaved forests.

They are found in northeastern China (almost destroyed), Japan (here they are better preserved). These forests contain oaks and beeches, many maples (about 20 species), Manchurian ash, walnut, chestnuts, lindens, cherries, birches, magnolias. Before the onset of active anthropogenic impact, the local Chinese flora consisted of 260 genera of trees, since this is a very ancient land area.

Steppes and forest-steppes.

To this day, this plant formation has hardly been preserved. In Mongolia and China, the steppes are plowed. Typical plants include feather grass, serpentine grass, chamomile, thin-legged grass, caragana subshrub (a relative of acacia), and wormwood. Currently, wheat, corn, kaoliang, beans, and sesame are cultivated here. In China, rice, vegetables, watermelons, and melons are grown under irrigated farming conditions.

Semi-deserts and deserts.

Mongolia, China. The species composition is poor. There are saxaul, tamarisk, ostrogal, ephedra, caragana, and jusgun.

Subtropics. Evergreen monsoon forests.

Found in eastern China south of the Yangtze, on southern islands Japan. There are: oaks, evergreen camellia (tea ancestor), camphor tree, myrtle, cryptomeria (coniferous), podocarpus shrub. The undergrowth contains evergreens: bamboo, azalea, pridenia, magnolia.

Hyrcanian forests.

The Hyrcanian region is located between the northern slopes of Elborz and the Caspian Sea. Lush subtropical forests are common here, consisting mainly of broad-leaved deciduous species. The undergrowth contains a mixture of evergreens. In appearance, these forests resemble those of Colchis. Currently, a significant part of the territory is covered with gardens of pomegranates, walnuts, and pistachios.

Evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs.

Distributed on the coast of Asia Minor, in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel). Found only on windward slopes of mountains. There is maquis, which is poorer than the European one. The dominant species are kermes and shrub oak, Palestinian pistachio, and carob. In addition, there are juniper, myrtle, heather, and wild olive. In drier areas there is freegana and shiblyak. The dominant species are rosehip, buckthorn, euonymus and jasmine.

Altitudinal zone.

Mediterranean vegetation up to 600-800 m. Coniferous broadleaf forests in the lower part with chestnut, maple, cypress, deciduous oak, in the upper part with Killikian fir and black pine up to 2000 m. Above there is a belt of xerophytic vegetation, often cushion-shaped: sticky rose, spurge, Cretan barberry.

Subtropical steppes.

Found in central Turkey (Anatolian Plateau). The predominant plants are wormwood and feather grass; bulbous and tuberous ephemerals bloom in the spring. Herbs include alpine bluegrass.

Phryganoid formations of mountain xerophytes.

Their homeland is the Western Asian Highlands. Mostly, they contain thorny cushion-shaped subshrubs and no more than 1 m in height: acantholimon, ostrogal, juniper.

Semi-deserts and deserts.

They occupy the inner basins of the Iranian plateau, Dashte Lut and Dashte Kavir. Their main feature is the dominance of saltworts (halophytes). Almost every depression in the soil contains its own set of salts and, as a result, specific types of plants grow.

Tibetan flora.

In terms of genesis, it is closer to the Himalayan and Chinese floras. Mostly, cushion-shaped subshrubs grow here, such as cargan, and hard Tibetan sedge is among herbs.

Equatorial-tropical zone. Moist equatorial forests.

The humidity coefficient here is more than 2. The dry season is no more than 2 months. Distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Western Ghats, southern Vietnam, the mouth of the Mekong, Thailand. Moist equatorial (tropical) forests are the oldest plant formation on land.

Their main features:

1. Multi-tiered (at least 5 tiers). The trees of the first tier reach a height of 50-60 m. In the Malay Archipelago, for example, there are about 2000 species of such trees, incl. in Java 500.
2. Huge variety of species. A polydominant forest structure is typical. On 1 hectare of tropical forest there are up to 40 trees of the 1st tier.
3. The trees have straight trunks, usually more than 2 m in diameter, and small crowns. They increase in size when the plant reaches its height. Tall trees have disc-shaped roots-supports (buttresses). The leaf blades of the trees are mostly large, the color is dark green. This vegetation is evergreen.
4. A large number of vines and epiphytes. Vines are both herbs and trees. For example, the rattan palm reaches a length of 300 m.

The second tier is palm, there are about 300 species here: sago, sugar, areca, palmyra, caryota, etc.

III tier: tree ferns, their height is usually up to 5 m or more, wild bananas, pandanuses, bamboos.

The insectivorous plant Rafflesia is found in the lower tiers.

Deciduous tropical forests (monsoon or mixed).

Along with evergreen plants, there are deciduous plants (mainly in the upper tier). Plants: enga, teak tree, sal tree (family diptocarpaceae), satin tree, red and white sandalwood, etc. This is the territory of part of Hindustan and Indochina with a semihumid climate.

Shrub woodlands and savannas.

Deccan Plateau, small areas in southern Indochina. This is a tropical savanna. The grass cover is dominated by tall grasses, mainly grasses, 1.5 m or more in height. Cereals: bearded grass, alang-alang, wild sugar cane. Trees: banyan or Indian fig tree or forest tree, palm trees (palmyra), umbrella acacias.

Deserts.

This is the territory of Arabia and Tara. The business card is the date palm, found in oases (among the Arabs it is the tree of life). Outside the oases, ephedra, ostrogal, and camel thorn grow. On saline soils, solyanka, an edible lichen, is manna from heaven. In the river valleys there are thickets of tamarisk and Euphrates poplar.

(according to E.M. Zubaschenko)

Natural areas and physiographic zoning
Overseas Asia

Geographical zones and zones

Natural areas in Foreign Asia include:
- Equatorial
- Subequatorial
- Tropical
- Subtropical
- Temperate zones.
The latitudinal orientation of the zones is preserved only in
continental sector of the temperate zone (in Central
Asia).
In the oceanic sectors and in the subequatorial
belt there are violations of latitudinal zonality,
associated with the characteristics of atmospheric circulation and
the structure of the relief, creating a clearly defined
“barrier relief”: it is especially clearly manifested in Malaya
Asia, on east coast Mediterranean Sea, in the NE
China, on the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas.
LOOK AT THE MAP!!!:

Natural areas of Foreign Asia

Vegetation of Asia

Equatorial belt

Equatorial belt occupies almost the entire Malay Archipelago, south
Philippine Islands, Malacca Peninsula and southwest Sri Lanka. Constantly
high temperatures, abundant and uniform moisture (more than 3000 mm), constantly
high humidity (80-85%). The radiation balance is lower than in the tropics - 60-65 kcal/cm2
per year, which is associated with heavy cloudiness.
Dominated zone equatorial forests(giley). Floristically these are the most
rich forests on the globe (over 45 thousand species). Species composition of tree species
reaches 5 thousand (in Europe there are only 200 species). The forests are multi-tiered, abundantly represented
lianas and epiphytes. There are about 300 types of palm trees: palmyra, sugar, areca, sago, caryota,
rattan palm liana. Tree ferns, bamboos, and pandanuses are numerous. On
coast mangroves from Avicenia, rhizophora, nipa palms.
Zonal soils are leached and podzolized laterites. For the mountains
vertical belts are characteristic. Typical hylea at altitudes of 1000-1200 m gives way to mountain
hylaea, less tall, but wetter and denser. Above are deciduous formations. On
At the tops, low-growing shrubs alternate with patches of meadow vegetation.
The fauna is rich and diverse. Preserved: orangutan, as well as monkeys
gibbon, macaques. Predators include tiger, leopard, sun bear, wild elephant. Remained
tapirs, tupai, woolly wings, reptiles - flying dragons, lizards, giant
Komodorian monitor lizard (3-4 m). From snakes - pythons (reticulated up to 8-10 m), vipers, arboreal
snakes. There is a gharial crocodile in the rivers.
Hylean forests are preserved on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. On cleared
Hevea, spices, tea, mango, and breadfruit are grown in the lands.

Subequatorial belt

The subequatorial belt covers the Hindustan Peninsula, Indochina, and the northern Philippine Islands.
Radiation balance from 65 to 80 kcal/cm2 per year. Differences in moisture have led to the formation here
several natural zones: subequatorial forests, seasonally wet monsoon forests, shrubby
woodlands and savannas.
Zone of subequatorial forests - along the western coasts of Hindustan, Indochina, northern
the extremities of the Philippine archipelago and the lower reaches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, where more than 2000 mm of precipitation falls. Forests
They are distinguished by a variety of species composition, multi-tiered, and difficult to pass. Dipterocarpus are typical for them,
streculia, albizia, ficus, palms, bamboos. Most have soft wood. Trees provide valuable by-products
products: tannins, resin, rosin, rubber.
Zonal soils are red-yellow ferrallitic with low fertility. tea plantations,
coffee tree, rubber plants, spices, bananas, mangoes, citrus fruits.
The zone of seasonally wet monsoon forests is confined to the eastern outskirts of Hindustan and Indochina,
where precipitation is no more than 1000 mm. Deciduous evergreen forests are multi-tiered and shady with many vines and epiphytes.
Valuable species grow: teak, sal, sandalwood, dalbergia. Monsoon forests have been severely damaged by deforestation.
With a decrease in precipitation to 800-600 mm, monsoon forests are replaced by a shrub zone
woodlands and savannas, the largest areas of which are confined to the Deccan Plateau and inland areas
peninsula of Indochina. Woody vegetation gives way to formations of tall grasses: bearded grass,
alang-alang, wild sugar cane. In summer the savanna turns green, in winter it turns yellow. Single palm trees, banyan trees and
acacias diversify the landscape.
The soils are dominated by red-colored varieties: red, red-brown, red-brown soils. They
poor in humus, susceptible to erosion, but widely used in agriculture. Stable yields only when
irrigation. Rice, cotton, and millet crops are cultivated.
The fauna was rich, but is now greatly exterminated: rhinoceroses, bulls (gayal), antelopes, deer, hyenas,
red wolves, jackals, leopards. There are many monkeys and semi-monkeys (lories) in the forests. Peacocks, wild chickens, parrots,
blackbirds, pheasants, starlings.

Tropical zone

The tropical zone occupies the southern part of Arabia, the south of Iranian
highlands, Thar desert. Radiation balance 70-75 kcal/cm2 per year. IN
throughout the year trade wind circulation, high temperatures, large
daily fluctuations. Precipitation less than 100 mm at evaporation rate 3000
mm.
Under such conditions, zones of deserts and semi-deserts are formed.
Large spaces are occupied by shifting sands and barren
rocky deserts (hammads). Vegetation consists of ephemerals,
hard subshrubs and cereals (wormwood, astragalus, aloe, spurge,
ephedra). There is an edible lichen "manna from heaven"
(linacora edible). The date palm grows in the oases. Soil
the cover is poorly developed and is absent over large areas.
In mountainous areas, dragon trees grow on windward slopes.
trees, gum acacias, incense trees (myrrh, boswellia).
juniper.
The fauna is diverse: wolf, jackal, fennec fox, striped
hyena, ungulates - sand gazelle, mountain goat. Rodents - jerboas, gerbils. Birds - eagles, vultures, kites

Subtropical zone

The subtropical zone stretches from Asia Minor to the Japanese Islands. Radiation balance 55-70
kcal/cm2 per year. It is characterized by sectored landscapes.
In the largest continental sector, zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes are distinguished. On
in the west, in a Mediterranean climate, a zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs is developed, in
the Pacific sector is a zone of monsoon mixed forests. Natural zoning is complicated by vertical
clarity.
Continental
sector
Mediterranean
sector
Pacific
sector
Evergreens
forests and
bushes
Monsoon
evergreen
mixed
forests
Deserts,
semi-deserts
Steppes

1. The zone of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs in Asia is entering
a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor and Arabia. The climate here is more
continental than in Europe, annual temperature ranges are greater, precipitation falls
less. The vegetation has pronounced xerophytic features. There are almost no forests left,
They were replaced by shrub formations. Maquis predominates, depleted in species
in comparison with European ones. It is dominated by shrub oak
kermes. In the Levant it is mixed with carob and Palestinian pistachio, and in
Asia Minor - red juniper, myrtle, heather, wild olive. On dry coastal
On the slopes, maquis gives way to freegana and shiblyak, as well as deciduous shrubs - rosehip, wild rose, euonymus, and jasmine. Brown soils are replaced by chestnut soils.
Altitudinal zone: Shrub formations rise into the mountains up to 600-800 m,
higher up grow coniferous-deciduous forests (black pine, Cilician fir, cypress, oak,
maple). From 2000 m xerophytic vegetation predominates, often having
cushion-shaped (euphorbia, Cretan barberry, sticky rose).
2. In the continental sector subtropical zone occupies the Western Asian
highlands, dominated by deserts and semi-deserts. The basin structure of the uplands is
the reason that natural areas are shaped like concentric circles. In the central
Parts of the highlands are deserts. They are framed by semi-deserts, then mountain steppes and
shrubby woodland.
The largest areas of deserts and semi-deserts are in the Iranian Plateau. More than 30% of it
The territory is covered by salt marshes, devoid of vegetation, and a significant area is occupied by
rocky and sandy deserts. Zonal soils are desert gray soils and brown soils.
The fauna is quite diverse. Of the ungulates - white-browed goat, mouflon, wild
donkey onager (kulan), among predators - caracal, striped hyena. Rodents - gophers, jerboas, marmots.

10.

The steppe zone is confined to the foothill areas, in which there are alternating
wormwood and feather grass formations. In spring, ephemerals and some
cereals that burn out by summer. On the slopes of the mountains, steppes give way to shrubby
open forests. The Western Asian highlands are the birthplace of the phryganoid
formations of mountain xerophytes - thorny cushion-shaped subshrubs
forms less than 1 m high. The most typical types are acantholimon, astragalus,
juniper.
The Tibetan Plateau, due to its enormous relative altitudes (more than
4000 m), characterized by vegetation of high mountain steppes, semi-deserts and
deserts.
3. The zone of monsoon evergreen mixed forests is typical for
Pacific sector of the subtropical belt. It covers the southern regions
Eastern China and the Japanese Islands. Natural vegetation has given way
place for plantations of tea, citrus fruits, cotton, rice. The forests retreated into the gorges,
on steep cliffs, in the mountains. The forest stand is dominated by laurels, myrtles, camellias,
Podocarpus, Cunningamia. Forests in Japan are better preserved.
The dominant species are evergreen oaks, camphor laurel, Japanese pine,
cypresses, cryptomerias, thujas. In the rich undergrowth of bamboo, gardenia, magnolia,
azaleas.
Red soils and yellow soils predominate (from 5 to 10% humus). But
fertility is low, since the soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen.
The fauna is preserved only in the mountains. Among the rare animals are lemurs ( slow loris), small predator Asian civet, from ungulates - tapir.
The avifauna is rich: pheasants, one species of parrots, geese, ducks, cranes, herons,
pelicans.

11. Temperate zone

The temperate zone is limited in area, occupies part of Central Asia, Eastern
and Northeast China, Hokkaido Island. Radiation balance 30-55 kcal/cm2 per year.
Climatic conditions in the continental and oceanic sectors are different. Particularly large
contrasts in moisture: more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls on the coast, inland it falls
the quantity is reduced to 100 mm. Accordingly, the landscape features are varied. Zones
taiga, mixed and deciduous forests characteristic of the oceanic sector;
the inland region is occupied by zones of deserts, semi-deserts, steppes and forest-steppes.
Inland
sector
Ocean sector
Deserts,
semi-deserts
Taiga
Steppes, forest-steppes
Mixed and
broadleaf
forests

12.

OCEANIC SECTOR
1. The taiga zone is found in Northeast China, where Dahurian larch and
Scots pine. The tracts of coniferous forests on the island of Hokkaido are more extensive. Here they prevail
Hokkaido spruce and Sakhalin fir, mixed with Ayan spruce, Japanese pine, yew
Far Eastern, in the undergrowth there are bamboos and grasses. The soils are podzolic, and in the lowlands they are peat-boggy.
2. Mixed forest zone mainly in Northeast China. Glaciation in
The Quaternary period was not here, so representatives of the Arcto-Tertiary flora found refuge here.
Mixed forests abound in endemics and relicts. This is the so-called Manchurian flora, very
rich in species. The forests include Korean cedar, white fir, larch
Olginskaya, Ayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, greenbark and bearded maple. IN
undergrowth Amur lilac, Ussuri buckthorn, Manchurian currant, chokeberry,
aralias, rhododendrons. From vines: Amur grapes, lemongrass, hops. The soils are dominated by
dark-colored, podzolized forest brown soils and gray soils to varying degrees.
Broadleaf forest zone
adjoins mixed ones from the south.
The forests have mostly been cut down,
the remaining arrays consist of
maple, linden, elm, ash, walnut
nut Forests are better preserved in
Japan, where beech and
oak, maple are widely represented
(up to 20 species), ash
Manchurian, local species
walnuts, as well as chestnuts,
linden, cherry, birch, magnolia.
Zonal soil type - forest
brown soils.

13. Inland sector

1. The prairie zone is located on the plains of Northeast China. Unlike
North American Asian prairies receive less precipitation (500-600 mm). However
the presence of permafrost spots that thaw in summer additionally moisten the soil. Formations develop
tallgrass prairie, often interspersed with oak woodlands. Currently
natural vegetation has been completely destroyed. Fertile meadow chernozem-like soils (up to
9% humus) are plowed and occupied by crops of millet (kaoliang), legumes, corn, rice, vegetables,
watermelons
2. In the continental sector of the temperate zone, aridity features are clearly pronounced: especially
dry interior Central Asia, where desert and semi-desert zones dominate.
Large areas are devoid of life and represent an ideal desert. Where there is vegetation, it
sparse and represented by psammophytes (sand lovers) and halophytes (salt lovers). These are different
species of saltwort, wormwood, tamarisk shrubs, juzgun, ephedra, saxaul. Developed in deserts
gray soils, in semi-deserts - brown soils (less than 1% humus).
Ungulates and rodents. Among the ungulates are the Bactrian camel, the wild ass, antelopes (gazer,
goitered gazelle, Przhevalsky), in the mountains - goats and rams. Rodents include gophers, jerboas, and voles.
3. The steppe zone occupies the basins of western Dzungaria, the northern parts of Mongolia (up to
41-42°N) and the foothills of the Greater Khingan. Precipitation up to 250 mm. Low-grass dry steppes predominate,
in which there is no continuous vegetation cover - low-growing feather grass, chamomile, tonkonog, caragana,
wormwood. Soils are chestnut; are divided into dark and light chestnut. With artificial
Irrigated dark chestnut trees produce high yields of wheat, beans, corn, and kaoliang. Light chestnut trees are not used for agriculture; transhumance is developed on them.

14. Physiographic zoning

Regions:
1. SW Asia
2. Western Asian
highlands
3. South Asia
4. SE Asia
5. Central Asia
6. East Asia
Physiographic regions of Foreign
Asia

15. Regions or physical-geographical countries: SW Asia Western Asian Highlands S. Asia SE Asia Central Asia East Asia

Asian
Mediterranean
Omorye
(Levant),
Mesopotam
and I,
Arabian
peninsula
Asia Minor
highlands,
Armenian
highland,
Iranian
highlands
Northeastern
China and
peninsula
Korea,
Central
China, South
China,
Northern Mongolia,
Japanese
plains and
islands
South plateau
Mongolia and
Northern China,
mountains and basins
Northwestern
China, Hindu Kush and
Karakoram systems
Kunlun-AltyntagNanshan, Tibetan
highlands
Indochina,
Malay
archipelago,
Filipino
islands
Himalayas,
Indo-Gangetic
lowland,
peninsula
Hindustan,
island
Ceylon
Physiographic regions

16. Central Asia: Central Kazakhstan, Turan Lowland and Balkhash region, mountains of the southeast and east of Central Asia

D/Z: Prepare a presentation according to plan

17. Physiographic countries generally correspond to the main morphostructural regions. They have territorial integrity, from

Physiographic countries generally correspond to the main
morphostructural regions.
They have territorial integrity, isolation, and
independent history of the development of the relief, hydraulic network, organic world,
characterized by a specific landscape structure.
1. Central Asia – high plains, highest
mountains and highlands on heterogeneous structures with
dominance of dry steppe, semi-desert and desert
landscapes;
2. East Asia - with highly dissected terrain,
alternating medium-high and low mountains, extensive
alluvial lowlands, with dissected
sea ​​coasts and chains of islands along them,
monsoon climate (temperate to
tropical), forest landscapes;
3. SW Asia – arid plains and plateaus with tropical
rocky and sandy deserts, dry
trade wind climate, sparse vegetation;

18.

4. The Western Asian highlands are closed, dry
highlands, vast empty basins and salt marshes,
drainless
depressions,
With
continental
subtropical
climate,
dry
steppes,
woodlands and shrubs.
5. South Asia
6. SE Asia
Most
loved ones in
landscape
respect
regions, with
warm seasonally
wet
climate
equatorial
monsoons and
dominance
various
tropical
forest
landscapes.
Fenced by the Himalayas
north,
characterized
more
high temperatures, great
contrasts in hydration and therefore
a richer range of landscapes
– from evergreen humid tropical
forests to tropical deserts.
Mostly
mountain
relief, higher and more uniform
hydration, especially on the islands,
absolute
dominance
forest
landscapes – from gil to dry
deciduous monsoon forests and
woodlands.

19. Central Asia – sharp continental climate and monotony of landscapes, associated with an extreme degree of aridity; The region is remote from the Oka

Central Asia – sharp continental climate and monotony
landscapes associated with an extreme degree of aridity;
The region is remote from the oceans, isolated by powerful mountain systems, elevated
(from 1000-1200 m in Central Asia proper to 4000-5000 m in Tibet).
After the collapse of the USSR, the territory
Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan
is being considered
V
composition
Central Asian
subcontinent.
Thus, Central Asia includes
the following physical and geographical countries:
Central Kazakhstan, Turan plains
plates and Balkhash region, mountains and basins
Northwestern China and Central Asia,
plains and plateaus of Southern Mongolia and
Northern China, Northern Mongolia,
Pamir - Hindu Kush - Karakorum, Kunlun Altyntag - Nanshan, Tibetan Plateau. On
in the north the subcontinent borders Western
Siberia and mountains Southern Siberia, on
in the east from the East, in the south - from the South
Asia, in the west - with the Southern Urals and
Mugodzhars, the Caspian region, then in the southwest - with the Iranian Plateau.
Region - a system of basins limited
more or less high mountains and
hills.

20.

Main natural features Central Asia:
- “Lattice-honeycomb” surface structure. Almost the entire region is a system of basins,
limited by more or less high mountains and hills. The central parts of the basins are
hard blocks of different geological ages, mountain uplifts formed by neotectonic
movements within different age moving belts. All physical-geographical countries of the subcontinent are similar in this respect, except for Central Kazakhstan.
- Large amplitudes of heights. They are associated with the activity of neotectonic movements (Turfan depression
lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level, the city of Chogori in Karakoram has an absolute height of 8611 m). Eat
data that over the past 10 thousand years the Kunlun, Nanshan and other mountains have risen by 1300-1500 m.
- Aridity of the climate, due to the inland location and basin relief. With this
many features of different components of nature are connected.
- Erosion dismemberment of mountain slopes occurred only in pluvial eras; glaciation is not
developed because there was not enough water; ancient leveling surfaces have been preserved;
modern denudation is slow, mainly due to weathering processes, talus and work
temporary streams; debris material is not carried far from the slopes where it formed (“mountains are drowning in
own wreckage"); groundwater usually buried deep, often mineralized; rivers
low in water, sometimes they don’t flow anywhere; lakes are mostly salty, often with intermittent
outlines, and in some cases “wander” from one shallow basin to another; dominate
deserts, semi-deserts and dry steppes on brown, gray-brown and in some places chestnut soils; wide
salt marshes and solonetzes are widespread; plants and animals have adaptations to life in dry conditions
conditions.
- Disorganized flow (according to V. M. Sinitsyn): areas of internal flow and drainless areas predominate. This
explained both by the aridity of the climate and the basin structure of the territory.
- The highest degree of continental climate: annual temperature amplitudes can reach 90°C,
especially characterized by low winter temperatures. The features of continentality are most clearly manifested in
numerous large and small basins, so characteristic of the region’s topography.
- Central Asia for a long time was a little-studied region. Mountain barriers, harsh climate
conditions and remoteness from European countries prevented the penetration of scientific expeditions into
Central Asian territory. The political isolation of many parts of the region also played a role. Only in the XIX
V. the first expeditions took place, and, overcoming natural obstacles and Mongol resistance,
Tibetan and Chinese authorities, scientists from many countries explored and mapped this territory.
The pluvial period is a stage of intensive climate humidification due to an increase in the amount
liquid precipitation.

21. Relief

Central Asia is characterized by high altitudes, and clearly
There are 2 main relief tiers.
The lower tier is formed by the Gobi, Alashan, Ordos, Dzungarian and
Tarim Plain, the prevailing heights of which are 500-1500 m.
The upper tier is the Tibetan Plateau, within which the average
heights increase to 4-4.5 thousand m.
Plains and plateaus are separated from each other linearly
elongated mountain systems of the Eastern Tien Shan, Kunlun,
Nanshan, Mongolian Altai, Karakorum, Gandhishan, etc.,
having a predominantly latitudinal and sublatitudinal strike.
The highest peaks of the Tien Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun reach
6-7 thousand m; the highest point of Central Asia is the city of Chogori, in Karakoram (8611 m).
Chogori, Karakoram

22. Kun-Lun

23. The Turfan depression lies at an altitude of 154 m below sea level

24.

25.

26.

27. Climate

Modern climatic conditions are characterized by large amplitudes
temperatures
Summer is hot (with average monthly temperatures of 22-24°C the air can
warm up to 45°C, and the soil - to 70°C). Winters with frosts and little snow. Veliki
daily temperature fluctuations, especially during transition seasons when they can
reach 2-3 tens of degrees.
In winter, the Asian Anticyclone is located over Central Asia, and in summer,
area of ​​low atmospheric pressure with a predominance of moisture-depleted
air masses of oceanic origin.
The climate is sharply continental, dry, with significant seasonal and daily
temperature fluctuations. Average January temperatures on the plains are from -10 to -25 °C,
July from 20 to 25 °C (on the Tibetan Plateau about 10 °C). Annual precipitation amount on
plains usually does not exceed 200 mm, and areas such as the Taklamakan desert,
Gashun Gobi, Tsaidam, Changtang Plateau, receive less than 50 mm, which is tens of times
less evaporation. Largest quantity precipitation falls in summer. In the mountains
in the ridges of precipitation is 300-500 mm, and in the south-east, where the influence of the summer monsoon is felt, up to 1000
mm per year. Central Asia is characterized by strong winds and an abundance of sunny days
(240-270 per year).
A reflection of the dry climate is the significant height of the snow line,
reaching 5-5.5 thousand m in Kunlun and Nanshan, and 67 thousand m on the Tibetan Plateau, in Changtan (its highest position on the globe). Therefore, despite the enormous
the height of the mountains, there is little snow in them, and intermountain valleys and plains are usually snowless in winter.
The scale of modern glaciation is insignificant (the glaciation area is Central
Asia is estimated at 50-60 thousand km2). The main centers of glaciation are located in the most
high mountain nodes of the Karakoram, Kunlun, as well as the Eastern Tien Shan and
Mongolian Altai. Cirque, hanging and small valley glaciers predominate.

28. Surface water

Due to the dry climate, Central Asia is characterized by low
water cut. Most of the territory belongs to the area of ​​internal
flow, forming a series of closed basins (Tarim, Dzhungar,
Tsaidamsky, Basin of the Great Lakes, etc.).
The main rivers are Tarim, Khotan, Aksu, Konchedarya, Urungu, Manas, Kobdo,
Dzabkhan - originate in high peripheral mountain ranges, and upon exiting
on the plains, a significant part of their runoff seeps into loose sediments
foothill plumes, evaporates and is spent on irrigating fields; That's why
downstream, the water content of rivers usually decreases, many of them dry up
or carry water only during the summer flood caused by the main
by melting snow and ice in the mountains of Central Asia Driest
regions of Central Asia (Alashan, Beishan, Gashun and Trans-Altai Gobi,
central part of the Taklamakan Desert) are practically devoid of surface
watercourses. Their surface is covered with dry riverbeds in which water appears
only after occasional showers. Only the outskirts have flow into the oceans
Central Asia, in the mountains of which the great rivers of Asia originate: the Yellow River,
Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Brahmaputra, Indus, Irtysh, Selenga, Amur.
There are many lakes in Central Asia, the largest of which is Lake
Kukunor, and the deepest is Khubsugol. The largest number of lakes is in Tibet
highlands and in the north of the Mongolian People's Republic. Many of them are terminal river floods
(for example, Lop Nor), due to which their outlines and sizes often change in
depending on fluctuations in river water content. Prevail salt lakes; from
The largest fresh ones are Khara-Us-Nur, Bagrashkol, Khubsugul. Many lakes on
plains are in a stage of decline.

29. Tarim River

Tarim wanders around
basin,
breaks down into
sleeves, changes
direction,
leaving without water
oases with
populated
points that
due to
throw this away.
The location of the river mouth has not been determined: in
different years it flows in different directions.
Most rivers flowing from mountains into basins
lost in the sand, dismantled for irrigation or
At times, salt lakes fill with water.

30.

Lake Khubsugul in Mongolia. Mountain range in the background
Munku-Sardyk

31.

Gobi Desert, Central Asia (territory of Mongolia and
China).
Construction of the Lotos Hotel,
China

32.

Khotan River crossing the sandy
Taklamakan Desert, China.

33. Soils. The predominant soil types in the north are chestnut, in the deserts of Northwestern China - gray-brown, desert, in the Tibetan region

Soils.
The predominant soil types in the north are chestnut, in deserts
Northwestern China - gray-brown, desert, on the Tibetan Plateau -
frozen soils of cold high mountain deserts. In relief depressions -
salt marshes and takyrs. In the upper mountain belt there are mountain-meadow and (in the north) mountain forest soils. The soils of the Central Asian plains are usually thin, almost
devoid of humus, often contain large number carbonates and gypsum;
significant areas of sandy and rocky deserts are generally devoid of
soil cover. In the mountains there are gravelly and coarse-skeletal soils.

34. Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in other places these are typical desert communities with floors

Some areas of sandy and gravelly deserts are completely devoid of vegetation, in
in other places these are typical desert communities with wormwood, solyanka, ephedra,
camel thorn, tamarisk, sometimes with saxaul on the sands.
Only in the outlying mountains at altitudes of 1800-3000 m do forests of Tien Shan pine appear
spruce, elm, aspen. Variegated poplar, desert elm, and willows grow along dry riverbeds. IN
There are meadows in mountain valleys and on the slopes of high mountains.
Taklamakan - a sandbox in a bowl between the mountains

35.

36. Ephedra

37. East Asia

The most extensive region of foreign Asia, located
between the Amur Valley and the coast of South China, including
adjacent islands Pacific Ocean.
The situation in the eastern oceanic sector of Asia with
its characteristic monsoon circulation and abundant
moisture in the summer season determined the dominance of forest
landscapes (from southern taiga to constantly humid tropical
forests).
In the leeward position, in the north, where the monsoon circulation
weakens somewhat, forest-steppes and meadow steppes appear.
In contrast to the monsoon climate of South and South-East Asia, there is significant
cyclonic activity on the polar front plays a role,
therefore, intra-annual moisture in Eastern Asia is more uniform.
Fauna and flora of the region that did not experience glaciation
characterized by high species diversity and endemism.
A characteristic feature of nature is the vaguely expressed zoning of landscapes,
associated with the predominance
mountainous terrain with its inherent vertical zoning

38.

39.

40. Western Asian Highlands

Form a continuous belt from the coast
Mediterranean Sea to Tibet and include
Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian plateaus.
They are characterized by a combination of peripheral
folded structures of Cenozoic age with
more
ancient
median
arrays,
the great role of neotectonic movements in
formation of modern relief.
Typical Mediterranean landscapes are similar
with European ones, and as we move east
the influence of purely Asian features is growing -
continentality
climate,
drainlessness,
landscapes
acquire
dry steppe
And
desert features.

41.

Sandy desert of Rub al-Khali, Arabia
peninsula.

42.

Sandy-salt desert
Dasht-Lut, Iran.

43.

Infrared satellite
image of the Great Salt
desert (Dasht-Kevir), Iran.

In Eurasia from south to north they are located geographical zones equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate and subarctic zones. On the humid oceanic margins they are represented mainly by various forest zones, and inside the continent they are replaced by steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. On the elevated mountain outskirts of highlands and plateaus, due to increased moisture, deserts are replaced by semi-deserts and Western Asian shrub steppes. In the tropical latitudes of Asia, no less significant violations of latitudinal zonality are found. For example, in India and Indochina, zones of subequatorial (monsoon) forests and savannas, woodlands and shrubs replace each other not from south to north, but from west to east, which is associated with the predominance of the meridional extent of mountain ranges and the direction of the monsoons. Due to the penetration of equatorial air further than usual, these zones are shifted northward, up to the Himalayas, compared to Africa. Areas of mountainous relief, widespread in Asia, refract latitudinal zonality and contribute to the development altitudinal zone. In the arid conditions of Central Asia, the vertical differentiation of belts is small. On the contrary, on the windward slopes of the Himalayas, the Sichuan Alps, and the mountain ranges of Indochina, the number of belts increases significantly. Thus, the structure of altitudinal belts is affected not only by the latitudinal, but also by the sectoral position, on the one hand, and the exposure of the slopes, on the other. The more complete the range of altitudinal zones is, the lower the latitudes the mountainous country is located and the more high and humid it is. An example of a large number of altitudinal zones is shown by the southern slopes of the Himalayas, a small number of them are shown by the northern slopes of the Himalayas and the slopes of Kunlun. Equatorial belt . The zone of equatorial forests (gils) occupies almost the entire Malay Archipelago, the southern half of the Philippine Islands, the southwest of the island of Ceylon and the Malacca Peninsula. It almost corresponds to the equatorial climate zone with its characteristic values ​​of radiation balance and humidity. With large amounts of annual precipitation, evaporation is relatively low: from 500 to 750 mm in the mountains and from 750 to 1000 mm on the High plains annual temperatures and excessive moisture with uniform annual precipitation determine uniform runoff and optimal conditions for the development of the organic world and a thick weathering crust, on which leached and podzolized laterites are formed.

The processes of allitization and podzolization dominate in soil formation. Asian equatorial forests are dominated by numerous families of the richest species (over 45 thousand) of flora and fauna. Undergrowth and herbaceous cover are not developed in these forests. Due to the predominance of mountains over lowlands, typically latitudinal-zonal landscapes occupy smaller areas in Asia than in the Amazon and Congo basins. Above 1000-1300 m above sea level, the main plant formation of Hylea takes on mountain features. Due to the decrease in temperature and increase in humidity with altitude, mountain hylea has a number of features. The trees are less tall, but due to the abundance of moisture, the forest becomes especially dense and dark. It has a lot of vines, mosses and lichens. Above 1300-1500 m, forests are increasingly enriched with representatives of subtropical and boreal floras. On the high peaks, crooked forests and low-growing bushes alternate with lawns of herbaceous vegetation. Natural landscapes are best preserved on the islands of Kalimantan (Borneo) and Sumatra. In the subequatorial belt Due to seasonal precipitation and uneven distribution of precipitation over the territory, as well as contrasts in the annual course of temperatures, landscapes of subequatorial forests, as well as savannas, woodlands and shrubs, develop on the plains of Hindustan, Indochina and in the northern half of the Philippine Islands.

Question 15: Natural areas of North America.

In the north of the continent, natural zones stretch in stripes from west to east, while in the middle and southern parts they extend from north to south. Altitudinal zonation is evident in the Cordillera.

Arctic desert zone. Greenland and most of the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are located in the Arctic desert zone. Here, in places freed from snow and ice, mosses and lichens grow on poor rocky and marshy soils during the short and cool summer. There is a musk ox.

Tundra zone. The northern coast of the mainland and the adjacent islands are occupied by a tundra zone. The southern border of the tundra in the west lies near the Arctic Circle, and as it moves east it enters more southern latitudes, capturing the coast of Hudson Bay and the northern part of the Labrador Peninsula. Here, under conditions of short and cool summers and permafrost, tundra soils are formed in which plant residues decompose slowly. In addition, the frozen layer prevents the seepage of moisture, resulting in the formation of excess moisture. Therefore, peat bogs are widespread in the tundra. Mosses and lichens grow on tundra-gley soils in the northern part of the tundra, and marsh grasses, wild rosemary shrubs, blueberry and blueberry bushes, low-growing birches, willows, and alders in the southern part. The North American tundra is home to arctic fox, arctic wolf, caribou reindeer, ptarmigan, etc. In summer, many migratory birds fly here. There are many seals and walruses in the coastal waters of the zone. Polar bears are found on the northern coast of the mainland. In the west, in the Cordillera, mountain tundra extends far to the south. To the south, woody vegetation appears more and more often, the tundra gradually turns into forest-tundra, and then into coniferous forests or taiga.

Taiga zone. The taiga zone extends in a wide strip from west to east. Podzolic soils predominate here. They are formed under humid and cool summer conditions, as a result of which minor plant litter slowly decomposes and produces a small amount of humus (up to 2%). Mostly coniferous trees grow in the taiga - black spruce, balsam fir, pine, American larch; There are also deciduous ones - paper birch with smooth white bark, aspen. Animals - bears, wolves, lynxes, foxes, deer, moose and valuable fur-bearing animals - sable, beaver, muskrat. The slopes of the Cordillera, facing the ocean, are covered with dense coniferous forests, mainly of Sitka spruce, hemlock, and Douglas fir. Forests rise along the mountain slopes up to 1000-1500 m; higher they thin out and turn into mountain tundra. In the mountain forests there are grizzly bears, skunks, and raccoons; There are a lot of salmon fish in the rivers, and seal rookeries are located on the islands.

Zones of mixed and deciduous forests. To the south of the coniferous forest zone there are zones of mixed and broad-leaved, as well as variable humid forests. They are located only in the eastern part of the mainland, where the climate is milder and more humid, reaching in the south to the Gulf of Mexico. Under mixed forests in the north there are gray forest soils, under broad-leaved forests there are brown forest soils, and in the south under variable wet soils there are yellow soils and red soils. Mixed forests are dominated by yellow birch, sugar maple, beech, linden, white and red pine. Broad-leaved forests are characterized by various types of oaks, chestnut, sycamore and tulip trees.

Zone of evergreen tropical forests. The evergreen tropical forests in the southern Mississippi and Atlantic lowlands consist of oaks, magnolias, beeches and dwarf palms. The trees are entwined with vines.

Forest-steppe zone. To the west of the forest zone there is less precipitation, and herbaceous vegetation predominates here. The forest zone passes into the zone of forest-steppes with chernozem-like soils and steppes with humus-rich chernozems and chestnut soils. Steppes with tall grasses, mainly cereals, reaching a height of 1.5 m, in North America called prairies. Woody vegetation is found in river valleys and in moist low areas. Closer to the Cordillera there is even less rainfall and the vegetation becomes poorer; low grasses - Grama grass (grass) and buffalo grass (perennial grass only 10-30 cm high) - do not cover the entire ground and grow in separate bunches.

Country name Relief BRUNEI flat coastal plain rising to the east and becoming mountains; in the west there are hilly lowlands. VIETNAM hilly, mountainous in the far north and northwest, low, flat deltas in the south and north; central hills. INDONESIA mainly coastal lowlands; in the internal parts big islands there are mountains. CAMBODIA has mostly low and flat plains; in the northwest and north of the mountain. COCONUT ISLANDS are flat, low coral atolls. LAOS is mostly rocky mountains; small plains and plateaus. MALAYSIA coastal plains that give way to hills and mountains. MYANMAR is a central lowland surrounded by steep, steep hills. CHRISTMAS ISLAND steep cliffs along the coast rise steeply to the central plateau. ASHMORE AND CARTIER ISLANDS sandy and coral lowlands PAPUA NEW GUINEA mostly mountainous; lowlands on the coasts and hilly foothills. SINGAPORE lowlands; the slightly hilly central plateau contains the main drainage areas and natural water storage areas. THAILAND central plain; the Korat plateau in the east; mountains here and there. THE PHILIPPINES are predominantly mountains with long, narrow coastal lowlands.

Country name Climate BRUNEI tropical; hot, humid, rainy. VIETNAM tropical in the south; monsoon in the north, with a hot rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and a warm dry season (mid-October to mid-March). INDONESIA tropical; hot, humid; in mountainous areas it is more moderate. CAMBODIA tropical; rainy and monsoon season from May to November; dry season from December to April; Seasonal temperature fluctuations are insignificant. COCONUT ISLANDS pleasant, moderated by southeast trade winds for about 9 months of the year; moderate rainfall. LAOS tropical monsoon; rainy season from May to November; dry season from December to April. MALAYSIA tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. MYANMAR tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoons from June to September); less cloudy, with infrequent rain, cooler, less humid winter (northeast monsoons from December to April). CHRISTMAS ISLAND tropical; hot and humid, moderated by trade winds. ASHMORE AND CARTIER ISLANDS tropical. PAPUA NEW GUINEA tropical; northwest monsoons (December to March), southeast monsoons (May to October); slight seasonal temperature fluctuations. SINGAPORE tropical; hot, humid, rainy; but there is no distinct rainy season or dry season; thunderstorms - 40% of days a year (including two thirds of days in April). THAILAND tropical rainy warm cloudy; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-March to September); dry cold northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); The southern isthmus is always hot and humid. PHILIPPINES tropical marine; northeast monsoons (November to April); southwest monsoons (May to October).

Population 482.5 million people live in the region. The maximum number is in Indonesia, the minimum is in Brunei. Extremely unevenly distributed. Most of the inhabitants of Indochina live in river valleys. The main activities are crop farming: they grow coconut palms, sugar cane, tea, spices, orchids, cotton, tobacco, coffee, pineapples, peppers, etc. -livestock farming: very poorly developed due to a shortage of pastures and the spread of tropical animal diseases. Sea and river fishing is widespread.

Large rivers and lakes Rivers in most regions form a dense network and, as a rule, are deep all year round. The longest and deepest flows occur in Kalimantan. The most big lake Toba in the northern part of the island of Sumatra, which is the largest volcanic lake on the planet and, with a depth of more than 500 m, is one of the deepest lakes in the world.

Population The average population density is about 124 people per km², and the population is extremely unevenly distributed. The highest population density is recorded in the Special Capital Region, the lowest in the province of Papua. The peoples are engaged in the cultivation of coconut palms, hevea, rice, sugar cane, timber production, fishing, and cattle breeding is poorly developed. The fauna is rich, the orangutan is especially revered. Indonesia currently has developed literature, theater, painting, Baltic wood carving is famous.

Problems of the country and ways to solve them. Uneven distribution of population. To ensure a more even distribution of the population throughout the country, since the 1950s, the Indonesian authorities have been implementing a large-scale trans-migration program of relocating residents of densely populated areas (Java, Bali) to sparsely populated islands (Kalimantan, New Guinea).

Asia is the largest part of the world in terms of area (43.4 million km², including adjacent islands) and population (4.2 billion people or 60.5% of the total population of the Earth).

Geographical location

It is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, bordering Europe along the Bosporus and Dardanelles, Africa along the Suez Canal, and America along the Bering Strait. Washed by the waters of the Pacific, Arctic and Indian oceans, inland seas belonging to the basin Atlantic Ocean. Coastline slightly indented, the following large peninsulas are distinguished: Hindustan, Arabian, Kamchatka, Chukotka, Taimyr.

Main geographical characteristics

3/4 of the Asian territory is occupied by mountains and plateaus (Himalayas, Pamirs, Tien Shan, Greater Caucasus, Altai, Sayans), the rest is occupied by plains (West Siberian, North Siberian, Kolyma, Great China, etc.). On the territory of Kamchatka, the islands of East Asia and the Malaysian coast there are a large number of active, active volcanoes. The highest point in Asia and the world is Chomolungma in the Himalayas (8848 m), the lowest is 400 meters below sea level (Dead Sea).

Asia can safely be called a part of the world where great waters flow. To the Northern basin Arctic Ocean include the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Irtysh, Lena, Indigirka, Kolyma, Pacific Ocean - Anadyr, Amur, Yellow River, Yangtze, Mekong, Indian Ocean- Brahmaputra, Ganges and Indus, the internal basin of the Caspian, Aral seas and Lake Balkhash - Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Kura. The largest sea-lake are the Caspian and Aral, tectonic lakes are Baikal, Issyk-Kul, Van, Rezaye, Lake Teletskoye, salt lakes are Balkhash, Kukunor, Tuz.

The territory of Asia lies in almost all climatic zones, the northern regions - arctic belt, southern - equatorial, the main part is influenced by a sharply continental climate, which is characterized by cold winters with low temperatures and hot, dry summers. Precipitation mainly falls in the summer, only in the Middle and Near East - in winter.

The distribution of natural zones is characterized by latitudinal zoning: northern regions - tundra, then taiga, zone of mixed forests and forest-steppe, zone of steppes with a fertile layer of black soil, zone of deserts and semi-deserts (Gobi, Taklamakan, Karakum, deserts Arabian Peninsula), which are separated by the Himalayas from the southern tropical and subtropical zone, Southeast Asia lies in the equatorial rain forest zone.

Asian countries

Asia is home to 48 sovereign states, 3 officially unrecognized republics (Waziristan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Shan State,) 6 dependent territories (in the Indian and Pacific Oceans) - a total of 55 countries. Some countries are partially located in Asia (Russia, Türkiye, Kazakhstan, Yemen, Egypt and Indonesia). Largest states Asia is considered to be Russia, China, India, Kazakhstan, the smallest are the Comoros Islands, Singapore, Bahrain, Maldives.

Depending on the geographical location, cultural and regional characteristics, it is customary to divide Asia into Eastern, Western, Central, Southern and Southeast.

List of Asian countries

Major Asian countries:

(with detailed description)

Nature

Nature, plants and animals of Asia

The diversity of natural zones and climatic zones determines the diversity and uniqueness of both the flora and fauna of Asia; a huge number of very diverse landscapes allows a wide variety of representatives of the plant and animal kingdom to live here...

For North Asia located in the zone arctic desert and tundra, characterized by poor vegetation: mosses, lichens, dwarf birches. Further, the tundra gives way to taiga, where huge pines, spruces, larches, fir, and Siberian cedars grow. The taiga in the Amur region is followed by a zone of mixed forests (Korean cedar, white fir, Olga larch, Sayan spruce, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, greenbark and bearded maple), which is adjacent to broad-leaved forests (maple, linden, elm, ash, walnut) , in the south turning into steppes with fertile black soils.

In Central Asia, the steppes, where feather grass, chamomile, tokonog, wormwood, and various herbs grow, are replaced by semi-deserts and deserts; the vegetation here is poor and is represented by various salt-loving and sand-loving plants: wormwood, saxaul, tamarisk, juzgun, ephedra. The subtropical zone in the west of the Mediterranean climate zone is characterized by the growth of evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs (maquis, pistachios, olives, juniper, myrtle, cypress, oak, maple), and the Pacific coast - monsoon mixed forests (camphor laurel, myrtle, camellia, podocarpus, cunningamia, evergreen oak species, camphor laurel, Japanese pine, cypress, cryptomeria, thuja, bamboo, gardenia, magnolia, azalea). In the equatorial forest zone there are a large number of palm trees (about 300 species), tree ferns, bamboo, and pandanus. In addition to the laws of latitudinal zonation, the vegetation of mountainous regions is subject to the principles of altitudinal zonation. At the foot of the mountains grow conifers and mixed forests, on the peaks there are lush alpine meadows.

The fauna of Asia is rich and diverse. The territory of Western Asia has favorable conditions for living antelopes, roe deer, goats, foxes, as well as a huge number of rodents, inhabitants of the lowlands - wild boars, pheasants, geese, tigers and leopards. The northern regions, located mainly in Russia, in North-Eastern Siberia and the tundra, are inhabited by wolves, moose, bears, gophers, arctic foxes, deer, lynxes, and wolverines. The taiga is inhabited by ermine, arctic fox, squirrels, chipmunks, sable, ram, and white hare. In the arid regions of Central Asia live gophers, snakes, jerboas, birds of prey, in South Asia - elephants, buffalos, wild boars, lemurs, pangolins, wolves, leopards, snakes, peacocks, flamingos, in East Asia - moose, bears, Ussuri tigers and wolves, ibises, mandarin ducks, owls, antelopes, mountain sheep, giant salamanders living on the islands, a variety of snakes and frogs, a large number of birds.

Climatic conditions

Seasons, weather and climate of Asian countries

The peculiarities of climatic conditions in Asia are formed under the influence of such factors as the large extent of the Eurasian continent both from north to south and from west to east, a large number of mountain barriers and low-lying depressions that affect the amount of solar radiation and atmospheric air circulation...

Most of Asia is in the sharply continental climatic zone, the eastern part is influenced by marine atmospheric masses Pacific Ocean, the north is subject to the invasion of arctic air masses, tropical and equatorial air masses predominate in the south air masses, their penetration into the interior of the continent is prevented by mountain ranges stretching from west to east. Precipitation is distributed unevenly: from 22,900 mm per year in the Indian town of Cherrapunji in 1861 (considered the wettest place on our planet), to 200-100 mm per year in the desert regions of Central and Central Asia.

Peoples of Asia: culture and traditions

In terms of population, Asia ranks first in the world, with 4.2 billion people living here, which is 60.5% of all humanity on the planet, and three times after Africa in terms of population growth. In Asian countries, the population is represented by representatives of all three races: Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Negroid, the ethnic composition is diverse and diverse, several thousand peoples live here, speaking more than five hundred languages...

Among the language groups, the most common are:

• Sino-Tibetan. Represented by the largest ethnic group in the world - the Han (Chinese, China's population is 1.4 billion people, every fifth person in the world is Chinese);
• Indo-European. Settled throughout the Indian subcontinent, these are Hindustanis, Biharis, Marathas (India), Bengalis (India and Bangladesh), Punjabis (Pakistan);
• Austronesian. They live in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines) - Javanese, Bisaya, Sunda;
• Dravidian. These are the Telugu, Kannar and Malayali peoples ( South India, Sri Lanka, some parts of Pakistan);
• Austroasiatic. The largest representatives are the Viet, Lao, Siamese (Indochina, South China):
• Altai. Turkic peoples, divided into two isolated groups: in the west - Turks, Iranian Azerbaijanis, Afghan Uzbeks, in the east - the peoples of Western China (Uyghurs). Also included in this language group are the Manchus and Mongols of Northern China and Mongolia;
• Semito-Hamitic. These are the Arabs of the western part of the continent (west of Iran and south of Turkey) and the Jews (Israel).

Also, nationalities such as the Japanese and Koreans stand out in separate group called isolates, this is the name given to populations of people who, due to various reasons, including geographical location, found themselves isolated from the outside world.