Altitudinal zone. Presentation on the topic “altitudinal zonation” Altitudinal zonation in the mountains of Eurasia presentation

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Flora and fauna Animal world Eurasia is very diverse. Distribution of modern wild fauna by territory depends on the characteristics natural conditions and on the results of human activity. Most common large mammal tundra - reindeer. Arctic fox, lemming and mountain hare are also found in the tundra. The most common birds are white and tundra partridges. On summer period seagulls, loons, eiders, geese, ducks, and swans fly into the tundra. The fauna of the forest zone is best preserved in the taiga. Wolves, brown bears, moose, lynxes, foxes, squirrels, wolverines, and martens live here. Birds include black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, and crossbill. Steppe animals - steppe ferret, gophers, various mice. Of the large animals, the saiga has survived. There are a variety of birds - larks, swallows, falcons. Semi-deserts and deserts are dominated by reptiles, rodents, and ungulates. IN Central Asia live bactrian camels, wild donkeys - kulans. In mountain forests South China preserved bamboo bear panda, black himalayan bear, leopard Wild elephants still live in Hindustan and on the island of Sri Lanka. India and Indochina are characterized by an abundance of monkeys, a large number of various reptiles, especially poisonous snakes

. Many animals living in Eurasia are listed in the Red Book: bison,

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Ussurian tiger

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, kulan, etc.

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Natural areas

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Eurasia Eurasia is not only a museum of climates, but also a museum of natural zones 2 slide 3 slide Arctic deserts typical for many islands Arctic Ocean (Franz Josef Land, northern island of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya , northern of the New Siberian Islands and partly Wrangel Island). On the mainland they are found only in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The climate in this area is very harsh, with perpetual snow and glaciers widespread. Most animals are

Marine life

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(seals, walruses, polar bears, arctic foxes). Arctic desert, but there is no musk ox here, because he died out. On the Taimyr Peninsula they are re-bred (from Canada). The most numerous inhabitants are reindeer, lemmings, arctic foxes, wolves, and many birds. Tundra

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Zone coniferous forests(taiga) stretches from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Climatic conditions in the zone change from west to east, therefore different species composition trees. In the west, pine and spruce predominate on podzolic soils, in Western Siberia fir and Siberian cedar, V Eastern Siberia Larch is common on frozen-taiga soils, and on the Pacific coast there is dark coniferous taiga of Daurian larch, fir, and Korean cedar. In the taiga there are many valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, ermine, marten); large animals include moose, brown bears, lynxes, and many birds. Taiga

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Mixed and deciduous forests located only in the west and east temperate zone, it does not form a continuous strip. The most typical types of European broad-leaved forests are oak and beech, maple and linden, hornbeam and elm. The animal world of forests is in many ways similar to the taiga. The main decoration is the mighty forest bull bison. In the east in conditions monsoon climate there is a process of mixing northern and southern species. Birch and bamboo coexist here, vines and wild grapes climb through the pines, Brown bear may meet a tiger, and in Japan there are monkeys. Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, oak, and linden grow. Mixed and broadleaf forests

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They are located in the central parts of the continent, where the amount of precipitation decreases and evaporation increases. Steppes are treeless spaces with herbaceous vegetation, under which fertile chernozem soils are formed. They are almost completely plowed, and only in nature reserves are their natural landscapes represented. The predominant animals are rodents (gophers, voles, mice). In the past there were wild horses– tarpans, and wild bulls– tours. Forest-steppe and steppe

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Semi-deserts and temperate deserts Semi-deserts and temperate deserts lie in the central parts of the continent, where there is very little rainfall, hot summers and Cold winter. The vegetation (wormwood, solyanka, sandy sedge) is sparse, and there are desert areas with shifting sand. The only woody plant is saxaul. It has no leaves, instead there are scales, so saxaul looks like a dry, dead tree. The predominant animals are reptiles and rodents, which hibernate during the winter. Previously, there were wild kulan donkeys, Przewalski's horses, and wild camels.

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Located in the western part of the subtropical zone. Thanks to the mild and wet winter, plants grow here all year round, however, lack of moisture during the most intense period solar radiation led to the emergence of adaptations in plants that reduce evaporation. The vegetation is represented by forests of evergreen holm oak, wild olives, noble laurel, pine, cypress, myrtle, strawberry tree. The zone is characterized by brown and red soils, which are fertile and suitable for cultivating subtropical crops. Hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs

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Deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical zone Subtropical deserts and semi-deserts are located east of the Caspian Sea, on the highlands of Western Asia. Nature of the zone tropical deserts reminiscent of desert nature North Africa. Among the vegetation, there are especially many ephemerals, which during the period of short spring rains manage to go through the entire development cycle. Among the animals that live here are antelopes, hyenas, fennec foxes, etc.

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Evergreens monsoon forests In the east of the subtropical zone there is a zone of evergreen variable-humid forests. The forests consist of laurel-leaved trees, camphor trees, magnolias, tung trees, and bamboo thickets (a giant grass up to 10 m high) growing on yellow earth and red earth soils. There are almost no wild animals left. There are deer, wild buffalo, tigers, leopards, Himalayan bear, many monkeys, incl. gibbons. The most famous animal is the giant panda - the emblem of the World Fund wildlife(WWF).

It appears most clearly in the mountains.

The reason for this is a decrease in the heat balance and, accordingly, temperature with altitude.

Altitudinal zone appears in the spectrum altitude zones(zones) from the foot to the peaks. The higher geographic latitude terrain (taiga, tundra zones), the shorter the range of altitudinal zones (two or three altitudinal zones); to the equator (zones subtropical forests, savannah, equatorial forests) the range of altitudinal zones is much wider (six to eight).

Manifestation of latitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes through the spectra of their altitudinal zones

a - in the mountains of the taiga zone, b - in the mountains of dry subtropics

Glacial-nival Mountain tundra Mountain meadows

Mountain coniferous forests(taiga)

Mountain coniferous-deciduous forests Mountain broad-leaved forests Mountain forest-steppe Mountain steppe Mountain semi-desert

Sector

This is a change in the degree of continental climate from the ocean coasts inland, associated with the intensity of advection air masses from the oceans to the continents and, accordingly, the degree of moisture in sectors located at different distances from the coasts and on different coasts.

The root cause of this phenomenon is differentiation earth's surface on continents and oceans, which have different reflectivity and heat capacity, which leads to the formation of air masses with different properties(by temperature, pressure, moisture content). As a result, pressure gradients arise between them, and, consequently, continental-oceanic transport of air masses, superimposed on the area-wide atmospheric circulation. As a result, longitudinal or other changes in landscapes occur from the coasts inland. This is most clearly manifested in the change in the spectrum of natural zones and subzones in each sector.

Changes in the spectrum of latitudinal natural zones and subzones in different physical-geographical spectra of continentality

Zones: 1-taiga, 2-deciduous forests, 3-forest-steppe, 4-steppe, 5-semi-desert, 6-desert.

Sectors: I-oceanic, II-weak and moderate continental,

III-Continental

Altitudinal-genetic layering of landscapes

The layering of plain and mountain landscapes is associated with the age, stages of development, and the genesis of different hypsometric levels (steps or leveling surfaces) of the relief. The identification of these levels is due to the unevenness of tectonic movements.

Landscape layering is the identification in the landscape structure of regions of altitudinal-genetic stages, recorded in the main geomorphological levels of relief development. In this case, uplands are considered as relics of ancient denudation surfaces or accumulative plains, and lower levels of the plains are associated with subsequent stages of relief leveling.

On the plains there are tiers: elevated; low-lying; lowland.

In the mountains, landscape layers are distinguished: foothills, low mountains, middle mountains, high mountains, intermountain basins.

Each altitudinal tier usually includes one to three altitudinal zones with fragments of transition zones, where, depending on the exposure and steepness of the slopes, they can alternate natural complexes adjacent belts.

Barrier effect in landscape differentiation

An important consequence of the layered structure of the landscape shell is the emergence of a barrier effect, expressed through the characteristic spectra of foothill and slope landscapes.

Factors that directly determine the identification of barrier landscapes are changes atmospheric circulation and the degree of moisture in windward and leeward areas in front of mountains and hills, as well as slopes of different exposures. On the windward side, in front of the mountains and hills, the air gradually rises, flowing around the barrier, and forms a belt of increased precipitation compared to the latitudinal-zonal norm. On the leeward side of the elevations, on the contrary, downward currents of air of already low humidity dominate, which leads to the formation of drier “barrier shadow” landscapes.

Exposure hydrothermal differences of slope landscapes

The orientation of slopes relative to the sides of the horizon and the directions of prevailing winds is also an important factor in the differentiation of landscapes, but at the fine-grained and local levels of organization of geosystems. As a result of the interaction of geomorphological (azonal) and climatic factors, slope landscapes of different exposures differently deviate from the typically zonal landscapes of uplands.

Expositional landscape asymmetry of slopes is of two types:

Insolation asymmetry is associated with unequal intake solar radiation on slopes of different exposures. The insolation asymmetry of slopes is most clearly manifested in the landscapes of transition zones.

Wind, or circulation, asymmetry of slope landscapes is primarily associated with different amounts of moisture on the windward slopes of mountains and hills.

Material (lithological) composition

On local and small regional levels organizations natural environment important factors differentiation of landscape complexes can be based on the material (lithological) composition and structure of surface sediments.

3.8. Natural resource potential of landscapes

Natural resource potential

a stock of resources that is used without destroying the structure of the landscape.

The removal of matter and energy from the geosystem is possible as long as it does not lead to disruption of the ability of self-regulation and self-healing.

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One of the main reasons for the violation of the horizontal location of the protection zone is MOUNTAINS. Reason: - with

change in height individual components nature, and therefore the entire PC. When rising upward, the air temperature decreases and the amount of precipitation increases, therefore air humidity, soil cover, and the organic world change.

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When you rise upward, for every 100 meters the air temperature decreases by 1 degree, and vice versa

When descending 100 meters, the temperature rises by 1 degree.

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The higher the mountains, the more natural zones there are in a given territory. Life in the mountains is subject to the course

natural processes. Everyone feels the changes in these processes: it is colder here, the pressure is lower, there is less oxygen, more ultraviolet rays. The boiling point of water changes with altitude.

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Up to an altitude of 3000m a person feels normal. Above 3000m problems begin even for

trained athletes.

3000 meters

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But still man mastered the mountains!

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The first to notice the connection climatic conditions with horizontal - latitudinal

distribution of vegetation on the plains and vertical in the mountains:

Alexander Humboldt Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lev Semenovich Berg

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Altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in

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“Multi-story” depends on 1. Height of the mountain2. geographical location mountains (so most of all

zones in the mountains located in the tropics, the smallest in the Arctic Circle).

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Feature: Each belt encircles the mountains on all sides, but the system of tiers is

opposite slopes will be dramatically different.

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