People learned about the existence of cells after the invention of the microscope. The very first primitive microscope was invented by the Dutch glass grinder Z. Jansen (1590), by connecting two lenses together.

The English physicist and botanist R. Hooke, having examined a section of cork oak, discovered that it consists of cells similar to honeycombs, which he called cells (1665). Yes, yes... this is the same Hooke, after whom the famous physical law is named.

Rice. "A section of balsa wood from the book of Robert Hooke, 1635-1703"

In 1683, the Dutch researcher A. Van Leeuwenhoek, having improved the microscope, observed living cells and described bacteria for the first time.

Russian scientist Karl Baer discovered the mammalian egg in 1827. With this discovery, he confirmed the previously expressed idea of ​​the English physician W. Harvey that all living organisms develop from eggs.

The nucleus was first discovered in plant cells by the English biologist R. Brown (1833).

Great value To understand the role of cells in living nature, the works of German scientists were used: the botanist M. Schleiden and the zoologist T. Schwann. They were the first to formulate cell theory, the main point of which stated that all organisms, including plants and animals, consist of the simplest particles - cells, and each cell is an independent whole. However, in the body, cells act together to form a harmonious unity.

Later in cell theory new discoveries were added. In 1858, the German scientist R. Virchow substantiated that all cells are formed from other cells through cell division: “every cell is from a cell.”

Cell theory served as the basis for the emergence in the 19th century. science of cytology. By the end of the 19th century. thanks to the increasing sophistication of microscopic technology, they were discovered and studied structural components cells and the process of their division. The electron microscope made it possible to study the finest cell structures. An amazing similarity was discovered in the fine structure of cells of representatives of all kingdoms of living nature.

Basic provisions of modern cell theory:

• cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms, as well as a unit of development;
• cells have a membrane structure;
• core - main part eukaryotic cell;
• cells reproduce only by division;
• cellular structure organisms indicates that plants and animals have the same origin.

The Cell: History of Study

The basic structural and functional unit of any living organism is the cell. Only viruses, whose position in the living system is not entirely clear, lack a cellular structure. A cell can exist either as a separate (unicellular) organism (bacteria, protozoa, many algae and fungi), or as part of the body of multicellular animals, plants and fungi. But even within the largest organisms, each of its billions of cells is relatively independent and performs a specific function.

The history of the study of cells is inextricably linked with the development of research methods, primarily with the development of microscopic technology. The first simple microscope appeared at the end of the 16th century. It was built in Holland. It is known about the design of this magnifying device that it consisted of a pipe attached to a stand and having two magnifying glasses. The first person to understand and appreciate the enormous importance of the microscope was the English physicist and botanist Robert Hooke. He was the first to use a microscope to study plant and animal tissues. In 1665, Robert Hooke first described the structure of certain plant tissues, in particular cork, consisting of small cells bounded by partitions, in the essay “Micrography, or some physiological descriptions of the smallest bodies, made by means of magnifying glasses.” Thus the cage was opened. Studying a section prepared from the cork and core of an elderberry, R. Hooke noticed that they included many very small formations, similar in shape to the cells of a bee honeycomb. He gave them the name cell or cell. The term “cell” was established in biology, although R. Hooke saw not the cells themselves, but the membranes of plant cells.

Through the efforts of many scientists, mainly in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, a special science of cells was developed, called cytology.

The optical instrument acquired the status of a valuable scientific instrument thanks to the improvements of the famous Dutch explorer Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. His microscope made it possible to see living cells at a magnification of 270 times.

Studying internal structure living organisms is associated with the invention of the microscope. In 1665 English scientist Robert Hooke, examining a thin section of wood cork using a microscope he constructed, made an amazing discovery. He discovered that wood cork does not consist of a solid mass, but of very small cells separated by partitions. R. Hooke called these cells “sellula” - cells. Subsequently, a number of scientists, examining tissue under a microscope various plants and animals, also determined that they all consist of cells. Thus, the Dutch scientist A. Leeuwenhoek in 1680 discovered red blood cells - erythrocytes - in the blood.

For a long time main part the cells considered its shell. Only in early XIX V. scientists drew attention to the semi-liquid gelatinous contents filling the cell. In 1831, the English botanist B. Brown discovered a nucleus in cells, and in 1839, the Czech scientist J. Purkynė proposed calling the liquid contents of the cell protoplasm. Thus, at the beginning of the 19th century. Scientists have come to the conclusion that plant and animal organisms consist of cells. In 1838-1839 German scientists - botanist M. Schleiden and zoologist T. Schwann - summarizing the data available at that time, developed the foundations of cell theory, which was later developed by many researchers. German doctor R. Virchow proved that there is no life outside cells, that the main component of a cell is the nucleus, and that cells are formed only from cells through their division. Further improvement of technology, creation of an electron microscope and methods molecular biology allowed us to penetrate deeper into the study of the cell, to understand its complex structure and the variety of biochemical processes occurring in it

September 1674. Royal Society of London. A parcel with documents in Dutch has arrived. They contained descriptions of amazing creatures.

Drawings were attached to the letter

The members of the English Scientific Society, all old scientists, had never seen anything like it. This letter shocked them. Of course they didn't believe what they read.

They also had microscopes (the microscope appeared around 1600). However, they never saw the “small animals” described by Leeuwenhoek.

They decided that this unknown Dutchman was simply crazy.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was not a scientist. Actually, at first he sold fabrics. And like any merchant who cares about the quality of his goods, he checked them with a magnifying glass.

Leeuwenhoek was simply obsessed with lenses and magnifying glasses. As a result, he became the best manufacturer lenses in Europe.

He inserted the most powerful lenses at that time into his microscope. No one could create a more powerful microscope for a century.

The small but most powerful lens of that time revolutionized science and opened the way history of cell studies.

He was an inquisitive person, so he looked at literally everything through a microscope. And water.

He wrote:

“... it’s simply wonderful... hitherto there has never been greater pleasure for my eye than watching thousands of tiny animals scurrying in a drop of water...”

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek discovered the Microscopic Universe.

However, he did not quite correctly interpret what he saw. He decided that these microscopic animals have a heart, muscles and other organs, just like the animals of the macrocosm.

He called them “Animalcules” - microscopic animals.

This discovery might not have been noticed - Leeuwenhoek was unknown to anyone in the scientific world. Today he would be called an amateur naturalist.

Royal scientists treated the records with distrust and ordered to look into everything. At that time he was the main specialist in the study of microscopic objects.

Studying the spongy tissue of plants, Hooke introduced the term “cell” into biology.

He repeated Leeuwenhoek’s experiments with a microscope and finally achieved that he saw “small animals.”

The Royal Scientists had to admit that Leeuwenhoek was right.

This shocked them. The world around us, which seemed so well studied by them, turned out to be much more complex and surprising.

In 1680, Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek was admitted to the International Royal Scientific Society and proclaimed “Discoverer of microscopic animals,” confirmed by the corresponding certificate.

The newly minted scientist did not rest on his laurels and began to study... himself. The first thing he did was scrape the teeth and see new “Animalcules” - bacteria.

And in a drop of his own blood he saw round red bodies, which he called “Globules”.

Unfortunately, after this, the development of microbiology stopped for a century...

The next name in the history of cell study is Robert Brown

(yes, he is the one whose name is given to the random movement of particles)

At the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, Robert Brown decided to look inside plant cell.

He noticed that inside each cell there was a dense formation.

It became turning point in the history of science.

Brown called this formation “ Core”.

Moreover, he proved that all cells have nuclei. This statement was documented in his work in 1830.

Later, Brown's observations will allow scientists to finally understand the structure of cells.

However, to continue studying cells, scientists had to create a more powerful microscope.

History of the study of cells. Berlin.

They discovered something in common everyone living beings - both plant and animal origin.

“All living things are made of cells”

It turns out that a multicellular organism is a “cooperation of cells”

M. Schleiden and T. Schwann created the cell theory

But not all of their statements turned out to be true...

They were wrong about the origin of the cells.

Schwann and Schleiden believed that cells arise spontaneously and grow like crystals from tiny particles inanimate matter. They claimed to have seen this happen under a microscope.

Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow

One carried out all the necessary research, and the other... received all the laurels.

Remak set out to find out where the cells come from. In his scientific work he described in detail cell division stages. Because he studied embryos, then traced the entire path - from two cells and a blastula to the formation of tissues, organs, and then the organism itself.

He proved that cells arise only from cells and nothing else.

Virchow was a professor of anatomy. In 1855, the scientist “made a knight’s move.” He took all the results of Remak's research, included them in his book and appropriated them for himself.

Because he was a respected professor, they listened to him.

Sadly, in the history of the study of cells, Virchow is still written about in all textbooks, and Remak, the real author of the discovery, is given only a modest place in the footnotes...

What did this discovery mean?

• What all life on earth started sometime with one cell.

• all living things form one family tree

Cell theory found a finished look

Section I. Anatomy and morphology of plants

Chapter 1. The Cage

History of the study of cells

The main structural element of a living organism of plants and animals is the cell. The science that studies the cell is called cytology (cytos - cell, logos - study).

The cell was discovered in 1665 by the English physicist Robert Hooke (1635-1703), who was the first to use a microscope to study biological objects. Examining cross sections of an elderberry stem and the bark of a cork tree (cork), he noticed tiny cavities resembling the cells of a honeycomb, and called them cells. R. Hooke saw dead cells, from which only cell membranes surrounding empty cavities remained, and did not attach much importance to his discovery.

Hooke's research aroused interest among biologists. The English botanist N. Grew (1628-1711) and the Italian scientist M. Malpighi (1628-1694) simultaneously described the cellular structure of leaves, stems and roots of plants in 1671. They can rightly be called the founders of plant anatomy. Thanks to the improvement of Antonia's microscope, Van Leeuwenhoek observed and described single-celled organisms - bacteria, ciliates, fungi, red blood cells. In 1676, he described a chromatophore in the spirogyra algae. In 1824, Dutrochet finally confirmed the isolation and morphological independence of cells as the main structural elements of living organisms. Having performed tissue maceration for the first time, i.e. separation of cells as a result of destruction of the intercellular substance, he showed that tissue is formed from individual cells glued together.

In 1825, the Czech scientist J. Purkinje (1787-1869) noticed that the cell was filled with a semi-liquid substance, which he called protoplasm. In 1839, R. Brown, in his work on the methods of fertilization in orchids, described the nucleus and gave it the name “nucleus”. The research of 19th century scientists greatly enriched the science of the cell. The works of the German botanist M. Schleiden (1804-1881) and zoologist T. Schwann (1804-1882) proved the common structure of cells in plant and animal organisms. With their research in 1838-1839, they completed the substantiation of the theory of the cellular structure of all organisms.

The works of prominent Russian scientists K.F. were of great importance for the formation of the theory of cellular structure. Wolf (1733 – 1794), K.M. Baer (1792 – 1876) (in the field of embryology), as well as the Russian botanist P.F. Goryaninov (1796 - 1865), who in 1834, using his experience and summarizing the accumulated data of other researchers on the microscopic structure of organisms, expressed the position that in the body of plants and animals there are similar structural elements - cells.

Important contribution to further development The theory of the cellular structure of organisms was introduced by the German scientist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) with his works. He viewed the cell as the smallest morphological element endowed with all the properties of life. Vikhrov, following T. Schwann, proved that the main structural element of a cell is its contents - the nucleus and protoplasm, and not the shell. Virchow finally established the idea that new cells arise only through the division of previous cells and expressed this in the form of an aphorism: “Omnis cellula e cellula” (each cell from a cell). But Virchow underestimated the importance of the organism as an integral system.

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Slide captions:

History of the study of cells. Cell theory.

Fill out the table: “Main stages in the development of cell theory” Year Scientist Contribution in the development of theory

History of the study of cells The history of the study of cells is inextricably linked with the development of microscopic technology and research methods. Man was able to penetrate the secret of cellular structure only thanks to the invention of the microscope at the end of the 16th century.

Zachary Jansen 1590 By combining two lenses together, he first invented a primitive microscope

Robert Hooke 1665 First described the structure of the bark of a cork oak tree and the stem of a plant, and introduced the term “cell” into science.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek improved the microscope. Observed and sketched a number of protozoa, sperm, bacteria, red blood cells and their movement in capillaries. Discovered bacteria. Second half of the 17th century

Karl Baer 1827 Discovered the mammalian egg Conclusion: every organism develops from a single cell

Robert Brown 1831-1833 Discovered the nucleus in plant cells - the most important component cells.

Cell theory In 1839, Theodor Schwann published the book “Microscopic Studies on the Correspondence in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants” in Berlin, in which he formulated the cell theory.

When creating the cell theory, T. Schwann proceeded from the discovery by M. Schleiden in 1838 of the cellular structure of plants and the homology of the origin of cells.

The first version of the cell theory All organisms, both plant and animal, consist of the simplest parts - cells. A cell is an individual independent whole. In one organism, all cells act together, forming a harmonious unity.

Rudolf Virchow 1858 Proved that cells arise from cells through reproduction, which complemented the cell theory.

19th century The basic structures of cells were discovered. The process of cell division has been studied. A. Weisman established: the storage and transmission of hereditary characteristics in a cell is carried out using the nucleus.

Basic principles of cell theory modern stage development biology

A cell is the elementary unit of living things. The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living things and is an open, self-regulating, self-reproducing system. There is no life outside the cell.

All cells are similar in their own way chemical composition and have a general structure plan. Cells also have specific features associated with the performance of special functions and resulting from cellular differentiation.

A cell comes only from a cell.

Multicellular organisms are complexly organized integrated systems consisting of interacting cells.

The similar cellular structure of organisms is evidence that all living things have a single origin.

Homework § 2.1 pp. 24 – 28.

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