Homonyms (from the Greek homos - identical, onyma - name) are words that have different meanings, but the same sound

You, of course, guessed that the boys did not understand each other because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.

Homonyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: homos- identical, onimo- Name.

Let's look at examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.

Land strip in the sea

It's called a braid

And the girl has a braid

The colors of ripe oats.

There is dew on the grass -

The scythe mows the grass.

I have one question:

How many braids are there in the world?

Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()

Scythe- a narrow sandbank running from the shore.

Scythe- braided hair.

Scythe- a tool for cutting grass.

Porridge is ripe in the meadow.

The cow Mashka eats porridge.

Masha likes lunch:

There is nothing tastier!

Porridge- white clover.

Porridge- a dish made from grains boiled in water or milk.

Say "spring" -

And then it arose

Runs in the green thicket

A cheerful babbling key.

And we call the spring a key

(The door key has nothing to do with it).

Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()

Key- spring.

Key- device for the lock.

We are foxes

Friendly sisters.

Well, who are you?

We are foxes too!

How, with one paw?

No, still with a hat.

Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()

Chanterelles- mushrooms.

Chanterelles- animals.

Come learn shooting with me

And look for me on the ridge.

I can hit the bird accurately,

I also end up in cabbage soup.

Rice. 5. Homonyms: Onion ()

Onion- plant.

Ambiguous words and homonyms are written the same way. The main difference The difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in their lexical meaning (color, shape), while homonyms have completely different lexical meanings.

If you are in doubt about the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Let's look at the difference in recording dictionary entries:

The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:

1. The underground part of plants.

2. Inner part of hair, tooth.

3. Beginning, source of something (figurative meaning).

4. Significant part of the word.

In the dictionary, a polysemantic word has each meaning indicated by a number.

Let's look at how homonyms are presented in the dictionary. For example:

A tap is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for releasing liquid or gas.

A crane is a machine for lifting and moving loads over short distances.

In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.

The meaning of homonyms can be determined only when the word is used in a phrase or sentence.

Let's complete the task.

Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meanings.

1. Fluffy mink.

2. Deep mink.

Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()

1. We saw a picture of a predatory lynx.

2. The horse was trotting.

Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()

1. Do not pollute the environment.

2. Grandma will come on Wednesday.

Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()

So, we learned that in the Russian language there are words that are written and pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.

Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:

What fabric cannot be used to make a shirt?

From the railway.

Which tap can you not drink from?

From the lift.

In which cage are birds and animals not kept?

In the chest.

In which forests is there no game?

In construction.

What kind of belt should you not wear?

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
Toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
Festival pedagogical ideas "Public lesson" ().

Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 33, 34 P. 25.
Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to make the meaning of the words clear.

Castle, foam, cream.

* Using the knowledge acquired in class, come up with riddles or puzzles where the answers are homonym words.

Lexicology studies two types of homonyms: complete and partial. However, according to the method of formation, homonyms can be simple and derivative. Except listed types, there are also functional homonyms. Therefore, the question “What types of homonyms are there?” is actually not as simple as it might seem at first glance.

Full and partial homonyms

Full homonyms It is also customary to call them absolute. These are words that are completely identical in form. That is

they sound the same
their stress falls on the same syllable;
they belong to the same part of speech;
they change the same way.

For example, a forge (a wind instrument) and a forge (a blacksmith's). No matter how we spin these two words, they will not be different from each other.

The absolute homonyms include the following (I will list them without meaning): key, scythe, force, month...

If homonyms do not have all the same sound forms of a word, then they are classified into the group partial homonyms.

For example: caress (show of tenderness) and caress (animal). In the plural and genitive case, these words will sound differently: too many caresses - I see a lot of caresses in the cage.

Simple and derived homonyms

When it comes to simple and derived homonyms, it is necessary to remember word formation. Simple homonyms- these are non-derivative words that completely coincide in sound: the factory club is a puff of smoke, the male gender is a parquet floor, and so on.

Derivative homonyms are formed from other words: swim with fat - swim far (both words are formed from the word swim in a prefix way, they sound the same, but mean completely different things).

Functional homonyms

In Russian there is another group of words that sound the same, but refer to different parts speech. Such words are also called homonyms, but are classified as a separate type

For example, the word is exactly a functional homonym, since it can be an adjective, an adverb, a comparative conjunction, and a modal particle:

measurement is accurate,
accurately determine;
as if a storm had passed;
he was definitely replaced.

Not to be confused with homophones, homoforms and homographs!

Distributing homonyms by type is quite difficult due to the fact that they are easily confused with homophones, homoforms and homographs. They are similar to lexical homonymy, but in essence refer to stylistic homonymy.

Homophones Pronounced the same, but written differently: could - could it get wet, eye - voice.

Omoforms The words sound and are written the same in either one or several forms: dear man - we were driving the wrong way.

Homographs They have the same spelling but sound differently: there was a lock hanging on the door - the lock was visible in the distance.

Thanks to stylistic homonymy, you can achieve expressiveness of speech, create jokes and puns. A striking example is Ya. Kozlovsky’s poem about a bear and wasps.

Carried by the bear, walking towards the market
Jar of honey for sale.
Suddenly there’s an attack on Misha! -
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with an army of aspen
He fought with a torn aspen.
Could he not fly into rage?
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
They stung anywhere!
They got it for this.

Can such words be considered homonyms or their types? Linguists still distinguish these words in separate groups, because in the initial form such words cannot be classified even as partial homonyms. Agree, aspen and aspen are completely different.

Homonymy and polysemy

In relation to words belonging to the same parts of speech, in linguistics they often distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. Homonymy is a random coincidence of words, while polysemy- the presence of a word with different historically related meanings. For example, the words “boron” in the meaning “ Pine forest" and "boron" in the meaning " chemical element" are homonyms, since the first word is of Slavic origin, and the second arose from the Persian "Bura" - the name of one of the boron compounds. At the same time, for example, linguists call the words “ether” in the sense of organic matter and “ether” in the sense of “radio broadcasting and television” the meanings of one word, that is, polysemy, since both come from ancient Greek. αἰθήρ - Mountain air.

However, another part of linguists draws the line between polysemy and homonymy in a different way. Namely, if the majority of people see in two coinciding words a common shade of meaning (as linguists say, “a common semantic element”), then this is polysemy, and if they do not see, then this is homonymy, even if the words have common origin. For example, in the words “braid” (tool) and “braid” (hairstyle), the common semantic element noticed by most people is “something long and thin.”

Finally, some linguists consider all individual meanings of polysemantic words to be homonyms. In this case, polysemy is a special case of homonymy.

All or almost all Russian linguists certainly classify coinciding words belonging to different parts of speech as homonyms. Examples of such homonyms are “flow” (leak) and “flow” (leakage).

Classification

Complete (absolute) homonyms are homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, outfit (clothing) - outfit (order), forge (blacksmith) - bugle (wind instrument).
Partial homonyms are homonyms in which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) And caress (show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive plural form ( caresses - caress).
Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms, are words that coincide only in certain forms (of the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).

Omomorphemes

Along with homonyms, that is homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.

Homonyms, homophones, homographs, and homoforms

Homonyms - words that sound the same at the same time And spelled, but different in meaning.
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings.
Homographs (graphic homonyms) are words that are the same in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.
Homoforms (grammatical homonyms) are different words that coincide in individual grammatical forms. For example, the verbs fly and treat coincide in the 1st person form singular present time - I'm flying.

Examples

Words

3: Braid - on the girl’s head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a body of water or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
7: The key is a musical sign; key from door; key - natural spring water; wrench - wrench; key - information that allows you to decrypt a cryptogram or verify a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to a task, key - closing device in an electrical circuit
3: Butterfly is an insect; the bow tie; butterfly knife.
2: Onion is a plant; bow weapon.
3: Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); pen - human hand; handle - door handle.
4: Brush - a bunch of ropes; wrist; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for painting).
2: Trot - running (eg horse); lynx is an animal.
4: Troika - horses; three - mark; three - Judicial authority NKVD; three-piece suit.
2: The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, hostility.
2: Messenger - giving news, a signal about something; messenger - in the army: a private for sending parcels on service matters.
3: Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); beam - a long ravine; beam and beam - lexical homonyms.
2: Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
2: Zebra is a beast; zebra crossing - pedestrian crossing.
He mowed with a scythe (a well-known problematic phrase for foreigners).

Homonyms in poetry

You are the white swans fed,
Throwing away the weight of black braid…
I was swimming nearby; agreed fed;
The sunset ray was strange braid.
Valery Bryusov

Getting into a taxi, I asked dachshund:
“What is the fare? dachshund?»
And the driver: “Money from dachshunds
We don’t take it at all, here we go yes sir».
Yakov Kozlovsky

From the inside, like a ball chamber,
I burst, but hardly poem,
if my partner chamber
hears my prisoner poem
and a motive from the heart chamber.
Aydin Khanmagomedov

Homonymy in taxonomy

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.:

Synonyms

See what “Homonym” is in other dictionaries: Greek homonymos, from homos, similar, and onoma, a name. A word that has the same pronunciation as another word but a different meaning. Explanation 25000 foreign words , which came into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D.,... ...

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language- a, m. homonyme m. gr. homonyma homos identical + onyma name. 1. A word that has the same sound as another word, but different in meaning. MAS 2. The game of Homonyms... consists in the fact that one leaves the company in which, without him... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language- (incorrect homonym) ... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

HOMONYM, homonym, husband. (from Greek homos identical and onyma name) (Ling.). A word that is identical to another in sound form, but different from it in meaning, for example. city city and city meteorological phenomenon. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

HOMONYM, ah, husband. In linguistics: a word that coincides with another in sound, but is completely divergent from it in meaning, as well as in the system of forms or in the composition of the nest, for example. "flow 1" and "flow 2", "mow 1" and "mow 2". | adj. homonymous... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary Terms of botanical nomenclature

Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language- Borrowing. from French lang., where omonyme lat. homonymus, rendering Greek. homōnymos, the addition of homos “one and the same, identical” and onyma “name”. Homonym literally “single name” (meaning the same sound of words denoting different... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language

In many languages of the planet there is such a thing as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes that are identical in sound and spelling have different meaning. They are called "homonyms". Examples of them are found everywhere. We use them extremely often in ordinary speech.

Homonyms

Examples confirming this phenomenon are known to many. These are the common words:

“bow” in the meaning of plant and weapon;
“escape”, in one case denoting a young branch, and in the other - an unauthorized hasty departure.

Out of context, it is difficult to determine in what exact meaning these homonyms are used. Example sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.

Green onions are especially good in vegetable salads.
A boy was given a toy bow and arrow for his birthday.
The apple tree produced a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
The Count of Monte Cristo escaped from prison in a creative way, replacing the prisoner's corpse with himself.

Examples of phrases will help you understand what homonyms mean:

“green onions” and “sharp onions”;
“maiden braid” and “river braid”;
"three apples" and "three rag stain".

This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by Russian language teachers as an entertaining technique in studying the subject, a way to expand lexicon and the outlook of students.

Games with homonyms in lessons and extracurricular activities

To conduct this competition, you should prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Players are offered only meanings, and the words themselves (you can use the same spelling for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a template of a tree leaf, an apple, a gold bar. The participant who correctly names the homonyms receives this emblem as a point after the correct answer. At the end of the game, the token points are tallied and a winner is chosen.

Homonyms are suitable for the competition, examples of which can be as follows (it should be recalled that only pictures are presented to participants and spectators, the words themselves are closed):

“shop” as a piece of furniture and a small retail outlet;
the word "Lama", appearing in one sense as an animal, and in another - as a Tibetan monk.

During the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. Completing this task will only take a few minutes, but the benefits will be enormous. Indeed, in addition to the above, this type activities generate and strengthen interest in learning the Russian language.

Homonymy and polysemy

Many words have more than one meaning. Although they have the same spelling, they differ lexically. It is necessary to distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words. Examples of polysemy are also quite common. For example, two words pronounced like “key” can act as homonyms in the following way:

spring and device for opening.

But in the meanings of “violin”, “wrench”, “from a door lock”, “a device for rolling up cans”, “key” is one word. This is amazing linguistic feature, which should already be considered as a phenomenon of polysemy. After all, each listed option involves the key’s ability to open something: a line of music or some object. This is one word with different meanings, and not different homonyms.

There are a great many examples of such polysemantic words in Russian speech. Sometimes it is quite difficult to separate them from homonyms.

Polysemy sometimes occurs from the transition of the name by external resemblance. This is

“sleeve” - a separate river bed and part of the shirt;
“ribbon” is a device for a girl’s hairstyle and a long road, a moving part of a conveyor.

The ambiguity of these words arose from the external similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in clothing is separated from a common large item. And the branching of the riverbed resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word “trouser leg” could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose “sleeve”.

The tape is a narrow, long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl’s hairstyle. This is how the name transition occurred, the phenomenon of polysemy.

Etymological homonymy

A group of words belongs to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task “Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically,” you need to select words that came into Russian speech from different languages. To do this, you should look into the etymological dictionary.

These are the word “boron”, which means a chemical element, and its homonym - pine forest. The first noun came into Russian speech from the Persian language, where it sounded like “borax,” that is, boron compounds. The name of the pine forest is of Slavic origin.

Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the etymology of the words itself differs.

These same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun “ether” as organic matter and in the meaning of “radio broadcasting and television”. After all, historically both words have a common etymology. They come from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means “mountain air.” And if the task says: “Give examples of homonyms,” and the answerer uses the word “ether” in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.

Disputes between linguists about polysemy and homonymy

However, not everyone can determine offhand historical origin words This often requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word “ether” are completely different and classify them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see the polysemy here. TO different words The explanatory dictionary classifies them with different meanings.

Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are:

“braid” in the meaning of a hairstyle and a tool for mowing, since some argue that there is a transition of the name based on external similarity (thin and long);
“pen” as a tool for writing, a device for opening, turning on, since some people determine ambiguity by the fact that they overlap in the method of action (writing and opening with the hand);
“feather” in the sense of “handle” and as a cutaneous horny formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical method of writing with bird feathers.

Some linguists classify as homonymy all words in which polysemy can be traced. They consider polysemy to be only a special case.

Full homonyms

Linguists divide words that have the same pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Full lexical homonyms belonging to the same grammatical category are divided into one category. Examples of these: “braid”, “tongue”, “escape”, “key” and others. In all their forms, these words are the same in both spelling and pronunciation.

Incomplete or partial homonyms

Words that coincide only in some forms are also highlighted. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often refer to different parts of speech:

“three” is a 2nd person singular verb of the imperative mood with the initial form “to rub” and “three” is a cardinal number;
"oven" is a verb in indefinite form and “oven” is a noun female singular;
“saw” is a feminine singular verb in the past tense and “saw” is a feminine singular noun.

Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words belonging to the same part of speech. For example, the 1st person singular verbs of the present tense are “I’m flying.” The first word is defined as an action related to medicine. Already the infinitive will sound like “to treat.” And the second verb has initial form“fly” and denotes the action of taking flight.

Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This occurs when words differ in only one form. For example, the two nouns “caress” - animal and manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive plural. These homonyms in this form will look like “weasel” and “weasel”.

Homonyms and homophones

Some people confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are words that sound alike but have different meanings but are differently spelled. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.

“Cat” is a pet, and “code” is most often a certain set of symbols or sounds.

Everyone will notice that these words should be written differently. But it is almost impossible to hear the difference by ear. The word “code” must be pronounced with the final consonant stunned. This is where the sound similarity comes from.

Homonymy and homography

There are other linguistic phenomena similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they have the same spelling, but are pronounced differently, most often due to stress. These are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are:

gate - gate;
castle - castle;
smell - smell.

Homographs are also interesting for composing tasks for competitions and games. Using picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, you can diversify linguistic activities.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Homonyms are another confirmation of the “greatness and power” of the Russian language. It is precisely these “nuances of vocabulary” that make the Russian language difficult for foreigners to learn.

If a language learner is confused by an incomprehensible set of words, then homonyms create a plurality of interpretations of the same word.

What are homonyms

Homonyms are words that are spelled the same, sound the same (or similar), but mean completely different things.

For example:

ONION is a popular vegetable and at the same time a small weapon;
GLASSES - an item that improves vision, and at the same time a scoring system in various games;
MARRIAGE is an object damaged in production and at the same time a union of two people;
WORLD - Earth and at the same time the absence of war;
KEY is an object that opens a lock, and at the same time a synonym for a stream.

A few more examples homonym words:

The word “homonym” itself, like many terms in the Russian language, came from Ancient Greece. It consists of two halves - “homos” (same) and “onyma” (name), which means “ same name" According to one version, the first person to describe such words in detail was the famous philosopher and thinker Aristotle.

Types of homonyms

Homonyms come in several types - full, partial and grammatical.

Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all possible cases and numerals.

CRANE - water supply or lifting (taps, tap, crane, etc.)
BRITTER - hair styling, shoreline or agricultural tool (braid, scythe, scythe, scythe, etc.)

Partial homonyms- these are words that are similar to each other in their original form (singular, nominative, perfective), but may not be the same in individual cases or plural.

WEASEL is an animal of the mustelidae or tenderness family. If you take Genitive And plural, then the words will no longer sound and be written the same - a lot of LASK (animals) and a lot of LASK (manifestation of feelings).
LOVE is a feeling for another person and female name. If we take the genitive case of the singular, then the words will sound in a new way - no LOVE (feeling) and no LOVE (name).

Grammatical homonyms- words in Russian that are the exact opposite of partial homonyms. That is, they do not coincide at all in their original form, but become similar in individual forms.

THREE is a number and a derivative of the verb RUB. A match is possible only when the first word is used in nominative case, and the second in imperative mood. In all other variants, the words will cease to be homonyms.
LECHU – derivatives of two different verbs FLY and TREAT, both of which are used in the first person.
GLASSES is the genitive case of the noun GLASS (no glass) and the feminine past tense of the verb DRAIN (glass water).

By the way, you can note that grammatical homonyms can represent different parts of speech, for example, a noun and a verb, a pronoun, and so on. This is their fundamental difference from full and partial homonyms, where the parts of speech always coincide.

Homographs and homophones

There are two more types of words in the Russian language that some linguists (but not all) classify as varieties of homonyms.

Homographs- these are words that are spelled the same, but at the same time sound differently (mostly due to the fact that they are stressed differently). The term is also Greek and consists of “homos” (same) and “grapho” (I write).

A TLAS (collection of maps or tables) and ATL A C (type of fabric)
Z A IOC (medieval building) and ZAM ABOUT K (locking device)
MUK A(ground cereals) and M U KA (experience)
ABOUT RGAN (human) and ORG A N (musical instrument)
SEL ABOUT(settlement) and C E LO (sun)
P A RIT (in the bath) and STEAM AND TH (in the air)

Homophones- the opposite of homographs. They sound the same, but are spelled differently. The word is also Greek - “homos” (same) and “phone” (sound).

FRUIT – RAFT
THRESHOLD – VICE
PILLAR – PILLAR
CODE – CAT
FLU – MUSHROOM

Examples of homonym words in literature

Not so often, but some writers and poets resort to the help of homonyms. For example, to create a rhyme. For example, an excerpt from Pushkin:

What does the wife do?
Alone, in the absence of a spouse?

In this case, the word SPOUSE means a woman (wife) in the first sentence, and a man (husband) in the second.

Or here from Bryusov:

Closing my exhausted eyelids,
The moment has passed, I TAKE CARE.
Oh, if only I could stand like this forever
On this quiet SHORE.

In this case, the first word is one of the forms of the verb BARECH, and the second is the SHORE of some body of water, used in the accusative case.

Homonyms in riddles, anecdotes, puns

A lot of riddles have been created based on homonyms.

A zigzag trace of fire was drawn in the sky. Nothing can replace me in a skirt. (LIGHTNING)
They are cast from metal and fall from trees. (LEAVES)
This device will be used for eating. And then we will connect the device to the network. (FORK)
I can’t sit idle, I’m in the hands of a craftswoman. And I’m spinning like a fidget in a bicycle wheel. (SPOKE)
Without it, the door cannot be opened and the letter cannot be written. (PEN)
As the reason I act and I control the horse. (OCCASION)
It stores ammunition and sells food. (SHOP)
They eat jam from it and use it as a fence. (SOCKET)

Sometimes jokes are based on homonyms.

The doctor told the blonde patient that she would get better soon. And she: “Yes, I would rather die than get better!”

Here, in the first case, the word GET RECOVERY means improving health, and in the second case, getting fat.

Doctor: “How is your condition, patient?” Patient: “Thanks to your care, my condition has greatly improved.”

The word CONDITION can simultaneously mean well-being and health, as well as financial situation.

On a literature exam, the teacher asks: “What can you say about heroin?” The student responds: “Heroin is a powerful drug. What does literature have to do with it?”

There’s no need to explain anything special here. The word HEROINE in the dative case is really consonant with the name of the drug. This is one example of grammatical homonyms.

When I go shopping with my husband, he often says: “I’m going to pay.” And it seems to me that he can barely restrain himself from changing the emphasis.

And here shining example homographs. Words REFUND U SB and RASPL A CHUS really make a funny couple.

Well and puns is a joke based on words that sound the same but have different spellings (and these are homophones in their purest form):

Or here's another example of a great pun based on homophones:

Carried by the bear, walking towards the market
A jar of honey for sale,
Suddenly the bear is attacked! —
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with an army of aspen
He fought with a torn aspen.
Could he not fly into rage?
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
They stung anywhere,
They got it for this.

Dictionary of homonyms

Basic or full homonyms there's actually not much in the Russian language. Here is their list:

BOR - pine forest and dentist's tools;
ABUSE - swearing and obsolete meaning battles;
VIEW - appearance and grammatical category;
COMB – a comb and a small outgrowth on the head of birds;
YARD – the area in front of the house and those close to the monarch;
DEBT – obligation and borrowed;
DISCIPLINE – strict rules and variations in science or sports;
FRACTION – balls for shooting and a number consisting of a part of a unit;
FACTORY – enterprise and watch mechanism;
TOOTH – an organ in the mouth and the sharp part of the instrument;
BRUSH – part of the artist’s hand and tool;
KOL - a pointed piece of wood and a grade at school;
SHOP – a store and a piece of furniture;
MOTIVE is a synonym for motive and melody;
MINK - a small animal and a depression in the ground;
HUNTING – tracking down animals and a colloquial synonym for desire;
SENTENCE is a part of speech and a constructive idea;
NOVEL - literary work and love relationships;
LIGHT is a source of brightness and high society;
INVESTIGATION – investigation and conclusion.
UNION - an association (of countries) and a service word connecting words.
The TONGUE is a means of communication and an organ in the oral cavity.

*click on the picture to open it full size in a new window

How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?

In conclusion, I would like to say that you do not confuse homonyms with the so-called “”. There is such a concept in Russian.

For example, a HAT for a woman, a nail and a mushroom mean approximately the same thing, namely a headdress and its similarities. And in this case, the word cannot be considered a homonym, since the main criterion is violated - different lexical meaning(here it is essentially the same).

Good luck to you! Before see you soon on the pages of the blog site