Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? Who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

1. Simple verb predicate - PGS
2. Compound verb predicate - GHS
3. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

Form	Examples
1. Verb in any mood form	A gloomy morning is coming. It was a gloomy morning. Sergei will enter drama school. He would gladly go to the village. Write down your homework.
2. Independent infinitive	To live is to serve the homeland.
3. Interjective verb forms (truncated verb forms like bam, grab, jump)	Each friend here quietly pushes her friend.
4. Phraseological phrase with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	The team won the championship. He's chasing the quitter again.
5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.)	Let me go with you. Let him go with his father. May you have sweet dreams. He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped. In the room as if it smelled burning. He as if dumbfounded from fright. He almost died of grief. He just didn't tumble, trying to make the audience laugh. He almost crazy from joy.

Pay attention!

1) Form of complex future tense ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate there are modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, so a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) the modal particle was denotes an action that began, but did not take place due to some reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and is not distinguished by commas (unlike the introductory words happens, happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action).

Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks;

4) to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, you should remember:

A) phraseology can often be replaced with one word:

to win - to win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; give an order - order etc.;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced with the copula be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.

Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can’t: He had a nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.

Note. In speech (especially colloquial) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:

1) a combination of two verb forms with the particle so ( Made friends so made friends! );

2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);

3) a combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with the particles yes, yes and, and ( I’ll take it and leave for the village tomorrow; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself, hold on; I I just screamed );

5) a combination of a verb with the same root form of an adverbial type ( He eats it; She roars).

Plan for parsing a simple verb predicate

1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate the form of the conjugated verb.

Sample parsing

My business is going well.

They're going uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by verbal phraseology in the present tense of the indicative mood.

I would like to forget about everything.

I'd like to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.

Attention to the structural and semantic properties of the sentence and its members made it possible to differentiate the functional properties of particles that are ambiguous in their syntactic role. They can be part of a member of the proposal, or they can formulate the entire proposal as a whole. In many cases, it is difficult to clearly distinguish particles that relate to the entire sentence from particles that are part of any one member of the sentence. Such multifunctional particles are more capacious in their structural and semantic properties than particles with one function.
Being part of a sentence member, semantic particles introduce their meanings into the semantics of a sentence member in accordance with the category (indicative, defining-clarifying, excretory-restrictive, intensifying): Construction is a huge mechanism, and its link is only a small cell of this mechanism (Chichkov ); Only a lover has the right to the title of a person (Blok); Only small rivers (Peskov) are noisy; Petya knew that he was poorly brought up and that some of the failures in his life occurred because of...this thing (Kaverin); I'm ready to hug even Lom. near the Moscow River (Lazarev); We are the children of the barricades. We ourselves are barricades (Yevtushenko).
At the border between sentences, semantic particles also take on the functions of conjunctions: Captain, captain, smile, because a smile is the flag of a ship. (Lebedev-Kumach); But stale bread does not cease to be bread. Even the staleest bread does not turn into stone (Yu. Yakovlev).
Emotionally expressive (exclamatory) particles (What the, how, which, where, where there, where there) combine two functions: 1) act as building blocks of an exclamatory sentence and enhance the exclamatory intonation of the entire sentence (if they are present, an exclamation mark is required! ); 2) enhance the degree of quality of the word with which they are directly combined: What a delight these fairy tales are! (Pushkin); How these golden showers, frightening, made us happy! (Bunin); How beautiful, how fresh the roses were! (Myatlev); What a lamp of reason has gone out! What heart has stopped beating! (Nekrasov); What a warm and dark dawn! (Bunin).
How and which are functionally very close to the adverb. In such cases, one should not seek an unambiguous morphological qualification of them. Wed. also: The exception was the writer who wintered in the village... Yes, however, what a writer he was. He disappeared for whole days with the fishermen at sea... (Kuprin); Silence, oh, what silence! (Aliger); Oh, how great the silence is! (Aliger).
The functions of modal particles are especially diverse.
A negative particle cannot be part of any member of a sentence; the particle, when repeated, combines the functions of a conjunction with the function of a particle; the particle, not when repeated, strengthens the statement: Neither winter, nor spring, nor summer, nor autumn had the slightest visible influence on him or on his way of life (Bunin); But he couldn’t help but think about work (Yashin).
Interrogative particles (is it really, really) are one of the means of forming an interrogative sentence; they are not included in the members of the sentence: is thunder sick with dumbness? Can you hold back the tornado so that it doesn’t boil like a whirlwind? (Mayakovsky); - Is it bad to be a great surgeon? (Krelin); Have you ever seen prickly juniper bushes that smell pleasantly of resin? (Sokolov-Mikitov). And even these most unambiguous particles have an exclusive-restrictive and intensifying meaning, adjoining the predicate verb in interposition.
Comparative particles (as, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, like, etc.) introduce into the semantics of sentence members the meaning of comparison, uncertainty, assumption: And he runs across the empty square and hears behind him, as if thunder, the rumble (Pushkin ); Days are like battles (Sikorsky); I wander as if in a dream (Tyutchev); I only managed to make out the outline of a small, seemingly child’s hand (Korolenko).
Comparative particles can refer to the entire sentence or its isolated part, changing their modality: The young, tender month, like a silver sickle forgotten by the reaper, lay on the blue canopy of the night (Paustovsky); The giant pine tree, as if surrendering to its sweet death, has not yet moved a single needle (Belov).
Formative particles (let, let, yes, would, give (those), give (those), the same, etc.) manifest themselves in a sentence ambiguously.
The particle would (b) is always included in the predicate, forming the form of the subjunctive mood: I would like to merge my sadness and sadness into a single word (Mei).
The particle itself forms the superlative degree of the adjective and together with it performs the function of one member of the sentence: Gaidar was then writing his most amazing story, “The Blue Cup” (Paustovsky); Until the very last minute, engineer Alexey Kovshov did not believe that he was leaving for the east (Azhaev).
In combination with nouns, the particle most has an intensifying meaning and, together with the noun, forms one member of the sentence: The barge stood in the very depths of the bay, under the shore (Konetsky); He was overwhelmed with warmth and that sweet bready smell with which the very walls (of Nikolaev) were saturated.
The particles let, let, yes, let(s), etc. perform a double function: they formulate an incentive sentence and serve to form the imperative form of the predicate verb: Let the heart be soft, the will strong! Let this ageless command serve as a parting word to every school, every family and each of us (Marshak); Long live the sonorous songs and the joy of smiles all around! (Lebedev-Kumach).
The dual function of the particle is especially obvious when comparing single-function sentences that differ in the ways of expressing the grammatical meaning of the sentence: Nightingales, nightingales, do not disturb the soldiers, let the soldiers sleep a little (Fatyanov).
The formative function of particles, yes, even if others are brighter during their interposition: Let our cheerful laughter carry farthest (Oshanin); Days of difficult trials are coming, but, accepting the hardships of war, let our hands not become tired, let our hearts be hardened (Chivilikhin).
Summing up the analysis of the syntactic functions of function words, we note that the most defined syntactic functions of the preposition are: it is always part of a sentence. The structural and semantic role of conjunctions and particles is less certain: variable assessments of conjunctions and particles are possible here, especially since they are often combined in one word: on the one hand, conjunctions take on the semantic load of particles, on the other hand, particles begin to play the role of means of communication. The same can be said about the particles serving the members of the sentence and the sentence as a whole. When analyzing such proposals by members of the proposal, variable solutions are possible.
A. K. Fedorov

Particle– this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms. Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence. (In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle Not together with the word to which it refers; This is especially true for verbs.) Depending on the additional values ​​transmitted, the following are distinguished: semantic particles (Here He, approximately two), modal particles(Yes, we met, Well, go) and formative particles, which convey different grammatical meanings: Let coming. Yes Hello participants of the rally!

Basic semantic particles

	Name	Particles	Meaning	Examples
	Index fingers	there, here it is etc.	point to objects, phenomena	1. Here bream, offal, Here sterlet piece(I. Krylov). 2. Doctor's profession - This feat, it requires self-sacrifice, purity of soul and purity of thoughts(A. Chekhov).
	Clarifying	exactly, almost, exactly, exactly etc.	clarify a word or expression	Mother almost didn't pay attention to me(I. Turgenev).
	Excretory-restrictive	only, just, only, just etc.	give a word or group of words a restrictive connotation	Who am I? What am I? Only just a dreamer, the blue of his eyes lost in the darkness...(S. Yesenin)
	Amplifiers	even, after all, same, and, neither etc.	emphasize certain words	Even the clerk made some kind of disapproving sound(L. Tolstoy).
	Interrogative	really, really, really, really etc.	express the question in interrogative sentences	Isn't it can I doubt it?(L. Tolstoy)
	Negative	not, nor, no, not at all, not at all, not at all etc.	express denial. Particle No used when the answer to a question is negative and is separated by a comma	Independence, a sense of freedom and personal initiative in science Not less needed than, for example, in art or commerce(V. Chekhov). « So will you come to us?” – “ No, I won’t come"(L. Tolstoy).
	Affirmative	yes, exactly, that's right etc.	express a statement	“Already married?” – “ Yes, I started my third year with Filippovki"(L. Tolstoy). Separated by a comma.
	Comparative	as, as if, as if, as if, exactly etc.	express comparison. Used with a predicate	1. Dubrovsky as if woke up from sleep(A. Pushkin). 2. Ripe rye How golden sea.
	Exclamation marks	what the, how, oh etc.	express emotions	1. Darling, How good! Well what the neck, what the little eyes!(I. Krylov). 2. To you, Kazbek, O guardian of the east, I, wanderer, brought my bow(M. Lermontov).

Shaping particles

Grammatical form	Particles	Examples
Imperative verb	let, let, yes, come on	Let the crowd will trample my crown: the singer’s crown, the crown of thorns!(M. Lermontov)
Verb conditional	would, b	I b forever forgot taverns and poetry wouldI stopped writing… (S. Yesenin)
Obsolete form of the past tense of the verb	was	We started was talk about the new district leader, when suddenly Olga’s voice was heard at the door: “Tea is ready.”(I. Turgenev).

Modal particles

Values	Particles	Examples
Expression of will (same meaning for formative particles)	Let it go, well, well, let it go, let it go, let it go	No, It's not you that I love so passionately(P.)
Attitude to action: question, statement, denial, comparison	Yes, no, or whatever	You know whether are you a Ukrainian night? ( G.) Go ahead How You know.
Exclamatory-expressive	What the hell	Well what the neck, what the little eyes! (Kr.)

TO formative Particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative forms of the verb. These include the following: would(conditional mood indicator), let, let, yes, come on(indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are emphasized along with it even when placed in a non-contact manner, for example: I would not late if would it didn't rain .

Semantic particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

In some studies, other groups of particles are also identified, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, supposedly, they say).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate ( In the room neither sound) and as an intensifying one in the presence of an already expressed negation ( In the room Not audible neither sound). When repeated, the particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction ( Can't hear it in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Postfixes are not particles - Xia (-s), -this, -either, -something and consoles Not And neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of combined or separate spelling.

A semantic particle - That must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix - That, acting as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Let's compare: Which- That, Where- That (postfix) – I- That I know where to go(particle).

Grammatical basics of a complex sentence

Download material

Task formulation:

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 51. Write the answer in numbers:
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes and listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her.

Correct answer: 3

Comment: 1st basis - Anna Fedotovna closed her eyes and listened; 2nd - the soul was silent; 3rd - the voice did not sound.

Task 11 related to task 8OGE in Russian, in which you need to write out the grammatical basis. Therefore, you should first repeat assignment material 8 (link will open in a new window). Considering the specifics of task 11, your main task is to count the number of stems in a sentence. Therefore, in this article we will consider the theoretical material in more detail.

What you need to know:

Subject

SUBJECT- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an object, the action or attribute of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions “who?”, “what?”. You can ask a question that will help you in any situation: “Who (or what) is doing the action?” When parsing a sentence, the subject is emphasized by one line.

Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).

Example: The book was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - book. She was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - she.

The subject can be:

1. any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun: Smart won't go uphill smart will go around the mountain(adjective meaning noun). Asleep didn't notice that the train had left for the depot (participle as a noun) They walked towards him three (numeral).

2. infinitive form of the verb: Observe Birdwatching is our cat’s favorite pastime.

3. pronouns of other categories (relative interrogative, attributive, demonstrative) in the nominative case: Who feed the cat? You can't help but love a cat which lives in our house.

Subject expressed by phrase

The subject can be expressed as integral in meaning phrase:

1. proper name: At first sight Maria Sergeevna he didn't like it, Black Sea Wonderful;

2. a stable combination of words: Ugly duckling was actually a swan. Railway goes along the shore of the Black Sea;

3. phraseological unit: Disservice in the form of a cheat sheet planted by a friend, prevented him from passing the exam the first time;

4. combination of a numeral with a noun in the genitive case:Sitting on the bench three old men ;

5. a combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (most, row, part, etc.) with a noun in the genitive case: Part of the class went on an excursion;

6. a combination of an adjective, numeral or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition from: Each of us wanted to become an excellent student;

7. combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective: Each of us has something special;

8. a combination of a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the form of the instrumental case with the preposition with: Tamara and I We go as a couple. (A. Barto)

In all these cases, the subject is the entire phrase, and not individual words in its composition.

Note

1. It is necessary to distinguish nouns in the accusative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and are dependent words, acting as complements in a sentence) from nouns in the nominative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “what?” and act as the subject).

Example: The wind shakes the ear. In this sentence, two words answer the question “what?”: wind and ear. But only the word wind is the subject, because it correlates with the predicate, therefore, it is in the nominative case. And the word ear is an addition. Everything is new interested in young people. The subject here is “everything new,” since its action is interesting. And the word youth is an addition.

2. There are sentences that have no subject. These are two-part incomplete or one-part sentences.

Example: It blew from somewhere. To me gave the opportunity fix the two.

Predicate

PREDICATE- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an action or attribute of the subject and answering the questions “what does it do?” or “what uhIs that what it is?” When parsing a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two features.

Example: The guys emphasized the predicate with two features

At school, three types of predicates are studied: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1. With one verb in the form of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: Masha doing homework. Masha doesn't do her homework (negative particle Not is always part of the predicate). Masha will do her homework. (will do is a compound form of the future tense of the verb do.) Do your homework! Let him do his homework (let him do - this is the imperative mood, formed with the help of the particle let and the 3rd singular form of the verb). Masha would do her homework if she felt good (would do - this is the form of the verb in the conditional mood).

2. A stable combination of verb character: The student came to the conclusion (= understood) that the predicate consists of several words. I I will take part(= will participate) in testing.

3. Phraseologism (in such cases, the predicate is the entire phraseological unit as a whole, and not individual words included in the phraseological unit) : Enough of the bullshit! (= to idle). Rivals often put a spoke in each other's wheels (= get in the way).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate can consist of:

1. An auxiliary verb denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, and an indefinite form of the verb: Wind continued to howl. I started studying literary theory.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the desire, opportunity, ability or intention to perform an action, and the indefinite form of the verb:Mom wants to go to the sea.

3. Short form of the adjective (glad, must, obliged, ready, etc.) and indefinite form of the verb : Everyone should study well. Children able to rejoice life. I was glad to help you.

4. Stable combination and indefinite verb form A:I didn't feel like going for a walk down the street in such cold weather.

5. Predicative adverbs: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary and the indefinite form of the verb: I need to finish the job. You can't help but think about the future. Sometimes need to think not only about myself. It was necessary to tell about this right away.

Note

A compound verb predicate always contains an infinitive form of the verb. At the same time, the indefinite form of the verb is not always part of the predicate.

Pr imer:
- Vasya began to sing.
- Petya asked Vasya

sing more quietly.
In the first sentence, sing is part of a compound verbal predicate, and in the second it is an addition (asked for what?).
I want to rest. She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate can consist of:

1. Linking verbs and nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs, pronouns, etc.: The sky was gloomy. Outside the window it was getting dark. Sun on the horizon seemed huge. Sea it was blue.

2. Noun, adjective, participle, adverb, pronoun, etc. and zero connective: He doctor (he is a doctor). Mom is an engineer (mother is an engineer). Walking in the fresh air is useful (is useful). Although the predicate in these examples consists of one word, it is still called a compound noun.

Complicated compound nominal predicate:

I I want to become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to become). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.

I should have become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( should have), compound verb ( should have been) and compound nominal ( become a doctor).

Note

If you are looking for the grammatical basis of a sentence, check

A) whether the predicate is compound. If you are dealing with a compound predicate, then the predicate includes both an auxiliary verb and a main semantic verb or other part of speech.

b) whether the predicate is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological unit. In this case, all words in a stable combination or phraseological unit are included in the predicate.

Particles in the predicate

The predicate contains some particles. The most common of them is the particle Not.

I I don't like fatalities.
I never get tired of life.
I don't like any time of year
When I don't sing happy songs. (V. Vysotsky)

Modal particles ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) are also included in the predicate.

Let's talk compliment each other. (B. Okudzhava)

Let them talk!

He almost cried from resentment.

In addition, the predicate includes particles so, yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself.

Well you I'm so late I'm so late, I've been waiting for half an hour already. (As a rule, the verb is repeated like this with a particle.)

There is noise and commotion in the house, but our cat is asleep.

Grammar basis

The subject and predicate together form the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence - the main part of a sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate or one of them.

Each of us wanted to become more educated. The grammatical basis in this sentence is each of us wanted to become more educated.

Sometimes a sentence may only have a subject or only a predicate. Then the sentence is one-part.

A sentence may have several homogeneous subjects or several homogeneous predicates. In this case, they are all included in the grammatical basis.

How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys, girls are homogeneous subjects). Trees in a large forest during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates).

§1. General characteristics of particles

A particle is a functional part of speech.

Once upon a time, the linguistic tradition contrasted particles of speech with parts of speech (small function words - large words with independent meaning) and included all function words. Then it was realized that prepositions and conjunctions are separate classes of words, each with its own functions. And the term particle began to be used in a new way, in a narrower meaning.

Like all “small” words, particles have a number of important features:

1) do not change themselves,
2) are not members of the sentence (but some particles may be part of them).
What distinguishes them from other non-independent words is that they serve to convey a wide range of additional meanings, emotions, feelings, and assessments of the speaker. Without particles, especially frequently presented in colloquial speech, the Russian language would be less rich. Let's compare:

Really he didn't call? (surprise) ≠ He didn’t call? (question)
Just I dreamed about this! (clarification, underlining, expression) ≠ This is what I dreamed about (neutral message)
What the night! (exclamation, assessment) ≠ Night. (nominal sentence)

Even from these examples it is clear that the particles are very diverse. At the same time, as for all function words, the determining factor for particles is their function (role), according to which they are divided into formative and semantic.

§2. Shaping particles

There are very few form-forming particles.
These are particles: let, let, let, yes, come on. They serve to form the conditional and imperative moods.

Not if it rained, we We'd spend the whole day outside.

Particle would serves as an indicator of the conditional mood of the verb. This is a verb form component. The particle is included in the predicate along with the verb form. This means that formative particles will be included in the members of sentences.

Let's go out of town!

Particle Let's - indicator of the imperative mood. Let's go- this is an incentive to joint action. Here this is the predicate of a definite-personal sentence.

This means that formative particles are particles involved in the formation of the conditional and imperative moods of the verb. In a sentence, they appear together with the verb, even if they do not stand next to each other, and are one member of the sentence (separate particles cannot be members of the sentence).

§3. Meaning particles. Places by value

The bulk of Russian particles are semantic particles. Since they can express a wide range of meanings, it is important to know into which categories they are divided by meaning.

Digits by value:

1. Negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all
2. Interrogative: really, really, whether (l)
3. Demonstratives: this, over there, here, in (colloquial)
4. Clarifying: exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly
5. Restrictive-excretory : only, only, exclusively, almost, solely
6. Exclamation marks: what the, well and how
7. Reinforcing: after all, even, really, after all, not, well, yet, and, yes, but
8. Doubts: hardly, hardly, hardly
   

Don't be confused:

1) Particles and, ah, yes- homonymous to coordinating conjunctions.
AND don't talk! AND don't ask! AND don't wait! (Here And- reinforcing particle)
Yes don't talk! Yes don't ask! Yes don't wait for him, he won't come! (yes - reinforcing particle)
A, come what may! ( A- reinforcing particle)

2) Particle -That homonymous with the suffix -to in indefinite pronouns: someone, some etc.
He -That knows what he's saying! We- That we know... Ivan -That knows... (here -That- particle)

3) Particle How homonymous with the pronoun How.
How breathes well after a thunderstorm!, How it's horrible!, How I feel bad! (Here How- exclamation particle)
How is the word written? (interrogative pronoun)
I don't know, How this word is written. (relative pronoun)

Attention:

Some particles may belong not to one, but to different categories, for example: whether or not etc. Compare:
In the house neither souls (= no one, negative) ≠ There were no souls in the room neither souls (amplifier)
Tell me you called whether anyone? (interrogative) ≠ Will come in whether is he today? Will have time whether? (doubt)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to consider particles as an independent part of speech?

2. Is the part of speech variable?

3. Can particles be part of sentences?

4. What particles can be included in the members of a sentence?

   • Semantic
   • Form-building

5. What particles help form the imperative and conditional moods?

   • Semantic
   • Form-building

6. Particles are formative or semantic Not And neither?

   • Semantic
   • Formative

7. The formative or semantic particles are: if only, let, let, yes, come on -?

   • Semantic
   • Formative