English types of subordinate clauses assignments exercises. Conditionals

Conditional sentences

(grammar material, practice)

Compiled by V.Kiselyova

Conditional sentences I

( Conditional sentences I type )

They consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause.

They express real conditions relating to the present or future

time.

Conditional Sentence Schemes I type

If... V 1(-S) … … will V 1 ... … . 1)

Subordinate clause. Main

If Ihave time Iwill visit an exhibition.

(Pr.Simple) (Future Simple)

...will V (1) … … if ... V 1(-S) … . 2)

Main clause conditions

The childrenwill get good marks if theywrite the test correctly.

(Future Simple) (Present Simple)

“if” - in conditional sentences (PresentSimple)

“whether” - in indirect general questions (FutureSimple)

Practice

1. If I… him I will invite him to join us.

a) will see b) see

2. We’ll be late unless we… .

a) will hurry b) hurry

3. If it…fine tomorrow,we’ll go for a picnic.

a) is b) will be

4. If I see him, I… him that book.

a) will give b) give

5. If he... all these apples, he will be ill.

a) eats b) will eat

6. If you... away, I'll call my brother.

a) will not go b) do not go

7. If he...late,we’ll go without him.

a) will be b) is

8. If he…hard today,can he have a holiday next week?

a) works b) will work

9. If you … this magazine, I’ll bring you another.

a) will not like b) do not like

10. If he… university now, he will be sorry afterwards

a) leaves b) will leave

II 1. I’ll look for your book and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.

If you put the ice cubes into very hot water, they (crack).

If he (win),he (get) 100,000 dollars;if he (come) in second,he (get) 50,ooo.

If he (want) more money,he (have) to do more work.

If you (not take) this book to the library tomorrow,you (have) to pay a fine.

If you (like),I (get) you a job in this company.

If the weather (be) good,we (go) to the country.

I (tell) him the whole truth if I (know) it.

If he (invite) me, I (go) to his party.

If it (freeze) tonight, the roads (be) very slippery tomorrow.

III 1. We wonder if he (come) home on time.

They ask if the boy (want) to join us.

If the weather (be) fine tomorrow, we’ll go for a walk.

I don’t know if she (come) to the party.

The mother wants to know if her son (take) part in the concert.

If it (rain) we (take) umbrellas.

The teacher wonders if you (make) a report at the next lesson.

The child (fall) ill if he (go) to bed too late every day.

IV Finish the sentences.

If I go to the USA this summer,I will visit….

If I feel hungry this evening, I will eat… .

If I have time next weekend,I shall go….

If I have to write a story for homework,I will write about … .

If you come to my home, you will see….

If it is cold tomorrow,I will put on….

If we finish early today… .

If I quarrel with my parents….

If I lose my keys….

If we get too much homework….

If my fried gets into trouble….

I’ll eat my hat if… .

We will be very happy if….

I will be angry with my friend if….

Will you help me if... ?

V Make up sentences.

If I go to…,I’ll see (visit)….

You’ll see …,if you travel (go) to … .

Tests

I 1. If you go to the party you (enjoy) every minute of it.

2. My friend (get) the first place if he (take) part in the competition.

3. She will cook a very tasty dinner if friends come.

II 1. I will come home late if I (stay) to make a wall newspaper.

The students (attend) the lecture if it (be) interesting.

If my parents get tickets, they will go to

theater.

III 1. If my friend (come) to see me, I will be very glad.

If mother buys a cake,we (have) a very nice tea party.

IV 1. If you (be) free, I shall come to see you.

If she knows English,she (try) to enter the university.

If I (live) in Moscow,I (visit) the Tretyakov Gallery.

Live in the South go to bed at once

Come home late bathe every day

If I receive his letter I will be very sorry

Find my book be very glad

Lose my money be very happy

See my friend ask his advice

VI 1. If it snows, we ... at home.

A) stay b) will stay

2. If she gives him her address, he ... her a letter.

A) will write b) writes

VIII 1. We (drink) tea,if we (have no) coffee.

My friend (go) to the USA,if he (win) the competition.

Poem

Will You Come?

Will you come? Would you come?

Will you come? Would you come

Will you ride If the noon

So late Gave light,

At my side? Not the moon?

O,will you come? Beautiful, would you come?

Will you come? Would you have come?

Will you come Would you have come

If the night Without scorning,

Has a moon Had it been

Full and bright? Still morning?

O,will you come? Beloved, would you have come?

If you come,

Haste and come.

Owls have cried;

It grows dark

To ride.

Beloved,beautiful,come!

Edward Thomas

Conditional sentences II

(Conditional sentencesII type)

Express the unlikely andunreal terms and conditions relating to this

or future tense.

Conditional Sentence Schemes II type

1) If... V 2 … … would V 1 … … .

Subordinate clause

If wevisited the Tretyakov Gallery wewould see paintings of famous artists.

Subordinate clause

2) … would V 1 … … if... V 2 … … .

Main clause

Theywould speak English fluently if theylearned the words.

Future-in-the Past Past Simple

Main clause

In subordinate clauses -waswere - for all persons and numbers

If Iwere you I would not make such a mistake.

"If would" - in conditional sentences (PastSimple)

“whether” - in indirect questions (Future-in-the Past)

Practice

Insert the verbs in the correct form.

If I had a spare ticket, I … take you to the cinema.

a) would b) will

2. John suggested that I should… for another job.

A) look b) have looked

3. If she… you,she would be able to advise you.

A) had been b) were

4. We were afraid best he should…too early.

A) have come b) come

5. She would buy a new fur coat if her husband … enough money.

A) would give b) gave

6. If the students attended all the lectures, they … their exams successfully.

A) would pass b) passed

7. If I were you I… him.

A) would not forgive b) did not forgive

8. I would help the poor if I... very rich.

A) would be b) were

9. If I were a doctor, I ... people healthy.

A) made b) would make

10. They … to the country if the weather were better.

A) would go b) went

II 1. If I (know) his name,I’d give it to you.

He (look) a lot better if he did more serious.

If he worked more carefully,he (not make) so many mistakes.

I wouldn’t do that if I (be) you.

More tourists would come to this seaside if it (have) better climate.

If someone (give) you a submarine, what would you do with it?

If you (not belong) to a union,you couldn’t get a job.

If I (win) a big prize in a lottery,I’d give up my job.

He might get fat if he (go on) eating like that.

If he knew that it was dangerous,he (not come).

III 1. If you (go) on a diet,you (lose) weight.

If we (work) all night,we (finish) in time.

If I see a tiger walking across Hyde Park,I (climb) a tree.

If you (keep) a cat,the mice (not run) about everywhere.

If it (be) summer,the people (not sit) round that big fire.

If you (paint) the walls white, the room (be) much bigger.

If he (take) any exercise,he (not be) so unhealthy.

If they (speak) English to her, her English (improve).

If I (ask) him for help,he (help) me.

If I (know) his address,I (can) write to him.

IVFinish the sentences.

If you ate less… .

If she practiced more….

You would look better if….

If you came in time… .

If you didn't shake the camera so much, your photographs... .

If I could live anywhere I wanted,I would live… .

If I had a museum,I would collect….

If we were all geniuses….

If you came to visit me… .

I would stand on my head if….

I would go to the Canary Isles if….

VMake “Chains of events”.

1. (Boys) – If I won a car in a lottery… .

2. (Girls) – If I won the title of “Miss Universe”… .

Poem

Quiet Girl

I would like you

To a night without stars.

Were it not for your eyes.

I would like you

To a sleep without dreams

Were it not for your songs.

Langston Hughes

Conditional sentences III

( Conditional sentencesIII type)

Express completely impossible conditions , not implemented in the past.

Conditional Sentence Schemes III type

1) If... had V 3 … … would have V 3 … … .

Subordinate clause

(Past Perfect) (Future Perfect)

If youhad known grammar better your compositionwould have been a success.

2) ...would have V 3 … … if ...had V 3 … … .

Main clause

The childrenwould have traveled to England if the ticketshad been free.

If "If would"

IMatch the parts of the sentences.

1. I would have bought a new coat if a)she would not have waited

2. He would have given her diamonds if for him so long.

3. Her life might have been saved if b)everything would have been

4. If he had taken my advice all right.

5. If you have checked the petrol before we started c)only I had had enough

6. If she didn’t love him money.

D)he had stolen them from the

Museum.

E)the doctors had taken better

Care of her.

F)we would not have done so

Many stops.

IIInsert the verbs in the correct form.

If I had known that you were in hospital,I... you.

a) would have visited b) had visited

2. If you... ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.

a) would have arrived b) had arrived

3. I wouldn’t have believed it if I ... it with my own eyes.

a) had not seen b) would not have seen

4. If I ... that you were coming, I’d baked a cake.

a) would have known b) had known

5. If I … what a bad driver you were, I wouldn’t have gone with you.

a) had realized b) would have realized

6. If he had known that the river was dangerous, he ... to swim across it.

a) would not have tried b) had not tried

7. If you...more slowly,he might have understood you.

a) had spoken b) would have spoken

8. If he had known the whole story, he ... so angry.

a) would not have been b) had not been

9. If I … again, I think that I would have succeeded.

a) would have tried b) had tried

10. If I … ready when he called, he would have taken me with him.

a) would have been b) had been

III 1. If there (be) any snow round there, we (go) skiing.

If my friend (know) my address,he (find) my house.

If I (receive) your letter,I (answer) it.

If he (give up) smoking, he (look) better.

If we (invite) them, they (come) to our party.

If I (know) they need me,I (come) at once.

If we (learn) the truth,she (be) very angry.

If he (study) more,he (pass) his exam easily.

If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (not print) it.

We (go) by air if we (have) enough money.

IVMake “Chains of events”.

If Cinderella hadn’t met a Fairy … … .

If Prince Gvidon and his mother hadn’t been thrown into the ocean in the

barrel…….

If tsar Dadon hadn’t taken the golden cock from the wise old man … … .

Tests

Variant 1

What... you... if your car was broken?

A) will...do; B) would... do

b) All the students … the lesson if the teacher explains it again.

A) will understand; B) would understand

c) If you paid more attention to grammar, you … the composition better.

A) will write; B) would write

d) If you found a purse in the street, you … it to the police.

A) will take; B) would take

e) My parents... upset, if I lose my key.

A) will be; B) would be

f) You … a good time if you stayed at a hotel.

A) will have; B) would have

g) We ... to the theater if Peter wasn’t well.

h) If the weather was bad, we ... out.

A) would not go; B) would not have gone

i) If he had stopped the bus, the accident … .

A) would happen; B) would have happened

j) I would have gone out if my mother … at home.

A) wasn’t; B) had been

k) If I … George, I would have invited him to the party.

A) knew; B) had known

l) If you had done that, you ... all right.

A) would have been; B) would be

Translate into English.

I would have come to you yesterday if you had called me.

If I were you, I would try to go at 3 o'clock.

Variant 2

Choose the right form of the verb.

What...he...if he won a million dollars?

A) will...do; B) would do

b) If they catch the train, they ... in time.

A) will arrive; B) would arrive

c) If you took more exercise, you … better.

A) will feel; B) would feel

d) If it stopped raining, they ... shopping.

A) will go; B) would go

e) If I didn’t pass my exam,I … on vacation.

A) will not go; B) would not go

f) I ... very angry, if you did not come to my birthday.

A) will feel; B) would feel

g) If I had known it, I ... to meet them.

A) would go; B) would have gone

h) If the bloue matched the shirt,she … it.

A) would buy; B) would have bought

i) If you didn’t wear a coat warm, you... cold.

A) would be; B) would have been

j) He would have been late for his job if he … the train.

A) had missed; B) missed

k) If you ... that, you would be poisoned.

A) drank; B) had drunk

l) If the weather … warmer they would have enjoyed the picnic.

A) had been; B) was

Translate into English.

I would have written to him if I had found out his address yesterday.

If I went to Atlanta, I would visit the Coca-Cola Museum.

Keys to the test:

B d) B g) A j) B

A e) A h) A k) B

B f) B i) B l) A

a) B d) B g) B j) A

b) A e) B h) A k) A

C) B f) B i) A l) A

Task 2

A ) I would have come to you

yesterday,if you had called me.

b) If I were you, I would try to

go at 3 o'clock.

a) I would have written to him,if

I had known his address yester-

day.

b) If I went to Atlanta, I would

visit Coca-Cola museum.

Short tests (5-10 minutes)

Conditionals II

Put the verbs in the right form.

If he (not read) so much, he would not be so clever.

If you were not so careless about your health, you (consult) the doctor.

My father (have) more free time if he (not read) so many newspapers.

If she (not be) so absent-minded,she would be a much better student.

If you were a poet, you (write) beautiful poems.

If you (ring) me up, I (tell) you a secret.

Conditions III

If I had met you yesterday I (tell) you something.

I (get) a good mark if I had learned my lessons.

If I (read) this new book I (find) out all about this discovery.

If she (not help) me, I should have been in a very tough situation.

He (meet) his friend if he had come to our house yesterday.

If you (let) me know yesterday,I (bring) you my book.

Open the brackets and write each sentence in the I,II and III types of Conditionals.

If you (be) free,I (come) to see you.

If I (see) her,I (be) glad.

If we (receive) a telegram from him,we (not worry).

If you (be) busy, I (wait).

Conditions of the I,II,III types.

Open the brackets and write each sentence in the I,II,III types of Conditionals.

If you (come) on time,we (catch) the train.

If the team (win) the match,it (be) a champion.

Make up the sentences.

At home go to bed at once.

If I am a poet I would get that book.

In the South be very sorry.

If I (were) come home late bathe every day.

Gone to the library I will gone to the theater.

Fall ill be pleased.

If I had (been) had a ticket yesterday I would have written nice poems.

Met you yesterday have a good time.

Lose my money go to the doctor

Translate .

If the weather was (will be) good, we would (will) play football.

Hello my dear readers.

When you hear the phrase " Relative Clause" - What are you thinking about? Russian people, who do not like to clutter their heads with all sorts of terms, will not immediately come up with an answer. But if you hint them at the words that, which or who, which are often found in texts, they immediately understand what we are talking about.

Yes, subordinate clauses, or relative clauses grammar: - the topic of today's conversation. I will try to tell you in the simplest way what, how and for what it is used. We will also look at the translation and defining words, which are used in this rule. At the end we will definitely consolidate the knowledge gained

What is it and how to use it?

Relative clause- or in Russian a qualifying subordinate clause, is part of a complex sentence that depends on the main one. It usually combines two small sentences into one or simply adds new interesting information to make it clearer, let's see an example.

I have a mother who works as a doctor.— I have a mother who works as a doctor.

I missed the bus that was going to take me to church.- I missed the bus that was supposed to take me to church.

What does the rule tell us?

The rule states that in English, attributive clauses can be like identifying(restrictive) or non-identifying(distributive).

To put it simply, the first determine something important in the sentence, the latter do not define. Typically, non-identifying clauses can be separated by commas and therefore removed from the sentence.

For example:

This is the new computer that I bought yesterday. - This is a new computer that I bought yesterday.

She was pleased with the present that her father gave her. - She was happy about the gift her father gave her.

In these examples, the part of the text after the word that is defining, because if they are removed, the sentence will lose important semantic meaning. They should in no way be skipped or removed altogether.

Here's a good example to help you understand the significant difference.

The students, who had revised the material, passed the test.

The students who had revised the material passed the test.

If you remember the rule, then a subordinate clause separated by commas can be deleted from the text. Therefore, it turns out that in the first case all students passed the test (including those who repeated). But in the second case, it was those who repeated before the test who passed it!

Do you feel the difference?

When and how are who, that, which used?

The most common words used in relative clause are who, which, that.

Who used only with living beings: people, animals (namely your own ones that you know!), etc.

The girl who was my age had already won this competition.- A girl who was the same age as me had already won this competition.

Which Used only with inanimate objects.

The catalog which you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow. — The catalog you ordered yesterday will arrive tomorrow.

That used with both animate and inanimate nouns.

The book that is on the table is a present for Joe’s birthday.— The book that lies on the table is a gift for Joe’s birthday.

If you want to know more about complex sentences in English, then please. If you are interested in all grammar, then mine will be very useful.

To make it much easier for you to master this topic, I have prepared exercises for you to practice (The answers will be at the end of the article, but please don’t peek until you’ve done it;)).

1. That is the shop ____ was awarded as the best shop in the city.
2. The girl ____ brother goes with me to the gym is a good singer.
3. The man ____ broke into our house was caught in two days.
4. She visits her grandmother ____ lives in countryside every summer.
5. She was wearing a dress ___ looked like princess’.
6. The bookshelf ____ we bought last week has broken down.
7. The man ___ was sitting on the bench turned around and saw his granddaughter.
8. A woman ____ son was crying paid no attention to him.
9. The woman ____ car had broken down on her way home spent 3 hours waiting for help.
10. My best friend ____ I have known for years will never let me down.
11. He didn’t follow the instructions ____ he was given, so he failed to pass the test.
12. The girl ___ lived next door was very shy and couldn’t say a word to protect herself at school.
13. I need to buy a laptop ____ can work up to 5 hours without a charger.
14. My father ___ is a doctor has no idea how to repair a car.
15. The photo ____ is placed on the mantel was taken at the picnic two years ago.

Well, I hope you are now armed with complete knowledge and ready to tackle any subordinate clauses in English. Trying to understand the English language, you can get lost in three pines. This is when you need the help of a professional teacher. Ask your questions - I will be glad to answer them.

In the meantime, I say goodbye.
Until new interesting meetings!

Answers:
1. which
2.whose
3.who
4. who
5. that
6.that
7. who
8.whose
9.whose
10. whom
11.that
12. who
13.that
14. who
15. that

Type	Subordinate clause (condition)	Main offer	Example	Translation
1 . A real condition relating to the present, future or past tense	Present Simple V/Vs	Future Simple shall/will + V	If I have money, I will buy a car. If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk.	If I have money, I will buy a car. If the weather is good, we will go for a walk.
2. An unreal or improbable condition relating to the present or future tense	Past Simple 2fV The verb to be will have a plural form	Future-in-the Past Simple would/should/could/might + V	If the weather was fine, I went for a walk. If I were a princess, I would live in a palace. If I had money, I would buy a car.	If the weather was good, we went for a walk. If I were a princess, I would live in a palace. If I had money, I would buy a car.
3. Unreal condition relating to past time	Past Perfect had + 3fV	Future-in-the Past Perfect would/should/could/might + have + 3fV	If I had had money last year, I would have bought a car.	If I had money last year, I would have bought a car.

Non-conjunction conditional sentences

If conditional (subordinate) clauses contain the verbs had, were, could, should, then a non-union connection between the main and subordinate clauses is possible. In this case, these verbs are placed before the subject, the conjunction if is omitted. This word order is called inversion.
The translation of such sentences should begin with the conjunction “if”.
E.g. Had he a dictionary, he could translate the text. – If he had a dictionary, he could translate the text.
Should he come, ask him to wait. – If he comes, ask him to wait.

Conditional sentences. Subjunctive mood after “I wish”

Type I conditional sentences
If I If I	live in the country I'll live outside the city, find my book I'll find my book	I shall I will	bathe every day. swim every day. be very glad. I am glad.
Conditional sentences type II
I wish I were If I were If I were	at the camp a scientist	I should I would	have a very good time. had a good time. invent a time machine. invented a time machine.
Conditional sentences type III
I wish I had If I were If I had If I were	translated the article yesterday translated the article. learned my lesson learned a lesson	I should have I would	found out all about this discovery. would know everything about this discovery. got a good mark. I would get a good grade.

Exercise 1.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. I’ll ask Tom if I see him today.
2. We would go to the party if we had time tomorrow.
3. She would pass her exam next month if she worked harder.
4. She would be happy if she met him at the party next Sunday.
5. We’ll go nowhere tomorrow if it rains.
6. If she knew his phone number, she would call him next week.
7. If J. London had not learned life from his own experience, he could not have written his great works.
8. Had the science of radio not been developed so rapidly, we should not have got such remarkable changes in the technique today.
9. Had he been a young man, he would have taken part in the expedition.
10. If you had applied this method, you would have got better results.

Exercise 2.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
1. The trains all (stop) … if it snowed heavily.
2. If you (go out) … in cold weather without a coat, you would catch a cold.
3. If I saw a cheap second-hand car, I (buy) ... it.
4. If you are well and exercised regularly, you (live) … 100 years.
5. You would have had stomach ache if you (eat) … too much of that cake.
6. If it (rain) ... this afternoon, I (take) ... my umbrella.
7. If you did not drive carefully, you (have) … an accident.
8. If you (study) … for a higher qualification, you (get) … a better job next year.
9. If you sent the letter by first class mail, it (get) ... there the following day.
10. If the weather is fine, we (go) for a picnic.

Exercise 3.
Complete the following sentences.
1. I’ll ask him to lend me the money (if I see him).
2. You’ll be late (if you don’t take the bus).
3. Will you help me (if I need your help)?
4. I’d lend you the money (if I had money).
5. If I had her address (I would give it to you).
6. If they had gone by car, (they would have saved time).
7. If my mother won a million pounds, (she would spend it very quickly).
8. If I had more time, (I would read more books).
9. (if I feel good), I’ll be in class tomorrow.
10. He would have come to the party last Sunday (if he had been invited).

Exercise 4.
Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form.
1. If I (to have) this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you.
2. The dish would have been much more tasty if she (to be) a better cook.
3. He never (to phone) you if I hadn’t reminded him to do that.
4. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly.
5. If he (to be) more courageous, he would not be afraid.
6. If the fisherman had been less patient, he (not to catch) so much fish.
7. If you (to put) the ice-cream into the refrigerator, it would not have melted.
8. If I (to know) the result now, I would phone her immediately.
9. If you had let me know yesterday, I (to bring) you my book.
10. If it (to snow), the children will play snowballs.

Exercise 5.
Form conditional sentences.
Ex.g.: The weather is not fine and we won’t go for a walk. “If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk.”
1. He is busy and does not come. If…
2. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If…
3. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If…
4.He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If…
5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If…
6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If…
7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If…
8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If…
9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If...
10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If...

Exercise 6.
Open the brackets using verbs in the appropriate subjunctive form after “I wish”.
1. The unfortunate pupil wishes he (not to forget) to learn the rule.
2. I wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter.
3. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.
4. I love sunny weather. I wish it (to be) warm and fine all the year round.
5. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it.
6. I wish you (to send) word as soon as you arrive.
7. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day.
8. I wish you (to go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time!
9. I wish I (to know) Spanish.
10. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night.

Exercise 7
Translate into English.
1. If he had not been so short-sighted, he would have recognized me yesterday in the theater.
2. She is healthy. If she had been sick, her brother would have told me about it yesterday.
3. You would know a lot if you read this magazine regularly.
4. If I had known about this earlier, I would not be sitting at home now.
5. If my parents were rich, they would have bought me a car long ago.
6. She is very talented. It would be nice if her parents bought her a piano. If she starts playing now, she will be a distinguished musician.
7. If I knew French, I would have talked to her a long time ago.
8. If I knew German, I would read Goethe in the original.
9. If I lived close, I would come to you more often.
10. If you had not interrupted us yesterday, we would have finished the work on time.

Exercise 8.
Complete the following sentences.
1. You would know English better if...
2. I should have left Moscow yesterday if ...
3. If I were you, ...
4. If I had known that it was going to rain, ...
5. I shall go for a walk, if...
6. I should lend you my textbook if ...
7. If we had bought the tickets, ...
8. If they were here, ...
9. We should be glad if...
10. If he were younger, ...

Exercise 9.
Omit the conjunction in the following conditional sentences by making appropriate changes to the sentence.
Ex.g.: If we had gone there later, we would have seen them. “Had we gone there later, we would have seen them.”
1. If I had time, I should study French.
2. If you should find them, kindly let me know.
3. If they had called at the office yesterday, they would have found me there.
4. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it.
5. If he were here I should speak to him.
6. If he were in town, he would help us.
7. If he should come, tell him to wait.
8. If I had enough money, I would travel.
9. If I were you, I should go there immediately.
10. If I were in his place, I should refuse.

For example. If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.

If you are free, I shall come to see you.

If you were free, I should come to see you.

If you had been free, I should have come to see you.

If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.

If I see her, I shall be glad.

If I saw her, I should be glad.

If I had seen her, I should have been glad.

1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 3. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party. 4. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry). 5. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the exam. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 9. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.

Answers: 1.1)If you are busy, I shall leave you alone. 2) If you were busy, I should leave you alone. 3)If you had been busy, I should have left you alone. 2. 1) If my friend comes to see me, I shall be very glad. - If a friend comes, I will be glad. 2) If my friend came to see me, I should be very glad. - If a friend came, I would be glad. (dream) 3) If my friend had to come to see me, I should have been very glad. — If a friend had come (but he didn’t), I would have been glad. (regret) 3. 1) If mother buys a cake, we shall have a very nice tea party. 2) If mother bought a cake, we should have a very nice tea party. 3) If mother had bought a cake, we should have had a very nice tea party. 4. 1) If we receive a telegram from him, we shall not worry. 2) If we received a telegram from him, we should not worry. 3)If we had received a telegram from him, we should not have worried. 5. 1)If you don’t work systematically, you will fail the exam. 2) If you did not work systematically, you would fail the exam. 3)If you had not worked systematically, you would have failed the exam. 6. 1)If I live in Moscow, I shall visit the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 2) If I lived in Moscow, I should visit the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3) If I had lived in Moscow, I should have visited the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. 1) If I get a ticket, I shall go to the Philharmonic. 2) If I got a ticket, I should go to the Philharmonic. 3) If I had got a ticket, I should have gone to the Philharmonic. 8. 1) If I live near a wood, I shall gather a lot of mushrooms. 2) If I lived near a wood, I should gather a lot of mushrooms. 3) If I had lived near a wood, I should have gathered a lot of mushrooms. 9. 1) If my father returns early, we shall watch TV together. 2) If my father returned early, we should watch TV together. 3) If my father had returned early, we should have watched TV together. 10. 1) If she knows English, she will try to enter the university. 2) If she knew English, she would try to enter the university. 3) If she had known English, she would have tried to enter the university.

Exercise 2. Rewrite each of the following sentences twice, forming sentences of an unreal condition: a) relating to the present or future (II type); b) related to the past (III type).

1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 3. If he doesn’t come in time, shall we have to wait for him? 4. If no one comes to help, we shall be. obliged to do the work ourselves. 5. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 6. What shall we do if they are late? 7. Will you be very angry if we don’t come? 8. Will he be very displeased if I don’t ring him up?

Answers: 1.1) I were not too busy, I should go to the concert. 2) If I had not been too busy, I should have gone to the concert. 2. 1) They would all be surprised if I made such a mistake. 2) They would all have been very surprised if I had made such a mistake. 3. 1)If he didn’t come in time, should we have to wait for him? 2) If he hadn’t come in time, should we have had to wait for him? 4. 1) If no one came to help, we should be obliged to do the work ourselves. 2) If no one had come to help, we should have been obliged to do the work ourselves. 5. 1)If you put on your glasses, you would see better. 2)f you had put on your glasses, you would have seen better. 6. 1)What should we do if they were late? 2) What should we have done if they had been late? 7. 1)Would you be very angry if we didn’t come? 2) Would you have been very angry if we hadn’t come? 8. 1)Would he be very displeased if I didn’t ring him up? 2) Would he have been very displeased if I hadn’t rung him up?

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the required form.

1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 3. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4. If my sister does not go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in St. Petersburg together. 5. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 7. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 8. I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur coat. 9. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 10. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 11. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 12. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 13. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 14. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do.

Answers: 1. He wouldn't have. 2. You give. 3. She weren't. 4. We shall spend. 5. They had not gone. 6. You don't get. 7. You would consult. 8. I had. 9. It rains. 10. He had worked. 11. I shall not put. 12. I should have written. 13. He did not read. 14. My friend is.

Exercise 4. Form conditional sentences.

1. Not is busy and does not come to see us. If... 2. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If... 3. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If... 4. He speaks English poorly: he has no practice. If... 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If... 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If... 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If... 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If... 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If... 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If... 11. It is late, and I have to go home. If... 12. I was expecting my friend to come, that’s why I could not go to the cinema with you. If... 13. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favorite subject and he works a lot at it. If... 14. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If... 15. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If... 16. The box was so heavy that I could not carry it. That's why I took a taxi. If...

Answers: 1. If he were not busy, he would come to see us. 2. If the girl had studied well last year, she would not have received bad marks. 3. If he had not broken his bicycle, he would have gone to the country. 4. If he had (more) practice, he would speak English better. 5. If I had not had a bad headache yesterday, I should have come to see you. 6. If the ship had not sailed near the coast, it would not have struck a rock. 7. If he had been in town, he would have been present at our meeting. 8. If the pavement had not been so slippery, I should not have fallen and hurt my leg. 9. If the sea were not (so) rough, we should (could) sail to the island. 10. If they had not made a fire, the wolves would not have run away. 11. If it were not late, I should not have to go home. 12. If I had not expected my friend to come, I should (could) have gone to the cinema with you. 13. If mathematics were not his favorite subject and he did not work a lot at it, he would not always get top marks. 14. If I had a dictionary, I should have translated the article yesterday. 15. If the night had not been pitch-dark, we should not have lost our way. 16. If the box had not been so heavy, (I could have carried it and) I should not have taken a taxi.

Exercise 5. Open the parentheses, using the required form of the subjunctive mood after “I wish.”

1. I wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter. 2. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me. 3. I love sunny weather. I wish it (to be) warm and fine all the year round. 4. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it.5. I wish you (to send) word as soon as you arrive. 6. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day. 7. I wish you (to go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time! 8. I wish I (to know) Spanish. 9. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night. 10. I wish you (to read) more in the future. 11. I wish I never (to suggest) this idea. 12. I wish I (to be) at yesterday’s party: it must have been very merry. 13. I wish we (to meet) again next summer. 14. Don’t you wish you (to see) that performance before? 15. They wished they (not to see) this horrible scene again. 16. The unfortunate pupil wished he (not to forget) to learn the rule.

Answers: 1. I had. 2. I had consulted. 3. It were. 4. I didn't have tape. 5. You sent. 6. I didn't have. 7. You had gone. 8. I knew. 9. I wasn't drunk. 10. You read. 11. I had never suggested. 12. I had been. 13. We met. 14. You had seen. 15. They didn't see. 16. He had not forgotten.

Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following sentences using “I wish”.

E.g. It's a pity you are ill.

I wish you weren't ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the exam. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 6. He was sorry not to have enough time to finish his paper. 7. It’s a pity we shan’t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough physics.

Answers: 1.I wish they returned before Christmas. 2. The student wished he had studied the material better and shown better knowledge at the exam. 3. I wish you had sent for us last night. 4. I wish you were with us these days. 5. My friend wishes he had entered the university. 6. He wished he had enough time to finish his paper. 7. I wish we were able to reach home before teatime. 8. I wish I had not made you upset by telling you this news. 9. I wish you knew enough physics.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using “I wish”.

1. a) It’s a pity that he’s so frivolous
b) It’s a pity that he is not serious enough.
2. a) I now regret that I did not listen to his advice,
b) I now regret that I followed his advice.
3. a) It’s a pity that you came so late,
b) It’s a pity that you didn’t come earlier.
4. a) It’s a shame that we left before he arrived.
b) It’s a shame that we didn’t wait for his arrival.
5. a) Unfortunately, they don’t know anything yet,
b) Unfortunately, they already know about this.

Answers: 1.a) I wish he were not so light-minded. b) I wish he were more serious. 2. a) Now I wish I had listened to his advice (had followed his advice). b) Now I wish I had not followed his advice. 3. a) I wish you had not come so late. b) I wish you had come earlier. 4. a) I wish we had not gone before he came. b) I wish we had waited till he came. 5. a) I wish they knew it already. b) I wish they did not know about it.

Exercise 8. Translate into English using “I wish”.

1. Oh, if you had told her about this last Sunday! 2. It would be nice if we had a vacation now. 3. If only he would come tonight! 4. We regretted not asking him for advice. 5. It’s a pity that you refused to take part in the picnic. 6. It’s a pity that you are not interested in this subject. 7. We would like you to mention these facts. 8. It’s a pity that we missed the train. 9. It’s a pity that you turned on the TV so late. 10. If only I were free now! 11. It’s a pity that I didn’t have much time yesterday. 12. It would be nice if you wrote to her about this yourself. 13. It’s a pity that you didn’t pay attention to his warning. 14. He regretted leaving the university. 15. It’s a pity that it’s too late to go there. 16. Oh, if only I had arrived at the station on time! 17. It’s a pity that you haven’t read such a wonderful book. 18. It’s a pity that she makes so many mistakes in her speech. 19. It’s a pity that you didn’t visit the exhibition. 20. It’s a pity that I found out about this so late. 21. What a pity that we didn’t find Kolya at home. 22. She regretted that she had not told us this story earlier.

Answers: 1. Oh, how I wish you had told her about it last Sunday! 2. I wish we had holidays now. 3. Oh, I wish he came tonight! 4. We wished we had asked his advice. 5. I wish you had not refused to take part in the picnic. 6. I wish you were interested in this subject. 7. We wish you mentioned these facts. 8. I wish we had not missed the train. 9. I wish you had turned on the TV earlier. 10. I wish I were free now! 11. I wish I had had more time yesterday. 12. I wish you wrote her about it yourself. 13. I wish you had paid attention to his warning. 14. He wished he had not left the university. 15. I wish it were not too late to go there. 16. Oh, how I wish I had come to the railway station on time! 17. I wish you had read this wonderful book. 18. I wish she did not make so many mistakes in her speech. 19. I wish you had visited the exhibition. 20. I wish I had learned about it earlier. 21. I wish we had found Nick at home. 22. She wished she had told us this story before.

pay attention to mixed cases the use of tenses in conditional sentences of type II and III:

If I were acquainted with this famous professor, I should have run him up yesterday.

The condition refers to the present tense (type II), and the consequence refers to the past (type III).

If I had written the composition yesterday, I should be free now.

The condition refers to the past tense (type III), and the consequence refers to the present (type II).

Exercise 9. Form conditional sentences. Don't forget about mixed cases.

1. I shall go to the dentist because I have a toothache. If... 2. He is groaning with pain now because he did not go to the dentist to have his tooth filled. If... 3. She does not go to the polyclinic because she does not need any treatment. If... 4. He will not go to see the play as he was present at the dress rehearsal. If … 5. He went to Moscow specially to hear this famous singer because he is fond of him. If... 6. We did not go to the cafeteria to have a glass of lemonade because we were not thirsty. If... 7. She could not mend her dress herself because she had no needle. If... 8. He is not a first-class sportsman now because he did not train enough last year. If... 9. The pupils were active because they wanted to understand this difficult material. If... 10. The pupils did not understand the homework because they were inattentive. If... 11. The pupils worked hard and did well in their exams. If... 12. She won’t try to enter the foreign languages department because she is not good at foreign languages. If...

Answers: 1. If I did not have a toothache, I should not go to the dentist. 2. If he had gone to the dentist to have his tooth filled, he would not be groaning with pain now. 3. If she needed some treatment, she would go to the polyclinic. 4. If he had not been present at the dress rehearsal, he would go to see the play. 5. If he were not fond of this famous singer, he would not have gone to Moscow specially to hear him. 6. If we had been thirsty, we should have gone to the cafeteria to have a glass of lemonade. 7. If she had had a needle, she would (could) have mended her dress herself. 8. If he had trained enough last year, he would be a first-class sportsman now. 9. If the pupils had not wanted to understand this difficult material, they would not have been so active. 10. If the pupils had been more attentive, they would have understood the homework. 11. If the pupils had not worked hard, they would not have done well in their exams. 12. If she were good at foreign languages, she would try to enter the foreign languages department.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. He has changed so much! If you met him, you wouldn't recognize him. 2. If I were you, I would consult with my parents. 3. If the tram arrived now, we wouldn’t be late. 4. If he knew that this would upset you, he would be more careful. 5. If you could help me solve this problem, I would be very grateful to you. 6. It’s a pity that it didn’t occur to us to look for the book in the library earlier. We would have done the work on time and would now be free. 7. It’s a pity that we had so few lessons. If we worked more, we would know the language better. 8. If he had not regularly attended sports training, he would not have achieved such success in competitions. 9. If you had warned me in advance, I would have already been in Moscow. 10. It’s a pity that she has already left. If you had called earlier, she would be here now. 11. If he had been smarter, he would not have gone into the forest yesterday. 12. If she had not sent this letter yesterday, my brother would be at home now. 13. What would we do now if mom hadn’t baked a pie yesterday? 14. It’s a pity that you haven’t heard Rachmaninov’s music. If you had heard it, you would know what a wonderful composer he is. 15. I am sure that everyone would be happy if the evening took place.

Answers: 1. He has changed so much! If you met him, you would not recognize him. 2. If I were you, I should consult my parents. 3. If a tram came now, we should not be late. 4. If he had known that this would upset you, he would have been more careful. 5. If you helped me to solve this problem, I should be very grateful to you. 6. I wish it had occurred to us before looking for the book in the library. We should have done the work in time and now we should be free, 7. I wish we had had more lessons. If we had worked more, we should know the language better. 8. If he had not attended sports trainings regularly, he would not have achieved such success in the competitions. 9. If you had warned me before, I should already be in Moscow. 10. I wish she had not gone. If you had called before, she would be here now. 11. If he were cleverer, he would not have gone to the wood yesterday. 12. If she had not sent this letter yesterday, my brother would be at home now. 13. What should we be doing now if mother had not baked a pie yesterday? 14. I wish you had heard Rakhmaninov’s music. If you had heard it, you would know what a wonderful composer he was. 15. I am sure that everyone would be glad if the party took place.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

1 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.

1 I think that my boss is the personwho I most admire.

2 Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.

3 Were taking the train that leaves at 6.00.

4 Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?

5 The film which we liked most was the French one.

6 My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.

7 The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.

8 The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.

9 Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.

10 Don’t cook the meat that I put in the freezer - it’s for the dog.

2 Replace the relative pronouns initalics with that, where possible.

1 This is the magazine which I told you about.

... This is the magazine that I tild you about .............................

2 John's flat which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.

3 The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.

4 The policeman who arrested she had recognized her car.

5 I work with someone who knows you.

6 We don't sell goods which have been damaged.

7 Brighton which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort.

8 I don't know anyone whose clothes would fit you.

9 There's a cafe near here which serves very good meals.

10 People who park outside get given parking tickets.

3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.

1 My friend Jack, that/who / whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.

2 Here's the computer program that/whom / whose I told you about.

3 I don't believe the story that/who /whom she told us.

4 Peter comes from Witney, that/who /which is near Oxford.

5 This is the gun with that/whom/which the murder was committed.

6 Have you received the parcel whom/whose /which we sent you?

7 Is this the person who/which / whose you asked me about?

8 That's the girl that/who / whose brother sits next to me at school.

9 The meal, that / which / whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.

10 We didn't enjoy the playthat/who / whose we went to see.

4 Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

MURDER AT THE STATION by Lorraine Small Episode 5: Trouble on the 6.15 The story so far:

Jane Platt, (1) ….who... is traveling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person (2)............................witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to (3)......................... she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4).................................she had received . There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)................................. lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6)........................ she is only to open if in trouble. Jane,(7)......................... parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the box, (8)... ........................ she gives to her friend Tony. They go to Scotland Yard and see Inspector Groves, (9)...................has not heard of the Victoria Station murder, (10).................... was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man's ticket, (11)......................... she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to Redhill, (12)................... was. The town ( 13)......................... the murdered man had come from. On the train they meet a man, (14)....... ........................... face is somehow familiar to Jane, (15)............. ............ says he knows her Uncle Gordon …

5 Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

1 My bike, ...wich............ I had left at the gate, had disappeared.

2 The shoes........................ I bought were the ones...... .................... I tried on first.

3 The bag in........................the robbers put the money was found later.

4 The medicine........................the doctor gave me had no effect at all.

5 Peter,...................................couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.

6 I really liked that tea........................ you made me this morning.

7 What was the name of your friend................................... tent we borrowed?

8 The flight........................................ Joe was leaving on was cancelled.

6 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.

1 The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests hadgone there to admire the scenery.

The hotel, which. ..was miles from anywhere was full of guests who had gone there to admire the scenery......

2 I tape you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France.

The book I................................................... ........................................................ ..........

3 A woman’s handbag was stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel.

The woman was interviewed by him.

The woman whose................................................... ............................................

4 A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.

The goal which........................................................ ........................................................ .....

5 I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers.

The boy I........................................................ ........................

6 My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.

My wallet......................................................... ........................................................ ............

7 My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week.

My friend Albert,................................................... ................................

	8 Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it. Carol................................................... ........................................................ .................... 7 Make one new sentence from each pair of sentences. Begin as shown, and use the word given in capitals..................................
	Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. Brenda is...	the friend who I went on holiday
	This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. This is Mr Smith................................................... .........................................	WHOSE
	Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. Her book................................................ ........................................................ ..	WHOSE
	WHICH This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it.
	This is the bank from................................................... ........................................ I told you about a person. She is at the door.	the friend who I went on holiday

The person........................................ ...................................................

1 I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn't stop there.

The train I.. got on didn"t stop at the station I wanted to go to ......................

2 I read a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book.

The book I................................................... ........................................................ .......................

3 The ship hit an iceberg and sank.

Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.

4 The ship..................................................... ........................................................ ...........................

The postman realized I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.

5 The postman......................................................... ........................................................ ...................

6 I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them.

The dog I........................................................ ........................................................ ...........................

7 I bought my bike from a woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.

The woman I................................................... ........................................................ ...................

8 We went to a beach on the first day of our holiday. It was covered in seaweed. This smelled a lot.

The beach we........................................................ ........................................................ ...............

My neighbors have three small children. The children make a lot of noise.

9 My neighbors never apologize.

My neighbors......................................................... ........................................................ ...............

I bought a new computer. It cost me a lot of money.

1 The new................................................ ........................................................ ...........................

... 9 These sentences are all grammatically possible, but not appropriate in speech. Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the preposition in italics. ..........................

2 Margaret is the girl with whom I went on holiday.

3 Margaret is the girl I went on holiday

4 The golf club is the only club of which I am a member.

5 That's the girl about whom we were talking.

6 It was a wonderful present, for which I was extremely grateful.

7 This is the school to which I used to go.

8 Is this the case in which we should put the wine glasses?

9 Is that the person next to whom you usually sit?

10 This is Bill, about whom you have heard so much.